Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
PHI104
BSA 4A TUE 1PM- 4PM
I.WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY
Philosophy (from the Greek word phílosophía, meaning ‘the love of wisdom’) is the
study of knowledge, or "thinking about thinking". It is a social science that study knowledge
and existence of men.
i. The discipline concerned with questions of how one should live (ethics); what sorts
of things exist and what are their essential natures (metaphysics); what counts as
genuine knowledge (epistemology); and what are the correct principles of reasoning
(logic);
ii. The search for knowledge and truth, especially about the nature of man and his
behavior and beliefs;
iii. The search for knowledge and truth, especially about the nature of man and his
behavior and beliefs.
i. Metaphysics
-It is called “the true nature of reality”. Forms the basis from which we perceive and
give meaning to our world.
- study of existence or study of the soul and body.
iv. Ethics
Ethics is a general term for what is often described as the "science (study) of morality".
In philosophy, ethical behavior is that which is "good" or "right". It is concerned with
questions on morality and values and how they apply to various situations. It can be
divided into the branches of meta-ethics, normative and applied ethics.
v. Aesthetics
Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy that explores the creation and appreciation of
beauty through critical analysis and reflection.
IV.NATURE OF PHILOSOPHY
i. Philosophy analyzes the foundations and presuppositions underlying other disciplines:
Philosophy investigates and studies the underpinnings of science, art, and theology.
ii. Philosophy attempts to develop a comprehensive conception or apprehension of the
world. : Philosophy seeks to integrate the knowledge of the sciences with that of other
fields of study to achieve some kind of consistent and coherent world view.
Philosophers do not want to confine their attention to a fragment of human experience
or knowledge, but rather, want to reflect upon life as a totality.
iii. Philosophy studies and critically evaluates our most deeply held beliefs and attitudes; in
particular, those which are often held uncritically: Philosophers have an attitude of
critical and logical thoughtfulness. They force us to see the significance and
consequences of our beliefs, and sometimes their inconsistencies. They analyze the
evidence (or lack of it) for our most treasured beliefs, and seek to remove from our
perspectives every taint and trace of ignorance, prejudice, superstition, blind acceptance
of ideas, and any other form of irrationality.
iv. Philosophy investigates the principles and rules of language, and attempts to clarify the
meaning of vague words and concepts : Philosophy examines the role of language in
communication and thought, and the problem of how to identify or ensure the presence
of meaning in our use of language. It is a method--a practice--which seeks to expose the
problems and confusions which have results from the misuse of language, and to clarify
the meaning and use of vague terms in scientific and/or everyday discourse.
i. Nominal Definition : it is the art of reasoning where it test the knowledge and logic.
ii. Real Definition : it is the art of reasoning where testing depends on the use of term in a
given situation.
X.NATURE OF LANGUAGE
Language is the bridge that enables the transfer of knowledge from one person to
another. Without language, there is no knowledge.
Active transfer of knowledge is logic.
Passive transfer of knowledge is ignorance.
XI.WHAT IS CONCEPT
A concept are formed from the combination of one ideato another that is enacted to
have a positive objective.
XII.TYPES OF CONCEPT
I. Concept based on intention
i. First Intention: a concept by which we know a thing independent of our mind. E.g.
Humans have two legs.
ii. Second Intention: a concept by which we conceive a thing in reality in so far as the
mind understands it. E. g. The Philippines is the Pearl of the Orient Sea.
II. Concept based on Subject and Form
i. Concrete: It creates a form and subject in the mind. E. g. Black dress.
ii. Abstract: A concept endowed with form only. E. g. Blackness.
III. Concept based on Substance and Accidents
i. Absolute: A concept that manifests itself to the mind as a substance and as an
independent reality.
ii. Connotative: A concept that manifests itself to the mind as an accident connected to
a substance.
IV. Concept based on Existence and Possession
i. Positive: An essential characteristic of this classification is that it formulates the
concept in an affirmative form.
ii. Negative: It expresses an object that lacks something or that which is stated in
negative form.
XIII.WHAT IS TERM
A term is an external sign of a concept and last element of proposition. Terms are vocal
signs which express objects as they are conceived by the intelligence; they are not the
expression of subjective concepts as such, or of things as they are in nature, but of things as
the intelligence conceives them; in a word, they designate known objects.
XIV.PROPERTIES & CLASSIFICATION OF TERM
I. Properties
i. Comprehension – comes from the Latin word ‘comprendere’ means to understand.
It is therefore, the totality of all essential characteristics belonging to the given
term.
ii. Extension – of the terms are terms that denote individual things or particulars that
express that totality of all the
iii. Supposition - comes from the Latin word “sub” means under and Latin infinitive
form of the verb “ponere”, means to put. Therefore, it is to put under.
II. Classifications
1) Terms According to kinds of Concept
o Abstract- is a term which pertains to the abstract quality in form only, thus
it cannot be perceived by senses.
o Concrete- is a term which pertains to the expressions of a form and a
subject. Thus, it can perceive by senses.
o Absolute- pertains to definition of a complete subject which is based on
independent reality.
o Connotative- it pertains to the object as an accident manifested in substance.
o Positive- pertains to the possession or existence of something.
o Negative- pertains to non-possession or non-existence of something.
2) Terms as Last Element of a Proposition
o Subject
o Predicate
3) Terms as a Sign of Concept
o The Significant Term- when it stands for his own existence.
o The Insignificant Term- when it does not stand for his existence like the
demonstrative adjectives and demonstrative pronouns.
4) Terms as to Incompatibility With Other Term
o Contradictory- a term which is mutually exclusive.
o Contrary- a term that is opposing to one another, similar to opposition but
there is the possibility of a middle term.
o Correlative- a term that is mutually related to each other. To the extent of
being dependent on each other.
5) Terms as to definiteness of Meaning
o Univocal- comes from the Latin word “unus”, means one and infinitive verb
of the Latin word “vocare”, means to call, in short to call one. A term with
exactly the same meaning at least in two occurences.
o Equivocal- is a term maybe considered, if it exhibits difference in meaning
wherever it is used in at two occasions.
o Analogous- terms that expresses partly the same and partly different
meaning.