Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology

Andrés Caicedo Ph.D.

Investigador BioMed
USFQ
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Pathophysiology

Functional of physical changes in the body

that results from a disease

Based in normal anatomy, physiology, pathology

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Pathophysiology

What are the physical changes in the body close to the disease?

What is normal?
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Pathophysiology
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Pathophysiology
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Pathophysiology
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Wellness

Normal structure or function of any part, organ system or combination of

them including physical, mental and social well-being

Homeostasis
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Time
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Wellness

Normal structure or function of any part, organ system or combination of

them including physical, mental and social well-being

Homeodynamics
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Proteins

5 min Quiz
Esquematice como la célula produce
proteínas
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Amino Acids
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Amino Acids
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H2O
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 Pathophysiology

• There are 20 naturally occurring 'R' groups, which corresponds to 20

different amino acids

Alanine's 'R' group consists of CH3.

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The liver is the major site of nitrogen metabolism

in the body

Nitrogen of amino acids is eliminated via

transaminations, deamination, and urea
formation

The carbon skeletons are generally conserved as

carbohydrate, via gluconeogenesis, or as fatty acid
via fatty acid synthesis pathways.

There are glucogenic, ketogenic, or glucogenic and

ketogenic
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Urea Synthesis
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Aspartate aminotransferase

Aspartate transaminase catalyzes the interconversion of aspartate and

α-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and glutamate
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Glucogenic amino acids:

Production of pyruvate or TCA cycle intermediates, such as α-
ketoglutarate or oxaloacetate, all of which are precursors to
glucose via gluconeogenesis.

All amino acids except lysine and leucine are at least partly
glucogenic.

Ketogenic aminoacids:
Lysine and leucine are the only amino acids that are solely
ketogenic
giving rise only to acetyl-CoA or acetoacetyl-CoA, neither of
which can bring about net glucose production.
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acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate,
and their spontaneous breakdown
product, acetone
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Essential vs. Nonessential Amino Acids

Alanine, Asparagine, Aspartate, Cysteine,

Nonessential Glutamate, Glutamine, Glycine, Proline,
Serine, Tyrosine

Arginine*, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine,

Essential Lysine, Methionine*, Phenylalanine*,
Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine
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Primary Structure
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Secondary Structure
α-helix
The carbonyl, C=O, can form a hydrogen bond with the amido, N-H, group of
the (n+4)th. This results in a strong hydrogen bond that has an optimum
hydrogen to oxygen, H….O, distance of 2.8 Å
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Secondary Structure
β-pleated sheet
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Tertiary Structure

Represented by hydrophobic interactions, ionic interactions,

and disulfide bonds as illustrated below
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Forces that keep the different protein structures together

Level of protein structure Interactions that stabilize the structure

Primary Covalent bond (amide/peptide bond)
Secondary Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds, disulfide bonds, hydrophobic
Tertiary
interactions, hydrogen bonding
Ionic bonds, disulfide bonds, hydrophobic
Quaternary
interactions, hydrogen bonding
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Protein Regulation
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Growth Hormone
AKA Somatotropin, peptide hormone
Stimulates growth and cell reproduction, cell regeneration
Important role in Development and Mitogen
191 amino acids
secreted mainly by hypophysis
GH-releasing hormone induces GH secretion, whereas somatostatin
(somatotropin release inhibiting factor hormone) inhibits its secretion
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Cuáles son los segundos mensajeros, esquematice su función?

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Lipids

Lipids are made of the elements Carbon , Hydrogen and Oxygen

They are insoluable in water

Lipids perform many functions, such as:

Energy Storage
Making Biological Membranes
Insulation
Protection - e.g. protecting plant leaves from drying up
Acting as hormones

They are made from two molecules: Glycerol and Fatty Acids.
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A Glycerol molecule is made up from three Carbon atoms with a Hydroxyl

Group attached to it and Hydrogen atoms occupying the remaining positions.
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Fatty Acids

Fatty acids consist of an Acid Group at one end of the molecule and a
Hydrocarbon Chain, which is usually denoted by the letter 'R'.
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Triglycerides

Triglycerides are lipids consisting of one glycerol molecule bonded with

three fatty acid molecules. The bonds between the molecules are covalent
and are called Ester bonds. They are formed during a condensation
reaction.
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