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GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
1st Grading
Session 5: Plant and Animal Tissues
❖ COLLENCHYMA
- Cells are irregularly-shaped and
elongated with thick cell walls
C. Permanent Tissues: Ground - Found in stem, leaves (petiole), and
(Simple) petals
• Make up the internal bulk of non-woody - Provide flexible support to the plant
plant parts
• Cells are differentiated
❖ PARENCHYMA
- Cells are large, thin-walled, and usually
have a large central vacuole; with
intracellular spaces
- Least specialized ground tissue
- Found in all organs of the plant
- May perform a variety of functions that
include:
a. Photosynthesis (for cells
containing chloroplasts)
b. Storage of photosynthetic
products (for cells containing
colorless plastids)
c. Cell division (when stimulated for
wound repair)
❖ SCLERENCHYMA
- Cells have secondary walls containing
lignin; dead at maturity
- Provide mechanical support to the plant
ATENEO de DAVAO UNIVERSITY
Senior High School
STEM- Pre-Science- Biology
E. Jacinto Street, Davao City, Philippines
❖ PHLOEM
- Living cells
- Transports sugar (in the form of
sucrose) and other organic compounds
- Bidirectional flow of materials (from
source to sink)
- Cell types:
a. Sieve-tube members (arranged to
form a tube; cluster of pores in the
end walls)
b. Companion cell (contains a
nucleus; helps in the movement of
materials)
❖ XYLEM
- Cells are hollow and non-living at
maturity
- Conducts water and minerals from the
roots upward
- unidirectional flow of materials
ATENEO de DAVAO UNIVERSITY
Senior High School
STEM- Pre-Science- Biology
E. Jacinto Street, Davao City, Philippines
ANIMAL TISSUES
A. Epithelial Tissue
• Cells are tightly packed
• Lines the body surfaces and cavities for
protection, absorption, and secretion
• May form glands
• Avascular and innervated
• Has two distinct surfaces:
a. Apical surface (exposed to the
body cavity or exterior)
b. Basal surface (adjacent to STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM (multiple
underlying tissues) layer of cells)
• Classified according to: ❖ STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
a. Number of cell layers (simple, EPITHELIUM
stratified) - It consists of multiple layers, with
b. Shape of cells on apical surfaces squamous cells at the apical surface
(squamous, cuboidal, columnar) - Primary function is for protection
c. Surface specialization (cilia, - Found in areas subject to abrasion
keratin, etc.) such as mouth and esophagus
❖ KERATINIZED SQUAMOUS
EPITHELIUM
- Epidermis of the skin
- Cells contain large quantities of keratin
❖ SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
- Made up of cube-shaped cells B. Connective Tissue
- Present in kidney tubules & some
• Binds and supports other tissues
glands
• Vary widely in their form and function
- Secretory and absorptive in function
• Extracellular matrix (ECM) is
composed of:
a. Ground substance
b. Protein fibers (collagen, elastin, or
reticular fibers)
❖ LOOSE CONNECTIVE
- Has a matrix of a loose weave of fibers
❖ SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM - Serves as the binding and packing
- Made up of long column-like cells with material of tissues and other structures
nuclei at the base - Types:
- Present in the lining of the stomach, a. Areolar - contain fibroblasts and
intestines, and salivary glands other types of cells; bind tissues
- The primary function is absorption of together
nutrients
b. Adipose - consists of adipocytes
or fat storage cells; energy storage,
ATENEO de DAVAO UNIVERSITY
Senior High School
STEM- Pre-Science- Biology
E. Jacinto Street, Davao City, Philippines
c. Blood
- composed of plasma and formed
elements
- Elements:
1. Erythrocytes (RBC) – carry
oxygen; contain hemoglobin
2. Leukocytes (WBC) – function in
immunity
❖ DENSE CONNECTIVE
3. Thrombocytes (Platelets) – cell
- Has a matrix of densely packed
collagen fibers fragments involved in blood clotting
- Form the following:
a. Tendons – attach muscles to
bone
b. Ligaments – join bones together
C. MUSCULAR TISSUE
• Made up of muscle fibers that contract
• Contain contractile proteins actin and
myosin
❖ SKELETAL MUSCLE
❖ SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE - Fibers are long, thin, cylindrical, and
a. Cartilage multinucleated
- forms a strong, flexible skeletal - Striated muscle fibers
material - Muscles attached to bone
- provides a smooth surface for the
- Voluntary contraction
movement of bones at joints
- cells are called chondrocytes
- commonly surrounds the end of
bones
ATENEO de DAVAO UNIVERSITY
Senior High School
STEM- Pre-Science- Biology
E. Jacinto Street, Davao City, Philippines
D. NERVOUS TISSUE
- Communication or transmission of
information via electrical signals
(neural impulses)
- Composes the brain, spinal cord, and
peripheral nerves
❖ NEURONS
- Have the following parts:
a. Cell body (soma) – contains
nucleus and other cell organelles
❖ CARDIAC MUSCLE
- Cells are shorter, generally b. Dendrites – extend from the cell
uninucleate, extensively branched and body and receive nerve impulses
connected at their ends by intercalated from other neurons
disks c. Axon – long extension of the cell
- Found only in the walls of the heart body that transmits nerve impulses
- Less striated to other cells
- Involuntary contraction
❖ NEUROGLIAL CELLS
- Supporting cells that provide
nutritional support, protection, and
insulation to neurons
❖ SMOOTH MUSCLE
- Cells are spindle-shaped and show no
branching and cross-striations
- Present in the walls of hollow organs
such as the stomach and intestine
- Involuntary contraction