 Materi slide 3 :

Glass use in laboratory applications is not as commonplace as it once was because of

cheaper, less breakable, plasticware; however, certain applications still require glassware
because glass is relatively inert, transparent, heat-resistant, and easy to customize. There
are several types of glass, each used for different purposes.

 Materi slide 4 :

The new material, which was designed to be an improvement in optical glass, turned out to
be useful for chemical glassware as well. It was vastly more resistant to chemicals and
thermal and mechanical shock than ordinary glass. The Jena Glass Works held a virtual
monopoly in the production of chemical glassware for laboratory use until World War I.

 Materi slide 5 :
1. Standard or "low-form" beakers typically have a height about 1.4 times the diameter.
The common low form with a spout was devised by John Joseph Griffin and therefore
sometimes called a Griffin beaker. These are the most universal character and are
used to performing just about any chemical experiment.
2. "Tall-form" (B) beakers have a height about twice their diameter.These are
sometimes called Berzelius beakers and are mostly used for titration.
3. Flat beakers (C) are often called crystallizers because most are used to perform
crystallization, but they are also often used as a vessel for use in hot-bath heating.
These beakers usually do not have a flat scale.

 Materi slide 6 :

A beaker commonly used in many laboratories. Beakers are generally cylindrical in shape, with a
flat bottom. Most also have a small spout (or "beak") to aid pouring as shown in the picture.
Beakers are available in a wide range of sizes, from one millilitre up to several litres.

 Materi slide 7 :

Beakers are often graduated, that is, marked on the side with lines indicating
the volume contained. For instance, a 250 mL beaker might be marked with
lines to indicate 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mL of volume. These marks are
not intended for obtaining a precise measurement of volume (a graduated
cylinder or a volumetric flask would be a more appropriate instrument for such
a task), but rather an estimation. Most beakers are accurate to within ~10%.

 Materi slide 11 :

The most common kind of microscope is an optical microscope, which uses

lenses to form images from visible light and an Electron microscopes form
images from beams of electrons.
 Materi slide 12 :
The earliest simple microscopes consisted of a drop of water
captured in a small hole in a piece of wood or metal. By the late
seventeenth century, the Dutch scientist Antonie van
Leeuwenhoek built outstanding simple microscopes using very
small, high-quality lenses mounted between thin brass plates.
Because of the excellence of his microscopes, and the fact that he
was the first to make observations of microscopic organisms,
Leeuwenhoek is often incorrectly thought of as the inventor of the
microscope.

 Materi slide 13 :
1. The optical microscope, often referred to as light microscope,
is a type of microscope which uses visible light and a system of
lenses to magnify images of small samples. Optical microscopes
are the oldest design of microscope and were possibly invented in
their present compound form in the 17th century. Basic optical
microscopes can be very simple, although there are many complex
designs which aim to improve resolution and sample contrast.

2. An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of

accelerated electrons as a source of illumination. As the
wavelength of an electron can be up to 100,000 times shorter than
that of visible light photons, the electron microscope has a
higher resolving power than alight microscope and can reveal the
structure of smaller objects. A transmission electron microscope
can achieve better than 50 pmresolution[1] and magnifications of up
to about 10,000,000x whereas most light microscopes are limited
by diffraction to about 200 nmresolution and useful magnifications
below 2000x.

 Materi slide 14 :
Amateur observers in the future we will be able to purchase
microscopes with small, built-in video cameras, which allow the
movements of microscopic organisms to be recorded. Computers
 may be built into the internal control mechanisms of the
microscope to provide automatic focusing.
 Materi slide 15 :
Body Tube: Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses
Arm: Supports the tube and connects it to the base
Occular lense: the lens at the top that you look through. They are
usually 10X or 15X power.
Objective Lenses: Usually you will find 3 or 4 objective lenses on a
microscope. They almost always consist of 4X, 10X, 40X and 100X
powers.
Diaphragm or Iris: Many microscopes have a rotating disk under
the stage. This diaphragm has different sized holes and is used to
vary the intensity and size of the cone of light that is projected
upward into the slide.
Revolving Nosepiece or Turret: This is the part that holds two or
more objective lenses and can be rotated to easily change power.
Fine adjustment knob: small, round knob on the side of the
microscope used to fine-tune the focus of your specimen after
using the coarse adjustment knob.
Coarse adjustment knob: large, round knob on the side of the
microscope used for focusing the specimen; it may move either the
stage or the upper part of the microscope.
Light or mirror: source of light usually found near the base of the
microscope; the light source makes the specimen easier to see.
Stage: The flat platform where you place your slides. Stage clips
hold the slides in place. If your microscope has a mechanical stage,
you will be able to move the slide around by turning two knobs. One
moves it left and right, the other moves it up and down.
Base: The bottom of the microscope, used for support

 Materi slide 17 18:

1. Preparations
- put the microscope from the box
- set the oculer lens and objective lens
- prepare preparation
- find the good place, so that the microscope can obtain the
required light
2. Core stage
- place the microscope on the table
- turning the revolver
- adjust the mirror and diaphragm
- Place the preparation on the table object in microscope
- adjust focus to clarify the object
- If the shadow of the object has been found, so to clarify the
object, change with the objective lens
- clear the microscope if finish to use