1
Meshed vs. Radial MV Distribution Network in
Presence of Large Amount of DG
G. Celli, Member, IEEE, F. Pilo, Member, IEEE, and G. Pisano, Student Member, IEEE
V. Allegranza, R. Cicoria, and A. Iaria
Abstract—Until now, distribution networks are regarded as a
passive termination of the transmission network, with a radial
structure, unidirectional power flows, and a simple and efficient
protection scheme. In presence of a large amount of Distributed
Generation (DG), distribution networks will gradually, but
ineluctably, change towards a new kind of active networks. The
most revolutionary change, needed to efficiently allocate so much
DG, could be represented by the adoption of a meshed network
architecture. For this reason, in the paper new possible
arrangements for distribution networks have been deeply
investigated and compared with the radial scheme. Steady state
and dynamic simulations have been performed, considering a
portion of the real Italian distribution network, and voltage
profile, power losses, short circuit currents and grid reliability
have been analyzed.
Index Terms—Distributed Generation, distribution network
planning, meshed and radial network schemes.
I. INTRODUCTION
T HE continuous progress of technology, the congestion
concern of the transmission system and the environmental
drive are making very likely a future scenario characterized by
a massive penetration of Distributed Generation (DG),
allocated in the MV distribution networks. This eventuality
will inevitably lead to a new approach in the Distribution
System. Until now, distribution networks are regarded as a
passive termination of the transmission network, having the
goal of supplying reliably and efficiently end users. According
to this scheme, distribution network are radial, with
unidirectional power flows and with a simple and efficient
protection scheme.
A greater penetration of DG will change completely this
well consolidated environment: definitely, distribution
networks will be no longer passive and it has been foreseen a
gradual, but ineluctable, changing towards a new kind of
active networks. Active networks will be strongly
interconnected (no radial scheme, no unidirectional power
flow) and subdivided into small cells, locally managed by a
power controller, which superintends power flow among local
generators, loads and adjacent cells. Automation, control
systems and ICT will be widely used in active networks to
G. Celli, F. Pilo and G. Pisano are with the Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering of the University of Cagliari, Piazza d’Armi, 09123
Cagliari, Italy (email: celli@diee.unica.it, pilo@diee.unica.it).
V. Allegranza, R. Cicoria and A. Iaria are with CESI, via Rubattino 54,
20154 Milan, Italy (e-mail: cicoria@cesi.it).
govern local cells, to control generated and absorbed power,
to manage congestions and prevent propagation of overloads
and faults by isolating the affected part of the network.
Of course, in order to perform a so drastic and
revolutionary development, drives and political decisions are
necessary to convince people to change. Among all these
drastic changes, certainly one of the most revolutionary is
represented by the changing from radial to meshed
architectures and, for this reason, in the paper new possible
arrangements for distribution networks have been deeply
investigated. In particular, it has been highlighted the impact
of the meshed arrangement on the exploitation of DG
considering different types of meshed distribution networks
(closed loop trunk feeders, closed loop laterals,
interconnection between different feeders, etc.). For each type
examined, steady state and dynamic simulations have been
performed in order to analyze the voltage profile, to asses the
short circuit level, to evaluate losses and avoided costs for
network upgrading and, finally, to asses grid reliability.
Examples derived from real world cases have been presented
and discussed in order to highlight potential advantages (and
disadvantages) of the possible new practice of distribution
grid.
II. RADIAL AND MESHED NETWORKS
For many years, the MV distribution system has been
planned, built and operated always in the same way. But in the
last decade, the first signs of changes have appeared due to
the liberalization of the electricity market, the governmental
drive to reduce number and duration of long interruption and
the growing presence of DG. In particular, if DG penetration
reaches a high level, as predicted by many authors,
distribution utilities will probably have to dismiss the
traditional radial network operation, adopting a more flexible
meshed structure.
For this reason, this paper has the aim of investigating the
effects of the migration from radial to meshed arrangement of
distribution network, particularly referring to the impact that
this change could have on the growth and development of DG.
Generally, it is very difficult to obtain from specific
examples wide-ranging conclusions valid in any case, because
the effect of DG on a distribution network strictly depends on
the generators allocation, the network configuration and the
nature of loads. However, it is possible to outline the main
guiding principles useful to understand macroscopically the
effects of a meshed network operation in presence of DG.

A. Passive Radial Distribution Network
Currently, MV distribution networks are always operated
with a radial arrangement, and are often subdivided into two
different levels: trunk feeders and lateral branches. The low
degree of reliability obtainable with radial network is
generally improved by adding emergency ties, that provide
alternative routes for power supply in case of outages or
scheduled interruptions: these emergency ties end with an
open switch so that radial structure is maintained during
normal conditions.
An important class of such networks, widely used in Italy,
are the “open loop networks”, which are usually employed in
urban power distribution systems. If there are no laterals
(“pure open loop networks”), then service restoration is
ensured through the emergency tie that connects the ends of
the feeder. An intermediate alternative, still more adopted in
rural distribution networks, is to install laterals (“spurious
open loop networks”), in which top priority customers are
supplied through the main feeder and can be completely re-
energized in the event of a fault. Moreover, the increased
utility care about long interruptions has led to the addition of
emergency ties also for some main laterals.
Summing up these remarks, the current MV distribution
networks are already meshed and they will become more
meshed in the future due to reliability reasons: thus, it is
important to evaluate if it is still convenient to keep the radial
operation, also considering the predicted large diffusion of
DG, and to verify if the adoption of a different kind of
operation could overcome the obstacles that limit the DG
diffusion itself.
B. Passive Meshed Distribution Network
Meshed networks have well known advantages versus
radial schemes: a reduction of power losses, a better voltage
profile, a greater flexibility and ability to cope with the load
growth, and an improvement of Power Quality (PQ) due to
the fault level increase at each bus. Moreover, also without
DG, the potential more suitable power flows sharing,
consequent to the passage from radial arrangement to meshed
operation, can allow the deferment of investment needed to
meet with the growing energy demand.
It is prominent to observe that these advantages can be
maximized only optimizing number and position of the
emergency ties. Without careful planning strategies, the
adoption of a meshed scheme can also worsen some technical
aspect of the network operation: for example, if a weak lateral
(generally having smaller sections) is involved in a meshed
route, it could turn to a status of excessive exploitation.
Obviously, compared to radial arrangement, a meshed
network presents also some drawbacks: a more complex
planning and operation, that consequently involves a higher
cost, and a rising of short circuit current in each node, that
could implies the substitution of the existing circuit breakers,
due to the overcoming of their interrupting capacity (12.5 kA
for rural and 16 kA for urban Italian distribution networks).
C. Active Radial and Meshed Distribution Network
The presence of DG on the Distribution System drastically
2
changes the characteristics of the existing radial networks,
which are no more passive with unidirectional power flows,
but become active. These circumstances alter the well
consolidated management procedures applied, and the effects
of DG towards the network could be positive or negative
depending on the position and the size of the generators
installed. Thus, it is more desirable to optimize their
allocation, instead of choosing randomly their connection
sites, like it is preferable to optimize the position of the
additional ties used to mesh the existing radial distribution
networks [1]. The case when a medium size generator is
installed in a weak lateral, causing higher power losses and
virtually requiring additional resizing investment is
emblematic.
The same remarks can be made also for the active meshed
distribution network, even if the stronger and more flexible
architecture reduces the potential negative effects of the
presence of DG. If properly allocated, the main benefits
introduced by DG on the distribution networks refer to the
reduction of power losses, the improvement of voltage profile,
and the deferment of investment resulting from a reduced
equipment exploitation (conductors and transformers). All
these benefits could be potentially higher for meshed
networks, because they join with the same benefits introduced
by this network arrangement. Moreover, if intentional
islanding is permitted, the presence of DG suitable
coordinated with network automation can also improve the
supply reliability of users connected to some laterals [2]. On
the contrary, the main negative aspects associated to the
existence of DG are the increase of the short circuit currents
and the alteration of the protection system logic, which can
prejudice its selectivity. For this reason, currently the majority
of the international Standards (including Italian ones)
contemplate the instantaneous disconnection of the generators
in case of a fault, so that the existing protection system can
work properly. On the other hand, this practice prevents the
adoption of the intentional islanding, deleting the relative
benefit, and thwarts the advantage of a PQ improvement,
related to the fault level increase.
At the end of these comments, it is important to notice that
all the benefits considered will turn to disadvantages if the DG
penetration level becomes significantly high. In this case, the
power losses resume to rise, the voltage profile worsens and
the equipment could be again heavily overworked. However,
as it will be shown in the next sections, meshed arrangement
seems to be more suitable to accommodate a massive
penetration of DG.
III. HOW THE COMPARISON HAS BEEN MADE
In order to compare the performance of the radial and
meshed arrangements in presence of DG, a small portion of
the Italian MV distribution network has been simulated (Fig.
1). It is mostly settled in a rural and extra-urban area of about
1700 km2, with a predominance of overhead lines (only 10%
of the network extension is made by buried cables). The
network is energized by 4 HV/MV primary substations (two
of which with two separated MV busbars, for a total of 6
 3

Fig. 2. The different meshed configurations investigated.

Fig. 1. The case study: a small portion of the Italian MV distribution network.
HV/MV transformers), and feeds 999 MV/LV nodes (390 of
which are trunk nodes), via 18 trunk feeders and 1005 edges.
Several scenarios have been hypothesized diversifying the
load and the DG penetration, as summarized in Table I.
More specifically, 4 different load demands have been
considered, varying the equipment exploitation from 10% to
50% of loading. It is basic to remind that, due to the open
loop configuration, overhead lines, buried cables and
transformers are loaded respectively no more than 60%, 50%
and 65% of their capacity. Regarding DG, only 8 feeders have
been used to allocate generators, but all the 18 feeders have
been considered in the calculations. All the 20 generators
added have been connected to lateral nodes, in order to
strengthen the effects of DG on the network. By using
different generator sizes, 5 DG penetration levels have been
employed, from 0% to 120% of the overall load of the 8
feeders interested by DG.
Five different network arrangements have been
investigated and tested with all these scenarios. These
configurations have been realized by altering only the
architecture of the 8 feeders considered above to allocate the
DG units:
• C0: radial configuration (open loop network);
• C1: closed loop network, obtained by closing only the
TABLE I
POWER OF LOAD E POWER GENERATED BY DG [MVA]
Equipment Exploitation Scenarios
10% loading Reference 30% loading 50% loading
demand
existing open rings;
• C2: 1st meshed level, obtained by connecting two “adjacent”
closed loops at about half of their length (adjacent means
that they share the same HV/MV substations);
• C3: 2nd meshed level, obtained by using an additional edge
to connect two not-adjacent closed loops;
• C4: 3rd meshed level, obtained by adding new edges, which
connect the adjacent closed loops at one quarter and three
quarter of their length.
Fig. 2 shows a schematic representation of the 8 feeders
considered (without the depiction of laterals) in order to
highlight the different configurations investigated.
The load flow calculations and the short circuit analyses,
for the 100 possible cases defined by the combination of all
the scenarios considered, have been performed by using a
specific software package (SPIRA), developed by CESI.
Furthermore, in order to check the DG capability to
improve PQ and supply reliability, some dynamic simulations
have been carried out, focusing the attention on the possibility
to maintain generators connected to the network during faults.
For this study, a clustered network derived from the real case
has been simulated with the DigSilent software package.
IV. STEADY STATE COMPARISON
The aim of the steady state analyses has been the
evaluation of the meshed arrangement capability to allow a
large diffusion of DG on the Distribution System. To do this,
4 technical aspect have been investigated: the power losses,
the voltage profile, the equipment exploitation and the short
circuit level.
A. Power Losses
Under the same load demand and DG penetration, power

Total 10.257 21.520 27.752 38.251 losses are reduced moving from radial to any meshed
Load

DG Feeders 4.899 11.648 13.794 20.069 arrangement. In particular, the more significant contribution is
provided when C1 configuration is adopted; thickening the
10% 0.45 1.10 1.45 1.95
meshes produces additional negligible benefits (Fig. 3).
penetration

30% 1.55 3.90 4.20 6.00

Power losses come down also by rising the DG penetration,
DG

70% 3.50 7.95 9.50 14.60 until the maximum integration capacity of DG on the network
120% 6.00 13.79 16.40 24.09

Fig. 3. Power losses as a function of DG penetration level, varying network
configuration and equipment exploitation.
is reached. After that, they start to grow, more rapidly on a
radial configuration. This point of inversion would seem to
happen for a higher DG penetration level on a meshed
network, but this is not a general result because it strictly
depends on the position of generators and additional edges.
The adoption of meshed operation is always advantageous
on lightly load cases; instead, with heavily load conditions,
the additional edges must be optimized to avoid possible
worsening.
B. Voltage Profile
Also for this technical aspect, the meshed operation has
been demonstrated to be positive. The presence of DG
commonly improves the situation, due to the compensation of
the resistive voltage drop of the lines. It has instead little
influence on the reactive part, because usually the generators
are not involved in the voltage regulation (in Italy they have to
work with constant power factor). Taking into account this
way of operation, the allocation of big size DG units (some
MW) on weak laterals could deteriorate the voltage profile,
with also some cases of limit violation due to excessive
overvoltage.
During these studies, some problems have appeared to
correctly interpret the results, because the non unidirectional
power flow, caused by the presence of DG and the meshed
arrangement, alters the correct operation of the transformer
tap-changer controller. In fact, the regulator measures the
current through the transformer, and reduces the voltage at
the MV busbar when this current is low. By so
doing, a passive feeder connected to the same busbar can
suffer of excessive voltage drops.
In some other cases, particularly when load is low and
4
feeders have many generators (i.e. wind generators during the
night), voltage rise, exalted by the tap-changer, can be the
major concern.
Thus, to overcome all these problems, in case of a massive
DG penetration it will become necessary to allow generators
taking part of the reactive power market, probably admitting
an economic recompense to the voltage regulation service
provided (Ancillary Service).
C. Equipment Exploitation
In order to assess the influence of DG and meshed
operation on the equipment exploitation, all the elements that
presented an utilization degree higher than the limits
previously mentioned in Section III for lines and transformers,
have been checked. The overcoming of these thresholds
involves investment for the network reinforcement.
First of all, it can be noticed that the meshed arrangement
alone allows reducing the exploitation, due to the alternative
supply paths provided. This benefit is as much higher as more
additional edges are present (moving from C0 to C4
configuration).
Also the reliability of the network takes advantage from
this circumstance, and the exploitation thresholds can be
raised due to the presence of alternative paths in emergency
conditions. Obviously, this benefit is verified only from C2
configuration, because from this point of view C1 and C0 are
equal. The presence of DG concurs to reduce the network
loading, with increasing effects when raising meshed degree.
However, the presence of big size generators could cause
critical situations if they are installed on weak or already
heavily loaded laterals. It is noticeable to remark that a higher
meshed level does not permit reducing criticalities on some
edges when they are part of laterals not included in the
meshed paths. Thus, also in this case it is fundamental to
perform a network optimization that finds the best
arrangement for additional ties connection and DG units
allocation.
Finally, regarding transformer exploitation, there is a
benefit with both the increasing DG penetration and the
passage from C0 to C1 configuration. Additional mesh links
do not ameliorate the transformer working conditions.
D. Short Circuit Level
As general remark, it can be observed that the meshed
operation determines the biggest three phase short circuit
current (Isc) increment also in case of passive network (no
DG). This increment is particularly relevant in the points of
mesh links connection (Fig. 4).
The presence of DG raises itself the Isc but less than the
mesh structure of the network. If the DG unit is connected to
the network through an inverter, its influence on the short
circuit current become negligible. However, in case of a
massive penetration of DG it would be possible to cause
important growth of the Isc. Moreover, the lower effect of DG
with respect of the meshed operation is also due to the chosen
position of the generators on weak laterals, with initial low
short circuit power and consequently small influence on the
other nodes of the network. In fact, positioning a big size

Fig. 4. Short circuit current increment in each trunk node of a closed loop
feeder, referred to the Isc of the radial arrangement.
generator on a trunk node, it has been noticed an increment
percentages similar to those obtained with the C1 passive
configuration. An additional result verified has been that,
once a mesh configuration is adopted, an increment on the
DG penetration level does not provoke significant growth of
the Isc.
In conclusion, both the presence of DG and the adoption of
a meshed arrangement increase the three phase short circuit
current (Isc) in each node. The potential overcoming of the
interrupting capacity of the existing circuit breakers and the
lose of coordination of the system protection are both the
main issues related to short circuit. But, whereas the rise in
short circuit level due to DG is not really common and may be
controlled by using power converters, the problem of
protection coordination is becoming more and more urgent
and would require to change the protection system relatively
soon. This fact would provoke a huge investment needed to
substitute the whole system protection, with a complete
revision of the coordination logics and a massive use of new
kind of controller devices, characterized by a large use of
ICT.
This conclusion is important, because even if the meshed
arrangement is not accepted, the huge investment on the
replacement of the actual system protection will be in any
case ineluctable.
V. DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR
The dynamic behavior of Synchronous Generators (SG)
has been evaluated to assess the possibility of maintain in
service some generators during fault conditions in meshed
networks (similar analysis have been carried out in [3]-[4]
showing the dynamic behavior of DG in radial networks). The
following data have been used for the simulations: Pn=1 MW,
cosφn=0.9, Vn=0.4kV, X’d=0.29p.u., round rotor. Two
different inertia constant (H=2s and H=4s) have been also
considered for their impact on the Critical Clearing Time
(CCT). Greater details on simulations and results can be
found in [5]. By hypothesizing, according to [6], that the zone
where a fault occurred could be located and isolated by
protections, the followings are the most important results:
− in radial or meshed networks slow SGs (H=4s)
connected to faulty or healthy lines could remain in
5
service after three-phase short circuits in lines or
busbars cleared in standard time (300ms). Faster SGs
(H=2s) connected near to the fault must be disconnected
in a shorter time (CCT=220ms), but this time rise in
meshed network ;
− in radial networks all the SGs (slow and fast) connected
to healthy lines could remain in service for three-phase
short circuits followed by a high-speed successful
reclosure; in meshed networks all slow SGs and the fast
ones connected far enough from the faulted point could
remain in service.
− in radial or meshed networks all the SGs connected to
faulty lines must be disconnected to avoid re-
energization of SGs out of synchronism;
− in radial or meshed networks, for 3-phase short circuits
followed by a high-speed unsuccessful reclosure, all
generators must be disconnected.
It is worth to notice that stability increases in meshed
networks and this fact gives enough time to detect and
isolated the faulted area leaving in service the majority of
generators.
VI. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
Jenkins et al. have noticed that many of the issue related to
the huge diffusion DG like voltage rise, power quality, short
circuit level increase, and islanding can be solved with
innovative Dynamic Management Systems (DMS) [7]. They
have delineated three steps for the development of such a
revolutionary distribution network: initially only simple DMS
to control few generators, then a dynamic control of the
network and finally a complete active network, meshed with
short circuit current limiters. Roberts and Van Overbeek have
pointed out the possible final realization of active networks
[8],[9]. Distribution networks will supply connectivity (they
will provide connectivity between points of supply and
consumption). They have envisaged a future system
characterized, among many other interesting features, by
interconnection (in opposition to current radial schemes) to
take advantage of all possibilities offered by ICT, network
automation and power electronics. All these papers deal with
the distribution network evolution, and they attribute to the
interconnection a key role for the development and the
implementation of DG. Furthermore all of them consider that
the changing from radial to meshed networks will be a
consequence of the implementation of new DMS, that deeply
involve ICT, control capabilities and automation that are
practically absent in current distribution networks. The idea of
this paper is to show that meshed network can be important to
create the conditions to develop a new distribution system,
and avoid and eliminate most of the barriers, that still limit the
diffusion of DG, before adopting complicated and innovative
control systems. Furthermore, it should be noticed that this
changing in most cases do not require building new lines
because of distribution networks are already meshed but
radially managed so few physical modifications to the net are
to be expected.
The comparisons among different situations derived from a

real world case study have highlighted that weakly meshed
network have the potentialities to accommodate much more
generation than radial nets. The main advantages of weakly
meshed networks consist in a more uniform power flow, that
allows improving voltage profile, reducing power losses,
limiting, and balancing the exploitation of lines and
transformers. Another important result that can be pointed out
by the studies performed is that the changing from open loop
to closed loop networks is generally always positive from the
DG diffusion point of view. On the other hand, more thicken
meshes can not be chosen randomly and they have to be
carefully planned on the basis of the load and generation
location. Particular important is the capability of meshed
network to withstand severe contingencies: in this case the
more thicken the mesh network the more it can withstand to a
fault in the network.
Short circuit level, voltage regulation, and protection
coordination are the main issues in meshed distribution
network. Short circuit level can increase to intolerable values
and this fact can lead to change many switchgears in the
network (it should be noticed that even of less gravity, this
problem could arise also in radial system with much DG). A
solution to avoid changing all switches may be to resort to
short circuit current limiters [10]. Voltage regulation via the
transformer tap-changer should be revised because generators
modify power flows and this fact may be erroneously
interpreted by the control system. Meshed networks try to
equalize voltage along feeders and this may be useful to
achieve an acceptable voltage regulation. Anyway, in order to
have a better voltage regulation each generator should
contribute to regulation and voltage regulator should be
modified. Protection coordination is the last issue to solve.
There are many papers dealing with protection coordination in
weakly meshed networks, but there is a lack of studies on
protection coordination in non radial networks with DG.
Girgis et al. have proposed an adaptative protection that
allows protecting a distribution system with DG [6]. This kind
of protection system can be easily implemented in a network,
but it requires a tremendous effort to modify a well
consolidated operation practice.
Summing-up, closed-loop networks can be quite easily
implemented but, to have the maximum benefit, it is essential
that some modifications in protection coordination were
performed, short circuit currents will be limited and a new
voltage control will be applied. In other words meshed
networks may be a valid option to improve the capability of
networks to accommodate generation but their development
have to accompanied by revolutionary change in distribution
that could be considered the first step to real active networks.
VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work has been supported by the Italian MAP
(Ministry for Productive Activities) in the frame of the Public
Interest Energy Research Project named “Ricerca di Sistema”
(MAP Decree of February, 28th 2003).
6
VIII. REFERENCES
[1] G. Celli and F. Pilo, “Optimal Distributed Generation Allocation in MV
Distribution Networks”, in Proc. 2001 PICA Conf., pp. 81-86.
[2] G. Celli, S. Mocci, F. Pilo, “Improvement of reliability in active networks
with intentional islanding”, in Proc. 2004 DRPT Conf.
[3] S. K. Salman, I. M. Rida, “Investigating the Impact of Embedded
Generation on Relay Settings of Utilities’ Electrical Feeders ”, IEEE
Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 16, pp., April 2001.
[4] F. M. Gatta, F. Iliceto, S. Lauria, P. Masato, “Behaviour of Dispersed
Generation in Distribution Networks During system Disturbances.
Measures to Prevent Disconnection”, in Proc. 2003 International
Conference on Electricity Distribution – CIRED, Session 4, paper n°79.
[5] F. Pilo et al., “Meshed Distribution Networks to Maximize the
Exploitation of Embedded Generation”, presented at the Distribution
Europe 2004 Conference, Amsterdam, 28-29 April, 2004.
[6] S. Brahma, A. Girgis, “Development of Adaptive Protection Scheme for
Distribution systems With High penetration of Distributed Generation”,
IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol.19, pp.56-63, January 2004.
[7] T. Bopp, A. Shafu, I. Cobelo, I. Chilvers, N. Jenkins, G. Strbac, H. Li, P.
Crossley, “Commercial and Technical integration of Distributed
Generation into Distribution Network”, in Proc. 2003 International
Conference on Electricity Distribution – CIRED, Sess.4.
[8] G. C. Schoonenberg, A. R. A. Pikkert, F. Van Overbeeke, C. Spoorenberg,
“Future Concepts for Medium voltage Distribution Networks: a New
Philosophy”, in Proc. 1999 International Conference on Electricity
Distribution – CIRED, Sess. 5, paper n°2.
[9] F. Von Overbeeke, V. Roberts, “Active Networks as facilitators for
embedded generation”, in Proc. 2002 IQPC Conf. on Embedded
Generation within Distribution Networks.
[10] I. Chilvers, N. Jenkins, P. Crossley, “Development of Distribution
Network Protection Schemes to Maximise the Connection of Distributed
Generation”, in Proc. 2003 International Conference on Electricity
Distribution – CIRED, Session 4, paper n°46.
IX. BIOGRAPHIES
Gianni Celli graduated in Electrical Engineering at the University of
Cagliari in 1994. He became Assistant Professor of Power System in 1997.
Current research interests are in the field of MV distribution network planning
optimization, Power Quality and neural networks. He is author of several papers
published on international journals or presented in various international
conferences. He is IEEE and AEI member.
Fabrizio Pilo graduated in Electrical Engineering at the University of
Cagliari in 1992 and earned the Ph.D. from the University of Pisa in 1998. He
became Associate Professor of Electrical Power Systems in 2001. His research
activity is focused on electrical power systems, network planning and
optimization and neural networks. He is author of several papers published on
international journals or presented in various international conferences. He is
IEEE, AEI, and CIRED TC member,.
Giuditta Pisano graduated in Electrical Engineering at the University of
Cagliari in 2001 and currently is a Ph.D. student. Her research activity is
focused on DG and its impact on Power Quality. She is AEI member and IEEE
student member.
Vittorio Allegranza received his Doctor of Electrical Engineering Degree
in 1999 from Politecnico of Turin. He joined CESI in 2001, where he currently
works for the T&D Network Unit. His main research interests include HV and
MV planning and operation and power system dynamics. He is author of papers
presented in various international conferences.
Rocco Cicoria received the Doctor degree in Electrical Engineering from
the Politecnico of Turin in 1974. From 1976 to 1999 he was research engineer in
ENEL-Electrical Research Center and joined CESI in 2000. His main research
interests include electrical power systems, network planning and optimization.
He is author of several papers published on international reviews or presented in
various international conferences
Adriano Iaria received his Doctorial Degree in Electrical Engineering from
University of Pavia, in 2002. He joined CESI in 2002 where he is engaged in
Network Study Unit. His main research interests include power system planning
and system modeling.