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A Manual on
Hatchery of Sea Cucumber
Holothuria scabra
in the Sultanate of Oman
Khalfan M. Al Rashdi
Igor Eeckhaut
Michel R. Claereboudt
All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of materials contained in this manual, in
paper or electronic form, for educational and non-commercial purposes, are not authorized
without prior written consent from the copyright holder provided the source of information
is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material contained in this manual for resale or
commercial purposes is prohibited without permission of the copyright holder. Applications for
such permission should be addressed to the Director General of Fisheries Research, Ministry
of Agriculture &Fisheries Wealth, P.O. Box 427, Muscat 100. Sultanate of Oman.
First edition March, 2012.
2
ACKNOW LEDGMENT
We thank the Agriculture and Fisheries
Development Fund for providing the
necessary fund for the conduct of
various research activities and inal
printing of this manual. Special thanks
are due to His Excellency Dr. Fuad Al
Sagwani, Minister of Agriculture and
Fisheries Wealth and His Excellency
Dr. Hamed Al Oui, Undersecretary
of Fisheries Wealth for their support
and encouragement to write this
manual. Also we thank Dr. Saoud Al
Habsi, Director General of Fisheries
Research and Dr. Fahad Ibrahim,
Director of Aquaculture Center for their
unwavering support in sea cucumber
aquaculture project and their sincere
encouragement to inally see the
printing of this manual. We thank
Madagascar Holothurie Company
(Madagascar) and University of Mons
(Belgium) for taking their time off
to help us in the hatchery trials and
without their technical support this
manual will not come out.
Khalfan M. Al Rashdi
Igor Eeckhaut
Michel R. Claereboudt
3
CONTENTS
FOREWORD 2
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 3
INTRODUCTION 5
Source of broodstock 10
Hatchery Techniques 11
Induced spawning 12
Post-spawning maintenance 15
Larval rearing 15
References 20
4
INTRODUCTION DIVERSITY OF SEA
The sea cucumber ishery in the Sultanate CUCUMBERS IN OMAN
of Oman is centered on one species, the Although there are a growing number of
Holothuria scabra. The H. scabra ishery studies focusing on echinoderms and
is limited on the eastern side of Mahout holothuroids worldwide, the Arabian
Bay area in Al-Wusta region, which is Sea has not received much attention.
characterized by seagrass beds with There have been a few publications on
ine sand in sheltered lats and lagoons. echinoderms in the region, but with the
H. scabra is considered one of the exception of recent studies on the isheries
most commercially valuable species for and stock assessment of Holothuria
beche-de-mer production and have been scabra (Al-Rashdi et al. 2007a; Al-Rashdi
widely ished in the tropics. The A-grade et al. 2007b), there are no irst hand
classiication of beche-de-mer from records of sea cucumbers in the Sultanate
sandish H. scabra commands one of the of Oman except a recent study done by
highest prices on the international market. Michel & Khalfan (2011). The Sultanate
China has become the largest producer of of Oman’s coastline extends over than
sea cucumber worldwide. 3,500 km in three connected bodies of
water: the Arabian Gulf, the Sea of Oman
and the Arabian Sea. The country has
always depended on the sea, however
human pressure on its natural resources is
steadily increasing from ishing, extensive
infrastructure development, tourism and
industry.
The marine climates in each of the
three bodies of water are very distinct.
The Arabian Sea coastal ecosystems
withstand the full force of a seasonal
coastal upwelling during the summer
Fig. 1. An adult sandish, Holothuria scabra
monsoon (June–September) with sea
However, the worldwide supply of beche- surface temperatures often dropping well
de-mer could hardly meet the Asian market below 20°C. The cool upwelled water is
demand. The world beche-de-mer market accompanied by a steady inlux of nutrients
is largely controlled by Chinese traders that feeds the growth of extensive beds of
and Hongkong SAR is still the major world benthic algae interspersed with rich coral
market followed by Singapore which is communities. In the Arabian Gulf and the
rather more stable. From the nutrition and Sea of Oman, sea surface temperatures
medicinal point of view, sea cucumber is in the same summer period often exceed
an ideal tonic food. It has higher in protein 32°C, whereas in the winter, water
and lower in fat than most other sea temperatures drop to below 22°C. Despite
foods. It has been a source of chondroitin these extremes, coral communities
sulphate which is well-known for reducing lourish along the hard-substrate shores
arthritic pain. Currently, there are an and support a rich echinoderm fauna.
increasing number of commercial products There is only one marine protected area
containing sea cucumber and its extracts (the Daimaniyat Nature Reserve) in the
for nutritional and medicinal purposes. Sea of Oman, and it covers about 20
km2 and encompasses a string of nine
5
small islands. In total, 17 species of Holothuroidea
Aspidochirotida, 2 species of Apoda and 2
species of Dendrochirotida were observed
during the survey. Additional species of
Dendrochirotida were observed in the
south of Oman. Although eight species
were found in all or nearly all locations,
many others were only found in four
locations or fewer. Holothuria scabra, for
instance, was restricted to two locations on
the Arabian Sea near the Island of Masirah,
Holothuria leucospilota
and Holothuria arenacava was only found
in a few sandy embayments near Muscat.
The overall number of species decreased
from the Arabian Sea (19 species) to the
Sea of Oman (13 species) to the Arabian
Gulf (8 species). Several species were
recorded for the irst time during the
survey: Holothuria arenacava, H. nobilis,
a common yet unidentiied species of
Holothuria, H. cinerescens, and a mottled
pink Actinopyga, these last three were
from Dhofar (southern Oman). Holothuria Holothuria atra
hilla and Holothuria impatiens were also
observed. From a community standpoint,
both the non-metric multidimensional
scaling analysis and the cluster analysis,
identiied a major split in the structure
of sea cucumber communities between
the Arabian Sea and the Sea of Oman.
This irst subdivision is mainly due to six
species that were restricted to the Arabian
Sea coast of the Sultanate: Holothuria
scabra, H. nobilis, Actinopyga miliaris,
Holothuria scabra
Actinopyga sp. (unidentiied species), H.
cinerescens and an unidentiied species
of Holothuria sp. Secondary subdivisions
of communities distinguish the northern
part of the Arabian Sea coast from its
most southern part (Dhofar). In the Sea
of Oman, sea cucumber communities
from the central part of the Gulf (Muscat)
are separated from those in the northern
and southern regions. The holothuroid
community found near Mahout Island Holothuria nobilis
appeared to be relatively distinct from both
that of the Arabian Sea and the Sea of Fig. 2. Some sea cucumbers species
found in Omani waters
Oman.
6
STATUS OF SEA CUCUMBER
FISHERY IN OMAN
There have been very few studies conducted
on the ishery of sea cucumber in the Sultanate
of Oman. Harvesting of sea cucumber mainly
Holothuria scabra, constitutes a minor ishery
in Oman which takes place in Mahout Bay.
Due to the increased demand for beche-de-
mer in the international markets, a revived sea
cucumber ishery was noted in 2003. The ishery
is usually linked with the shrimp ishing season
that runs from September to March. However,
sea cucumber harvesting is done only when the
number of shrimp landings decreased usually
Fig. 3. Women of Al Wusta province,
during November. collect sandish
during low tide
Despite the lack of regulations in the harvesting
Processed sea cucumbers showed a signiicant
of sea cucumbers, some general ishery
number of very small individuals of less than 6 cm
management rules are being practiced in the
(dried form) which correspond to about 12 cm of
region such as the restriction on the use of
live specimens.
SCUBA for harvesting any marine resource. Sea
cucumbers are only collected by hand during low-
tide or by skin-diving in deeper areas. The peak
months for harvesting sea cucumber are from
September to January, despite the lack of speciic
closed season. Studies showed evidences of
rapid overishing of sea cucumbers in Oman.
Recently, the average harvest per isher in 2007
was only less than 20 per ishing trip compared to
about 100 sea cucumbers per isher per ishing
trip in 2005. In 2005, 50% of the ishers were
Women, and because of the stock depletion their
percentage has dropped in 2008 down to 15%.
Induced Spawning
1) Temperature shock-
water temperature is
increased by 3-5oC for one
hour, either by adding sun-
warmed seawater into the
spawning tank or by using
aquarium heater (Fig.
8). Water temperature is
kept within 28-32oC with
constant stirring to maintain
temperature uniformly
Fig. 9 Monitoring of water temperature
within the tank. In some in the spawning tank
cases, water temperature
pressure application- animals are placed in the spawning
is cooled down by 5oC
tank without water for half an hour before subjecting them
below ambient for one
to powerful jets of seawater for several minutes. Seawater
hour and then raise the
is replaced at ambient temperature.
temperature again above
ambient by 3-5oC. After 3) Sperm-induced technique- one to two ripe males
treatment, replace water (previously identiied) are dissected to obtain the gonads.
with fresh seawater at Gonads are cut into small pieces and added to the
ambient temperature and spawning tank at ambient water temperature.
wait until the animals 4) Spirulina bath- dried alga Spirulina is added at a
spawn. concentration of 30 g per 300-500 L of seawater. “Algamac
2) Drying and water 2000”, a commercial preparation of spray-dried cells of
Schizochytrium algae may also be used at 0.1 g/liter. Mix
12
well by stirring the water and leave for one intermittent egg release, sometimes at
hour before replacing with fresh seawater one hour after the irst male releases milt.
at ambient temperature. Fertilization takes place in the water.
5) Treatment combinations may also be Females can spawn 2-3 times over a
used: period of one hour but may stop when
disturbed. On the average, a 500-g female
a) Dry treatment + Cold shock
can spawn at a range of least 1 to 3 million
treatment + Hot shock treatment
eggs. During spawning, it is advisable to
b) Hot Shock treatment + Spirulina remove the males from the tank once they
bath
c) Dry treatment + Hot shock
treatment + Spirulina bath
Pre-Spawning and Spawning
Behavior
Broodstock display signs or behavior
indicating that spawning is imminent, such
as: 1) rolling movements, 2) lifting the front-
end of the body and swaying, 3) gliding or
climbing the tank wall.
Fig. 10. Spawning behavior of male H. Fig. 11. A: male gonads containing sperms
scabra and B: female gonads with mature oocytes.
Sea cucumber H. scabra are broadcast started releasing sperm in order to prevent
spawners. Spawning usually occurs in the “poly-spermy” or a condition of excessive
afternoon, or at night following collection amount of sperm that can damage the
of the broodstock. Spawning has been eggs.
observed just prior to the full-moon and
Egg Collection, Counting,
new-moon phases. Males usually spawn
irst, releasing a continuous stream Incubation and Hatching
of milt (or the hydrated suspension of When spawning is complete, breeders are
spermatozoa) for several minutes or even removed from the spawning tank. Eggs
hours. Female usually shows bulging are siphoned into an 80µm wet sieve and
of the front-end of the body followed by washed several times with UV-treated
13
seawater to remove excess sperm and accumulated dirt during spawning. Newly-
spawned eggs are white, spherical and visible to the naked eye. Sea cucumber eggs
measure 80 to 200 µm.
Temperature. oC 26-30
pH 0.07-0.4
15
Fig. 14. Larval rearing of sand fish H.
scabra: batch-culture method in 100-
L plastic buckets (A-B); larval rearing
in flow-through tank (C-D), cotton-
filter for copepods entering through
water supply.
Mid to late
8- 15 40,000 cells/ml* 100% change daily
auricularia
18
Larval Settlement and Metamorphosis
Metamorphosis or the transformation to doliolaria stage begins two
weeks after fertilization. However, most larvae can be observed
swimming continuously searching for subtrates for settlement.
Since doliolaria are phototactic (positively attracted to light), it is
best to cover the tank to prevent aggregation of larvae on the water
surface.
The early juveniles began to attach at the bottom of the rearing tank on
the 3rd or 4th week after fertilization. They appeared as transparent
(visible only by using light torch) and their size is estimated to be 0.5
mm. At this stage, they are fed daily with inely ground Sargassum
particles (that passed thru 120 µm ilter) at an amount of 1 ml/100
L tank volume. Not all larvae undergo metamorphosis at the same
time; many of them may stay at auricularia or doliolaria stages
while others are transformed into juveniles. Hence, a mixture of
phytoplankton and Sargassum particles should be added into the
culture tank during this period (which lasts about 2 weeks).
19
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Paciic Community, and Australian Center for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR),
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in the Sultanate of Oman. SPC Beche-de-mer Infor. Bull., 30: 10-13.
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in the Sultanate of Oman. SPC Beche-de-mer Infor. Bull. 25: 17-21.
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