Book 2 Vol 1

Book 2
Volume 1
Generator
Protection
2005 Protection Seminar
Contents
• Generator Basics
• Generator Protection Upgrade Tutorial
• Implementing Power Plant Control Logic
Scheme Logic
6190-118th Avenue North – Largo, Florida 33773

www.beckwithelectric.com
Generator
Protection
Generator Basics

GENERATOR
BASICS
Chuck Mozina
Consultant
Beckwith Electric
January 17, 2005

Generator Basics
Generator Basics
Basic Synchronous Generators
Connections to the system
Short Circuits
Device Numbers
Generator Basics
Basic Synchronous Generator

Generator Basics
Generator Excitation & AVR Control
Generator Step-up
Transformer
Generator
Field CT VT
Gen.
Excitation
AVR
Transformer
Static
Exciter
Generator Basics
Synchronous Generator Types

Generator Basics
Generator Basics
Generator Basics
Generator Basics
Direct Connected Generator to Power System

Generator Basics
Unit Connected Generator

Unit Connected Generator toto Power
Power SystemSystem
Generator Basics
Symmetrical Trace of a Generator Short-

Circuit Current
Generator Basics
Symmetrical Trace of a Generator Short-

Circuit Current
Generator Basics
Generator Short-Circuit Currents Phase B

Generator Basics
Generator Terminal Fault Current

Generator Basics
Multi-Phase Generator Fault Oscillograph
Fault Inception
High Side of
Generator
Breaker
Currents
High Side Breaker Opens
Generator
Neutral
Terminal
Currents
Generator Basics
Accumulation of damage over time:

8000
watt seconds
6000
Watt-seconds
Total
4000
Generator
2000
System
0
0.01 0.1 1 10
time, sec
Most of the damage occurs in the period after

the generator breaker opens
Generator Basics
Discussed in
Device Function Tutorial
Section
21 Distance Relay. Backup for system 11
and generator zone phase faults.
24 Volts/Hz protection for generator 6
overexcitation.
32 Reverse power relay. Anti-motoring 14
protection.
40 Loss-of-field protection. 8
46 Negative sequence unbalance 10
current protection for the generator.
Generator Basics
Discussed in
Section
49 Stator Thermal Protection. 14
51GN Time overcurrent ground relay. 4 & 11
51TN Backup for ground faults. 4 & 11
51V Voltage-controlled or voltage- 11
restrained time overcurrent relay.
Backup for system and generator
phase faults.
59 Overvoltage protection. 6
59GN Overvoltage relay. Stator ground 4

fault protection for a generator.
Generator Basics
Discussed in
Section
78 Loss-of-synchronism protection. 9
81 Frequency relay. Both 5
underfrequency protection.
86 Hand-reset lockout auxiliary relay. 14
87G Differential relay. Primary phase-fault 2
protection for the generator.
87N Stator ground fault differential . 4
87T Differential relay. Primary protection 2
for the transformer.
87U Differential relay for overall generator 2
and transformer protection.
Generator Basics
Typical Unit Generator –

Transformer Configuration
Generator Basics
Typical Combine Cycle Plant

UTILITY TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
GSU GSU #1 GSU #2
G ST GT-1 G GT-2 G
AUX. TRANS. #1 AUX. TRANS. #2

ST = STEAM TURBINE
GT = GAS TURBINE
GSU = GEN. STEP-UP UNIT
V1 V2
TRANSFORMER A C
N.0. = NORMALLY OPEN
Aux. Bus #1 Aux. Bus #2
B
N.O.
M M M M M
Generator Basics
GENERATOR
BASICS
QUESTIONS ?
Generator
Protection
Generator Protection Upgrade Tutorial

Generator Protection
Upgrade Tutorial
Generator Protection Upgrade
Discussion Objectives
Why upgrade generator protection?
Explore the M-3425A Generator Protective Relay
- Advanced attributes for security, reliability and

maintenance use
Demonstrate Commissioning/Event Investigation

Tools and New Osillograph Viewing Program
(IPSPlot)
Q&A
IEEE PSRC Survey

Conducted in early ’90s, showed many areas of
protection lacking
Reluctance to upgrade includes:

- Lack of expertise
To recognize deficiency
To perform the work
- “Generators don’t fail”
- Operating procedures will save the day
PSRC = Power System Relay Committee

Protection Upgrade Opportunities

Improved sensitivity
- Negative sequence
- 100% stator ground fault
- Field ground fault
- Loss of Field
Voltage supervision for fast trip release
- Overexcitation
- Reverse power
Improved Security
- Distance Element Enhancements
Load encroachment blinding
Power swing blocking (for stable swings)
Protection Upgrade Opportunities

New protections
- Inadvertent energizing
- VT fuse loss (integrated)
Special applications unique to generators

- Generator breaker failure
Pole flashover (prior to syncing)
ANSI/IEEE Standards
Latest developments reflected in:
- Std. 242: Buff Book
- C37.102: IEEE Guide for Generator Protection
- C37.101: IEEE Guide for AC Generator Ground

Protection
- C37.106: IEEE Guide for Abnormal Frequency

Protection for Power Generating Plants
These are created/maintained by the IEEE PSRC & IAS

They are updated every 5 years
Small Machine Protection IEEE “Buff Book”
Small – up to 1 MW to 600V, 500 kVA if >600V

Medium – up to 12.5 MW
Large – up to 50 MW
Large Machine
Protection
IEEE C37.102
Unit Connected,
High Z Grounded
Internal Fault Abnormal Operating
- Stator Phase Conditions
- Stator and Field - Over/under voltage
Ground - Overexcitation
System Back Up for - Load Unbalance
Faults - Loss of Field
- Phase and Ground - Loss of Synchronism
- Frequency
Sequential Shutdown - Loss of prime mover
- Power sensitivity
- Inadvertent Energizing
Sync Security - Compromised potential
- Sync Check source (blown fuse)
- Open trip circuit
Generator Protection: Faults
System
Field Ground Ground
Stator
Ground
Exciter
G System
Stator
Phase
System
Phase
Generator Protection: Abnormal Operating

Conditions
Overexcitation
Over Open
Power Loss of Field Loss of Field
Circuits
Overexcitation Overexcitation
Brush LIft Off
Open
Exciter
Trip Circuits
G System
Abnormal
Inadvertent Frequency
Energizing,
Abnormal Pole Flashover
Frequency Loss of
Reverse Breaker Synchronism
Power Failure
Review of Grounding Techniques

Why Ground?
- Safety
- Ability to detect less harmful (hopefully)
phase-to-ground fault before phase-to-phase
fault occurs
- Limit damage from ground faults
- Stop transient overvoltages
- Provide ground source for other system
protection (other zones)
Types of Generator Grounds

Low Impedance
- Can get expensive as resistor size increases
- Usually a good ground source
- Generator still likely to be damaged on internal

ground fault
Ground fault current typically 200-400 A
G System

High Impedance
- Moderately expensive
- Used when generators are unit connected
- System ground source obtained from unit xfmr
- Generator damage minimized or mitigated from
ground fault
- Ground fault current typically <=10A
G System

Compensated (special type of High Z)
- Most expensive (tuned reactor, plus unit xfmr and

grounding xfmr)
- System ground source obtained from unit xfmr
- Generator damage mitigated from ground fault
- Reactor tuned against generator capacitance to
ground to limit ground fault current to very low
value (can be less than 1A)
G System

Hybrid Impedance
- Combines advantages of Low Z and High Z ground

- Low Z ground provides ground source for normal
conditions
51N acts as back up protection for uncleared
system faults
51N is too slow to protect generator for internal
fault
- If an internal ground fault (in the generator) is
detected by the 87GD element, the Low Z ground
path is opened, leaving only the High Z ground
path
The High Z ground path limits fault current to
approximately 10A (saves generator!)
51
51
N
52
F3
Hybrid Ground
51
51
N
Converts from low to
52
F2
high if internal
52
generator fault is
B
51
51
N detected
52
F1
52
G 87
GD
G
51
G Trip
Excitation,
Prime Mover
VS
59
N
Stator Iron Burning

Pictures of stator damage after an internal ground
fault
This generator was high impedance grounded, with

the fault current less than 10A
Some iron burning occurs, but the damage is

repairable (vs. low impedance grounded machines
where the damage is typically severe)
Types of Generator Connections

Bus (No/Low Z)
- Directly connected to bus

- Likely in industrial, commercial, and isolated
systems
- Simple, inexpensive
BUS
G

Multiple Bus BUS
(No/Low Z/High Z)
- Directly connected to bus
- Likely in industrial, commercial,
and isolated systems
- Simple G G G
- May have problems with Same type of grounding used on 1 or mutiple generators
circulating 3rd harmonic
Use of single grounded
machine can help
- Adds complexity to
discriminate ground fault
source

High Impedance
- Generator has dedicated unit xfmr
- Generator has dedicated ground xfmr
- Likely in large industrial and utility systems
- 100% stator ground fault protection available
BUS
G

Multiple Bus (High Z), 1 or Multiple Generators
- Connected through one unit xfmr
- Likely in large industrial and utility systems
- No 3rd circulating harmonic issue
- Adds complexity to discriminate ground fault source
Special CTs needed for sensitivity, and directional ground
overcurrent elements
BUS
G
Stator Ground Fault-High Z Grounded

Machines
95% stator ground fault provided by 59N
Tuned to the fundamental frequency
Must work properly from 10 to 80 Hz to provide

protection during startup.
Additional coverage near neutral (last 5%) provided

by:
- 27TN: 3rd harmonic undervoltage
- 59D: Ratio of 3rd harmonic at terminal and neutral
ends of winding
Full 100% stator coverage by 64S

- Use of sub-harmonic injection
100% Stator Ground Fault (59N/27TN)

High impedance ground limits
ground fault current to about 10A
- Limits damage on internal ground

fault
Conventional neutral overvoltage

relay provides 90-95% stator
coverage
Last 5-10% near neutral not covered
Undetected grounds in this region

bypass grounding transformer,
solidly grounding the machine!
59N Element
1.0
Voltage at Neutral
pu
(60 Hz)
0.5
pu
0
0% 50% 100%
N Fault Position T
Grounding transformer ratio

selected that provides 120V
(1.0 pu) for ground fault at
machine terminals

59N – Generator Neutral Overvoltage
- Provides three levels of setpoints

1st level set sensitive to cover down to 5% of stator
- Delay to coordinate with close-in system ground
faults capacitively coupled across GSU
2nd level set higher than the capacitively coupled voltage

so coordination from system ground faults is not
necessary
- Allows higher speed tripping
- Only need to coordinate with PT fuses
3rd level may be set to initiate waveform capture

and not trip
27TN – 3rd Harmonic Neutral Undervoltage

Provides 0-15% stator winding coverage (typ.)
Tuned to 3rd harmonic frequency
Provides two levels of setpoints
Supervisions for increased security under various
loading conditions
- Any or All May be Applied Simultaneously
Positive Sequence Undervoltage Block
Underpower Block; Forward & Reverse
Under VAr Block; Lead & Lag
Power Factor Block; Lead & Lag
Definable Power Band Block
27TN Supervision
Phase voltage
- No phase voltage, cannot generate 3rd harmonic
voltage
Power
- 3rd harmonic typically increases as power output
increases
VAr, PF, I, Power Band

- Additional supervisions for cases where 3rd harmonic
levels vary with modes of operation (sync condenser,
pump storage, VAr sink)
27TN Supervision
Third-Harmonic Undervoltage Ground-Fault Protection Scheme

3rd Harmonic in Generators:

Typical 3rd Harmonic Values
3rd harmonic values tend to increase with power and VAr loading
Fault near neutral causes 3rd harmonic voltage at neutral to go to zero volts
3rd Harmonic in Generators

3rd harmonic present in
terminal and neutral ends
Can vary with loading
Useful for ground fault

detection near neutral
- If 3rd harmonic goes away,

conclude a ground fault near
neutral
Overlap of Third Harmonic (27TN) with 59N Relay

59D – 3rd Harmonic Ratio Voltage

Examines 3rd harmonic at line
and neutral ends of generator
Provides 0-15% stator winding
coverage and 85-100% (typ.)
Does not have a security issue
with loading, as can a 27TN
- May be less reliable than 27TN
(note enough difference to trip)
“Blind spot” at mid-winding

protected by 59N
Needs wye PTs; cannot use delta
PTs
59D – 3rd Harmonic Ratio Voltage

Stator Ground Faults: High Z Element Coverage
59N-1
59N-2
27TN 59D
0% 100%
64S – Subharmonic Injection

Injects subharmonic frequency
- Does not rely on third harmonic signature of

generator
Provides full coverage protection
Provides on and offline protection
Frequency independent
Natural Capacitance 64S
* V
Coupling Voltage M-3425A

Filter Injector Measurements
other ground voltage elements
Notes:
¾ Subharmonic injection typically at 15-20 Hz
¾ Coupling filter low pass or notch tuned for subharmonic frequency
¾ Measurement inputs tuned to respond to subharmonic frequency
64S – Subharmonic Injection

Stator Ground Faults: High Z Element Coverage
59N-1
59N-2
27TH 59D
64S
0% 100%
Stator Ground Fault-Low Z Grounded Machines

51N element typically applied
- Must be set to coordinate with system ground

fault protection for security and selectivity
- Results in long clearing time for internal ground

fault
- Selectivity issues with bused machines
Skip Low-Z Grounding


67N element provides selectivity on multiple bused applications
67N directionalized to trip for ground current toward a generator
67N is set faster than 51N

- May be short definite time delay
- Ground current should not flow into a generator under normal

operating conditions
- May be applied on ungrounded machines for ground fault

protection
Ground current is from other generators/ or system


87GD element provides selectivity on single and multiple
bused applications
87GD uses differential quantity and directional comparison

of zero sequence current at terminals and ground current in
grounding path
87GD is set faster than 51N

- May be very short definite time delay
- Difference in ground current in and out of machine should

never exist under normal operating conditions
Directional Neutral Overcurrent (67N)
Low Z Grounded Generator, Switched Ground

BUS
Employed to
selectively find
3Y 3Y 3Y
machine ground
67
N
67
N
67
N fault in multiple
bus-connected
G G G arrangements
Use with 51N on
51
N
51
N
51
N grounded machine
for internal fault
and system back
up
R R R
87GD could also be
applied instead of
67N

Ground fault on
BUS system is detected
by grounded
generator’s 51N
67 67 67
element
N N N
Coordinated with
G G G system relays, they
should trip before
51N
51 51 51
N N N
67N, wrong
direction, no trip
R R R

BUS
Ground fault in grounded
machine is detected by 51N
51N trips
67 67 67
N N N
67N, does not see any zero

G G G sequence current since no
zero sequence source
51 51 51
N N N Ground another generator to
have ground source
Use 87GD on the grounded
R R R machine instead of 67N to
provide fast protection

BUS
Fault in ungrounded
machine detected by 67N
67N trips before 51N of
67 67 67
N N N
grounded machine
G G G Trip selectivity
maintained
51 51 51
N N N
67N can also be applied
to High Z Grounded
machines if a toroidal
R R R
(doughnut) CT is
available on the line side
Use of 87GD and 67N for Trip Selectivity on

Multiple Bus-Connected Machines
67 87
N GD
G G
51
N
R
Adds Directional Neutral Overcurrent (67N)

• Fault in
BUS ungrounded
machine detected
by 67N
• 67N trips before
G G
67 67
N N
51N of grounded
87
GD
87
GD
machine
51 51
• 87GD for fast
N N
tripping for fault on
grounded machine
• Trip selectivity
R R maintained
Hybrid Ground
Dynamic switching from low to high when internal
generator fault is detected
52
G
87
GD
G
51
G Trip
Excitation,
Prime Mover
VS
59
N
Stator Ground Faults: Low Z Element Coverage
51N
With single
generator 67N
With 2 or more
generators on 67N
bus
With single
generator 87GD
With 2 or more
generators on
bus
87GD
0% 100%
64F: Field/Rotor Ground Faults

Classic Conventional DC Systems
These DC systems do not measure impedance and report it

They may misoperate due to DC battery and field forcing transients
They alarm for a zero ohms short circuit
They cannot detect brush lift-off

Measures impedance, and can alarm as impedance
starts going down
Use low frequency AC injection
Plan a shutdown to determine why impedance is
lowering, versus an eventual unplanned trip!
64B: Field/Ground Brush Lift Off

Conventional DC-type field ground protections do not
detect change in the field connection or rotor shaft
connection to ground as the field or grounding
brushes lift off.
By using low frequency AC injection, we can detect

the change in machine capacitance to ground due to
brush lift-off and alarm.
This is a great reliability-centered maintenance (RCM)

aid.
64B: Brush Lift Off
64B: Brush Lift Off

Commutation brush lift-off will lead to:
- Arcing
- Tripping on loss-of-field
Grounding brush lift-off can lead to:
- Stray currents that cause bearing pitting
Commutation
Brush
Grounding
Brush
64B: Brush Lift Off

As brushes lift-off, the sawtooth wave’s return
signal slope gets less rounded, which is detected
as a rise in voltage
Commutation
Brush
Grounding
Brush
64B: Brush Lift Off
64B: Brush Lift Off

64F/B using injection applicable on both brushed
and “brushless” machines
- Brushless machines typically employ a grounding

brush and pilot/pony brush (constant or
intermittent contact with rotor winding)
- Injection schemes examines normal capacitive

coupling between grounding and pilot/pony brush
- If pilot/pony brush is intermittent, use

control/status input to block element when brush
is not in contact with rotor winding
64F/B: “Brushless” Machines

Ground Fault
Detection Slip
Ground Fault Ring
Detection
Brush Rotor Winding
Rotor
Ground Fault
Detection
Slip Ring
Grounding
Brush
64F/B application on “brushless” machine

Field/Rotor Ground Faults

64F/B
Relay 1 Relay 2
(M-3425) (M-3425)
- It is possible to apply two
M-3425As and have
3 3
redundancy Switch
Field Assembly
System
Relay Panel
- The switch system is initiated 3
by manual means or by Exciter System

monitoring relay self Coupling M-3921
Unit
diagnostic contacts Rotor
Brush (Typ.)
+ R -
Exciter System
Field Ground Detection for Brushless

Machines without Pilot/Pony Brush
Split-Phase Differential (87SP)
Detect Turn-to-Turn
Faults with Individual
Definite Time Phase
Overcurrent Pickup
Adjustment
Stator Phase Faults

87G – Phase Differential (primary)
- Must work properly from 10 Hz to 80Hz. Required to
operate correctly at off-nominal frequencies to provide
protection from internal faults during startup.
- Variable percentage slope
- Uses IRMS/IFUND to adaptively desensitize element when
challenged by large DC offset and harmonics for security
DC offset can occur from black starting and close-in
faults
21 – Phase Distance (back up)
- Use Z1 with reach set 80% of impedance of GSU
- Provide high speed back up to 87G
Stator Phase Faults

50/50N/51N – Phase and Ground Overcurrent (back
up)
- Designed to operate properly from 8 Hz to 80 Hz.
- Provides protection for generator from phase and
ground faults during startup and shutdown.
- Provides backup for 87 function and extends the
frequency range down to 8 Hz.
51V – Voltage Restrained/Controlled Overcurrent

(back up)
- Accommodate current decrement
- Provide back up to 87G
- May be applied in parallel with the 21 to initiate
waveform capture and not trip
Phase Distance (21)

Phase distance backup protection may be prone to tripping on
stable swings and load encroachment
- Employ three zones
Z1 can be set to reach 80% of impedance of GSU for 87G
back-up.
Z2 can be set to reach 120% of GSU for station bus backup,
or to overreach remote bus for system fault back up
protection. Load encroachment blinder provides security
against high loads with long reach settings.
Z3 may be used in conjunction with Z2 to form out-of-step
blocking logic for security on power swings or to overreach
remote bus for system fault back up protection. Load
encroachment blinder provides security against high loads
with long reach settings.
- Current threshold provides security against loss of
potential (machine off line)
3-Zone 21 Function with 3-Zone 21 Function
with OSB / Load Encroachment
OSB/Load Encroachment
21 – Distance Load
Fault (for Z1, Z2, Z3)
Element Impendance Blinder
+X
XL
Z3
XT Z2
Z1
-R +R
-X Power
PowerSwing
Swingoror
Z1, Z2 and Z3 used to trip Load
LoadEncroachment
Encraochment
Z1 set to 80% of GSU, Z2 set to 120% of GSU
Z3 set to overreach remote bus
21 – Distance
Element
21 – Distance Fault Load
Element Impendance Blinder
(for Z1 & Z2)
+X
XL
Z3
XT Z2
Z1
-R +R
-X Pow erSwing
Power Sw ing
or or
Z1 and Z2 used to trip LoadEncroachment
Load Encraochment
Z1 set to 80% of GSU, Z2 set to overreach remote bus
Z3 used for power swing blocking; Z3 blocks Z2
Generator Out-of-Step Protection (78)
Designed to cover the situation where electrical

center of power system disturbance passes
through the GSU or the generator itself.
Now is more common with modern EHV

systems where system impedance has
decreased compared to generator and GSU
impedance.
Power Transfer
Pe = Pm
|Eg| |Es|
Pe = sin (Θg - Θs)
X
78 - Out-of-Step Protection Relay

Es - System Voltage
Eg - Generator Voltage
Θs - System Voltage Phase Angle
Θg - Generator Voltage Phase Angle
Pe - Electrical Power
Pm - Turbine (mech.) Power Pm
Power Angle Analysis of Out-of-Step Conditions
Power Transfer
Pe = Pm
|Eg| |Es|
Pe = sin (Θg - Θs)
X
78 - Out-of-Step Protection Relay

Es - System Voltage
Eg - Generator Voltage
Θs - System Voltage Phase Angle
Θg - Generator Voltage Phase Angle
Pe - Electrical Power
Pm - Turbine (mech.) Power Pm
Power Angle Analysis of Out-of-Step Conditions
Reactance between generator and power system (X) is

increased beyond steady state power transfer

When a generator goes out-of-step (synchronism)
with the power system, high levels of transient
shaft torque are developed.
If the slip frequency approaches natural shaft

frequency, torque produced can break the shaft.
High stator core end iron flux can overheat and

short the generator stator core.
GSU subjected to high transient currents and

mechanical stresses

Positive sequence quantities used to maintain
security and accuracy over a wide frequency
range.
Must work properly from 50 to 70 Hz (60 Hz

systems).
Required to operate correctly (and not

misoperate) with wide frequency variations
possible during power swing conditions.
Abnormal Operating Conditions
78 – Out of Step (Loss of Synchronism)
- Employs single blinder method
- Settable by study or graphical method
Unstable
Stable

Loss of Field (40)

Generator effects
- Synchronous generator becomes induction
- Slip induced eddy currents heat rotor surface
- High reactive current drawn by generator
overloads stator
Power system effects
- Loss of reactive support
- Creates a reactive drain
- Can trigger system/area voltage collapse
May select from two methods
- Two Zone Offset Mho
GE method
- Impedance with Directional Unit
Westinghouse method
Loss of Field
GE and Westinghouse Methods
Two Zone Offset Mho Impedance w/Directional Unit

GE Westinghouse
CEH KLF
Multiple Loss-of-
Field Mho
Implementations
VAR to Better Fit
OUT
Normal Reactive
WATT
Capability
Curves
VAR Loss
IN of
Field
Generator capability curve viewed on the P-Q plane.

This info must be converted to the R-X plane.
Increased Power Out
P-Q Plane
Increased Power Out

Multiple Loss-of-Field
Mho Implementations
to Better Fit Reactive
Capability Curves
R-X Plane
Loss of Field (40)

Positive sequence quantities used to maintain security and
accuracy over a wide frequency range.
Must work properly from 50 to 70 Hz (60 Hz systems).
Required to operate correctly (and not misoperate) with wide
frequency variations possible during power swing
conditions.
May employ best of both methods to optimize coordination.
- Provide maximum coordination between machine limits,
limiters and protection
- Offset mho for Z1. Fast time for true Loss of Field event.
- Impedance with directional unit and slower time for Z2. Better
match of machine capability curve. Also able to ride through
stable swing.
- May employ voltage supervision for accelerated tripping of Z2
(slower zone) in cases of voltage collapse where machine is
part of the problem, importing VArs.
Multiple Loss-of-Field Mho Implementations
to Better Fit Reactive Capability Curves

Better ability to match capability curves after conversion from P-Q to R-X plane
Multiple Loss-of-Field Mho Implementations

to Better Fit Reactive Capability Curves

Better ability to match capability curves after conversion from P-Q to R-X plane
Negative Sequence (46)

Typically caused by open circuits in system
- Downed conductors
- Stuck poles switches and breakers
Unbalanced phase currents create negative

sequence current in generator stator
Negative sequence current interacts with

normal positive sequence current
- Induces a double frequency current, 120 Hz
Current (120 Hz) is induced into rotor causing

surface heating
Rotor End Winding Construction
Currents Flow in the Rotor Surface

Negative Sequence: Constant Withstand

Salient Pole
- With connected amortisseur 10%
- With non-connected amortisseur 5%
Cylindrical
- Indirectly 10%
- Directly cooled - to 960 MVA 8%
961 to 1200 MVA 6%
1200 to 1500 MVA 5%
Generator Ratings
Nameplate
- Constant Withstand
- “K” Factor
Generator
Ratings
Typical
K Values
Salient Pole
Generators
40
Synchronous
Generators
30

Negative Sequence (46) Electromechanical Relays
Electromechanical Relays
Sensitivity restricted to about 60% I2 of generator

rating
Fault backup provided
Generally insensitive to load unbalances or open

conductors

Negative Sequence (46) Digital Relay
Digital Relay
Protects generator down to its continuous I2

rating
Fault backup provided
Sensitive to load unbalances
Can detect open conductor conditions

Overexcitation (24)
Causes of V/HZ Problems
Generator voltage regulator problems
- Operating error during off-line manual regulator
operation
- Control failure
- VT fuse loss in voltage regulator (AVR) sensing
voltage
System problems
- Unit load rejection: full load, partial rejection
- Power system islanding during major disturbances
Overexcitation (24)
Used to protect machine against excessive V/Hz
(overfluxing)
Legacy Protection
Typically “stair-step” two definite time setpoints
Two definite time elements
- One may be used to alarm
- One may be used for high set fast trip
Either overprotects or underprotects
Instantaneous Reset
Typical Relay Characteristics for

Dual-Level, Definite-Time V/Hz Protection
Relay A set at 118% volts/Hz with a 6-second time delay

Relay B set at 110% volts/Hz with a 60-second time delay
Overexcitation (24)
Modern Protection
Definite time elements
Inverse curves
- Select curve type for best coordination to

manufacturers recommendations
- Employ settable “integrating” reset
Provides “thermal memory” for repeat events

Optimal Protection and Operational Flexibility

Is Provided by using Both Inverse-Time and
Definite-Time Relays
Relay A is a definite-time relay, set at 123% Volts/Hz with a

2-second time delay
Relay B is an inverse-time relay
Overexcitation (24)
Typical plot
using definite
time and
inverse curve
Overexcitation (24)
Modern Protection
V/Hz measurement operational range: 2-80 Hz
- Necessary to avoid damage to steam turbine generators
during rotor pre-warming at startup
- Necessary to avoid damage to converter-start gas turbine
generators at startup
- In both instances, the generator frequency during startup and
shut down can be as low as 2 Hz
- NOTE: An Overvoltage (59) function, designed to work
properly up to 120 Hz, is important for Hydro Generators
where the generators can experience high speed (high
frequency) during full load rejection. Since the V/Hz during
this condition is low, the 24 function will not operate, and the
59 function will provide proper protection
from overvoltage.
Abnormal Operating Conditions

81 – Four Step Frequency
- Any step may be applied over- or underfrequency
- High accuracy – 1/100th Hz (0.01 Hz)
- “Scheme 2” of C37.106 coordination with System Load
Shedding
81R – Rate of Change of Frequency
- Allows tripping on rapid frequency swing
81A – Underfrequency Accumulator
- Time Accumulation in Six Underfrequency Bands
- Limits Total Damage over Life of Machine
Typically used to Alarm
- “Scheme 1” of C37.106
Steam Turbine Off-Frequency Operating

Limitations
60 Continuous
Frequency (Hz)
59
Restricted
58
57
Prohibited
0.001 0.01 0.10 1.0 10.0 100.0

Time (Minutes)
“Scheme 1,” Typical, from C37.106
81A – Underfrequency Accumulator
Directional Power (32F/R)

Legacy power elements may lack sensitivity for
sequential tripping
- Digital elements sensitive to 0.002 pu
- May apply 32R or 32F depending on motoring

characteristic of machine (turbine control and
valving dependent)
Directional Power (32F/R)

Inadvertent Energizing
Operating errors
Breaker head flashover
Control circuit malfunctions
Combination of above
Generator Response & Damage from

Inadvertent Energizing
Generator behaves as an induction motor
Routing flux induced into the generator rotor
Resulting rotor current is forced into negative

sequence path in rotor body
Inadvertent Energizing Scheme
Inadvertent Energizing Scheme
Undervoltage (27) supervises low-set, instant

overcurrent (50)
Pick up timer makes sure generator is dead, and
rides through 3-phase external faults
Drop out timer assures that overcurrent element
gets a chance to trip if voltage stays up during IE
event (small machine)
Generator Breaker Failure

Generator trips may not always be from high current
events (faults)
Trips may not be from overcurrent events

- Overexcitation
- Overvoltage
- Sequential tripping
Need to examine auxiliary contact status in addition

to current detection
Typical Transmission Line Breaker Failure


Breaker Pole Flashover & Stuck Pole

Modified Breaker Failure Logic for

Breaker Head Flashover
Note: Current Detector (CD) must be set below flashover current.

Fuse Loss
Fuse loss (loss of voltage potential) can cause
voltage sensitive elements to misoperate
- 51V, 21, 78, 32, 67, 67N, 40
Typically performed using two sets of VTs and

a voltage balance relay
Some small hydro installations may only have

one set of VTs
Use Symmetrical Component and 3-Phase

Voltage/Current methods to provide fuse loss
detection on a single VT set
Fuse Loss
One VT
Two VTs
Fuse Loss (LOP) Detection:

Symmetrical Components & 3-Phase Voltage/Current Monitoring
Use to block voltage dependent elements from misoperating

and to alarm
- Stops nuisance tripping and attendant full load rejection on LOP
1 and 2 phase LOP detection by symmetrical component
comparison
- Presence of Negative Sequence Voltage and Negative
Sequence Current indicates a Fault
- Presence of Negative Sequence Voltage and absence of
Negative Sequence Current indicates a Fuse Loss
3 phase LOP detected by voltage and current monitoring
- Low 3-Phase Voltages and High 3-Phase Currents indicates a
Fault
- Low 3-Phase Voltages and Low 3-Phase Current indicates a
Fuse Loss
Trip Circuit Monitoring (74TC)

+
M-3425
1
52b Status Trip Circuit
Control/Status
Monitoring Monitoring Input
Input Input 2
Other Trip Devices

52/b
Output
Contact
52/a Typically at Breaker

if 52 TC
52TC
or
86
-
74TC – Trip Circuit Monitoring

- Uses breaker auxiliary switch status and voltage from trip
circuit to determine open in trip circuit
Burned trip coil, faulty auxiliary switch, break in wiring
0=CB Open (52b closed)

1=Failure 1=Failure
1=CB Closed (52b open)
0=OK 0=OK
CI-1 52b
1=Failure (contact closes)
0
0=OK (contact opened)
&
0
CO-1 Trip Coil Failure
0=Continuity (current) 0
1=No Continuity (no current) AND TDOE,

PS to 0
CI-2 TC Current
Notes:
A) TDOE = time delay on energizing, times from PS (preset) to zero. While timing, output = 0; when timed out (at 0),
output = 1
B) TDOE default at 20 cycles, range 0-120 cycles (or more)
C) Time delay is employed to account for indeterminate breaker position as "a" and "b" contacts change state. It prevents
nuisance alarms during the transition state.
D) The control/status input used in the DC circuit accepts an external DC voltage source (versus being self-wetted).
I/O
Standard and Expanded I/O
- Standard I/O (horizontal and vertical mount)
6 Control/Status Inputs
Breaker Trip Coil Input
8 Control Outputs (Trip Rated)
Self diagnostic contact
Optional sync input and field ground inputs
- Expanded I/O (horizontal mount)
14 Control/Status Inputs
Breaker Trip Coil Input
23 Control Outputs (Trip Rated)
Self diagnostic contact
Optional sync input and field ground inputs
Ability to have many discrete outputs for alarming,
annunciating and trip voting schemes
More inputs to track plant status for event logging and
oscillography
I/O
Standard
Expanded
Interface and Analysis Software

Communications PC Software package for setpoint
interrogation / modification, metering, monitoring, and
downloading oscillographic records
Oscillographic Analysis Software package graphically

displays to facilitate analysis, and prints captured
waveforms
Both menu-driven, easy to use
Autodocumentation eliminates transcription errors

Relay Configuration
Delta-Y Transform to allow appropriate operation of
Distance (21) Elements
Any VT type, any grounding

- Open delta or 3Y
- Ground secondary on neutral or phase
Ability of the relay to derive L-L quantities from L-G

VT sources and use for voltage elements 21, 24, 27
and 59
- Prevents their operation from a VT secondary circuit
ground fault
Example:
Relay
Configuration
Example:
Element
Selection
Example:
Element
Setting
IPScom
Example:
I/O Assignment
Example:
I/O
Assignment
Example:
Settings
Summary
Programmable
Logic
Programmable
Logic
Graphic Metering and Monitoring

Metering of all measured inputs
- Measured and calculated quantities
Instrumentation grade
Commissioning and Analysis Tools

- Advanced metering
- Event logs
- Vector meters
- R-X Graphics
- Oscillograph recording
Advanced Metering
Advanced Metering
Event Log (512) Events
Pick up, drop out, trip Event Log (512 Events)
Event #, Date, Time Event Log (512) Events
Impedance,
Sync Info
Voltages
Currents
I/O Status
Event Log Trigger
Elements
trigger on
trip, drop out,
pick up
I/O triggers
on pick up,
drop out
Phasor Display (Vectors)
0.00 0.0
All Voltages and Currents Proper

Phasor Display (Vectors)
Phase A Current “Rolled”

R-X Graphics: Loss of Field (40)
Provides the ability to check settings and view testing

Oscillography
Determine if relay and circuit breaker operated
properly
- Identify relay, control or breaker problem
- Generators do experience faults / abnormal
conditions
In the machine or the system?
Speed generator’s return to service
- Identify type of testing needed
- Provide data to generator manufacturer
Gives plant engineer data to force unit off-line for
inspection
Uncovers unexpected problems
- Synchronizing, shutdown
Comtrade Format Oscillographs (*.cfg)

Record Length: 416 cycles, up to 16 records
Comtrade Format
Oscillographs
(*.cfg)
Waveform Capture (Legend)
B C D
A F
G H I K L M N
A) All analog traces. This view shows peak values. RMS values may also
be displayed
B) Controls for going to the beginning or end of a record, as well as
nudging forward or backward in time in a record
C) Zoom controls
D) Display controls for analog traces, RMS traces, fundamental waveform
display, frequency trace, power trace, power factor trace, phasor
diagram, impedance diagram and power diagram
E) Marker #1
F) Marker #2
G) Time at Marker #1
H) Time at Marker #2
I) Control status input and contact output traces (discrete I/O)
J) Scaling for each analog trace. This can be set automatically or manually
adjusted
K) Date and timestamp for record
L) Time of trip command
M) Time at Marker #1
N) Time at Marker #2
Waveform Capture (Legend)
P
Q
R
S
O) Drop down window for view selection, diagram selection

and zoom
P) Delta value between Marker #1 and Marker #2
Q) Value at Marker #1
R) Value at Marker #2
S) Scaling for each analog trace. This can be set
automatically or manually adjusted.
Waveform Capture (Phasor)
Phasor diagram with

values displayed
Phasor display shown at

at Marker #1 location
Area of current reversal

Waveform Capture (Phasor)
Phasor display shown at

at Marker #1 location
Phasor diagram with Area of current reversal

values display
Waveform Capture (Power and Impedance)
Impedance Trajectory
Over Record
Marker #1
Impedance Values
at Marker #1
Impedance Values
Marker #2 at Marker #2
Power Trajectory
Over Record
Power Value at Marker #1

Waveform Capture (RMS and Power)
Marker #1
Marker #1

RMS Display
Power Trajectory Over Record

Power Diagram
Long Records Let You See the Issue – 416 cycles

Voltage collapse on Ph-Ph Fault
Ph-Gnd Fault
Ph-Ph Fault
3-Ph Fault
Gen feeding fault into low side of GSU, no low side breaker
Example of Ph-Gnd fault evolving into 3-Ph Fault
Insulation breakdown due to high voltage
21P backup element tripped
Communications
Communications PC Software package for setpoint
interrogation/modification, metering, monitoring, and
downloading oscillographic records
Modbus, Modbus/TCP Communications
- RS-232, RS-485, Ethernet
IRIG-B Time Synchronization

Communications
Telephony, PC at Plant, Integration
Communications
Utility System
52
Unit
87
Areas for
G
M-3425A Typical Connection Diagram VT *
50N
Targets
Upgrade
(Optional)
Integral HM I
(Optional) 25 52
VT Gen
Metering
W aveform Capture
81R 81A 81 59 27 24
IRIG-B
Front RS232
CT Areas for Upgrade
Communication
Rear Ethernet
Port (Optional) 3V o VT *
Rear RS-485
Communication
Multiple Setting M-3921
Groups +
Programmable I/O
-
Self Diagnostics 64F 64B

27
Dual Power Supply

(Optional)
CT
Breaker 78 60FL 51V 50/27 40 32 21 50 49 46
Monitoring
Trip Circuit
Monitoring
Alternate
Polarity
27 67N
TN
VT
To 87 CT
Termnal 50N 51N
27 GD
59D 59N R CTs
32
R
High-impedance Grounding with Third Low-impedance Grounding with Overcurrent

Harmonic 100% Ground Fault Protection Stator Ground Fault Protection
Summary
There are a number of serious protection
shortcomings on generators with relays older than
10 years (plants commissioned <1993)
This presentation attempted to bring those risks to

the attention of generator owners
- Utility
- IPP
- Industrial
Summary
Generator owners should address these risks
through comprehensive upgrade programs to protect
their generator investment
An upgrade will offer other benefits in addition to the

protection – Insurance Company Requirements
Multifunction digital relays are an ideal, cost effective

way to implement such a program
Beckwith Electric Is Generation Security
Upgrade Tutorial
Questions
The End
Generator
Protection
Implementing Power Plant Control Logic
Scheme Logic

Scheme Logic
January 17, 2005

Scheme Logic
M-3425A Trip Matrix Logic
I/O Point Purpose
IN1 Gen CB Status IPSLogic Functions IPS LOGIC Input(s) TDDO
IN2 86U Status 5A Trip Sequence & Governor in manaul IPS#1 Out4/Out5/Out15/Out21+ IN4
IN3 Sync Condense Status 86G Trip Sequence Initiate IPS#2 IN11
IN4 Governor in Manual 86GH Trip Sequence Initiate IPS#3 IN12 SV13
IN5 Wicket Gate at SNL 86N Trip Sequence Initiate IPS#4 IN13
IN7 Exciter Low Level 86NH Trip Sequence Initiate IPS#5 IN14 SV14
IN8 Sync Condense Status Trip Gen CB + Wicket Gate IPS#6 OUT16 + IN5 OUT16 contact Seal-in time set at desire time delay
IN11 86G Trip Sequence Initiate
IN12 86GH Trip Sequence Initiate
IN13 86N Trip Sequence Initiate
IN14 86NH Trip Sequence Initiate
TRIP#1 /Arm Fire Prot. TRIP#2 / Arm Fire Prot. TRIP#3 SV13T SV14T
Supervised by 60FL 60FL 60FL+27 32+IN7 27+IN4 IN3 27+IN3
21 24-2 40-1&2 40-2 59-1 59-2 87-1/2 IPS#1 IPS#2 59N-1&2 27TN-1&2 81-1 IPS#4 32-1 78 46-2 81-2 25 IPS#3 IPS#5 IPS#6
Out1 Arm Fire Prot. X, X X, X X, X
Out2 Arm Fire Prot. X, X X, X X, X
Out3 Test point
Out4 PML Alarm X X X X
Out5 UCC PLC X X X X
Out6 BF Initiate X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Out7 BF Initiate X
Out8 Trip Gen CB X
Out9 Trip Field CB X
Out10 Close PIV X
Out11 Trip 86U X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Out12 Trip Gen CB X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Out14 Trip Field CB X X X X X X X X X
Out15 De Excite X X X X
Out16 IPSLogic#6 X X X X X
Out17
Out10 X
Out18
Out19
Out20 Block TIV X X
Out21 PAM PLC X X X X
Out22 Sync Check X
Seal-In Logic IPSLogic#1 IPSLogic#2

IN4 IN11 Output(s)
ARM Fire Protection Block TIV
Contacts Latch Out4 AND Output(s)
or use TDDO
Out5
Seal-in Seal-in Seal-in OR IPSLogic#4
1 - 8160 1 - 8160 1 - 8160 Out15
cycles cycles cycles
IN13 Output(s)
Out21
Out1 Out2 Out20
86U
IPSLogic#3 IPSLogic#6
IN12 TDDO Output(s) IN15
AND Output(s)
Seal-in Out16
BC Hydro application requires Seal-in of the ARM Fire Protection and Block TIV trip outputs.
Out1,Out2 and Out20 have output contact seal-in setting time of 1 - 8160 cycles. IPSLogic#5
IN14 TDDO Output(s)
Scheme Logic
Customer Scheme Inputs
Customer BECO
Input Input Description/Purpose
IN102 IN1 Gen CB Status
IN101 IN2 86U Status
IN103 IN3 Sync Condense Status
IN104 IN4 Governor in Manual
IN205 IN5 Wicket Gate at SNL
IN207 IN7 Exciter Low Level
IN8 Sync Condense Status
IN201 IN11 86G Trip Sequence Initiate
IN202 IN12 86GH Trip Sequence Initiate
IN203 IN13 86N Trip Sequence Initiate
IN204 IN14 86NH Trip Sequence Initiate
Scheme Logic
Customer Scheme Outputs
Customer BECO
Output Output Purpose
Out101 Out1 Arm Fire Prot.
Out102 Out2 Arm Fire Prot.
Out103 Out3 Test point
Out104 Out4 PML Alarm
Out105 Out5 UCC PLC
Out106 Out6 BF Initiate
Out201 Out11 Trip 86U
Out202 Out12 Trip Gen CB
Out204 Out14 Trip Field CB
Out205 Out15 De Excite
Out16 IPSLogic#6
Out207 Out17 Close PIV
Out210 Out20 Block TIV
Out211 Out21 PAM PLC
Out212 Out22 Sync Check
Scheme Logic
Customer Scheme Trip #3

TRIP#3
Supervised by IN3 27+IN8
32-1 78 46-2 81-2
Out1 Arm Fire Prot.
Out2 Arm Fire Prot.
Out3 Test point
Out4 PML Alarm X X X X
Out5 UCC PLC X X X X
Out6 BF Initiate X X X X
Out11 Trip 86U
Out12 Trip Gen CB X X X X
Out14 Trip Field CB
Out15 De Excite X X X X
Out16 IPSLogic#6
Out17 Close PIV
Out20 Block TIV
Out21 PAM PLC X X X X
Out22 Sync Check
Scheme Logic

TRIP#3
Customer Logic IN3 27+IN8
32PIT 32-1 78 46-2 81-2
AND
IN103
TRIP3
OOST OR
4602T
27B81P X X X X
AND
81D2T AND X X X X
X X X X
IN103
BECO Logic X X X X
32-1
AND
IN3
X X X X
78 OR TRIP3
46-2
27
AND
81-2 AND
X X X X
IN8
Scheme Logic

TRIP#3
BECO Logic IN3 27+IN8
32-1 32-1 78 46-2 81-2
AND
IN3
78 OR TRIP3
46-2
27 X X X X
AND
81-2 AND X X X X
X X X X
IN8
Input Contact Activation State X X X X
IN11 IN3 IN8 X X X X

IN3 active IN8 active
contact closed contact open
Sync Condenser Status

X X X X
Scheme Logic
BECO Input Contact Logic
IN3 active
when closed
IN8 active
when open
Scheme Logic
Customer Scheme Trip #3 (32-1)

Supervised by IN3
BECO Logic 32-1
32-1
TRIP3
Out1 Arm Fire Prot.
AND
IN3 OR
Out2 Arm Fire Prot.
Out3 Test point
Out4 PML Alarm X
IN3
Out5 UCC PLC X
Out6 BF Initiate X
Out11 Trip 86U
Out12 Trip Gen CB X
Out14 Trip Field CB
Out15 De Excite X
Out16 IPSLogic#6
Out17 Close PIV
Out20 Block TIV
Out21 PAM PLC X
Out22 Sync Check
Scheme Logic

Supervised by 27+IN3
BECO Logic 81-2
27-1
AND
TRIP3 Out1 Arm Fire Prot.
AND OR
81-2
Out2 Arm Fire Prot.
IN8
Out3 Test point
Out4 PML Alarm X
Out5 UCC PLC X
Out6 BF Initiate X
Out11 Trip 86U
Out12 Trip Gen CB X
Out14 Trip Field CB
IN8 Out15 De Excite X
Out16 IPSLogic#6
Out17 Close PIV
Out20 Block TIV
Out21 PAM PLC X
81 function internal cutoff voltage is 5-15V Out22 Sync Check

Scheme Logic
81 Function Cutoff Voltage
20
Cutoff Voltage
15
10
5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Frequency
81 function internal cutoff voltage is 5-15V

Scheme Logic
TRIP#1/Arm Fire Prot

Supervised by 60FL 60FL 60FL+27
21 24-2 40-1&2 40-2 59-1 59-2 87-1/2 IPS#1 IPS#2
Out1 Arm Fire Prot. X, X
Out2 Arm Fire Prot. X, X
Out3 Test point
Out4 PML Alarm
Out5 UCC PLC
Out6 BF Initiate X X X X X X X X X
Out11 Trip 86U X X X X X X X X X
Out12 Trip Gen CB X X X X X X X X X
Out14 Trip Field CB X X X X X X X X X
Out15 De Excite
Out16 IPSLogic#6
Out17 Close PIV
Out20 Block TIV
Out21 PAM PLC
Out22 Sync Check
Scheme Logic

Supervised by 60FL
60LOP
AND AND
TRIP1 40-1
40Z1T
Out1 Arm Fire Prot.
Out2 Arm Fire Prot.
60FL 40-1
Out3 Test point
Out4 PML Alarm
Out5 UCC PLC
Out6 BF Initiate X
Out11 Trip 86U X
Out12 Trip Gen CB X
Out15 De Excite
Out16 IPSLogic#6
Out17 Close PIV
Out20 Block TIV
Out21 PAM PLC
Out22 Sync Check
Scheme Logic

Supervised by 60FL+27
60LFL
AND T1 40-2
40-2 TRIP1
60LFL
OR Out1 Arm Fire Prot.
40-2 AND
T2 Out2 Arm Fire Prot.
27 Out3 Test point
Out4 PML Alarm
Out5 UCC PLC
Out6 BF Initiate X
Out11 Trip 86U X
40-2
Out12 Trip Gen CB X
Out15 De Excite
Out16 IPSLogic#6
Out17 Close PIV
Out20 Block TIV
Voltage
Control Out21 PAM PLC
Output Out22 Sync Check
Scheme Logic
Customer Scheme Trip #1 (IPS#2)

Customer Logic TRIP1
IN11 OR
IPSLogic#2
IN11 Output(s)
Supervised by
IPSLogic#2 IPS#2
Out1 Arm Fire Prot.
Out2 Arm Fire Prot.
Out3 Test point
Out4 PML Alarm
Out5 UCC PLC
Out6 BF Initiate X
Out11 Trip 86U X
Out12 Trip Gen CB X
Out15 De Excite
Out16 IPSLogic#6
Out17 Close PIV
Out20 Block TIV
Out21 PAM PLC
Out22 Sync Check
Scheme Logic
Customer Scheme SV13T (IPS#3)

Customer Logic
SV13T
IN12
TDDO
IPSLogic#3
86U
IN12 TDDO Output(s) SV13T
Supervised by
IPSLogic#3 IPS#3
Out1 Arm Fire Prot.
Out2 Arm Fire Prot.
Out3 Test point
Out4 PML Alarm
Out5 UCC PLC

Out6 BF Initiate X
Out11 Trip 86U X
Out12 Trip Gen CB X
Out15 De Excite
Out16 IPSLogic#6
Out17 Close PIV X
Out20 Block TIV X
Out21 PAM PLC
Dropout Time Delay Out22 Sync Check
Scheme Logic
Customer Scheme SV14T (IPS#5)

Customer Logic
SV14T
IN14
TDDO
IPSLogic#5
86U
IN14 TDDO Output(s)
SV14T
Supervised by
IPSLogic#5 IPS#5
Out1 Arm Fire Prot.
OR Out2 Arm Fire Prot.
Out3 Test point
Out4 PML Alarm
Out5 UCC PLC
Out6 BF Initiate
Out11 Trip 86U X
Out12 Trip Gen CB
Out14 Trip Field CB
Out15 De Excite
Out16 IPSLogic#6 X
Out17 Close PIV X
Out20 Block TIV X
Out21 PAM PLC
Dropout Time Delay Out22 Sync Check
Scheme Logic
Customer Scheme Trip #1 (IPS#1)

Customer Logic
IPSLogic#1 Trip#3
IN4 TRIP1
AND
Out4 AND Output(s)
IN4
Out5
OR
Out15
Out21 Supervised by
IPS#1
IPSLogic#1 Initiating Outputs Out1 Arm Fire Prot.
Out2 Arm Fire Prot.
Initiating Inputs Out3 Test point
Out4 PML Alarm
AND
Out5 UCC PLC
Out6 BF Initiate X
Out11 Trip 86U X
Out12 Trip Gen CB X
Out15 De Excite
Out16 IPSLogic#6
Out17 Close PIV
Out20 Block TIV
Out21 PAM PLC
Out22 Sync Check
Scheme Logic
TRIP#2 / Arm Fire Prot.

Supervised by 32+IN7 27+IN4
59N-1/2 27TN-1&2 81-1 IPS#4
Out1 Arm Fire Prot. X, X X, X
Out3 Test point
Out4 PML Alarm
Out5 UCC PLC
Out6 BF Initiate
Out11 Trip 86U X X X X
Out12 Trip Gen CB
Out14 Trip Field CB
Out15 De Excite
Out16 IPSLogic#6 X X X X
Out17 Close PIV
Out20 Block TIV
Out21 PAM PLC
Out22 Sync Check
Scheme Logic
Customer Logic TRIP#2 / Arm Fire Prot.

64G1T
32+IN7 27+IN4
64G2T
TRIP2 59N-1/2 27TN-1&2 81-1 IPS#4
32P2T AND OR
X, X X, X
IN207
X, X X, X
27B81P
AND
81D1T AND
IN104
IN203
X X X X
BECO Logic
59N1
27TN
TRIP2
32P2T AND OR
IN7 X X X X
27
81-1 AND
IN4
IN13 IPSlogic#4
Scheme Logic
Customer Scheme Trip #2 (27TN)

BECO Logic
27TN
32 Supervision TRIP2
32-2 AND OR
IN7
Supervised by 32+IN7
27TN-1&2
Out1 Arm Fire Prot. X
Out2 Arm Fire Prot. X
Out3 Test point
Out4 PML Alarm
Out5 UCC PLC
Out6 BF Initiate
Out11 Trip 86U X
Out12 Trip Gen CB
Out14 Trip Field CB
Out15 De Excite
X
Out16 IPSLogic#6
Out17 Close PIV
Out20 Block TIV
Out21 PAM PLC
Out22 Sync Check
Scheme Logic
Customer Scheme Trip #2 (Arm Fire)
Customer Logic
Seal-in Circuit
87U
Arm Fire Supervised by
87R Protection 32+IN7
OR
59N-1&2 27TN-1&2
64G1
64G2 Out2 Arm Fire Prot. X, X X, X
AND
32P2T AND IN101 Out3 Test point
IN207 Out4 PML Alarm
Out5 UCC PLC

BECO Logic
Out6 BF Initiate
87U2
AND Out11 Trip 86U X X
IN2 Arm Fire Out12 Trip Gen CB

Protection Out14 Trip Field CB
AND OR Out15 De Excite
59N2
Out16 IPSLogic#6 X X
27TN2 Out17 Close PIV
Latching Outputs
32 Out20 Block TIV
AND or time delayed dropout
IN7 1 to 8160 cycles Out21 PAM PLC
Out22 Sync Check
IN2
Scheme Logic
Customer Scheme Block TIV
Customer Logic
Seal-in Circuit
SV13T SV14T
SV13T
Block TIV Supervised by
OR
SV14T IPS#3 IPS#5
Out1 Arm Fire Prot.
Out2 Arm Fire Prot.
AND
IN101
Out3 Test point
Out4 PML Alarm
Out5 UCC PLC

BECO Logic
Out6 BF Initiate X
Out11 Trip 86U X X
IPS#3 Block TIV Out12 Trip Gen CB X
OR Out14 Trip Field CB X
IPS#5
Out20 86U Out15 De Excite
Out16 IPSLogic#6 X
Out17 Close PIV X X
Out20 Block TIV X X
Latching Output
Out21 PAM PLC
or time delayed dropou
Out22 Sync Check
1 to 8160 cycles
Scheme Logic
Customer Scheme Trip 86U
Customer Logic Supervised by

Trip1
IN201 Out1 Arm Fire Prot.

Out2 Arm Fire Prot.
IN202 86U
OR Out3 Test point
Trip2
Out4 PML Alarm
IN203 Out5 UCC PLC
IN204 Out6 BF Initiate
Out11 Trip 86U
BECO Logic
Trip1 Out12 Trip Gen CB
IPS#1 Out14 Trip Field CB
IPS#2 Out15 De Excite

Out16 IPSLogic#6
IPS#3 86U
OR Out17 Close PIV
Trip2 Out20 Block TIV
IPS#4 Out21 PAM PLC
IPS#5 Out22 Sync Check

Scheme Logic
Customer Scheme Trip 86U
Customer Logic Supervised by

Trip1
IN201 Out1 Arm Fire Prot.

Out2 Arm Fire Prot.
IN202 86U
OR Out3 Test point
Trip2
Out4 PML Alarm
IN203 Out5 UCC PLC
IN204 Out6 BF Initiate
Out11 Trip 86U
BECO Logic
Trip1 Out12 Trip Gen CB
IPS#1 Out14 Trip Field CB
IPS#2 Out15 De Excite

Out16 IPSLogic#6
IPS#3 86U
OR Out17 Close PIV
Trip2 Out20 Block TIV
IPS#4 Out21 PAM PLC
IPS#5 Out22 Sync Check

Scheme Logic
Customer Scheme Trip Gen Breaker
Customer Logic Trip1
SV13T
Trip3
Trip2 Trip Gen
Breaker
SV14T OR SV7DO OR
AND
BFI
IN205
AND
Trip1
BECO Logic
SV13T
Trip3
OUT16 TDDO IPSLogic#6 Trip Gen

Trip2
1 - 8160 ~
Breaker
IPS#5 OR OR
AND
BFI
IN5
Scheme Logic
Customer Scheme IPSLogic #6

IPSLogic#6
OUT16 TDDO
1 - 8160 ~
Outputs Supervised by
AND
IPS#6
IN5
Arm Fire Prot.
Seal in time Arm Fire Prot.

Test point
PML Alarm
UCC PLC
BF Initiate X
Trip 86U
Trip Gen CB X
Trip Field CB
De Excite
IPSLogic#6
Close PIV
Block TIV
PAM PLC
Sync Check
Scheme Logic
THE END
000
2
1:
d
re
0
te
90
g is
Re
IS O
BECKWITH ELECTRIC CO., INC.

6190 - 118th Avenue North • Largo, Florida 33773-3724 U.S.A.
Phone: (727) 544-2326 • Fax: (727) 546-0121
E-mail: marketing@beckwithelectric.com
Web Site: www.beckwithelectric.com
© 2005 Beckwith Electric Co.

Printed in U.S.A.

Book 2 Vol 1

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Book 2

6190-118th Avenue North – Largo, Florida 33773

2005 Protection Seminar

6190-118th Avenue North – Largo, Florida 33773

January 17, 2005

 Basic Synchronous Generators

 Connections to the system

Basic Synchronous Generator

Generator Excitation & AVR Control

Synchronous Generator Types

Direct Connected Generator to Power System

Unit Connected Generator

Symmetrical Trace of a Generator Short-

Symmetrical Trace of a Generator Short-

Generator Short-Circuit Currents Phase B

Generator Terminal Fault Current

Multi-Phase Generator Fault Oscillograph

High Side Breaker Opens

Accumulation of damage over time:

Most of the damage occurs in the period after

59GN Overvoltage relay. Stator ground 4

Typical Unit Generator –

Typical Combine Cycle Plant

GSU GSU #1 GSU #2

AUX. TRANS. #1 AUX. TRANS. #2

2005 Protection Seminar

6190-118th Avenue North – Largo, Florida 33773

 Explore the M-3425A Generator Protective Relay

- Advanced attributes for security, reliability and

 Demonstrate Commissioning/Event Investigation

IEEE PSRC Survey

 Reluctance to upgrade includes:

- “Generators don’t fail”

- Operating procedures will save the day

PSRC = Power System Relay Committee

Protection Upgrade Opportunities

Protection Upgrade Opportunities

 Special applications unique to generators

- Std. 242: Buff Book

- C37.102: IEEE Guide for Generator Protection

- C37.101: IEEE Guide for AC Generator Ground

- C37.106: IEEE Guide for Abnormal Frequency

These are created/maintained by the IEEE PSRC & IAS

Small Machine Protection IEEE “Buff Book”

Small – up to 1 MW to 600V, 500 kVA if >600V

Small Machine Protection IEEE “Buff Book”

Small Machine Protection IEEE “Buff Book”

Generator Protection: Faults

Generator Protection: Abnormal Operating

Review of Grounding Techniques

Types of Generator Grounds

- Can get expensive as resistor size increases

- Usually a good ground source

- Generator still likely to be damaged on internal

 Ground fault current typically 200-400 A

Types of Generator Grounds

Types of Generator Grounds

- Most expensive (tuned reactor, plus unit xfmr and

Types of Generator Grounds

- Combines advantages of Low Z and High Z ground

Stator Iron Burning

 This generator was high impedance grounded, with

 Some iron burning occurs, but the damage is

Basic Synchronous Generators

Connections to the system

Explore the M-3425A Generator Protective Relay

Demonstrate Commissioning/Event Investigation

Reluctance to upgrade includes:

Special applications unique to generators

Ground fault current typically 200-400 A

This generator was high impedance grounded, with

Some iron burning occurs, but the damage is

Tuned to the fundamental frequency

Must work properly from 10 to 80 Hz to provide

Additional coverage near neutral (last 5%) provided

Full 100% stator coverage by 64S

Conventional neutral overvoltage

Last 5-10% near neutral not covered

Undetected grounds in this region

Grounding transformer ratio

2nd level set higher than the capacitively coupled voltage

3rd level may be set to initiate waveform capture

VAr, PF, I, Power Band

Can vary with loading

Useful for ground fault

“Blind spot” at mid-winding

Provides full coverage protection

Provides on and offline protection

67N directionalized to trip for ground current toward a generator

67N is set faster than 51N

Ground current is from other generators/ or system

87GD uses differential quantity and directional comparison

87GD is set faster than 51N

67N, does not see any zero