ZENO OF ELEA

Zeno of Elea (pronounced /ˈziːnoʊ əv ˈɛliə/, Greek:

Ζήνων ὁ Ἐλεάτης) (ca. 490 BC? – ca. 430 BC?) was a
pre-Socratic Greek philosopher of southern Italy and a
member of the Eleatic School founded by Parmenides.
Aristotle called him the inventor of the dialectic.[1] He is
best known for his paradoxes, which Bertrand Russell has
described as "immeasurably subtle and profound".[2]

Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton FRS (4 January 1643 – 31
March 1727 [OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March
1726])[1] was an English physicist,
mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher,
alchemist, and theologian who is considered by
many scholars and members of the general
public to be one of the most influential people in human history. His 1687 publication of
the Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (usually called the Principia) is
considered to be among the most influential books in the history of science, laying the
groundwork for most of classical mechanics. In this work, Newton described universal
gravitation and the three laws of motion which dominated the scientific view of the
physical universe for the next three centuries. Newton showed that the motions of objects
on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws by
demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory
of gravitation, thus removing the last doubts about
heliocentrism and advancing the Scientific
Revolution.

Bernhard Riemann
Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann (help·info) (German pronunciation: [ˈʁiːman];
September 17, 1826 – July 20, 1866) was an influential German mathematician who
made lasting contributions to analysis and differential geometry, some of them enabling
the later development of general relativity.

Srinivasa Ramanujan
Srīnivāsa Aiyangār Rāmānujan FRS, better known as Srinivasa Iyengar Ramanujan
(Tamil: சீனிவாச இராமானுஜன் or ஸ்ரீனிவாஸ ஐயங்கார் ராமானுஜன்) (22
December 1887 – 26 April 1920) was an Indian mathematician and autodidact who, with
almost no formal training in pure mathematics, made substantial contributions to
mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series and continued fractions.
Rāmānujan's talent was said, by the prominent English mathematician G.H. Hardy, to be
in the same league as legendary mathematicians such as Euler, Gauss, Newton and
Archimedes [1].

René Descartes
René Descartes (French pronunciation: [ʁəne dekaʁt]; 31
March 1596 – 11 February 1650) (Latinized form:
Renatus Cartesius; adjectival form: "Cartesian"),[2] was
a French philosopher, mathematician, physicist, and
writer who spent most of his adult life in the Dutch
Republic. He has been dubbed the "Father of Modern
Philosophy," and much subsequent Western philosophy
is a response to his writings, which are studied closely
to this day. In particular, his Meditations on First Philosophy continues to be a standard
text at most university philosophy departments. Descartes' influence in mathematics is
also apparent; the Cartesian coordinate system—allowing geometric shapes to be
expressed in algebraic equations—was named after him. He is credited as the father of
analytical geometry. Descartes was also one of the key figures in the Scientific
Revolution.

Gottfried Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (sometimes von
Leibniz) (German pronunciation: [ˈɡɔtfʁiːt ˈvɪlhɛlm
fɔn ˈlaɪbnɪts][1] (July 1, 1646 - November 14, 1716)
was a German mathematician and philosopher. He
wrote primarily in Latin and French.

Leibniz occupies a prominent place in the history of

mathematics and the history of philosophy. Leibniz
developed the infinitesimal calculus independently of
Isaac Newton, and Leibniz's mathematical notation
has been widely used ever since it was published. Leibniz also developed the binary
number system, which is at the foundation of virtually all digital computers.

Blaise Pascal
Blaise Pascal (French pronunciation: [blɛz paskal];
June 19, 1623, Clermont-Ferrand – August 19,
1662, Paris) was a French mathematician, physicist,
inventor, writer and Catholic philosopher. He was a
child prodigy who was educated by his father, a Tax
Collector in Rouen. Pascal's earliest work was in the
natural and applied sciences where he made important contributions to the study of fluids,
and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by generalizing the work of
Evangelista Torricelli. Pascal also wrote in defense of the scientific method.
Georg Cantor
Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor
(pronounced /ˈkæntɔr/ KAN-tor; German

pronunciation: [ˈɡeːɔʁk ˈfɛʁdinant ˈluːtvɪç ˈfiːlɪp

ˈkʰantɔʁ]; March 3 [O.S. February 19] 1845[1] – January
6, 1918) was a mathematician, best known as the
inventor of set theory, which has become a
fundamental theory in mathematics. Cantor
established the importance of one-to-one
correspondence between sets, defined infinite and
well-ordered sets, and proved that the real numbers
are "more numerous" than the natural numbers. In fact, Cantor's theorem implies the
existence of an "infinity of infinities". He defined the cardinal and ordinal numbers and
their arithmetic. Cantor's work is of great philosophical interest, a fact of which he was
well aware.[2]

Pierre-Simon Laplace
Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace (23 March
1749 – 5 March 1827) was a French
mathematician and astronomer whose work was
pivotal to the development of mathematical
astronomy and statistics. He summarized and
extended the work of his predecessors in his five
volume Mécanique Céleste (Celestial
Mechanics) (1799–1825). This work translated the geometric study of classical
mechanics to one based on calculus, opening up a broader range of problems. In
statistics, the so-called Bayesian interpretation of probability was mainly developed by
Laplace.[1]
Leonhard Euler
Leonhard Euler (German pronunciation: [ˈɔʏlɐ];[1] 15
April 1707 – 18 September 1783) was a pioneering
Swiss mathematician and physicist. He made
important discoveries in fields as diverse as
infinitesimal calculus and graph theory. He also
introduced much of the modern mathematical
terminology and notation, particularly for
mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a
mathematical function.[2] He is also renowned for
his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, and astronomy.