FUELS AND COMBUSTION 7. A diesel electric plant supplies energy 2. A 15 kg/s gas enters a chimney at 10 2.
kg/s gas enters a chimney at 10 2. A boiler burns fuel oil with 15% excess
1. A bituminous coal has the following
composition:
C = 71.5% H = 5.0% O = 7.0% N = 1.3
S = 3.6% Ash = 8.2% W = 3.4%
Calculate the higher heating value of coal
and for complete combustion find the
theoretical weight of air required in kg
air/kg coal?
2. The following ultimate analysis of
typical fuel oil, ash and moisture free:
C=0.8663 lb
H=0.1127 lb
O=0.0019 lb
N=0.0028 lb
S=0.0163 lb
Calculate the following for “complete”
or theoretical combustion with air, in
pound of fuel:
A. Oxygen required from air
B. Nitrogen required from air
C. Air required
D. Water formed from combustion
E. Carbon Dioxide formed
F. Total mass of flue gas
3. It is required to find the theoretical
volume of air at 20oC and 100 kPa
absolute pressure to burn one
kilogram of coal. The ultimate
analysis of coal-as-fired is as follows:
C=65.65% H=5.87% O=18.61%
S=1.51% Ash=5.36% W=3%
4. Calculate the higher heating value of
liquid Dodecane fuel. The chemical
formula of Dodecane is C12H26.
5. Liquid Octane (C8H18) fuel is burned
with ideal proportion of air. Calculate
the ideal air-fuel ratio by weight.
6. Fuel oil in a day tank for use of an
industrial boiler is tested with
hydrometer. The hydrometer reading
indicates a S.G.=0.924 when the
temperature of the oil in the tank is
35oC. Calculate the higher heating
value of the fuel.
for Meralco. During a 24 hour period,
the plant consumed 200 gallons of
fuel at 28°C and produced 3930 KW-
hr. Industrial fuel used is 28°API and
was purchased at P5.50 per liter at
15.6°C. What is the cost of fuel be to
produce one KW-hr?
8. Methane is burned completely with
25% excess air. Compute the number
of moles of nitrogen in the products of
combustion per mole of the fuel.
9. A typical industrial fuel oil, C16H32 with
20% excess air by weight. Assuming
complete oxidation of the fuel,
calculate the actual air fuel ratio by
weight.
10. Ethane is burnt with just twice the
stoichiometric amount of air. How
much kilogram air is used to oxidize 6
kg of fuel?
11. A furnace burns natural gas with a
volumetric analysis as follows:
Methane=85%, Ethane=12%,
Propane=3%. The gas flow rate is
0.50 m3/s and 25% excess air is
required for complete combustion.
Combustion air is supplied to the
furnace at 25oC and 1 atm pressure.
Find the molal air-fuel ratio and the
volume flow rate of the flue gas in
m3/s.
12. A gaseous mixture of methane (CH4),
ethane (C2H6), and propane (C3H8)
has partial pressures respectively of
95 kPa, 105 kPa, and 50 kPa. What is
the mass percentage of methane in
the mixture?
CHIMNEY
1. If the actual draft required for a
furnace is 6.239 cm of water and the
frictional losses in the stack are 15%
of the theoretical draft, calculate the
required stack height in meters.
Assume that the flue gas have an
average temperature of 149°C and
molecular weight of 30. Assume air
temperature of 21°C.
m/s. if the temperature and pressure air. The fuel oil may be represented by
of a gas are 26oC and 100 kPa C14H34. Calculate the molal air fuel ratio.
Answer: B
respectively, what is the diameter of
A. 14
the chimney. Use R=0.287 kJ/kgK. B. 117.69
3. 2.52 kg of coal per second are C. 102.34
consumed by a steam boiler plant D. 17.14
and produced 18.54 kg of dry flue gs 3. A diesel power plant uses fuel that has a
per kg of coal fired. The air density of 892.74 kg/m3 at 15.67oC. Find
temperature outside is 32oC, the the heating value of fuel. Answer: A
A. 44,900 KJ/kg
average temperature of the flue
B. 19,301 Btu/lb
gases entering the chimney is 343oC C. 43,000 KJ/kg
and the average temperature of the D. 4356.2 KJ/kg
flue gases in the chimney is 260oC. 4. A certain coal has the following ultimate
The gage fluid specific volume is analysis:
1.005x10-3 m3/kg and a theoretical C = 69% N2 = 5%
draft of 2.286 cm of water at the H2 = 2.5% S = 7% Moisture = 8%
O2 = 3.5% Ash = 5%
chimney base is needed when the Determine the heating value of fuel
barometric pressure is 101.3 kPa. used.Answer: A
Find the diameter of the chimney in A. 26,961.45 KJ/kg
meters. B. 45,256 KJ/kg
4. A steam generator with economizer C. 25,002.4 KJ/kg
and air heater has an overall draft D. 26,000 KJ/kg
5. A diesel power plant uses fuel with
loss of 21.78 cm of water. If the stack
heating value of 45,038.8 KJ/kg. What is
gases are at 177°C and if the the density of fuel used at 30°C?Answer:
atmosphere is at 101.3 Kpa and D
26°C, what theoretical height of stack A. 0.900 kg/li
in meters is needed when no draft fan B. 0.887 kg/li
are used? Assume that the gas C. 0.850 kg/li
constant for the flue gases is the D. 0.878 kg/li
6. A diesel engine consumed 945 liter of
same as that for air.
fuel per day at 30°C. If the fuel was
5. A power plant situated at an altitude purchased at 15.5°C and 30° API at
having an ambient air of 96.53 Kpa P5.00/li, determined the cost of fuel to
and 23.88°C. Flue gases at a rate of operate the engine per day. Answer: B
5.0 kg/sec enter the stack at 200°C A. P5677.50
and leaves at 160°C. The flue gases B. P4677.50
gravimetric analyses are 18% Co2, C. P4888.90
D. P5000.00
7% O2 and 75% N2. Calculate the 7. A cylindrical tank 3 m long and 2 m
height of stack necessary for a driving diameter is used for oil storage. How many
pressure of 0.20 Kpa. days can the tank supply the engine
having 27° API with fuel consumption of 60
SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS kg/hr. Answer: B
A. 4.84
FUELS & COMBUSTION B. 5.84
1. A diesel power plant consumes 650 C. 7.84
liters of fuel at 26oC in 24 hours with D. 8.84
28oAPI. Find the fuel rate in kg/hr. 8. Determine the minimum volume of day
tank in m3 of 28° API fuel having a fuel
Answer: A
A. 23.83 consumption of 200 kg/hr. Answer: B
B. 24.85 A. 10.43 m3
C. 22.85 B. 5.41 m3
D. 26.85 C. 6.87 m3
D. 7.56 m3 14. A diesel electric plant in one of the 19. A flue gas has following volumetric 24. There are 20 kg of flue gases formed
9. Given the following ultimate analysis: remote provinces in the south utilized analysis: per kg of fuel oil burned in the combustion
C = 70% O2 = 4% diesel fuel with an °API of 28 at 15.6°C. CH4 = 68% C2H6 = 32% of a fuel oil
N2 = 5% S2 = 6% Moisture = 8% The plant consumes 680 liters of diesel Assume a complete combustion with 15% C12H26. What is the excess air in
H2 = 3% Ash = 5% fuel at 26.6°C in 24 hrs, while the power excess air at 101.325 Kpa, what is the percent?Answer: A
Using 25% excess air, determine the generated for the same period amounts to partial pressure of water vapor in Kpa. A. 26.67%
actual air fuel ratio. Answer: A 1,980KW-hrs. Determine overall thermal Answer: A B. 18.34%
A. 11.46 efficiency of the plant. Answer: A A. 15.95 C. 12.34%
B. 24.85 A. 26.47% B. 23.12 D. 20.45%
C. 23.85 B. 12.34% C. 12.45 25. A gaseous fuel mixture has a molal
D. 26.85 C. 23.45% D. 27.34 analysis:
10. A 650 Bhp diesel engine uses fuel oil D. 34.34% 20. The dry exhaust gas from oil engine H2 = 14% CH4 = 3% CO = 27%
of 28° API gravity, fuel consumption is 0.65 15. A circular fuel tank 45 feet long and 5.5 has the following gravimetric analysis: O2 = 0.6% CO2 = 4.5% N2 = 50.9%
lb/Bhp-hr. Cost of fuel is P7.95 per liter. feet diameter is used for oil storage. CO2 = 21.6% O2 = 4.2% N2 = 74.2% Determine the air-fuel ratio for complete
For continuous operation, determine the Calculate the number of days the supply Specific heat at constant pressure for each combustion on molal basis.Answer: C
minimum volume of cubical day tank in tank can hold for continuous operation the components of the exhaust gas in Kcal/kg A. 2.130
cm3, ambient temperature is 45°C. following conditions: °C are: CO2 = 0.203 O2 = 0.219 N2 = B. 3.230
Answer: A Steam flow = 2000 lbs/hr 0.248 Calculate the gas constant in C. 1.233
A. 5,291,880 cm3 Steam dry and saturated at 200 psia J/kg°K.Answer: A D. 1.130
B. 5,391,880 cm3 Feedwater temperature = 230°F A. 272 C. 274 26. A steam generation burns fuel oil that
C. 5,491,880 cm3 Boiler Efficiency = 75% B. 276 D. 278 has the following chemical analysis by
D. 5,591,880 cm3 Fuel oil = 34° API Answer: B 21. The dry exhaust gas from oil engine mass in percent:
11. A 650 Bhp diesel engine uses fuel oil A. 12.34 has the following gravimetric analysis: Answer: C
of 28° API gravity, fuel consumption is B. 17.58 CO2 = 21.6% O2 = 4.2% N2 = 74.2% C = 85.3 H2 = 14.1 S = 0.5 N2 = 0.1
0.65lb/Bhp-hr. Cost of fuel is P7.95 per C. 13.45 Specific heat at constant pressure for each A. 19.85 C. 17.93
liter. For continuous operation, determine D. 23.44 component of the exhaust gas in Kcal/kg B. 11.14 D. 14.20
the cost of fuel per day at 45°C. 16. A steam generator burns fuel oil with °C are: CO2 = 0.203 O2 = 0.219 N2 = 27. Calculate the theoretical air needed for
Answer: B 20% excess air. The fuel oil may be 0.248 Calculate the specific gravity if the the complete combustion of ethane C2H6
A. P42,870.45 represented by C14 H30. The fuel gas molecular weight of air is 28.97 kg/kg-mol. for 20 kg fuel.
B. P42,070.45 leaves the preheater at 0.31 Mpa. Answer: C Answer: D
C. P42,570.45 Determine the actual air-fuel ratio in kg air A. 0.981 A. 432.23 kg
D. P42,170.45 per kg fuel. Answer: A B. 1.244 B. 287.45 kg
12. A logging firm in Isabela operates a A. 17.89 C. 1.055 C. 234.45 kg
Diesel Electric Plant to supply its electric B. 15.67 D. 0.542 D. 320.32 kg
energy requirements. During a 24 hour C. 12.34 22. The dry gas from oil engine has the 28. A fuel oil burned with 50 percent
period, the plant consumed 250 gallons of D. 19.45 following gravimetric analysis: excess air, and the combustion
fuel at 80°F and produced 2700 KW-Hrs. 17. A steam generation burns fuel oil with CO2 = 21.6% O2 = 4.2% N2 = 74.2% characteristics of the fuel oil are similar to
Industrial fuel used is 30° API and was 20% excess air. The fuel oil may be Specific heat at constant pressure for each C12H26. Determine the volumetric (molal)
purchased at P3.00li/at 60°F. Determine represented by C14H30. The fuel gases component of the exhaust gas in Kcal/kg analysis of CO2 in the production of
cost of fuel to produce one Kwh. Answer: leave the preheater at 0.31 Mpa. °C are: combustion. Answer: B
C Determine partial pressure of H2O. CO2 = 0.203 O2 = 0.219 N2 = 0.248 A. 9.34%
A. P3,043/KW-h Answer: C Calculate the specific heat for the gas in B. 8.66%
B. P4,043/KW-h A. 23.34 kpa KJ/kg - °K. Answer: B C. 6.34%
C. P1,043/KW-h B. 29.34 kpa A. 0.872 D. 7.45%
D. P2,043/KW-h C. 35.7 kpa B. 0.992 29. Fuel oil, C12H26 is burned in air at
13. A logging firm in Isabela operates a D. 32.34 kpa C. 0.452 atmospheric pressure. The Orsat analysis
Diesel Electric Plant to supply its electric 18. In the boiler design, it is desired to D. 0.673 of the products of combustion yields.
energy requirements. During a 24 hour have the flue gas exit temperature above 23. A bituminous coal has the following CO2 : 12.8%
period, the plant consumed 250 gallons of the dew point. Estimate the dew point composition: O2 : 3.5%
fuel at 80°F and produced 2700 KW-hrs. temperature of the flue gas produced by C = 71.5% H = 5.0% O = 7.0% N = 1.3 CO : 0.2%
Industrial fuel used is 30° API and was combustion having the gravimetric analysis S = 3.6% Ash = 8.2% W = 3.4% N2 : 83.5%
purchased at P3.00/li at 60°F. of: Answer: D Determine the theoretical weight of Determine the percent excess air.
Determine the overall thermal efficiency of N2 = 71.84% CO2 = 20.35% O2 = 3.61% Oxygen in lb/lb of coal. Answer: C Answer: C
the plant. Answer: A H2O = 4.20% A. 2.870 A. 12.34%
A. 26.08% A. 32°C B. 3.120 B. 8.34%
B. 43.23% B. 23°C C. 2.274 C. 10.52%
C. 43.12% C. 45°C D. 6.233 D. 18.45%
D. 18.46% D. 39°C
30. An unknown fuel has the following C. 85,452kg/hr 7. A steam generator with economizer and
Orsat analysis: D. 33,800 kg/hr air heater has an overall draft loss of 21.78
CO2 : 12.5 2. The gas density of chimney is 0.75 cm of water. If the stack gases are at
CO : 0.3% kg/m3 and air density of 1.15 kg/m3. If the 177°C and if the atmosphere is at 101.3
O2 : 3.1% driving pressure is 0.25 Kpa, determine the Kpa and 26°C, what theoretical height of
N2 : 84.1% height of chimney. Answer: B stack in meters is needed when no draft
Determine the actual air – fuel in kg air per A. 54.6 m fan are used? Assume that the gas
kg fuel. Answer: A B. 63.7 m constant for the flue gases is the same as
A. 17.13 C. 74.6 m that for air. Answer: D
B. 12.34 D. 68.5 m A. 565
C. 19.23 3. The actual velocity of gas entering in a B. 535
D. 23.23 chimney is 8m/sec. The gas temperature is C. 545
31. What mass of liquid oxygen is required 25°C and pressure of 98 Kpa with a gas D. 550
to completely burned 1000kg of liquid constant of 0.287 KJ/kg-°K. Determine the 8. If the actual draft required for a furnace
butane, C4H10 on a rocket ship? Answer: chimney diameter if mass of gas is 50,000 is 6.239 cm of water and the frictional
C kg/hr. Answer: D losses in the stack are 15% of the
A. 4568 A. 1.57 m theoretical draft, calculate the required
B. 2746 B. 1.81 m stack height in meters. Assume that the
C. 3586 C. 3.56 m flue gas have an average temperature of
D. 6345 D. 1.39 m 149°C and molecular weight of 30.
32. A volumetric analysis of a gas mixture 4. A coal fired steam boiler uses 3000 kg Assume air temperature of 21°C.Answer:
is as follows: of coal per hour. Air required for C
CO2 : 12.5% combustion is 15.5 kg A. 215
O2 : 4% per kg of coal at barometric pressure of B. 230
N2 : 82% 98.2 Kpa. The flue has temperature of C. 220
CO : 2% 285°C and an average molecular weight of D. 210
What is the percentage of CO on a mass 30. Assuming an ash loss of 11% and 9. A steam boiler plant consumes 9,000 kg
basis? Answer: D allowable gas velocity of 7.5 m/sec, find of coal per hour and produces 20 kg of dry
A. 1.0% the diameter of chimney. Answer: C flue gases per kg of coal fired. Outside air
B. 1.5% A. 2.0 m temperature is 32°C, average temperature
C. 1.2% B. 1.53 m of the flue gas entering the chimney is
D. 1.9% C. 1.91 m 343°C and average temperature of dry flue
33. What is the percent theoretical air for a D. 2.5 m gas in the chimney is 260°C. The gage
combustion process to which the fuel and 5. A power plant situated at an altitude fluid density of 994.78 per m3 and the
combustion gas analysis are known as having an ambient air of 96.53 Kpa and theoretical draft of 2.286 cm of H2O at the
follows:Answer: A 23.88°C. Flue gases at a rate of 5.0 kg/sec chimney base is needed when the
Fuel: % by volume enter the stack at 200°C and leaves at barometric pressure is 760 mm Hg.
CO2 : 12.4% 160°C. The flue gases gravimetric Determine the height of the
CO : 27% analyses are 18% Co2, 7% O2 and 75% chimney.Answer: A
H2 : 2.2% N2. Calculate the height of stack A. 46
N2 : 58.4% necessary for a driving pressure of 0.20 B. 50
Combustion gas: % by volume Kpa. Answer: D C. 40
CO2 : 24.6% A. 59.56 m D. 56
O2 : 1.0% B. 60. 15 m
H2 : 74.4% C. 55. 83 m
A. 111 D. 56.95 m
B. C.116 6. A power plant situated at an altitude
C. 121 having air of 96.53 Kpa and 23.88°C. Flue
D. D.126 gases at a rate of 5.0 kg/sec enter the
stack at 200°C and leaves at 160°C. The
CHIMNEY flue gases gravimetric analysis 18% CO2,
1. A boiler uses 2500 kg of coal per hour 7% O2 and 75% N2. Calculate the
and air required for the combustion in 16 diameter of stack in meters for a driving
kg per kg coal. If ash loss is 10%, pressure of 0.20 Kpa.Answer: B
determine the mass of the gas entering the A. 0.50 m
chimney. Answer: A B. 0.95 m
A. 42,250 kg/hr C. O.60 m
B. 78,300 kg/hr D. 1.15 m