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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the reviews which are related to the study taken

from books, journal and internet source. There is one topic that will be

discussed in this review: Related studies.

Related Studies

In the study of (Castells, et al.2007), the use of technology is a global

imperative due to its contributions to human existence and has enhanced the

socio economic relations globally. Wireless communication has emerged as one

of the fastest diffusing media on the planet, fuelling an emergent “mobile youth

culture”.

According to Isaac (2004),the usage of mobile devices for mobile learning

is becoming increasingly popular. There is a new brand of students in the

universities now-a-days who are easily connected to technology and innovative

mobile devices. We attempt to do an analysis on a survey done with university

students on mobile device usage for mobile learning purposes. This is to find

the learning trends within the student community so that some of these

popular practices could be encouraged to enhance learning among the student

community. Both the quantitative and qualitative approaches are

adopted in the analysis. The results are discussed and conclusions drawn in

the end.

Oh 0n the other hand, the study of Kahari (2013) stressed that cell

phone is a very important in study as most of the respondents used their

phones for study purpose. Cell phones are increasingly one of the most popular

information access device and what stands out from the study is the high use

of interactive, multi user functions which can at times be disruptive or

beneficial during study. In essence, the study revealed that cell phones are

beneficial for learning but learners have a tendency to abuse them. The

presence of cell phones present a host of options and challenges for today’s.

According to L Srivastava (2005), today's mobile phone is a pervasive tool

.It has become such an important aspect of a user's daily life that it has moved

from being a mere 'technological object' to a key 'social object'. This paper

explores the societal and human implications of advances in mobile

technology, and notably the increasingly personalized nature of the mobile

device. It argues that human and identity and social interaction have not been

untouched by the mobile phenomenon.

 According to Isaac (2004),the usage of mobile devices for mobile learning

is becoming increasingly popular. There is a new brand of students in the

universities now-a-days who are easily connected to technology and innovative

mobile devices. We attempt to do an analysis on a survey done with university

students on mobile device usage for mobile learning purposes. This is to find

the learning trends within the student community so that some of these

popular practices could be encouraged to enhance learning among the student

community. Both the quantitative and qualitative approaches are adopted in

the analysis. The results are discussed and conclusions drawn in the end.

In the study of Jones et.al (2009), allowing students to connect to their

campus community, collaborate with peers, acquire new information, and

demonstrate their learning through technology is essential for college

campuses seeking to meet the needs of today’s college students. Though access

and use of technology is highest in traditional age college students, disparity

still exists in who uses technology and at what age they are exposed to it .

They also stated that with increased innovation and technological

developments, access becomes a concern. Campuses expecting technological

fluency and seamless integration into the classroom must also acknowledge

that there are students with limited skills and exposure. Students who own a
 computer during adolescence are more likely to interact with peers

through the internet and are generally more comfortable using computer

technologies in college.

Synthesis

The aforementioned related literature and studies are intended to shed

light to the topics of engagement time and time used by the students in

using gadgets. Conclusively, most of the discussion focused on the

different gadgets does not affect the time used by it. Several discussions

are covered along with various studies in an attempt to reach more

understanding of what can be considered as the engagement time of the

students in using different kinds of gadgets.

The set of information has greatly helped the research in meaningfully

understanding the issues at hand.

 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the different methods used to gather data such as

research design, respondents of the study, sampling size, sampling design,

research instrument, data-gathering procedure, data analysis and statistical

treatment.

Research Design

Descriptive research is used to describe the characteristics of a

population or phenomena being studied. It does not answer questions about

how, when and why the characteristics being studied, but rather it addresses

the “What Question: (Shield and Ranjarjan, 2013). The researcher chose this

because the study is done at the present time and the most appropriate for the

title of the study. As the response to the study in terms of engagement time of

the students in using different kinds of gadgets of selected Handumanan

National High School Students.

Respondents of the Study

The target respondents of the study are the selected Senior High School

students who are currently enrolled school year 2018-2019.

 They comprised about 256 students out of 688 which were officially

enrolled at Handumanan National High School

Table 1

Demographic Profile of Grade 11 Respondents

Track Age (f) Sex (f) Total

ABM(A) Young 14 Male 3
Old 2 Female 13 16
ABM(B) Young 15 Male 1
Old 1 Female 15 16
CCS(A) Young 16 Male 4
Old 0 Female 12 16
CCS(B) Young 15 Male 1
Old 1 Female 13 16
CSS(A) Young 9 Male 4
Old 7 Female 12 16
CCS(B) Young 7 Male 11
Old 9 Female 5 16
EIM(A) Young 3 Male 16
Old 13 Female 0 16
EIM(B) Young 16 Male 16
Old 0 Female 0 16

Total 128

Table.1 show result of the respondents based in the variables used in

the study
 Table 2

Track Age (f) Sex (f) Total

ABM(A) Young 3 Male 4
Old 13 Female 12 16
ABM(B) Young 2 Male 1
Old 14 Female 15 16
MT(A) Young 4 Male 7
Old 12 Female 9 16
MT(B) Young 0 Male 6
Old 16 Female 10 16
CSS(A) Young 9 Male 13
Old 7 Female 3 16
CSS(B) Young 0 Male 11
Old 16 Female 5 16
EIM(A) Young 2 Male 15
Old 14 Female 1 16
EIM(B) Young 0 Male 15
Old 16 Female 1 16

Total 128

Demographic Profile of Grade 12 Students

Table.2 show result of the profile of respondents based in the variables

used in the study.

 Variable Age 115 participants or (45%) belong to youger group and about

141 participants or (55%) were older.

For variable Sex revealed there were 128 participants or about (50%)

were males;and female participants were 126 or about (50%). The overall

finding showed that they are grouped according to their sex and age.

Sampling Size

Respondents of study are the 252 Senior High Students 30 Accountancy

and Business Management,15 Contact Center Servicing, 15 Medtrance ,30

Computer System Servicing, 30 Electrical Installation and Maintanance.

Sampling Design

The sampling design that was used in the research in sample random

sampling. Simple random sampling is the simplest probability sampling

technique. The approach as efficient and provides information to subject of

individuals chosen from larger set.

The entire population of Senior High School Student enrolled for school

year 2018-2019 is 688 this population was determined the sample size.
 To determine the sample size, the Slovin’s was used.

N
n ¿
1+ N e 2

Where:

n= sample size

N= Total Population

e= margin up error set 0.5 level of confidence

N
n=
1+ Ne2
1+688 ( 0.0025 )
= ¿
688
¿
688
=
2.72

=253 Sample Size

 Research Instrument

For this study, a self-made instrument was used. Said instrument will

answered the statement of the problem and the sub-problem formulated in

this study it was 26 item test to determine the engagement time used by the

senior high students of Handumanan National High School

The research instrument was composed of (2) parts, Part 1 will include of

the profile of the participants such as name and the track of the students. Part

2 choosing part by checking of 26 items to determine the engagement time in

using different gadgets of the senior high school students

Validity of the Research Instrument

The questionnaires on the engagement time of senior high school

students in using different gadgets were subjected to the face and content

validation through a jury experts the assistants principals, two Research

teacher and Subject Group Head. The criteria set by Good and Scates were

used for this purpose. The results of the validation yielded to an average of

2.85 for both instruments, interpreted as disagree

 Data-Gathering Procedure

The research sent letter of request for the conduct of this study to be

officials of covered Handumanan National High School Senior High. The same

request was made to the administrators of Handumanan National High School

Senior High for the personal inventory survey. After the permissions were

granted, the research inventory survey. After the permissions were granted, the

research distributed the validated tested questionnaire to the respondent

senior high school student, whose number was pre-determined using a random

sampling method.

Data Analysis

The purposed of this study descriptive research was determined the

effects of co-curricular activities in the academic performance of the senior

high school students this S.Y. 2018-2019

Statistical Treatment

The frequency count and percentage was used to determine the profile of

respondents

The survey questionnaires was provided to determine the effects of co-

curricular activities in the academic performance of the senior high school

students. Results was be determined by ranking each item according to highest

score obtained

The mean was used to determine the effects of co-curricular activities in

the academic performance of the senior high school.

The analysis of data was done in the accordance with the concerns of the

study. It involved the use of appropriate statistical tool.

The objective is ti determine the profile of the respondents in relation to

their co-curricular and academic performance of school.

The formula of the weighted mean (Broto,2006)

∑ x
Χ= ❑
n

Where:

X = Mean

∑x = Sum of the Observation

n= the Sample Size

 The mean scores for the said areas for performance were interpreted
using the following guide.

Mean Score Range Verbal Interpretations

2.34-3.00 Excellent

1.67-2.33 Average

1.00-1.66 Poor