Book 3

Volume 1

Protection
Fundamentals
2005 Protection Seminar

Contents

• Fault Fundamentals
• Generator Protection Detailed Calculations and Settings
• Transformer Protection Detailed Calculations and Settings

6190-118th Avenue North – Largo, Florida 33773

www.beckwithelectric.com
 Protection
Fundamentals
Fault Fundamentals
Fault Calculations

2005 Protection Seminar

6190-118th Avenue North – Largo, Florida 33773

www.beckwithelectric.com
Fault Calculations

Version: 9-20-05
 Fault Calculations

Fault Calculations

A review of:

ƒ Nature of Short Circuit Currents

ƒ Fault Types

ƒ Per Unit Quantities

ƒ Symmetrical Components

ƒ Calculation Examples
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Currents

L R

Vmax [sin(ωt + α )] i(t) Fault

di
Vm [ sin(ωt + α ) ] = L + Ri
dt

i(t) = Vmax [ sin(ωt + α – θ) – sin (α - θ)e – R t / L]

Z

sin (ωt + α – θ) = Steady state current

sin (α - θ)e – R t / L = Transient current

 Fault Calculations

Fault Inception Angle

Vmax
I(t) = [ sin (ωt + α – θ) – sin (α - θ)e – R t / L]
Z
Vmax
I(t) = [ sin (ωt + α – θ) – sin (α - θ)]
Z
α = θ th e fa u lt o c c u r s a t V o lta g e m a x :
[ s in (ω t + α – θ ) – s in ( α - θ )] = s in ( ω t)

α - θ = 9 0 º th e fa u lt o c c u r s a t V o lta g e z e ro :
[ s in (ω t + α – θ ) – s in (α - θ )]= s in ( ω t + 9 0 º ) – s in (9 0 º ) = c o s ( ω t) -1

e(t)

Time
α

Time of fault Assume L is constant and R = 0

occurance
 Fault Calculations

Fault at Voltage Maximum

e(t)
i(t)

Time

Time of fault
occurance L is constant an R = 0
 Fault Calculations

Fault at Voltage Zero

i(f) = i(s) + i(t)

i i(t)= transient
e(t) current

i(s)= steady
state current
Time

Time of fault L constant and R = 0

occurance
 Fault Calculations

Fault at Voltage Zero R ≠0

i(t)= transient i(f) = i(s) + i(t)

e(t)
i current
i(s)= steady
state current
Time

α - θ = 90º

Time of fault L is constant and R ≠ 0

occurance
 Fault Calculations

Transient & Subtransient Reactance

jXd"
jXd'
jXd R

i(t) Fault

Vmax [sin(ωt + α )]
 Fault Calculations

Asymmetrical Fault Current

Total Asymmetrical Current

i''max DC Component + AC Component
i'max

imax

Time

R = 0 and L is not constant

 Fault Calculations

Variation of Current with Time

During a Fault
 Fault Calculations

Variation of Generator Reactance

During a Fault
 Fault Calculations

Transient and Subtransient

Reactances

ƒ Instantaneous units are set with short circuit currents

calculated with subtransient reactances, that result in
higher values of current.

ƒ Time delay units can be set using the same values or

the transient reactance, depending on the operating
speed of the protection relays.

ƒ Transient reactance values are generally used in

stability studies.
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculation

Fault Types – Single Phase to Ground

X
ZΦ
AΦ
a
G
X
CΦ BΦ

ZΦ

ZΦ
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Fault Types – Line to Line

AΦ ZΦ

G
CΦ BΦ

ZΦ X

a
X
ZΦ
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Fault Types – Three Phase

X
AΦ ZΦ
a
G
CΦ BΦ

X
ZΦ
a
X
ZΦ
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Example 1– System Impedance

115kV 11.2 Ω 59.5 Ω 25kV

√3 1.56 Ω
√3

Transformer
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Example 1– Equivalent Impedance

115kV + +
Z1 V1 V2 Z2
√3

V1 2 V2 2
V1 A1 = V 2A2 V1 A1 = V2 A2 =
Z1 Z2

V1 2
Z1 = Z 2 x
V2 2
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Example 1– Equivalent Impedance at 25 kV

Z25 = Z115 x
[] 25/√3
115/√3
2

115 kV 25kV
System — 11.2 0.53

Xfrm — 59.5 2.80

 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Example 1– Fault Calculation at 25 kV

0.53 Ω 2.80 Ω 1.56 Ω

25kV
√3
I fault

25kV 25kV
IF = = √3 x 4.89Ω = 2952A
√3 x Σ Z
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Per Unit System

ƒ Convert all system parameters to a common base

ƒ All components at all voltage levels are combined

ƒ Transformers become “transparent” to calculations

ƒ Operating system current and voltage values can be

derived as the last calculation
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Per Unit System

Establish two base quantities:

MVA3Φ
ƒ Standard practice is to define
- Base power – 3 phase
kVL-L - Base voltage – line to line

ƒ Other quantities derived with

basic power equations
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Per Unit System

MVAbase x1000
I base = √3 x kV L-L·base
kV2L-L·base
Z base = MVA
base
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Per Unit System
Per Unit Value = Actual Quantity
Base Quantity
Vpu = Vactual
Vbase
Ipu = Iactual
Ibase
Zpu = Zactual
Zbase
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Per Unit System – Base Conversion
Zpu = Zactual Zbase = kV 2base
Zbase MVAbase

Z1base = MVA1base Z2base = MVA2base X Zactual

kV 1base
2 X Zactual
kV 2
2base

Ratio • Z1base @Z2base =Z1base x kV 21base x MVA2base

Z2base
kV 22base MVA1base
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Per Unit System – Base Conversion

Z2pu = Z2pu x MVA2base

MVA1base

ƒ Use if equipment voltage ratings are the

same as system base voltages.
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Per Unit System – 25 kV Base

Select MVAbase = 100

100 x 103
Ibase = = 2309A
√3 x 25

Zbase = 252 = 6.25Ω

100
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Per Unit System – Transformers

11.5 / 25kV Delta – Grounded Wye

20 / 26.7 / 33.3 MVA Z = 9.0%
Impedance is 0.09 per unit on a 20 MVA
base
Z100 pu = 0.09 x 100 = 0.45 pu
20
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Per Unit System – Example 1

0.08 pu 0.45 pu 0.25 pu

25kV
√3
I fault

1.0 1.0
IF = = 0.78 = 1.28 · pu · amperes
ΣZ
I25kV = 1.28pu x 2309A = 2960A
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Symmetrical Components

“Provides a practical technology for

understanding and analyzing power system
operation during unbalance conditions”

Protective Relaying
Principles and Applications
J. Lewis Blackburn
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Symmetrical Components
Sequence Components

lc1
lb2 la2 la0
lb0
la1 lc0

lb1 lc2

Positive Negative Zero

 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Symmetrical Components
“a” operator

a=1∠ 120° I a1=1∠ 120

I b1=1 a1∠ 240 = a2I a1
1∠ 0° Ic1=1 a1∠ 120 = aI a1

a2=1∠ 240°
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Symmetrical Components
Network Equations

I a = I1 +I 2+I 0 [
I 1 = 1 Ia+aI b+a 2 Ic ]
3
I b = a 2 I 1 +aI 2 +I 0 I2 = 1 [Ia+a 2Ib+aIc]
3

I c = aI 1 +a 2I 2+I 0 I0 = 1 [Ia+Ib+Ic]
3
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Symmetrical Component Vectors
Ic=1 ∠ 120

a=1 ∠ 120° Ia=1 ∠ 0

a 2 =1 ∠ 240 °
Ib=1 ∠ 240

[
I 1 = 1/3 Ia+aI b +a 2I c ]
aI b = 1 ∠ 120 ° x 1 ∠ 240 ° = 1 ∠ 360 °
I 1=1/3 I a
a 2 I c= 1 ∠ 240° x 1 ∠ 120° = 1 ∠ 360 °

I 2 = 1/3 [Ia+a 2Ib+aIc]

a 2 I b= 1 ∠ 240° x 1 ∠ 240° = 1 ∠ 120 °
aI c= 1 ∠ 120 ° x 1 ∠ 120 ° = 1 ∠ 240 ° I2 = 0
 Fault Calculations

Symmetrical Components
Network Equations

I a = I1 +I 2+I 0
In three phase systems, the
neutral current is equal to
I b = a 2 I 1 +aI 2 +I 0
In = (Ia + Ib + Ic) and,
therefore, In = 3Io.

I c = aI 1 +a 2I 2+I 0
 Fault Calculations

Symmetrical Components
Network Equations

The same equations apply to the voltages:

ƒ Va0 = 1/3(Va + Vb + Vc)

ƒ Va1 = 1/3(Va + aVb + a2Vc)

ƒ Va2 = 1/3(Va + a2Vb + aVc)

 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Symmetrical Components
Network Representations
Z1

1 pu I1

Positive
Sequence Z2

I2

Negative
Sequence Z0

I0

Zero Sequence
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Symmetrical Components
Three Phase Fault

Z1
X
1 pu I1

Positive Sequence
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Symmetrical Components
Phase to Phase Fault
Z1
X
1 pu I1

Positive Sequence

Z2
X
I2

Negative Sequence
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Symmetrical Components
Phase to Ground Fault
Z1
X
1 pu I1

Positive Sequence

Z2
X
I2

Negative Sequence

Z0
X
I0

Zero Sequence
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Symmetrical Components
Open Conductor Condition
Z1
X
1 pu I1

Positive Sequence
Z2
X
I2

Negative Sequence

Z0
X
I0

Zero Sequence
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Symmetrical Components
Transformer Representations

H L
Z 1 or Z2

N1 or N2

Grounded Wye - Grounded Wye

H L
Z0

N0
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Symmetrical Components
Transformer Representations

H L
Z 1 or Z2

N1 or
N2
Delta - Grounded Wye
H L
Z0
N0
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Symmetrical Components
Transformer Representations

H L
Z 1 or Z 2

R
N 1 or N2

Delta-Grounded Wye H L
with Grounding Resistor Z0

In = (Ia + Ib + Ic) N0
3R
In = 3I0 G
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Symmetrical Components
Three Phase Fault

1 pu
0.08 pu 0.45 pu 0.25 pu I1

I 2 = I0 = 0
I a = I1 + I2 + I0 = I1 = 1.28 pu A
Ib = a2 I1 I c = a I1
I 25kV = 1.28 pu x 2309 A = 2960 A
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Symmetrical Components
Phase to Ground Fault
0.08 pu 0.45 pu 0.25 pu
X

1 pu

Positive Sequence
I1 = I 2 = I 0
I1 = 1.0 = 1pu = 0.35puA 0.08 pu 0.45 pu 0.25 pu
ΣZ 2.86 pu
X

Ia = I 1 + I 2 + I 0 = 1.05puA
Negative Sequence
I25k V = 1.05 x 2309 = 2424 A

0.27 pu 0.45 pu 0.95 pu

X

Zero Sequence
 Fault Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Symmetrical Components
Phase to Ground Fault
0.08 pu 0.45 pu
X
Transformer Low
1 pu I1
Side Faults
Positive Sequence
I1 = I 2 = I 0
I 1 = 1.0 = 1pu = 0.66 puA 0.08 pu 0.45 pu
ΣZ 1.51pu
X
I2
I a = I 1 + I 2 + I 0 = 1.99puA
Negative Sequence
I 25k V = 1.99 x 2309 =4595A X

0.27 pu 0.45 pu

I0

Zero Sequence
 Fault Calculations

References
ƒ Blackburn, J. I., Protective Relaying Principles and Applications, Marcel
Dekker, Inc., copyright 1987

ƒ Blackburn, J. I., Symmetrical Components for Power Systems Engineering,

Marcel Dekker, Inc., copyright 1993

ƒ ABB Power T&D Co., Protective Relaying Theory and Application, Marcel
Dekker, Inc., copyright 1994

ƒ Stevenson, W.D., Elements of Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book

Company, Inc., copyright 1962

ƒ IEEE Std 242-1986, IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and

Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems

ƒ Cooper Power Systems, Electrical Distribution System Protection, copyright

1990, Third Edition
 Protection
Fundamentals
Generator Protection Detailed
Calculations and Settings

Relay Setting Calculations

2005 Protection Seminar

6190-118th Avenue North – Largo, Florida 33773

www.beckwithelectric.com
Generator Protection
Relay Setting Calculations

Version: 08-07-05
 Setting Calculations

Generator Protection
Sample Relay Setting Calculations

ƒ The sample calculations shown here illustrate

steps involved in calculating the relay settings
for generator protection.

ƒ Other methodologies and techniques may be

applied to calculate relay settings based on
specific applications.
 Setting Calculations

One Line Diagram

One Line Diagram

XT = 10%
 Setting Calculations

V84.2 GENERATOR TYPE TLRI 93/33-36 COSΘ=0.85

DESCRIPTIONS RATED CURVE A CURVE B
@ 40.0° C @ 15.0° C @ 10.0° C
APPARENT POWER (MVA) 125.0 150.0 155.0
ACTIVE POWER (MW) 106.2 127.5 131.7
POWER FACTOR / FREQUENCY (HZ) 0.85 / 60 0.85 / 60 0.85 / 60
STATOR CURRENT (kA) 5.230 6.276 6.485
RATED VOLTAGE (kV) 13.8 13.8 13.8
COLD AIR TEMPERATURE (° C) 40.0 15.0 10.0

VOLTAGE RANGE (%) -5.0 / +5.0

TYPE OF EXCITATION STATIONARY
STANDARD ANSI / IEC
INSULATION CLASS B
STATOR WINDING
TYPE OF COOLING INDIRECT
COOLING MEDIUM AIR
HEAT LOSSES DISSAPATED AT RATED LOAD 222.4 KW
STATOR CORE
TYPE OF COOLING RADIAL
COOLING MEDIUM AIR
HEAT LOSSES DISSAPATED AT RATED LOAD 237.0 KW
ROTOR WINDING
TYPE OF COOLING DIRECT RADIAL
COOLING MEDIUM AIR
HEAT LOSSESS DISSAPATED AT RATED LOAD 287.7 KW
STATOR WINDING – SLOT TEMPERATURE RISE 62.8° K
ROTOR WINDING – AVERAGE TEMPERATURE RISE 71.1° Κ
 Setting Calculations

V84.2 GENERATOR TYPE TLRI 93/33-36 COSΘ=0.85

EFFICIENCIES

RELATIVE TO: RATED AT CURVE A CURVE B

OUTPUT (MVA) 125.0 150.0 155.0
POWER FACTOR 0.85 0.85 0.85
COLD GAS TEMPERATURE (°C) 40.0 15.0 10.0
STATIONARY 98.46 % 98.47 % 98.46%
- 100% LOAD
- 75% LOAD 98.32% 98.42% 98.43%
- 50% LOAD 97.88% 98.11% 98.15%
- 25% LOAD 96.32% 96.85% 96.94%

OUTPUT AND ALLOWABLE LOAD UNBALANCE

CONTINUOUS LOAD UNBALANCE – PERMISSIBLE I2 10%
SHORT TIME ( K= I22 t) 30
OUTPUT AT DEVIATING COLD AIR TEMPERATURE ΔT=0.8% / °K
OUTPUT LIMIT WITH 1 COOLER SECTION OUT OF SERVICE 67%
OUTPUT AT COS Θ=0 58.5
- UNDER – EXCITED (MVAR)
- OVER – EXCITED (MVAR) 91.3
- CURVE A (15° C) (MVAR) 109.6

- CURVE B (10° C) (MVAR) 113.6

 Setting Calculations

V84.2 GENERATOR TYPE TLRI 93/33-36 COSΘ=0.85

GENERATOR – EXCITER CURRENTS AND VOLTAGES
GENERATOR EXCITER CURRENTS AND VOLTAGES
LOAD
RATED CURVE A CURVE B
@ 40.0° C @15.0° C @10.0° C
CURRENT FIELD CURRENT FIELD CURRENT FIELD
VOLTAGE VOLTAGE VOLTAGE
(A) (V) (A) (V) (A) (V)
NO LOAD 298 142 - - - -
125% LOAD 1011 480 - - - -
100% LOAD 822 391 970 459 1003 476
75% LOAD 662 314 - - - -
50% LOAD 519 247 - - - -
25% LOAD 395 188 - - - -

REACTANCES BASE MVA = 125 MVA

D-AXIS SUB-TRANSIENT XD ″ UNSAT 19.3% XD″ SAT 15.6%
D-AXIS TRANSIENT XD′ UNSAT 27.2% XD′ SAT 24.5%
D-AXIS SYNCHRONOUS XD UNSAT 206.8% - -
Q-AXIS SUB-TRANSIENT XQ ″ UNSAT 21.2% XQ″ SAT 17.2%
Q-AXIS TRANSIENT XQ′ UNSAT 51.3% XQ′ SAT 46.1%
Q-AXIS SYNCHRONOUS XQ UNSAT 196.4% - -

NEG PHASE SEQUENCE X2 UNSAT 20.3% X2 SAT 16.4%

ZERO PHASE SEQUENCE X0 10.9% - -
POTIER XP 26.8% - -
STATOR LEAKAGE XSLG 15.1% - -

NO LOAD SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO SAT. 0.57

 Setting Calculations

V84.2 GENERATOR TYPE TLRI 93/33-36 COSΘ=0.85

TIME CONSTANTS

D-AXIS SUB-TRANSIENT XD΄΄ SHORT 0.031 S TDO΄΄ NO-LOAD 0.045 S

CIRCUIT
D-AXIS TRANSIENT TD΄ SHORT 0.873 S TDO΄ NO-LOAD 7.150 S
CIRCUIT
Q-AXIS SUB-TRANSIENT XQ΄΄ SHORT 0.068 S TQO΄΄ NO-LOAD 0.150 S
CIRCUIT

Q-AXIS TRANSIENT TQ΄ SHORT 0.534 S TQO΄ NO-LOAD 2.500 S

CIRCUIT

DC TIME CONSTRAINT TA 0.030 S - -

RESISTANCES

OF STATOR WINDINGS @20° C RA20 0.001674 Ω

OF ROTOR WINDINGS @20° C RF20 0.3501 Ω
POSITIVE SEQUENCE R1 0.367%
INVERSE SEQUENCE R2 3.201%
NULL SEQUENCE R0 0.267%
Setting Calculations
 Setting Calculations

Nominal Voltages and Currents

Voltages and currents that are present

at the input terminals when the
generator is operating at rated voltage
and current.
 Setting Calculations

Voltage Inputs
Open Delta-Open Delta VT, secondary wired L-L
13.8kVLL VT Ratio = 14,440 / 120 = 120
A B C

13,800 / 120 = 115 V

VT Type: Line-to-Line
VNOM = 115 V
 Setting Calculations

Voltage Inputs, 3Y-3Y VT, secondary wired L-L

Example:
Generator rating VL-L = 13,800V
VT Ratio = 14,400/120V = 120/1

13,800V

= 120

13,800/120 = 115

M-3425A

VT Type: Line-to-Line
VNOM = 115 V
 Setting Calculations

Voltage Inputs
3Y-3Y VT, secondary wired L-G
Example:
Generator rating VL-L = 13,800V VT Type: Line-to-Ground
VT Ratio = 14,400/120V = 120 VNOM = 115/√3 = 66.4 V
A
13,800 V
B
C 14,440
VT Ratio = 14,410
120V
120

13,800
√3

a
b V = 115
c NOMINAL √3 =66.5 Line-to-Ground
 Setting Calculations

Voltage Inputs
3Y-3Y VT, secondary wired L-G (L-G to L-L selection)
Use of L-L Quantities for Phase Voltage-based elements

ƒ The “Line-Ground to Line-Line” selection should

be used when it is desired to provide the phase
voltage-based elements (27, 59, 24 functions) with
phase-to-phase voltages

ƒ They will not operate for neutral shifts that can

occur during stator ground faults on high
impedance grounded generators

ƒ The oscillograph in the relays will record line-

ground voltage to provide stator ground fault
phase identification
 Setting Calculations

Neutral Shift on Ground Fault:

High Impedance Grounded Generator
C
B
System
A

a
SLG Fault
Van=Vag

n=g ground a
vag=0
Van= -Vng
c b
Vbn=Vbg Vbn=Vbg Vcg Vbg
n

High
Impedance c b
Ground
Vcn Vbn

ƒ A ground fault will cause LG connected

phase elements through a 3Y-3Y VT to
have undervoltage or overvoltage
(depending on faulted phase)
 Setting Calculations

Voltage Inputs
3Y-3Y VT, secondary wired L-G
Use of L-L Quantities for Phase Voltage-based elements
Example:
Generator rating VL-L = 13,800V
VT Ratio = 14,400/120V A
13,800 V
B
C 14,440
VT Ratio = 14,410
120
120V
13,800
√3

a
b V = 115
c NOMINAL √3 =66.5 Line-to-Ground

Software converts
VT Type: LG to LL (66.4V) voltages to
LG (66.5V)
VNOM = 115 V LL (115V) quantities
 Setting Calculations

Current Inputs

ƒ Determine primary current at rated power

¾ Ipri nom = MVA*106 / √3*VLL
¾ Ipri nom = 125*106/(1.732*13800)
¾ Ipri nom = 5,230 A

ƒ Convert to secondary value

¾ Ct ratio is denoted as RC
¾ RC = 8000/5 = 1600
¾ Isec nom = I pri nom/RC
¾ Isec nom = 5230/1600
¾ Isec nom = 3.27 A

INOM = 3.27A
 Setting Calculations

59N – Neutral Overvoltage (Gen)

IS

VLL Rating = 13,800 V

PRIS

IS = 3.5 x 13,800 = 201.3A

240
V59N = 0.7 x 201.3 = 140.9V

Therefore, for a terminal L-G fault, there will

be 140.9 V supplied to the 59N element
 Setting Calculations

59N – Neutral Overvoltage (Gen)

ƒ 59N setpoint # 1 = 5.4 V, 2 ~ 10 sec.

ƒ This is a standard setting which will provide

protection for about 96% of the stator winding
- The neutral-end 4% of the stator winding will be
protected by the 27TN or 59D elements

ƒ 59N setpoint #1 time delay should be set longer

than the clearing time for a 69 KV fault
- GSU transformer-winding capacitance will cause a
voltage displacement at the neutral. 10 seconds
should be long enough to avoid this situation, or
the voltage generated at the neutral resistor can
be calculated and a high enough setting with small
delay may be applied.
 Setting Calculations

59N – Neutral Overvoltage (Gen)

ƒ 59N Setpoint #2 = 35 V,
5 sec. (300 cycles)
Note: Setpoints should be
coordinated with low
voltage secondary VT
fuses

ƒ 59N #3 can be used for

alarm and trigger an
oscillograph (set to 5 V
at 1 sec)
 Setting Calculations
27TN – Third Harmonic Undervoltage

27TN – Third Harmonic Undervoltage

ƒ 27TN is set by measurement of

third harmonic voltage during

3rd H arm o n ic V o ltag e

commissioning
1.50
ƒ Observe 3rd
harmonic voltage 1.25
under various loading conditions 1.00

ƒ Set the 27TN pickup to 50% of the 0.75

observed minimum 0.50

0.25
ƒ Set power and other supervisions Desired Minimum Setting

as determined from the data 10% 30% 50% 70% 90%

collected above 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Power / VAr
 Setting Calculations

27TN – Third Harmonic Undervoltage

 Setting Calculations

27TN Third Harmonic Neutral Undervoltage

The 27TN function overlaps with the 59N function to

provide 100% stator ground fault protection. See the
graph below.

Overlap of Third Harmonic (27TN) with 59N Relay

 Setting Calculations

59N – Neutral Overvoltage (Bus)

ƒ 59N is connected to a
broken-delta VT input
on the line side of the
14,400 generator breaker for
120 V VT ungrounded system
bus protection
ƒ The system is
ungrounded when
backfed from the GSU
and the generator
disconnect switch is
open
3EO = 3 x 66.5 = 200 V
 Setting Calculations

59N – Neutral Overvoltage (Bus)

ƒ The maximum voltage for a solidly-grounded

fault is 3 x 66.5 = 200 V.

ƒ Because of the inaccuracies between the VTs,

there can be some normal unbalanced
voltages.

ƒ 59N Setpoint #1 Pick-up = 12 V, 12 sec

(720 cycles)

ƒ 59N Setpoint # 2 Pick-up = 35 V, 5.5 sec

(330 cycles)
 Setting Calculations

46 – Negative Sequence
Nameplate
ƒ 10% continuous capability of stator rating (125 MVA),
the same as that stipulated in ANSI/IEEE C37.102.
ƒ The K factor is 30.
Set Inverse Time Element for Trip
ƒ Pick-up for tripping the unit (Inverse Time) = 9%
ƒ K=29
ƒ Definite Maximum time = 65,500 cycles.
Set Definite Time Element for Alarm
ƒ Pickup =5%
ƒ Time delay = 30 sec (1800 cycles). Note that 30 sec
should be longer than a 69 KV system fault clearing
time.
 Setting Calculations

46 – Negative Sequence
Check the response of the 46 function for high-side (69 kV)
phase-to-phase faults.

Relay operating time is

7 seconds for 69 kV
faults. This should
provide adequate
coordination with 69
kV system.
 Setting Calculations

Negative Sequence Overcurrent (46)

46IT Pickup=9%
Definite maximum time (65,500 cycles)

Pickup 5%
46DT Alarm

Time Delay = 30 s

46IT, K=29
 Setting Calculations

46 – Negative Sequence

29
 Setting Calculations

87G – Generator Differential

CT’s are of C800 Standard quality

Check for the maximum three-phase fault on the terminals of the generator to
determine the secondary current for the worst-case external fault.
Short Circuit Calculation: 125 MVA base

X”d (saturated) = 15.6%

V
X”d Ipu = = 100 ≈ 6.4 p.u.
l 15.6
lPRI (13.8 kV) = 5,230 x 6.4 = 33,472 A
lPRI = 33,472 = 20.92 A
ISEC =
RC 1600
Values shown above are from
generator test sheet
 Setting Calculations
125 MVA base
100 100
lpu = = 15.6 + 10
87G – Generator Differential X”d + XT
= 100 = 3.9
Short-Circuit Calculation – 69 KV fault: 25.6
lPRI (13.8 kV) = 3.9 x 5,230 = 20,397
(125 MVA)

X”d lsec = lPRl = 20,397 = 12.75A

RC 1600

Values shown above are

From generator test sheet
CT’s should perform well since the maximum current is only 21 A secondary for worst-case short circuit.

Setting Summary
Pick-up = 0.3 A (480 A primary sensitivity)
Slope = 10%
45°
Time Delay = 1 cycle VS
(if ct saturation is possible time delay should be VK
increased to 5 cycles)
CT Requirement Check
Rctr RW RR

VS IS
Rctr = CT Resistance
Rw = Wiring Resistance VK > VS
RR = Relay Burden = 0.5 VA @ 5A
= 0.02Ω
 Setting Calculations

87G – Generator Differential

IEEE GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION OF CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
IEEE Std C37.110-1996
 Setting Calculations

87G – Generator Differential

 Setting Calculations

24 – Volts/Hertz (Overfluxing)
1.40
p.u.
•
1.35

•
1.30

1.25

1.20 •

1.15

•
1.10
•

1.05

1.00
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
time

Overfluxing Capability, Diagram

 Setting Calculations

24 – Volts/Hertz (Overfluxing)

10000
Inverse Time Element Generator V/Hz Capability
Pickup = 110%
V/Hz Protection Curve (Inverse)
Curve #2
V/Hz Protection Curve (Definite time)
1000
K= 4.9

t = 60 e (115 +2.5 K −VHz ) / 4.8858

Time in sec

100
Alarm Settings:
Definite Element #2
Pickup = 106%
Definite time element #1
Time Delay = 3 sec Pickup = 135%
10 Time Delay = 4 sec

0.1
100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145

V/Hz in percent of nominal

ƒ Protection can be provided with an inverse time element (24IT) in

combination with a definite time element (24DT#1)
ƒ Another definite time element (24DT#2) can be used for
alarm with a typical pickup of 106% and a time delay of
3 sec
 Setting Calculations

24 – Volts/Hertz (Overfluxing)
 Setting Calculations

50/27 – Inadvertent Energizing

The 27/50 inadvertent energizing element senses the value of the current for
an inadvertent energizing event using the equivalent circuit below.
X2 = 16.4 %
Values shown above are from
generator test sheet

X1SYS = 6.25%
X2
All reactances on generator base (125 MVA)

Where X2 is the negative sequence reactance of the generator

The current can be calculated as follows:
I = ES/(X2 + XT1 + X1SYS)
= 100/(16.4 + 10 + 6.25)
= 3.06 pu
= 3.06 x 5230 = 16,004 A
 Setting Calculations

50/27 – Inadvertent Energizing

The relay secondary current = 16004/RC
= 16004/1600 = 10 A
Set the overcurrent pickup at 50% of this value.
The overcurrent element pickup = 0.50 x 10 = 5A.
For situations when lines out of the plant are removed from service,
X1SYS can be larger. Considering this case set 50 element pickup at
125% of full load or 4.0 A. Many users set the 50 Relay below full load
current for more sensitivity, which is ok.
The undervoltage element pickup should be set to 40 to 50% of the
nominal value:
The undervoltage pickup = 0.4 x 66.5 V = 26.6 V
The pickup time delay for the 27 element should be set longer than
system fault clearing time.
Typical value is 5 sec (300 cycles)
The dropout time delay is set to 7 sec (420 cycles).
 Setting Calculations

50/27 – Inadvertent Energizing

27
 Setting Calculations

Voltage Control/Restraint Overcurrent (51V)

System Configuration with Multiple In-Feeds

ƒ Provide backup for system phase faults
ƒ Difficult to set: must coordinate with system backup protection
ƒ Coordinate general setting criteria
- backup relaying time
- breaker failure
- Consideration should be given to system emergency conditions.
 Setting Calculations

Voltage Control/Restraint Overcurrent (51V)

ƒ Voltage control/restraint needed because of generator fault current decay

Typical Settings:
ƒ Voltage Control (VC): set 51V pickup at a percent of full load (40-50%)
ƒ Voltage Restraint (VR): set 51V pickup at about 150% of full load
 Setting Calculations

51V Voltage Restraint Overcurrent

This function provides backup protection for phase faults out in the power
system. Set this relay for Voltage Restraint mode, It will have the following
characteristic.

% Pickup

Input Voltage (% of rated voltage)

Where % pickup is the adjusted pickup current based on the voltage

as a percent of pickup setting.
Pickup = 1.5 x Generator Full Load Rating
IFL = 3.27A
∴ Ip.u. = 3.27A x 1.5=4.905 ≈ 4.9 A
 Setting Calculations

Voltage Control/Restraint Overcurrent (51V)

Calculate the fault current for a 69 KV fault (3-phase)

X”d XT .

I3φ = V = 100% = 100 = 100 = 3.9 p.u.

I X″d+ XT 15.6 + 10 25.6

Ip.u. = 5,230 ∴ I3φ = 3.9 x 5,230 = 20,397

Isec = 20,397 = 20,397

= 12.75 A
RC 1600

ƒ Two types of 51V relays

- Voltage Control (VC)
- Voltage Restrained (VR)
 Setting Calculations

Setting Summary
Pickup = 4.9A
Definite Time Curve
Time Dial = 4.2 to get 1.0 sec clearing time for 69KV
fault.
Vdrop = 10 x 100% = 39% drop
15.6 + 10

Vgen = 61% for 69KV fault

Determine 51V operation time for 69KV fault as follows:

Multiples of pickup for a bolted fault on 69KV bus:
= 12.75 A = 4.26 x pickup
(4.9 x .61)
 Setting Calculations

Definite Time Overcurrent Curve

Time in Seconds

12.75 /(4.9 x 0.61) = 4.25

Current in Multiples of Pickup
 Setting Calculations

Voltage Control/Restraint Overcurrent (51V)

Now calculate the lowest fault current for a 3-phase fault:

Assumptions:

ƒ Generator was not loaded prior to fault

ƒ Automatic Voltage Regulator was off-line
ƒ Transient and Subtransient times have elapsed and the machine
reactance has changed to its steady state value (Xd).

The fault current is given by the same equivalent circuit except

replace the subtransient reactance of the generator with synchronous
reactance (Xd) of 206.8 pu.

I = E /(Xd + XT)

I = 100/((206.8+10) = 0.46 pu
= 0.46 x 3.27 = 1.5 A (relay).
 Setting Calculations

Voltage Control/Restraint Overcurrent (51V)

It can be seen that for a bolted 3-phase fault (at the transformer terminals), the
current is less than 50% of the full load current. This is the reason why we need
to apply Voltage restraint/Voltage control setting for overcurrent function.
The voltage at the generator terminals during this condition is given by:
V = (E x XT)/(Xd + XT)
= 100 x (10/206.8+10) = 0.04612 pu
= 0.04612 x 115 = 5.3 V
Since the voltage is below 25% of the rated voltage, the overcurrent pickup will
be 25% of the setting:
Overcurrent pickup = 4.9/4 = 1.225 A.
Since the fault current is 1.5 A, the multiple of pickup is 1.5/1.225 = 1.23 multiple.
With time dial setting of 4.2 and definite time curve, the relay operating time is
around 5.0 seconds.
Since the actual fault current during transient and subtransient periods are much
higher than 1.5 A the operating time will be between 1 and 5 seconds.
 Setting Calculations

Voltage Control/Restraint Overcurrent (51V)

=>Enable Voltage Restraint

=>Do not select blocking on VT fuse loss (only for
Beckwith Relays, other relays may require blocking).
VT fuse-loss blocking is not required for Voltage
restraint and it is only required for Voltage Control. For
voltage restraint the relay will internally keep the 51V
pickup at 100% during VT fuse-loss condition.
 Setting Calculations

System Phase Fault Backup (21)

ƒ Provides protection for failure of system primary relaying

ƒ Provides protection for breaker failure

ƒ Must balance sensitivity vs. security

- loadability
- load swings
 Setting Calculations

System Phase Fault Backup (21)

For a fault at F the approximate apparent impedance effect is:

 Setting Calculations

System Phase Fault Backup (21)

Transformer Transformer Delta- Transformer Delta-

Direct Connected AC Connected AB Connected

VT Connection VT Connection VT Connection

L-L or L-G L-L or L-G L-L or L-G
L-G to L-L L-G to L-L L-G to L-L
VAB VA-VB VBC-VAB VB-VO VAB-VCA Va-Vo
AB Fault Ia-Ib Ia-Ib (3)Ib Ib (3)Ia Ia
VBC VB-VC VCA-VBC VC-VO VBC-VAB Vb-Vo
BC Fault Ib-Ic Ib-Ic (3)Ic Ic (3)Ib Ib
VCA VC-VA VAB-VCA VA-VO VCA-VBC Vc-Vo
CA Fault Ic-Ia Ic-Ia (3)Ia Ia (3)Ic Ic
 Setting Calculations

System Phase Fault Backup (21)

0.85 power factor corresponds to 31.8º

 Setting Calculations

21 Phase Distance
The 21 function should be set to provide system backup protection.
To 5559 line 96
line 86 To PP4
3976 3975
line 87
To sub 47
125 MVA base 3977 3974
10%
line 97 To sub PP4
GEN
69 KV
4,000 foot cable 3978 3973
3972
21
line 94
To line 83 To PP4

All breakers have breaker failure protection. All lines out of the substation
have high-speed pilot wire protection. The 4,000 foot cable of 69 KV is
protected by a HC8-1 pilot wire scheme. We need to provide backup if this
high-speed scheme fails. Set 21-2 unit to look into the substation.
Typical 69 KV cable impedance: (0.2 + j0.37)% per mile
= (0.2 + j0.37) x 4000 = (0.152 + j0.28)% @100 MVA
5280
Change base to:
= (0.152 + j0.28)x (125/100) = (0.19 + j0.35)%
 Setting Calculations

Zone-1 Settings:
125 MVA base
10% or 0.10 p.u.
Zone-1 will be set to look into the low side
of the step-up transformer, but not into the
(0.19 + j0.35)%
69kV system. GEN
The transformer impedance is 0.1 pu on 21 69 KV
generator base: 4,000 foot cable
The secondary (relay) impedance = 0.1 x
20.3 = 2.03 Ω.
Set zone 21-1 into generator step-up transformer but short of 69 kV bus.
A margin of .8 is used to compensate for LTC.
(0.1 for margin, and 0.1 for the LTC variation)
2.03 x .8 = 1.60Ω
Setting Summary for 21-1
Diameter =1.6 Ω
Time delay = 0.5 sec. (30 cycles)
Angle of maximum torque: 85°
60FL supervised
 Setting Calculations

Zone-2 Settings:

Zone-2 will be set to look up to the substation bus.

Calculate zone 21-2 setting as follows:
(0.19 + j0.35) + j10.0 = 0.19 + j10.35 ≈ 10.35%
Set zone 21-2 with 1.3 margin:
∴10.35% x 1.3 ≈ 13.45%
From our earlier calculations 1.0 pu secondary (relay) impedance = 20.3 Ω
Then the Zone-2 reach setting is: 0.1345 x 20.3 = 2.73 Ω.

Setting Summary for 21-2

Diameter = 2.73 Ω
Time delay = 1.0 sec (60 cycles). This should cover backup clearing
for fault on transmission (69 KV) system. Most lines have a dual
primary.
Angle of maximum torque: 85°
60FL supervised
 Setting Calculations

Phase Distance (21) jX

Z2

2.7 Ω Z1
1.6 Ω 85o
Z2 reach at
RPFA 1.62 (31.8o)
0 R
RPFA: Rated Power Factor Angle
Generator loadability considerations:
Z2 at RPFA should not exceed 150 to 200 % of generator rating
In our example Zone-2 reach at RPFA should not exceed
50% to 66.66% of 1.0 pu impedance (200% to 150% load).
50% impedance = 10.15 Ohms at 0.85 pf (31.8o)
With Zone-2 set at 2.7 Ohms and MTA of 85o the reach at RPFA of
31.8o = 2.73 x (Cos (MTA-RPFA) = 1.64 Ohms.
Normal load will not encroach into the Zone-2 characteristic.
 Setting Calculations

(21) – Phase Distance

 Setting Calculations

50BF – Generator Breaker Failure

Based on our earlier calculations the steady state bolted fault current for
a 3-phase fault at the transformer terminals is 1.5 A (relay secondary).
Set the 50BF phase function below 1 A which is below the fault current.
Set the breaker failure time longer than the maximum clearing time of the
breaker and margin.
Initiate it with all relays that can trip the generator breaker. Set the 50BF
Timer: 4(margin) + 1(accuracy) + 5(breaker time) = 10 cycles.
Use the programmable inputs to initiate breaker failure for all relays that
trip the generator breaker.

Setting Summary
50BF = 1 A
Timer = 10 cycles
Initiate breaker failure with programmable inputs from external trip
commands. Initiate breaker failure with the outputs (from internal
trip commands) connected to trip.
 Setting Calculations

50BF – Generator Breaker Failure

1.00

Breaker Failure Trip Output

BFI
BFI
Output Initiate – Output contacts within M-3425A that trip
generator breaker.
Input Initiate – Input into breaker failure logic tripping of
generator breaker of other trip device – i.e., turbine trip,
other relays.
 Setting Calculations

Field Tests of the 64F

Safety Considerations

ƒ The signal applied by the M-3425

64F is less than 20Vp-p.
ƒ Generator and Field must be
de-energized for this test.
ƒ All test equipment must be
removed prior to energization.
 Setting Calculations

Field Tests of the 64F

Initial Conditions:
ƒ Field breaker closed
ƒ Relay energized
ƒ Generator and excitation system
must be ground free
(resistance field-ground >100Kohms)
Test Setup:
ƒ Connect a decade box (0-100K range)
between the field winding and ground
Injection Frequency Adjustment:
Decade 1. Set the decade box to 50K ohms
Box
2. Monitor the measured field
resistance on the M-3425 status
screen and adjust the injection
frequency setting until a 50K ohm
reading is obtained.
3. Reset the decade box to 5K and
check the measured resistance.
Reset the decade box to 90K and
check the measured resistance.
4. Fine tune the injection frequency
for best overall performance
5. Disconnect the decade box
 Setting Calculations

Field Ground Fault Protection

Real-Time Insulation Measurements

Field Insulation
Real-Time Monitoring
 Setting Calculations

Field Tests of the 64F

Setting the 64F:
ƒ General Guidelines
- Setting should not exceed
60% of ungrounded
resistance reading to
prevent nuisance tripping
ƒ Typical settings
- #1 Alarm 20 K ohms, 600
cyc delay
- #2 Trip 5 K ohms, 300 cyc
delay
- Time delay setting must
be greater than 2/finjection
 Setting Calculations

Field Tests of the 64F

ƒ Factors affecting 64F
Brushes performance

- Excitation systems have

capacitors installed
between the +/- field and
ground for shaft voltage
and surge suppression.
To minimize this effect,
injection frequency may
be adjusted downwards
at the expense of
response time.
 Setting Calculations

Field Tests of the 64B

Initial Conditions:
ƒ Field breaker closed
ƒ Relay energized
ƒ Generator and excitation system
must be ground free (resistance
field-ground >100Kohms)

Brush lift-off simulation:

ƒ Using the M-3425 secondary
metering screen or the status
display, record the unfaulted
brush voltage.
ƒ Remove the machine ground
connection and record the faulted
brush voltage.
ƒ Restore the ground connection
 Setting Calculations

Field Ground Fault Protection

Real-Time Measurement

Brush Voltage
 Setting Calculations

Field Test of the 64B

Setting the 64B:

ƒ General Guidelines:
- 64B pickup = unfaulted voltage + 0.5 (faulted brush
voltage-unfaulted brush voltage)
- 64B delay = 600cyc
ƒ Factors affecting 64B performance:
- The brush voltage rise (faulted brush voltage-
unfaulted brush voltage) varies directly with the
capacitance between the rotor and ground.
Therefore machines with lower capacitance will
exhibit a smaller change in brush voltage when
faulted. These machines may require
experimentation to yield a pickup setting that
provides the necessary security and sensitivity.
 Setting Calculations

64F/B - Field Ground Protection

300

600

0.5
 Setting Calculations

40 – Loss of Field
Generator Ratings (Primary):

Rated (base) MVA = 125

Rated (base) Phase-PhaseVoltage (VB): 13.8 kV
Rated (base) Current (IB) = MVA x 103/(√3 VB)
= 5,230 A
Secondary (Relay) quantities:
CT Ratio (RC) = 8000/5 = 1600
VT Ratio (RV) = 14400/120 = 120
Nominal VT Secondary (VNOM): = VB/ RV
= 13.8 x 103/120 = 115 V
Nominal CT Secondary (INOM): = IB/ RC
= 5230/1600 = 3.27 A
Nominal (1.0 pu) impedance = VNOM/INOM
= 115/ (√3 x 3.27)
= 20.3 Ω
 Setting Calculations

40 – Loss of Field

X’d/2

Zone 1

Zone 2
 Setting Calculations

40 – Loss of Field (Scheme 1)

Generator Parameters (125 MVA base)

Xd = 2.068 pu

X' = 0.245 pu
d

Zone-1 Settings
Diameter: 1.0 pu = 1.0 x 20.3 = 20.3 ohms

Offset = - X ' /2 = (0.245/2)x20.3 = -2.5 ohms

d

Time Delay = 5 cycles

Zone-2 Settings
Diameter: X = 2.068 x 20.3 = 42.0 ohms
d

Offset = -X' /2 = (0.245/2)x20.3 = -2.5 ohms

d

Time Delay = 30 cycles

 Setting Calculations

40 – Loss of Field

0 R
X’d = 2.5 Ω
2

Zone 1
1.0 p.u. = 20.3 Ω

Xd = 42.0 Ω

Zone 2

-X
 Setting Calculations

Generator Characteristics
20

Overexcited
Real Power into the System
R e a ctiv e P o w e r in to th e G e n e ra to r

P (MW)
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Underexcited
-20
MEL GCC

-40
SSSL
MEL
GCC
-60
Q (M v a r)_ )

SSSL

-80

ƒ If it is possible, it is desirable to fit the relay characteristic

between the steady state stability limit and generator
capability curve.
 Setting Calculations

Loss of Filed Settings on the R-X Plane

10

(Scheme – 1) jX MEL
GCC
SSSL
R
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

-10

Zone 2 Zone 1
-20

-30

-40

-50
 Setting Calculations

Loss Field Settings on P-Q Plane

(Scheme – 1)

20

Overexcited
Real Power into the System P (MW)
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

-20 Underexcited
GCC
MEL
Reactive Power into the Generator

SSSL
-40
MEL
GCC
-60 SSSL

Zone 2
-80

-100
Q (Mvar)_

-120 Zone 1

-140
 Setting Calculations

40 – Loss of Field (Scheme 1)

 Setting Calculations

40 – Loss of Field (Scheme 2)

Zone-1 Settings
Diameter = 1.1 Xd – X’d/2
= 1.1 x 42 – 5/2 = 43.7 ohms
Off-set = -X’d/2
= -5/2 = -2.5 ohms
Time Delay = 15 cycles

Zone-2 Settings
Diameter = 1.1 Xd + XT + Xsys
= 1.1 x 42+2.03+1.27 = 49.5 Ohms
Off-set = XT+Xsys = 2.03 + 1.27 = 3.3 ohms
Angle of Directional Element: -13o

Time Delay = 3,600 cycles (60 cycles if (accelerated

tripping with undervoltage supervision is not applied)

Undervoltage Supervision:
Undervoltage Pickup = 80% of nominal voltage
= 0.8 x 115 = 92 V
Time Delay with undervoltage = 60 cycles.
 Setting Calculations

Loss of Filed Settings on the R-X Plane

(Scheme – 2)
10
Directional Element jX

R
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

Zone 2
Zone 1
MEL -10
GCC
SSSL

-20

Dir Element
X -30
0 10
-10

-40

-50
 Setting Calculations

Loss Field Settings on P-Q Plane

(Scheme – 2)
20

Overexcited
Reactive Power into the Generator

Real Power into the System

P (MW)
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Underexcited
-20
MEL GCC
Zone 2

-40
SSSL
MEL
GCC
-60
Q(Mvar)_)

SSSL

Zone1
-80
 Setting Calculations

40 – Loss of Field (Scheme 2)

 Setting Calculations

Reverse Power (32)

ƒ Prevents generator from motoring on loss of prime mover

Typical motoring power in percent of unit rating
Prime Mover Motoring Power
Gas Turbine:
Single Shaft 100
Double Shaft 10 to 15
Four cycle diesel 15
Two cycle diesel 25
Hydraulic Turbine 2 to 100
Steam Turbine (conventional) 1 to 4
Steam Turbine (cond. cooled) 0.5 to 1.0

ƒ Generator is not affected by motoring (runs like a

synchronous motor)
ƒ Turbine can get damaged
ƒ Since the example generator is driven by a gas
turbine (10 to 15%) the reverse power relay pickup
is set at 8% with a time delay of 30 sec.
 Setting Calculations

78 – Out-of-Step

Generator and transformer test sheet data, and system

information:
ƒ X′d=24.5%
ƒ XT= 10% on generator base
ƒ XSYS = 6.25% on generator base

Use graphical method to determine settings.

 Setting Calculations

78 – Out-of-Step

The per unit secondary (relay) impedance = 20.3 Ω

Convert all impedances to secondary (relay):
Direct axis transient reactance (X′d):
(24.5/100)x 20.3 = 5.0 Ω
Transformer impedance (XT):

(10/100)x 20.3 = 2.03 Ω

System impedance (XSYS):
(6.25/100)x 20.3 = 1.27 Ω.
 Setting Calculations

Out-of-Step (78)
jX

XSYS

1.5 XT = 3 ohms
XT 1.5 XT
0 R

T N S
GEN 120o swing locus
(Xd' )

'
2 Xd = 10 ohms

d
2.4 ohms
 Setting Calculations

Settings of 78 Function From Graph:

Circle diameter:
= (2 X’d+ 1.5 XT)
= 10 Ω + 3 = 13 Ω
Offset = -2 X’d = -10 Ω
Impedance angle = 90°
Blinder distance (d):
= ((X’d+ XT+XSYS)/2) tan (90-(120/2))
d = 2.4 Ω
Time delay = 2 to 6 cycles (3 cycles)
Trip on mho exit = Enable
Pole slip counter = 1.0
Pole slip reset = 120 cycles
 Setting Calculations

78 – Out-of-Step
 Protection
Fundamentals
Transformer Protection Detailed
Calculations and Settings

Differential Protection Transformer

Setting Calculations

2005 Protection Seminar

6190-118th Avenue North – Largo, Florida 33773

www.beckwithelectric.com
 Transformer Calculations

Differential
Protection
Transformer
Setting
Calculations
 Transformer Setting Calculations

Objectives

ƒ Examine CT performance

ƒ Calculate winding “tap” values

ƒ Determine 87T pickup points

- Determine variable percentage slope breakpoints
- Determine harmonic restraint values

ƒ Determine 87H pick up

ƒ Determine 87GD pick up

 Transformer Setting Calculations

CT Performance

ƒ Class “C” CTs have established secondary

voltage/burden curves that are used to predict linear
performance

ƒ Operating a CT at values above the “kneepoint” on

the curve invite unfaithful replication of the primary
waveform and saturation

ƒ Unfaithful replication (including saturation) between

measurement CTs in a differential protection causes
misoperation
 Transformer Setting Calculations

Class “C” CTs

ƒ Class “C” CTs are designed to “faithfully” replicate

primary currents to within +/- 10%

ƒ Class designations designate maximum secondary CT

circuit voltage at standard burden that can be applied to
maintain accuracy
- Zrated = Voltage Class / 20 * Rated Secondary Current
- Zrated = C800 / 20 * 5A = 8 Ω, ∴ 800V at 8Ω burden
- Zrated = C200 / 20 * 5A = 2 Ω, ∴ 200V at 2Ω burden
 Transformer Setting Calculations

Class “C” CT Performance Curve

More than 100V secondary and you’re in trouble

 Transformer Setting Calculations

CT Performance: +/- 10%

10%

1%

0.1%

1 pu 10 pu

Accuracy curve for Class “C” 2000:5 multitap CT

 Transformer Setting Calculations

CT Performance
CT Secondary, IS CT Primary, IP

0 t

ID = IP - IS

Comparison of primary to secondary waveforms with saturation

 Transformer Setting Calculations

CT Performance Calculation
Use with Class “C” CTs
ƒ Determine maximum primary phase and ground
fault current

ƒ Calculate secondary current based CTR and CT

connection type (wye or delta)

ƒ Determine secondary CT circuit burden

ƒ Determine maximum secondary voltage produced

from burden with secondary fault currents

ƒ Check maximum secondary voltage against CT

capability
 Transformer Setting Calculations

Fault Types and Currents in Secondary

Circuits

For WYE connected CTs, to obtain secondary current,

use: (1X) I PRI / CTR = I SEC
 Transformer Setting Calculations

Fault Types and Currents in Secondary

Circuits

For Delta connected CTs, to obtain secondary current,

use: (1.73) I PRI / CTR = I SEC
 Transformer Setting Calculations

Burden Calculation

ƒ Determine all device burdens in secondary circuit

- Relays, meters, instrumentation

ƒ Determine lead burden

- Use wire tables (AWG @ ohms/ft)

ƒ Determine CT impedance

ƒ Use CT data sheet (typ. 0.4 ohm or less)

 Transformer Setting Calculations

Equivalent circuit of the CT Secondary wiring

Where RCT is CT burden (internal)
RW total resistance of the ct secondary wiring.
RR is relay burden
VS = I (RCT + RW + RR)
Where I is the fault current and VS is the ct secondary voltage. In order to make sure that the ct is in
the linear range (to avoid ac saturation of the ct’s), VS should be less than the knee-point voltage
of the ct excitation characteristics. (See IEEE Guide for the Application of Current Transformers
Used for Protective Relaying Purposes C37.110-1996).
RCT RW RR

VS

Equivalent circuit of the CT secondary wiring

 Transformer Setting Calculations

Burden Calculation
Example
ƒ Relay = 0.5VA @ 5 A
RR = VA/A2 , RR = 0.5/25 = 0.02 Ω

ƒ RW = 2 Ω (round trip)

ƒ RCT = 0.20 Ω

ƒ Total = 2.22 Ω
 Transformer Setting Calculations

Secondary CT Circuit Voltage

ƒ Assume maximum secondary current of 90A and wye CTs

ƒ VS = I (RCT + RW + RR) * (FΔ-Υ)

- (FΔ-Υ) = delta or wye CT factor
- Use 1 for wye; use 1.73 for delta

ƒ VS = 90 x 2.22 * (1) = 199.8 V

ƒ Vs * 2 = 199.8 * 2 = 399.6 V
- The 2X factor accounts for full DC offset

ƒ Use at least a C400

 Transformer Setting Calculations

Power-Current Conversion

ƒ Used to determine current at rated transformer capacity

- Normally pick highest rating of multiple MVA rated
transformers

ƒ Allows “nominalization” of the transformer windings

ƒ Used to obtain “tap” that is digitally set

ƒ Itap = VA / [√3 * VLL] * CTR

ƒ This accommodates:
- Transformer winding ratios
- CT ratios
 Transformer Setting Calculations

Calculating “Tap”

Wye

Use highest rating as basis for tap calculations

 Transformer Setting Calculations

Calculating “Tap”

ƒ This nominalizes the current flow with respect to transformation ratios and
CT ratios
ƒ Rated power passing through any winding would yield these currents to the
protection system
 Transformer Setting Calculations

Phase Shift Compensation

ƒ From 3-Line Diagram, determine transformer and CT winding

arrangements

ƒ Example

- W1 = Wye, wye CTs

wye
- W2 = DAC, wye CTs
- W3 = DAC, wye CTs
 Transformer Setting Calculations

Trip Characteristic – 87T

2.0

1.5 TRIP

87T Pick Up
with 5th Harmonic Restraint Slope 2
1.0
87T Pick Up
RESTRAIN
0.5 Slope 2
Breakpoint
Slope 1

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

 Transformer Setting Calculations

Trip Characteristic – 87T

ƒ 87T Pickup
- Set above the magnetizing current and other CT inaccuracies
- .3 to .4 p.u. (typical setting)
ƒ Slope 1
- Set to accommodate +/- 10% CT inaccuracies
- LTC adds another +/- 10%
- Used for currents < 2X nominal
- Typically set for 30 to 40% (can be set lower for non LTC
transformers)
ƒ Slope 2 “breakpoint”
- Typically set at 2X rated current
- This setting assumes that any current over 2X rated is a fault
condition and is used to desensitize the element against
unfaithful replication of currents due to CT saturation
 Transformer Setting Calculations

Trip Characteristic – 87T

ƒ Slope 2
- Typically set at 60 to 100%
- Prevents relay misoperation for though faults with CT
saturation.
ƒ Inrush Restraint (2nd and 4th harmonic)
- Typically set from 10-15%
- Employ cross phase averaging blocking for security
ƒ Overexcitation Restraint (5th harmonic)
- Typically set at 30%
- Raise 87T pickup to 0.60 pu during overexcitation
- No cross phase averaging needed, as overexcitation is
symmetric on the phases
 Transformer Setting Calculations

Trip Characteristic – 87H

ƒ 87H Pickup
- Typically set at 10 pu rated current
- This value should be set to above the maximum
possible inrush current.
- C37.91, section 5.2.3, states 10 p.u. is an acceptable
value
- Can use data captured from energizations to fine tune
the setting
 Transformer Setting Calculations

Trip Characteristic – 87GD

ƒ 87GD Pickup
- Element normally uses directional comparison between phase
residual current (3I0) and measured ground current (IG). The
element becomes non-directional when the 3I0 current is less
than 140 ma.
- Pickup of 0.2 to 0.5 A can be applied when using same ratio CTs
on both phase and ground circuits.
- When CT correction factor higher than 1.0 is applied, the pickup
needs to be increased to account for noise amplification due to
high CT ratio correction.
- Use 6 cycle time delay to provide security against misoperations
during external phase-to-phase to ground faults with CT
saturation.
 Protection
Fundamentals
Transformer Protection Detailed
Calculations and Settings

Transformer Overcurrent Protection

Calculations & Settings

2005 Protection Seminar

6190-118th Avenue North – Largo, Florida 33773

www.beckwithelectric.com
 Transformer Calculations

Transformer
Overcurrent
Protection
Calculations &
Settings
 Transformer Calculations

ANSI / IEEE C37.91

F1: Fault cleared by 50 51
transformer primary side F1 X
relays
SPR
F2: Fault cleared by 63

87T
transformer primary 51G

side devices or neutral

protection relays F2 X
F3: Fault cleared by 51

transformer primary
side devices or by
secondary side relays F3 X
F4: Fault cleared by feeder
protection relays F4 X
 Transformer Calculations

Typical Single Line Diagram

50 51

X F1
Current Function 87T 87H

50 – Phase Instantaneous 50G 51G

Overcurrent
87GD
X F2
51 – Phase Time Overcurrent

50 51

F3 X

F4 X
 Transformer Calculations

Protection Coordinate Principles

1. Instantaneous units should be set so they do not
trip for fault levels equal or lower to those at
busbars or elements protected by downstream
instantaneous relays.

2. Time delay units should be set to clear faults in a

selective and reliable way, assuring the proper
coverage of the thermal limits of the equipment
protected.
 Transformer Calculations

Coordination of TOC Delay

Overcurrent inverse time relay curves associated
with two breakers on the same feeder

Coordination
Time Interval
R2

R1

CURRENT
 Transformer Calculations

Coordination Time Interval (CTI)

A margin between two successive devices in the
order of 0.2 to 0.4 seconds should be used to avoid
losing selectivity due to one or more of the following
reasons:

ƒ Instantaneous units should be set so they do not

trip for fault levels equal or lower to those at
busbars or elements protected by downstream
instantaneous relays.

ƒ Time delay units should be set to clear faults in a

selective and reliable way, assuring the proper
coverage of the thermal limits of the equipment
protected.
 Transformer Calculations

Expression for Time Delay Setting

Operating time defined by IEC and ANSI / IEEE:

t = Relay operating time in

k ∗β
seconds

t = α
+ L k = Time dial, or time multiplier
setting

⎛ I ⎞ I = Fault current level in

⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ −1 seconds amps

IS IS = Tap or pick up current

⎝ ⎠ L =
selected
Constant
a = Slope constant
b = Slope constant
 Transformer Calculations

Setting Time Delay on Overcurrent Relays

IDMT Curve Description Standard α β L

Moderately Inverse IEEE 0.02 0.0515 0.114

Very Inverse IEEE 2 19.61 0.491

Extremely Inverse IEEE 2 28.2 0.1217

Inverse US-CO8 2 5.95 0.18

Short Time Inverse US-CO2 0.02 0.02394 0.01694

Standard Inverse IEC 0.02 0.14

Very inverse IEC 1.0 13.5

Extremely inverse IEC 2.0 80.0

Long Time Inverse UK 1 120

ANSI/IEEE and IEC constants for standards, overcurrent relays

 Transformer Calculations

Standards of Time/Current Characteristics

IEC/UK IEEE/US
overcurrent overcurrent
relay curves relay curves
Operating time (s)

Operating time (s)

UK LTI

IEC SI

IEEE MI
IEEE VI
IEC VI
US C02
IEC EI
US C08
IEEE EI
Current (Multiples of Is)

Current (Multiples of Is)

IEC curves are IMDT

(Inverse Minimum Definite Time)
 Transformer Calculations

Coordination across D-y Transformer

Dac Y
Dy11

1.0 1.0
X
I F = VLG = I
0.58 1.0
X
1.0 1.0
N2 I
X
I delta = I =
0.58 1.0 N1 3

I primary = 3 Idelta = I
1.0 1.0
X

0.58 1.0

Three phase fault on secondary

 Transformer Calculations

Coordination across D-y Transformer

Dac Y
Dy11

0.5 0.87
X
VLL 3 VLG 3 I
0.5 0.87
IF = = =
2X 2x 2
1.0 0.87

X
= 3 × × N2 = I
I delta I
0.5 0.87
2 N1 2
Iprimary= 2 I delta= I
0.5 0

0 0

Phase-to-Phase Fault
 Transformer Calculations

Coordination across D-y Transformer

Dac Y
Dy11

0.58 1.0
X IF = V LG =
I
0.58 1.0
X

N2 I
I delta = I =
0.58 0

0 0 N1 3
I
I primary =
0 0

0 0
3
X

Phase-to-Ground Fault
 Transformer Calculations

Coordination across D-y Transformer

Fault Iprimary Isecondary
Three phase I I
Phase-to-phase 0.87I
I
Phase-to-earth 0.58I I

ƒ For SLGF on wye side, current withstand capability is 58%

of that utilized for Delta-Delta

ƒ For Phase-Phase Faults on wye side, only 87% fault

current flows in secondary while 100% flows in primary
protector. 16% margin must be taken into account to
maintain primary to secondary protection selectivity.
 Transformer Calculations

Coordination across D-y Transformer

t Coordination of overcurrent relays for a Dy transformer

0.4 Sec

If A
3 I
f
2
 Transformer Calculations

Transformer Categories

Minimum nameplate (kVA)

Category Single-phase Three-phase

I 5-500 15-500
II 501-1667 501-5000
III 1668-10,000 5001-30,000
IV above 10,000 above 30,000

IEEE Std. C57.109-1985 Curves

 Transformer Calculations

Category II & III Fault Frequency

F1 X

Infrequent Fault
Incident Zone

F2 X

Mechanical Damage:
Number Faults in Lifetime

F3 X
Category 2 > 10
Category 3 > 5 Frequent Fault
Incident Zone
F4 X
 Transformer Calculations

Category II Transformers
Category II:

Thermal Limit: I ² t = 1250

Mechanical Limit: I ² t = K = (1/ZT) ² x t

ƒ K is determined at t = 2 seconds and at maximum I

in terms of multiples of self-cooled full load current.
The transition from thermal to mechanical plot
occurs at 70% of max possible multiplies of I, or

0.70x(1/ZT)
 Transformer Calculations

Category II – Transformer Through Fault Curves

2
Thermal Limit: I t = 1250
 Transformer Calculations

All Category Transformers

Thermal Limit: I ² t = 1250

ANSI C57.12 Appendix

Short-time thermal loading capability oil-immersed transformers

Time Multiples of I RATED

2s 25.0 x
10 s 11.3 x
30 s 6.3 x

60 s 4.75 x
300 s 3.0 x
1800 s 2.0 x
 Transformer Calculations

Category II – Transformer Through Fault Curves

ITN = Times Normal Current

Thermal Limit: I 2 t = 1250

2 2
Mechanical Limit: K = I t = (1/ZT) t
defined at t = 2 seconds.
for ZT = 6%
I TN = 1/.06 =16.67 p.u.
2
K = I TN = (16.67) x 2 = 556

Transition from the Mechanical to

Thermal curve occurs at 70% of I TN:
0.70 x (1/ZT) = 11.67 p.u.
K = I 2 t = (11.67) 2x t =556
2
t = 556 / (11.67) = 4.0

Wye-Wye or
Delta-Delta
I TN = 11.67 p.u. Times Normal Base Current
I TN = 16.67 p.u.
 Transformer Calculations

Category III Transformers

Category 3:

Thermal Limit: I 2 t = 1250

Mechanical Limit: I 2 t = K = [ 1 / (ZT + ZS) ]2 x t

ƒ K is determined at t = 2 seconds and at maximum I in

terms of multiples of self-cooled full load current. The
transition from thermal to mechanical occurs at 50% of
max possible multiples of I, or

0.50x1/(ZT + ZS)
 Transformer Calculations

Category III – Transformer Through Fault Curves

I TN = Times Normal Current

2
Thermal Limit: I t = 1250

Mechanical Limit
K = I t = [1/ (ZS + ZT)] 2
defined at t = 2 seconds.
for ZT = 6% & ZS = 1%
I TN = (1/.07) = 14.3 p.u.
2
K = (I TN) x t = (14.3) 2x 2 = 409

Mechanical to Thermal
occurs at 50% of I TN:
0.50 x 1/(ZT+ ZS) = 7.15 p.u.

K = (I TN)2x t = (7.15)2 x t = 409

2
t = 409 / (7.15) = 8.0

Wye-Wye or
Delta-Delta
I TN = 7.15 p.u.
I TN = 14.3 p.u.
 Transformer Calculations

Category III – Transformer Through Fault Curves

I TN = Times Normal Current

2
Thermal Limit: I t = 1250

Mechanical Limit
2 2
K = I t = [1/ (ZS + ZT)]
defined at t = 2 seconds.
for ZT = 6% & ZS = 1%
I TN = 1/.07 =14.3 p.u.

Delta-wye:
14.3p.u. x 0.58 = 8.3 p.u.

2 2
K = I TN x t = (8.3) x 2 = 138
Mechanical to Thermal
occurs at 50% of I TN:
0.50 x 1/(ZT+ ZS) = 7.14 p.u.

Delta-wye:
7.14 p.u. x 0.58 = 4.14 p.u.
2
t = 138 / (4.14) = 8.0
Delta-Wye

I TN = 4.1 p.u.
I TN = 8.3 p.u.
 Transformer Calculations

Calculation Setting Example

230kV / 34.5 kV
OFAF (OA/FA/FOA)
30/40/50 MVA
Z= 7%

230kV Zs
X X
F1 F2

X X
F3 F4
 Transformer Calculations

Calculation Setting Example

A B
ZS = 1.0% ZLT = 25 MVA
on 230kV F1 ZT F2 F3 F4
X X X X
50 230kV / 34.5kV 50 ZL4 = 1/4 ZL4
Vs = 230kV 30/40/50MVA 51
51 51 ZL4 = 6.25MVA
Z = 7%
VBase = 230kV 230kV 2
Z Base =
30MVA
= 1763.3 ohm
MVA Base = 30MVA
ZLT = 34.5kV 2= 47.6 ohms
25MVA
ZS = 0.01 p.u. 2
Z LT at 230kV = 230kV x 47.6 ohms = 2115.6 ohms
34.5kV
ZT = 0.07 p.u.
Z LT = (2115.6/1763.3) = 1.20 p.u.
VS = 1.0 p.u. Z L4 = 4.8 p.u.
0.01 p.u. F1 0.07 p.u. F2/F3 4.80 p.u. F4
X X X
 Transformer Calculations

Short Circuit Currents

VS = 1.00 p.u. 0.01 p.u. F1 0.07 p.u. F2/F3 4.80 p.u. F4
X X X

30MVA 30MVA
IBase at 230kV = = 75.3 A IBase at 34.5kV = = 502 A
3 x 230kV 3 x 34.5kV

1.00
IF1 = = 100.0 p.u. IF1 = 100.0 x 75.3A = 7530A
0.01

1.00
IF2/F3 = = 12.5 p.u. IF2/F3 = 12.5 x 75.3A = 941A
(0.01 + 0.07) 12.5 x 502 = 6275A at 34.5kV

1.00
IF4 = = 0.205 p.u. IF4 = 0.205 x 75.3A = 15.4A
(0.01 + 0.07 + 4.80)
0.205 x 502A =103A at 34.5kV
 Transformer Calculations

CT Criteria
Compatible with transformer overload capacity ≈ 200% of self-
cooled rating for wye CT’s and 350% (√3 x 200%) for Delta-
connected CT’s.

Wye - Wye CT’s:

230kV: IFL = 75.3A IF1 = 7530A

IF1(ASYS) = 1.6 x 7530A = 12,048A
Select CT 800:5 CTR = 120
34.5kV: IFL = 502A IF2 = 6275A
IF2(ASYS) = 1.6 x 6275A = 10,040A
CT Selected at 2 x IFL
Select CT 1000:5 CTR = 200
 Transformer Calculations

IOC Setting Criteria

Set above Inrush current:

ƒ 8 x IFL (Transformers 500 to 2500KVA)

ƒ 10 x IFL (Transformers > 2500KVA)

Inrush point at 0.1 second

Set above maximum asymmetrical secondary fault current:

ƒ 1.6 x IF SYM for Voltage > 5kV

ƒ 1.5 x IF SYM for Voltage < 5kV

 Transformer Calculations

IOC Setting Criteria

Secondary side of transformer

ƒ The IOC function at the LV side is not used unless there

is communication (interlocking) with relays protecting
the feeders
 Transformer Calculations

IOC Relay Setting

30MVA
IFL = = 75.3 A IF2/F3 = 954A
3x 230kV

Set above Inrush current: ≈ 10 x IFL at 0.1 second.

ƒ 10 X 73.5A = 735A

Set above maximum asymmetrical secondary fault current:

≈ 1.6 x IF SYM

ƒ 1.6 x 941 = 1506A = 20.0 x IFL

I PICKUP = 1506A ÷ CTR = 1526A ÷ 120 = 12.65 Amps

 Transformer Calculations

TOC Setting Criteria

ƒ For phase relays, three-phase faults and
maximum short time overload should be
considered

ƒ For ground relays, line-to-ground faults and max

3Io should be considered
 Transformer Calculations

TOC Setting Criteria

ƒ For phase relays, the Pickup value is determined by:

Pickup = (OLF x IFL) ÷ CTR

ƒ For ground fault relays, the Pickup value is determined,

with the maximum unbalance, typically around 20%:

Pickup = [(0.2) x IFL] ÷ CTR

Typical OLF for transformers = 1.25 to 1.5

 Transformer Calculations

TOC Setting Criteria

Tap is set to meet NEC 450-3 and ANSI C37.91*

Transformer: ZT < 6%

Primary Setting < 6 x IFL

Secondary Setting < 3 x IFL

Transformer: 6% > ZT < 10%

Primary Setting < 4 x IFL

Secondary Setting < 2.5 x IFL

* Primary & secondary >600V with circuit breakers

 Transformer Calculations

TOC Relay Setting

30MVA
IFL = = 75.3 A IF2/F3 = 954A
3x 230kV

Pickup = OLF x IFL ÷ CTR

I Pickup = 1.5 x 75.3 ÷ 120 = 0.94 Amps

I Relay setting = 0.94 ÷ 1.5 = 0.63 Amps
TD # 8 Very Inverse Curve
 Transformer Calculations

TOC Relay Curve

I RELAY = 0.63 Amps

TD # 8
Very Inverse Curve
 Transformer Calculations

IOC & TOC Coordination

IFL ASYM
I TN = Times Normal Current

IFL SYM
2.5xIFL

4.0xIFL
2
Thermal Limit: I t = 1250 IFL
10000
Mechanical Limit
2 2
K = I t = [1/ (ZS + ZT)] x t
defined at t = 2 seconds.
for ZT = 7% & ZS = 1.0%
1000 50/51

I TN = 1/.08 =12.5 p.u.

Delta-wye:
58% x 12.5 p.u. = 7.25 p.u.
100
2 2
K = I TN = (7.6) x 2 = 105.1
50/51

TIME (SECONDS)
Mechanical to Thermal 51
10
50% of I TN = 0.50 x 1/(ZT+ ZS)
50% of I TN = 0.50 x 12.5 = 6.25 p.u.
Delta-wye: 51
58% x 6.25 p.u. = 3.625 p.u.
2 1
t = 105.1 / (3.625) = 8.0 Coordination
Interval
IOC set at 12.6A pickup
1.6 x IFL/CTR = 1.6 x 941/120 = 12.6A I inrush
00.1
1.6 x IFL =1.6 x 12.5p.u. = 20.0 ITN

TOC set at 0.63A pickup

1.5 x ITN/CTR = 1.5 x 73.5A/120 = 0.94A IFL SYM IFL SYM
phase-phase 3-phase
Minimum multiple of pickup is 1.5 0.01
0
0.94A/1.5 = 0.63A, TD#8 00.1 1 10 100
Very Inverse TOC curve TIMES NORMAL BASE CURRENT
 Transformer Calculations

Questions ?
 000
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BECKWITH ELECTRIC CO., INC.

6190 - 118th Avenue North • Largo, Florida 33773-3724 U.S.A.
Phone: (727) 544-2326 • Fax: (727) 546-0121
E-mail: marketing@beckwithelectric.com
Web Site: www.beckwithelectric.com

© 2005 Beckwith Electric Co.

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