Escolar Documentos
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transformations in welding
Subjects of Interest
Suranaree University of Technology Fe-C phase binary phase diagram. Sep-Dec 2007
Solidification in stainless steel welds
• Ni rich stainless steel first
solidifies as primary dendrite
of γ austenite with
interdendritic δ ferrite.
Cr : Ni ratio
Lathy ferrite in an
autogenous GTAW of
Fe-18.8Cr-11.2Ni.
Schaeffler diagram for predicting weld ferrite content and solidification mode.
Suranaree University of Technology Tapany Udomphol Sep-Dec 2007
Effect of cooling rate on solidification mode
Cooling rate
High Cr : Ni ratio Ferrite content increases
Note: it was found that if N2 is introduced into the weld metal (by adding
to Ar shielding gas), the ferrite content in the weld can be significantly
reduced. (Nitrogen is a strong austenite former)
Inclusions
Acicular ferrite
cooling.
Position D: Grain-coarsening region
Position C: Grain-refining region
T > AC3: Austenite grains decompose T >> AC3: allowing austenite grains to
into non-uniform distribution of small grow, during heating and then during
ferrite and pearlite grains cooling. This encourages ferrite to grow
during cooling due to limited side plates from the grain boundaries
diffusion time for C. called Widmanstätten ferrite.
Suranaree University of Technology Tapany Udomphol Sep-Dec 2007
Transformation hardening in low carbon steels
and mild steels
(a) Base metal (c) Grain refining
D C
Ferrite and
martensite
• Base metal microstructure of higher
Pearlite carbon steels (A) of more pearlite
and less ferrite than low carbon and
mild steels.
• Grain refining region (C) consists
martensite of mainly martensite and some areas
of pearlite and ferrite.
Pearlite • In grain coarsening region (D),
(nodules) high cooling rate and large grain size
promote martensite formation.
HAZ microstructure of TIG weld of 1040 steel
Suranaree University of Technology Tapany Udomphol Sep-Dec 2007
Transformation hardening in medium and
high carbon steels
Hardening due to martensite formation in the HAZ in
Solution high carbon steels can be suppressed by preheating
and controlling of interpass temperature.
Ex: for 1035 steel, preheating and interpass temperature are
- 40oC for 25 mm plates
- 90oC for 50 mm plates
(i) Hot cracking in the fusion zone and the PMZ and
(ii) Loss of strength/ductility in the HAZ.
www.mig-welding.co.uk www.twi.co.uk
TEMs of a 2219 Al
artificially aged to
contain θ ’ before
welding.
1 2 3 4
HAZ width
TEM micrographs
Suranaree University of Technology Tapany Udomphol Sep-Dec 2007
Part III: Phase transformation
hardening in titanium welds
• Most titanium alloys are readily weldable, i.e., unalloyed titanium and
alpha titanium alloys. Highly alloyed (β titanium) alloys nevertheless are less
weldable and normally give embrittling effects.
High oxygen
Centreline
• Kou, S., Welding metallurgy, 2nd edition, 2003, John Willey and
Sons, Inc., USA, ISBN 0-471-43491-4.
• Fu, G., Tian, F., Wang, H., Studies on softening of heat-affected
zone of pulsed current GMA welded Al-Zn-Mg alloy, Journal of
Materials Processing Technology, 2006, Vol.180, p 216-110.
• www.key-to-metals.com, Welding of titanium alloys.
• Baeslack III, W.A., Becker D.W., Froes, F.H., Advances in titanium
welding metallurgy, JOM, May 1984, Vol.36, No. 5. p 46-58.
• Danielson, P., Wilson, R., Alman, D., Microstructure of titanium
welds, Struers e-Journal of Materialography, Vol. 3, 2004.