2016 International Conference on Cogeneration, Small Power Plants and District Energy (ICUE 2016)

BITEC, Bang-Na, Thailand, 14-16 September 2016

Optimal Power Dispatch Considering Wind and

Battery Energy Storage Cost Functions Using
Stochastic Weight Trade-Off PSO
Wannakorn Supingklad*, Amrit Paudel, and Weerakorn Ongsakul
Energy Field of Study
School of Environment, Resources and Development
Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand
supingklad@gmail.com , ongsakul@ait.asia

Abstract—This paper proposes optimal power dispatch )T The combined objective function
considering wind and battery energy storage cost functions using
Stochastic Weight Trade-off Particle Swarm Optimization (SWT- weco , wemi Weighting factors
PSO). The objective is to minimize the total combined weighted
operating cost of thermal, wind, battery and emission cost subject PD The total power demand
to power balance, thermal operating limits, ramp rate limits,
prohibited operating zones, wind operating limit and BES
yw The costs of wind power generation
operating & state-of-charge limits over a 24-hour time horizon. WPCostdir , j The direct electrical energy cost coefficient of
The cost of wind power consists of direct, overestimation and
underestimation cost function. The Weibull probability density jthor grid price in $/MWh
function model is used to determine the overestimation and WPCostoe , j , WPCostue , j The cost coefficient for
underestimation costs. The BES is also used to compensate the
overestimation and underestimation cost of wind generation. If overestimation and underestimation of jth wind
the charging cost of BES is lower than overestimation cost of generator or grid price in $/MWh
wind generation, the excess power from wind turbines will be E (Yoe , j ), E (Yue , j ) The expected value of wind power
stored in the BES. On the other hand, if the discharging cost of
BES is lower than underestimation cost of wind generation, the overestimation and underestimation for jth wind
shortage of wind power will be compensated by BES. Different generator, respectively
operating costswith battery and without battery in system will be K j , C j The shape and scale factor of the Weibull distribution
compared. Test results indicate that the proposed method
renders a lower cost than Basic Particle Swarm Optimization forjth wind generator
(BPSO), Particle Swarm Optimization with Time-Varying vr , vin , vout The rated, cut-in, and cut-out wind speeds
Acceleration Coefficients (PSO-TVAC) and Adaptive Particle
Swarm Optimization (APSO). v1 The intermediary parameter

Index Terms—Dynamic combined economic and emission w j , wr , j The generated and rated power of jth wind
dispatch, weibull probability density functions, battery energy
storage, penalty cost, stochastic weight trade-off particle swarm
*(.) The incomplete gamma function
optimization. LB ,CH The battery lifetime evaluated during charging
LB , DIS The battery lifetime evaluated in a discharging step
I. NOMINALCLATURE
CB , IN The capital cost of the battery bank ($)
N G , NW The total number of thermal and wind turbine
CO & M , B The batteries’ operating and maintenance cost costs.
respectively
FT , ET The total cost and total emission, respectively. K B ,CH ,K B , DIS The battery efficiencies during charge and
discharge processes respectively
Pi , Pi min , Pi max The power output, minimum output and
NB The number of batteries
maximum output of generating unit i
ai , bi , ci Fuel cost coefficients of unit i UB The battery nominal capacity (Ah)

D i , Ei , J i Emission coefficients of unit i QB The battery nominal voltage (V)

h The price penalty factor N CYCLES The equivalent full charge/discharge cycles

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 2016 International Conference on Cogeneration, Small Power Plants and District Energy (ICUE 2016)
BITEC, Bang-Na, Thailand, 14-16 September 2016

PB ,CH , PB , DIS The charging and discharging power asnegative loads with a certain range of dispersion in
prediction [1]. In other words, wind energy are consumed
respectively whenever it is available and the remaining dispatchable
't The time step (h) generators in the system are used to meet the net load demand.
SOC (t ) The state of charge at time t (%) Various research on optimal power dispatch problem with
wind power generation has beencarried out [1]-[10]. In [4],
SOC (t  1) The state-of-charge at time t-1 (%) Hybrid imperialist competitive-sequential quadratic
SOCMIN The minimum state-of-charge (%) programming (HIC-SQP) is proposed to solve ED problem
incorporating stochastic wind power subject to valve point
SOCMAX The maximum state-of-charge (%) loading effect and prohibited zones. The incomplete gamma
Pi ,Lk , PiU,k The lower and upper limits ofprohibited operating function in HIC-SQP method was used to investigate the
impact of wind power intregation performance. In
zonek of generator i (MW) [5],combined emission economic dispatch (CEED) model with
URi , DRi The up rate and down rate of ith generating unit wind power and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
zi The total number of prohibited operating zones of has been solved by PSO algorithm subject to power balance,
generator i power generation limits and state-of-charge (SOC) constraints.
Similary, the impact of using PHEVs and wind power on
vid( k ) The velocity of particle i in dimension d at iteration k
economic and environmental aspects with five different
pbesti The best position of particle i scenarios is analyzed.
In general, the cost of wind power consists of direct cost,
gbest The best position of the group overestimation and underestimation cost [4]-[5]. The direct
k The pointer of iterations (generations) cost is proportional to the wind power output. The
overestimation occurs when the dispatchable wind power is
kmax The maximum number of iterations (generations)
less than the available wind power. Thus the operator needs to
N The number of particles inaswarm compensate the loss of opputunity cost to wind power
M The number of members inaparticle producers. On the other hand, the underestimation happens
wk  The inertia weight factor when the dispatchcable wind power is more than the available
wind power. Thus the operator needs to purchase shortage
c1 (k ), c2 (k ) The dynamic acceleration coefficients for power from other producers. The overestimation can be high
cognitive and social components when the wind power output is low whereas the
r1 , r2 , r3 , r4 The uniform random value in the range [0,1] underestimation is high when the wind power output is high as
shown in Fig.1.During the high grid price, the overestimation
xid( k ) The position of particle i in dimension d at iteration k and underestimation costs can be relatively high. Therefore,
the batterry energy storage (BES) is proposed to handle excess
Pltg , Pfrk The probability of lethargy and freak behaviors
and shortage power to minimize overestimation &
respectively which are inthe range of [0,1] underestimation costs.
min max
v id ,v
id The minimum and maximum velocity ofparticle i The basic PSO algorithm often face the premature
in dimension d convergence problem, trapping in the local optima, and
driving away from the best area because the cognitive and
vidfrk The random velocity which is uniformly chosen from social acceleration coefficients and velocity momentum in
min max
the interval [ vid , vid ] velocity updating term may not be interrelated to one another.
In [11]-[12], the stochastic weight trade-off method can
PiNmin
G
max
and PiN The lower bound and upper bound of thermal
G
resolve these problems by improving cognitive and social
units respectively components, random parameters as well as increasing
min max diversity of swarm members in order to preserve the balance
w iNW and wiNW The lower bound and upper bound of wind between global exploration and local exploitation along the
turbines respectively search process.
PB , MAX The upper bound for both charging and discharging In this paper, optimal power dispatch including wind and
BES is proposed to minimize the weighted generators fuel
of BES cost, emission cost, wind cost and battery cost by a stochastic
weight trade-off particle swarm optimization (SWT-PSO). The
II. INTRODUCTION test system includes six thermal units, one wind turbine and
thirty two thousands BES in two cases to investigate the
Renewable energy source (RES) such as wind are highly impact of BES over 24 hours time horizon. The results are
dependent on the weather conditions and geographic locations. compared to basic particle swarm optimization (BPSO) [13]-
Because of this intermittent nature, electricity produced by [15], particle swarm optimization with time-varying
these sources is highly volatile and not dispatchable. In
economic dispatch (ED), these sources are considered

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 2016 International Conference on Cogeneration, Small Power Plants and District Energy (ICUE 2016)
BITEC, Bang-Na, Thailand, 14-16 September 2016

acceleration coefficients (PSO-TVAC) [15] and adaptive NW

particle swarm optimization (APSO) [16]. yw ¦ WPCost

j 1
dir , j  WPCostoe , j  WPCostue , j 

NW NW NW

¦d
j 1
j u w j   ¦  Crwj u E (Yoe , j )   ¦  C pwj u E (Yue , j ) 
j 1 j 1

(7)

ª § vinK,j j · § vout
Kj
·º
w j «1  exp ¨  K j ¸»
,j
E (Yoe, j ) ¸  exp ¨  K j
«¬ ¨ C ¸ ¨ C ¸»
© j ¹ © j ¹¼
(8)
§ w, v , ·ª § v K,j · § v1,Kjj ·º
 ¨ r j in j  w j ¸ «exp ¨  inK jj ¸  exp ¨  K j ¸»
¨v v ¸« ¨ C ¸ ¨ C ¸»
© r , j in , j ¹¬ © j ¹ © j ¹¼
·ª § § v1, · · § § vin j · · º
Kj Kj
§ wr , j C j 1 1
¨
¨ v v ¸¸ «* ¨1  , ¨ j ¸ ¸  * ¨1  , ¨ , ¸ ¸»
Fig. 1. Wind power generation cost. © r , j in , j «
¹¬ © ¨ K © Cj ¹ ¸¹ ¨ Kj © Cj ¹ ¸¹ »¼
j ©

III. PROBLEM FORMULATION ª § vrK, jj · § vout

Kj
·º
E (Yue, j )  r , j j  ¨¨  C K j
w  w « exp ¸  exp ¨  K j
¸ ¨ C
,j
¸»
¸»
Optimal power dispatch combines economic and emission ¬« © j ¹ © j ¹¼
functions into a single combined objective function for
thermal generation, wind power generation and BES. § w, v , ·ª § v K, j · § v1,Kjj ·º
 ¨ r j in j  w j ¸ «exp ¨  rKjj ¸  exp ¨  K j ¸»
The total production cost function of ED problem is ¨v v ¸« ¨ C ¸ ¨ C ¸»
© r , j in , j ¹¬ © j ¹ © j ¹¼
defined as the total sum of the fuel costs of all generating plant
·ª § § v1, · · § § vr j · · º
Kj Kj
units as: § wr , j C j 1 1
¨
¨ v v ¸¸ «* ¨1  , ¨ j ¸ ¸  * ¨1  , ¨ , ¸ ¸»
NG
« ¨ K Cj ¸ ¨ K © Cj ¹ ¸¹ »¼
¦ ^a P  bi Pi  ci ` (1)
2 © r , j in , j ¹¬ © j © ¹ ¹ © j
FT i i
i 1 (9)
The pollutant emission dispatch problem can be described The battery utilization costs during charging are calculated as:
as the optimization of total amount of pollutant emission as:
NG 1 § CB , IN ·
 CO & M , B ¸ ,
¦ ^D P  Ei Pi  J i ` (2)
CB ,CH ¨¨
ET 2
K B ,CHK B , DIS © LB ,CH ¸
i i ¹
i 1
The two objectives between cost and emission can be N BU B QB N CYCLES
LB ,CH
converted into a single objective function by a price penalty PB ,CH
factor as:
If the energy demand has to be provided by the storage
FT ( Pi ) / Pimax max system,battery utilization costs during the discharge phase are
h (3)
ET ( PJmax ) / Pjmax equal tothe average cost of supplying a certain power PB , DIS
with the batteriesfor a time step 't and is calculated as:
There are several ways to characterize the merit of
operating and scheduling costs in the system consisting of CB , IN
CB , DIS  CO & M , B ,
both thermal generators and wind power generators. Since the LB , DIS
instantaneous wind speed is random at any given time, the
operator may overestimate or underestimate the wind power N BU B QB N CYCLES
LB , DIS
availability. Recently, a metric to characterize the impacts of PB , DIS / K B , DIS
overestimation and underestimation has been developed. The
Subject to:
shape and scale factor (k & c) parameters of weibull
A power balance equation is constrained as:
probability density function (PDF) will be used to calculate NG NW
PD  ¦ Pi  ¦ w j  E ˜ PB ,CH  (1  E ) ˜ PB , DIS
the overestimate and underestimation cost of wind generation.
These parameters can be calculated from the estimation
0 (10)
i 1 j 1
method called “the maximum likelihood method” [ 5]. The
costs of wind power generation for jth wind power source The active power of each power plant, wind power
using the following [4]: generation and BES should satisfy following constraints

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 2016 International Conference on Cogeneration, Small Power Plants and District Energy (ICUE 2016)
BITEC, Bang-Na, Thailand, 14-16 September 2016

Pi min d Pi d Pi max , i 1, 2, , N G ª NG ­ weco  ai ( Pi t ) 2  bi Pi t  ci  ½ º

« ¦ °® °
¾ »
(20% of Wav ) d w j d (20% of Wav ), j 1, 2, , NW « i 1 ° wemi h D i ( Pi t ) 2  Ei Pi t  J i  ° »
« ¯ ¿ »
PB ,CH , PB , DIS d PB , MAX 24
« NW NW ªWPCost u E (Y t
)  º »
min ¦ «  ¦ WPCostdir , j u wtj   (J )¦ « »»
oe , j oe , j
(11) )T
j 1 «  WPCostue , j u E (Yue , j )  »
t 1
« j1 t »
The renewable power (wind and BESs) at any time, based « ¬ ¼»
on 30% upper limit is constrained as [17]: « »
« (1  J ) ª¬( E )CB ,CH  (1  E )CB , DIS º¼
t t

NW
»
« »
¦w
j 1
j  PB , DIS  PB ,CH d 0.3 ˜ PD (12) «¬ »¼

if WPCostoe, j  WPCostue, j    CB ,CH  CB , DIS 

The ramp rate limits determine the range within which the
­1,
generation of a thermal unit may increase or decrease. The °
J ®
power generation of thermal units is constrained by the ramp
°̄0, if  CB ,CH  CB , DIS   WPCostoe, j  WPCostue, j 
rate limits as follows:
Pi t  Pi t 1 d URi °­1, if w j  Wav
(13) E ®
Pi t 1
 Pi d DRi
t
°̄0, if w j ! Wav
Due to ramp rate limits, the minimum and maximum (16)
generating limits of thermal units are modified as follows:

max  Pi min , URi  Pi t  d Pi t d min  Pi max , Pi t 1  DRi 

(14)
Prohibited operating zones [18]: The generating units may
have certain prohibited operating zones due to physical
limitations of machine components or instability. This results
in discontinuities with cost curve. Thus, when prohibited
operating zones are considered, the constraints on the unit
operating range are expressed as follows:
IV. STOCHASTIC WEIGHT TRADE-OF PSO (SWT-PSO)
Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is an evolutionary
computation technique modeled inspired by swarm
intelligence such as bird flocking, fish schooling, and even
human social behavior. A population of particles of PSO
method moves in the multi-dimensional search space
determining by its location and velocity, and adjusted
according to its own experience and that of its neighbor. The
velocity and position updating functions of PSO are as follow:

­ Pi min d Pi d Pi ,1L xid( k 1) xid( k )  vid( k 1) , i 1, 2,..., N , d 1, 2,..., M

°° (15)
Pi  ® PiU,k 1 d Pi d Pi ,Lk (17)
° U v ( k 1)
w˜v (k )
 c1r1 ( pbestid  x )  c2 r2 ( gbestd  xid(t ) )
(t )
°̄ Pi , zi d Pi d Pi
max
id id id

There is energy limitation in batteries, where the measuring (18)

the State of Charge (SOC), prevents battery from overcharging However, during the study PSO algorithm we found that
and deep discharge, or even to be discharged for a long time. the expression affects the ability of the algorithm convergence
The SOC constraint is expressed as follows: mainly falling into the velocity updating in (18). In this
expression, the two components including the cognitive factor
( E ˜ PB ,CH ˜K B ,CH  (1  E ) ˜ PB , DIS / K B , DIS )'t c1 and the social factor c2 are independent on each other. If
SOC (t ) SOC (t  1)  both coefficients are too large or small, there will be effects
N BU B QB
the convergence of the algorithm. In the case both coefficients
SOCMIN d SOC (t ) d SOCMAX
are too large, the search space is too far beyond the seek
With wind and BES generation included in the dispatch, region, making difficulty for the algorithm convergence while
the objective function is defined as: both factors are too small, the search space is too narrow,
leading to inexact optimal results [11]-[12].
To solve these problems, we propose several
improvements to the PSO algorithm. Among the improved
PSO methods, the stochastic weight trade-off PSO (SWT-
PSO) is proposed to solve the economic dispatch problem due
to the goal of balancing between particle experiences and
social relationships.
A. Improving c1 and c2 coefficients
The coefficients c1 and c2 now are not constant as the
original PSO algorithm. We recommend the time varying

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 2016 International Conference on Cogeneration, Small Power Plants and District Energy (ICUE 2016)
BITEC, Bang-Na, Thailand, 14-16 September 2016

coefficients c1 (k) and c2 (k) as in (19). The two expressions
will create the value of c1 and c2 factors large at the
initialization and decrease them until the maximum number of
iterations reached. When starting, the algorithm searches for
large space to put to the best possible area. At the algorithm
termination, the c1 and c2 factors guide the algorithm
converge to the optimal result.
k and PB , DIS are initialized randomly using following equation:
c1 (k ) (c1,min  c1,max )
kmax
where PiNG , w iNW , PB ,CH and PB , DIS are the power of NGth
thermal unit, NWth wind turbine, charging power and
discharging powerin ith particle, respectively. The value of
each PiNG , w iNW , PB ,CH and PB , DIS are randomly generated
within its poweroperating limits.Each PiNG , w iNW , PB ,CH
 c1,max
PiNG PiNmin  rand u ( PiNmax  PiNmin )
(19) G G G

k wiNW wiNminW  rand u ( wiNmax  wiNminW )

c2 (k ) (c2,max  c2,min )  c2,min W
kmax
PB ,CH rand u ( PB , MAX )
B. Improving of r1 and r2 coefficients
PB , DIS rand u ( PB , MAX )
Ther1 and r2 coefficients are also the additional factors (1- (30)
r1) and (1-r2) as in (20). The terms (1-r2)r1and (1-r1)r2 will
improve the algorithm efficiency toconverge faster to the Step 2: Initialization of velocity: Velocity for each particle
optimal solution. When both r1 and r2 are too large or too is initialized as:
small, the term (1-r2)r1will lead toan imbalance for the Vi ( NG  NW  B ,CH  B , DIS ) Vidmin  (Vidmax  Vidmin ) u rand
algorithm. It is similar to the casefor the term (1-r1)r2. This
method enables the algorithmto create a balance between the where, Vdmin 0.5Pi (min NG  NW  B ,CH  B , DIS ) , Vd
max
0.5Pi (max
NG  NW  B ,CH  B , DIS )
two components ofpersonal experiences and learning from the Step 3: Evaluating the fitness of each particle: Fitness for
community. each particle in (16) is evaluated and pbest and gbest
vid( k 1) r1vid( k )  (1  r2 )c1 (k )r1 ( pbestid  xid( k ) ) areselected.
(20) Step 4: Updating velocity: The updated velocity
 (1  r1 )c2 (k )r2 ( gbestid  xid( k ) ) iscomputedusing (21)for velocity of thermal, wind and BESs
units. For the particle’s velocity which exceedsa
C. Increasing diversity of swarm members specifiedvelocity limits,itwill beadjusted toits limit asfollows:
To further strengthen the global search capability, the If Vi ((kNG1) NW  B ,CH  B , DIS ) ! Vdmax , then Vi ((kNG1) NW  B ,CH  B , DIS ) Vdmax
increasing diversity of swarm member is incorporated to avoid
the premature convergence problem. Hence the updating Vi ((kNG1) NW  B ,CH  B , DIS )  Vdmin , then Vi ((kNG1) NW  B ,CH  B , DIS )
Vdmin
velocity is further modified to (31)
Step 5: Updating the swarm: The positions are
vid( k 1) w(k ) ˜ r1sign(r3 )vid( k )  (1  r2 )c1 (k )r1 ( pbestid  xid( k ) ) updatedusing (17)for thermal, wind and BESs units. If any
particle position is out of operating limits, it will be adjusted
 (1  r1 )c2 (k )r2 ( gbestid  xid( k ) )
to satisfy the inequality constraint as follows:
vid( k ) vid( k )  P (r4 ) sign(r4 )vidfrk (21)
If PiNG ! PiNmax
G
, then PiNG PiNmax
G

where sign(r3), sign(r4)and P(r4) are defined as: (32)

PiNG  PiNmin , then PiNG PiNmin
­°1 (r3 ! Pltg ) G G

sign(r3 ) ® (22) When generator ramp rate limits and prohibited

°̄1 (r3 d Pltg ).
­°1 (r4 ! Pfrk )
sign(r4 ) ®
°̄1 (r4 d Pfrk ).
­°1 (r4 d Pfrk )
P(r4 ) ®
°̄0 (r4 ! Pfrk ).
D. Procedure of SWT-PSO applied to ED with RESs
Step 1: Initialization of the swarm: Inthe implementation
of SWT-PSO, each particlecontains continuous variables.
Xi [ Pi1 , Pi 2 , , PiNG , PB ,CH , PB , DIS , wi1 , wi 2 , wiNW ]
operatingzones are considered, the boundary of inequality
constraint would be changed according to (14) and (15),
respectively.
(23) Step 6: Stopping criteria: As the maximum iterations
arereached, the optimization process will bestopped.
Otherwise,go back tostep 4.
(24)
V. NUMERICAL RESULTS
The proposed SWT-PSO is implemented inMATLAB
R2014a. The proposed method is tested on 6 thermal units, 1
wind turbineand 32000 BESs. The data for thermal units and
load demand has been taken from [18].The data for wind
turbines are given in [4][19].
(29)

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 2016 International Conference on Cogeneration, Small Power Plants and District Energy (ICUE 2016)
BITEC, Bang-Na, Thailand, 14-16 September 2016

Control settings used for Binary SWT-PSO are:

c1,min 0.5, c1,max 2.5 , c2,min 0.5, c2,max 2.5 ;
Inertia weight factor: wmax 1.0 , wmin 0.8 ; Maximum
number of iterations = 500; Swarm size = 200; Lethargy
factor: Pltg = 0.05; Freak factor: Pfrk = 0.05; Wind cost
coefficient: WPCostdir , j =100, WPCostoe , j =60,
WPCostue , j =60.
Both wind turbineand BES have been added to the network
to generate theelectricity along with the conventional unitsin a
smart manner. In this paper, to show the effect of BES on Fig. 3.Cost and emissionconsidering dispatchable wind
operating cost and emission, two cases are considered: 1) generation without BES.
without BES and 2) with BES. Figure 4 shows hourly PWB dispatching by using SWT-
PSO for the system considering dispatchable wind generation
Case I: Without BES without BES. In Fig. 4, PWB is only dispatched by wind
turbine (W1) throughout 24 h. Similar to Fig. 2, the PWB will
Figure2 shows the simulation result in terms of power be generated at lower limit (-20% of available wind power).
generation by using SWT-PSO for the system considering
dispatchable wind generation without BES. The aggregate
power of wind turbine and BES (PWB) is responsible by only
wind power generation ( PWB = W1). The PWB is
generatedthroughout 24 h at same level and at lower limit (-
20% of available wind power) due to the higher PWB’s cost
than fuel cost forthe most of time. In addition, the amount of
power from this source is less generated comparedwith other
sources.

Fig. 4.PWB dispatching considering dispatchable wind

generation without BES.

Case II: With BES

Figure 5shows the simulation result in terms of power

generation by using SWT-PSO for the system considering
dispatchable wind generation with BES. In Figure4.18the
PWBhas been responsible by both wind power and BES (PWB =
PB + W1). The PWB are similarly generated with case I.

Fig. 2.Power generationconsidering dispatchable wind

generation without BES.

Figure 3 shows the result in terms of cost and emission by

using SWT-PSO for the system considering dispatchable wind
generation without BES. The system cost can be high due to
the high wind cost.

Fig. 5.Power generationconsidering dispatchable wind

generation with BES.

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 2016 International Conference on Cogeneration, Small Power Plants and District Energy (ICUE 2016)
BITEC, Bang-Na, Thailand, 14-16 September 2016

which both charging and discharging of BESs do not exceed

Figure 6 shows the cost and emission by using SWT-PSO its limits.
for the system considering dispatchable wind generation with
BES. Although, the amount of power from PWB is less
generated, the total cost of a system can be affected by the
PWB’s cost because wind cost is very high.However, when the
system includes with BESs, the wind cost can be decreased by
using BES to reduce overestimation and underestimation costs
of wind power generation.

Fig. 8.State of charge (SOC) considering dispatchable

wind generation with BES.

In Table I, with BES the total cost is$ 663,319.5 which is

lower than the system cost of without BESs by $ 3,842.6.
Even though the cost of PWBis very high in comparison with
other sources, but it is required to dispatch at lower limit (-
20% of available wind power). On the other hand, both with
Fig. 6.Cost and emission considering dispatchable wind and without BES provide emission at the same value by
generation with BES. 29,328.0105 kg throughout 24 h because PWB is generated at
same level throughout 24 h instead of power of thermal
Figure 7 shows hourly PWB dispatching by using SWT- generator to reduce GHG emission.In addition, the system
PSO for the system considering dispatchable wind generation both with and without BES, the simulation results of SWT-
with BES. In Fig 7,the PWB is dispatched by both wind turbine PSO are compared with BPSO, PSO-TVAC and APSO. In
(W1) and BES(PB). In this case, BES is charged and wind terms of total cost, it can be seen the proposed method is better
power is dispatched at the same level as available wind power than BPSO, PSO-TVAC and APSO method for both with and
because charging costof BES is lower thanoverestimation cost without BESs. For example, when the system includes with
from grid price of wind power generation. In other words, the BESs, the total cost is decreased by $ 2,454.8, $ 2,377.7 and $
excess power from wind turbines will be stored in the BES. 2,066.1 in comparison with BPSO, PSO-TVAC and APSO
On the other hand, BES is discharged and wind power is method, respectively.
dispatched at the same level as available wind power
becausethe discharging costof BES is lower than the Table I. Comparison of simulation results.
underestimation cost from grid price of wind generation. In BPSO PSO-TVAC APSO SWT-PSO
Fuel cost ($) 298002.7 298016.5 297857.2 297882.8
other words, the shortage of wind power generation is Emission cost ($) 233619.6 233529.3 233471.5 233355.9
With BESs

compensated by BES. Wind cost ($) 129697.3 129696.8 129695.0 129698.6

Batteries cost ($) 4454.6 4454.6 4361.9 4382.2
Total cost ($) 665774.2 665697.2 665385.6 663319.5
Emission (kg) 29182.0 29269.7 29210.6 29328.0
Without BESs

Fuel cost ($) 298002.7 298016.5 297857.2 297882.8

Emission cost ($) 233619.6 233529.3 233471.5 233355.9
Wind cost ($) 137445.4 137444.9 138129.6 137923.4
Total cost ($) 669067.7 668990.7 669458.3 667162.1
Emission (kg) 29182.0 29269.7 29210.6 29328.0

Fig. 7.PWB dispatching considering dispatchable wind
generation with BES.
Figure 8 shows the hourly state of charge (SOC) throughout
24 h considering dispatchable wind generation and BES in
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, SWT-PSO is efficiently and effectively
solving optimal power dispatch considering wind and battery
energy storage cost function.The wind power generation here
is dispatched by using grid price to determine overestimation
and underestimation costs of wind power deviating from wind
power availability.The BES can be used to reduce the
overestimation and underestimation costs because the operator
can choose from either BES or grid power whichever price is
lower to manage such cost each hour. As a result, the cost of
wind power generation will be decreased.Accordingly, SWT-

7

PSO method could provide better average cost and lower
emission on six thermal units, one wind turbine and thirty two
thousands BES system thanBPSO, APSO and PSO-TVAC.
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