Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
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FOREWORD TO THE EIGHTH PRINTING
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FOREWORD
. ared by Mr. R. Bollomley.
tures the English vers10n :ias:,.:~rt Mallhews made the Eng-
Space Time and Architecture is intended for those wh
'
alarmed by the present state of our culture and anxious to fi
o~ Mr. W . J . C~llaghan an~ o{" which was completed at Cam-
· contract·1ctory tendencies•nd lish translat1on of the . o , S rin of 1940.
a way out of the apparent ch aos of 1ts bridge, Massac_husetts, m the Up . g ·ty I found myself the
I have attempted to establish, both by argument and by oh• · . t Harvard mvers1 . .
· sp1te
· o f t h e seemmg
· conf us1on· there is nev. Dunng my stay ª and warm friendsh1p fr~m
tive evidence, that m Jec. 1 1
recipient of such generous rn p as I should wish is qmte
ertheless a true, if hidden, unity, a secret syn thesis, in our prese t i, ·t t thank evervone .
every quarter t11a o " t ºtude to the chairmen
. B I -·t express my ara I
civilization. To point out why this synthesis h as nol beco;e imposs1ble. ut :"1u:; , C mi:, ittee Professor Paul J .
·l Ehot Norton om • . ..
a conscious and active reality has been one of my chief aims. of t h e Ch a1 es ·b for their never-faihng coop-
My interest has been particularly concentrated on the growth Sachs and Prof~s ·or E . w .: o, ;s, f or Joseph J-fodnul , Dea n
eration and a . ·1s tance, an to ro e . - many occa-
of the new tradition in architecture, for the purpose of show-
of the School of Architecturh~ a~ ~Iar;tr~~~~;:~~ s;or personal
ing its interrelations with other human activities and the sions encouragcd me by is n en Y t H V
similarity of methods that are in use totlay in architecture, ad vice I aro indebted to Profe . ors J<ennelh Conan ' . .
construction, painting, city planning, and scieuce. Hubbard, and Chrislopher Tunnard. .
I have found it preferable, in order to arrive at a true and Nor would I fail to acknowledge what I ~,rn to the vanous
complete understanding of the growth of the new tradition, to librarians who gave me at all_times ungrudg~ng and_r:?'Y ~e~~;
select from the vast body of available historical material only often much beyond the reqmrements ?f tbelf du:y . iss
relatively few facts. Hislory is not a compilalion of facls , bul Cook of the Architectural Librar-y, lVhss J<alherine McNamara
an insight inlo a moving process of lije. Moreover, such insight is of the Landscape Architecture Librar-y, an~ Mr. R : H . Hayne;
obtained not ¡by the exclusive use of the panoramic survey, of the Widener Librar-y, at HaTVard ; Miss Man_on Rawls o
the Art Instit ute of Chicago ; Miss Janet Henrich and Mr.
the bird's-eye- view, but by isolating and examining certain
Beaumont Newhall of t he l\1 useum of Mod~rn Art, N ew York;
specific events intensively, penetrating and exploring them in
and finally but by no means least, n:1)'. fnend 1:dward Carter,
the manner of the close-up. This procedure makes it possible Librarían of the Royal Institute of Bnt1sh Architects, London.
to evaluate a culture from within as well as from without.
I am deeply indebted to Miss Conslance Purlell of ~oston for
In keeping with this approach, the bibliographical apparatus her careful editorial assistance, which she h as so grac1ously a nd
has been reduced to a mínimum. For those interested in efficiently continued in my absence.
furth er study and research in the subject, the necessary in- ZURICH, DOLDEHTAL, JUNE 1940 S.G.
formation is given in footnotes. No general bibliography ~as
been provided. I ts addition, in view of the theme and design
of the book, would sirnply have swollen the volume by so~e
fifty extra~pages without at the same time affording scientific
completeness.
Space, Time and Archileclure was written in stimulating as-
sociation with young Americans - an outgrowth of lectures
and seminars which I gave as Charles Eliot Norton Professor
· • · was
at 1-Iarvard University. The problem of its compositwn.
. . n mto
10
to transmute the spoken word of Iecture and d1scuss C G.J
the quite different medium of the printed page. For the ]ec-
-Q,i· -1 i
150
CONTENTS The Interrelations of Architecture and Engineering 152
Henri Labrouste, 1801-1875 · · · · · ~~L~~.~~~ 164
NEW BUILDING PROBLEMS - NEW 164
Market Halls • · · · · · · · · · · · 168
Part I 178
Department Stores . • · · ·
HISTORY A PART OF LIFE . THE GREAT EXHIBITIONS lM
The Great Exhibition , London , 1851 • 190
INTROOUCTION
The Universal Exhibition , Paris, 1855 . 194
THE HISTORIAN'~ ~~L~~.~~ ~~ ~l¡S . A~~ . 2
199
5 Paris Exhibition of 1867
THE OEMANO FOR CONTINUITY . 202
7 Paris Exhibition of 1878
CONTEMPORARY HISTORY ..... .
Paris Exhibition of 1889 209
8
THE IDENTITY OF METHOO~ . . 212
11 Chicago , 1893 . • • • · · · · • • · ·
TRANSITORY ANO CONSTIT~N~ -F~~;S
17
CU STAVE EIFFEL AN D ms TOWEH
ARCHITECTURE AS AN ORGANIS!\1
19
PROCEOURE . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Part IV 225
THE DEMAND FOR MORALITY IN ARCHITECTURE
Part II 226
THE NINETIES : PRECURSORS OF CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
227
OUR ARCHITECTURAL INHERITANCE 29 What were the Sources of this Movement? • · · · · · · · · · 229
THE NEW SPACE CONCEPTION: PERSPECTIVE Brusseb the Center of Contemporary Art, 1880- 1890 233
THE LATE llAROQUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Victor Horto's Contribution . . . . . . . • • • • • · 2,1.2
THE UNOULATING WALL ANO THE FLEXIBLE G~l~ ~N ~ ·P~¡ N·
Berlage's Stock Exchange and the Demandfor Morality 250
Otto Wagner and the Viennese School . . • • • • • · · 256
Francesco Borromini, 1599-1667 .
FERROCONCllETE AND ITS INFLUENCE UPON ARCHITECTURE
Guarino Guarini , 1624- 1683 . . . 55 262
A. G. Perret . 265
South Germany: Vierzehnheiligen 61
Tony Garnier
THE ORGANIZATION OF OUTER SPACE 68
The Residential Group and Nature . 68
Single Squares . . . . . . . 75 PartV
269
Series of lnterrelated Squares 78 AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT
270
Europe Obsen•es American Production .
2711
Part 111 The Structure of American lndustry . .
281
THE BALLOON FHAME AND INDUSTRIALIZATION
THE EVOLUTION OF NEW POTENTIALITIES 97 21.15
The Balloon Frame and the Building - up of tite West .
lndustrialization as a Fundamental Event 99 285
The lnvention of the Balloon Frome . . . .
IHON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 2H6
George Washington Snow, 1797 - 1870 . . . . . . . . .
103 The Balloon Frame and the Windsor Cllair . . . . . . 2Hll
Early lron Construction in England
105 Pl,AN E SUHFACES IN AMERICAN AUClllTECTURE 289
The Sunderland Bridge . . . . . .
108 The Flexible and Informal Ground Plan 2<J7
Early lron Construction on the Continent
115 TIIE CHICAGO SCIIOOL :10:1
FIWM THE IHON COLUMN TO TIIE STEEL FltAME
117 The Apartment House . :no
The Cast-lron Column
12,i TOWAHD PUHE FOllMS :n5
TOWAHD TIIE STEEL FHAME :111
129 Tlle Leiter Building, 1889
James Bogardus . . . . . :121
134 Tite Reliance Building, 1894
The St . Louis River Front
UB Sullivan: Tite Carson , Pirie, Scott Store, 1899-1906
Early Skeleton Buildings The lnj/uence of the Chicago World's Fair, 1893
Elevators . . . .... 142
]46
TIIE SCHISM BETWEEN AHCHITECTURE AND TECIINOLOG Y
1'he /)emand for a New Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 1411
viii
FRANK LLOYD WRIGIIT . . . . . . 331
,i97
Wright ond the American Development 331 Part VII NINETEENTH CENTURY
CITY PLANNING IN THE 498
The Cruciform ond the Elongoted Pion 331,
. . . . . . . . 502
Plone Surfoces ond Structure 341 Early Nineteenth Century . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Urge toword the Orgonic . . 348 504
The Ruede Rivoli of Napoleon I . y. ·T~~ ~~NDON SQUA RES
Office Buildings . . . . . . . . . 352 NCE OF G REENER : 513
TI-IE DOMINA F DI OOMSBU RY . . . . . . . . .
Jnjluence of Fronk Lloyd Wright . 523
358 THE CARDEN S QUARES O V¡lOPl\lENT : R EGENT'S PARK
J, ARGE-SCALE IIO USING DE . T· T II E T RANSFORl\lATION
529
THE STREET BECOMES D01\IIN AN . . ..
OF PARIS, 1853- 1868 . . . . . . . . . 529
. in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century . 533
-Part VI Paris " ·• E (1. e Haussmann . . . 5,H
The " Trois Réseaux OJ u&en
SPACE-TIME IN ART, ARCHITECTURE, Squares, Boule11ards, Gardens and Plants . . : : 552
AND CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . 361 Th e City as a Technical Problem . . . . . . . . 555
's Use o• Modern iWethods of Fmance 558
TIIE NEW SPACE CONCEPTION: SPACE-TIME 362 Haussman n 'J
e , _ ~/.~:¡~~
Furniture in Standard Units . 488
The Human Side . 1..., I" 1 .-.,v
· •
490 ""-,J ...,_ ~
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