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SoftwareX 6 (2017) 248–254

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

SoftwareX
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/softx

Original software publication

UPStream: Automated hydraulic design of pressurized water


distribution networks
Stergios Emmanouil a,b , Andreas Langousis a, *
a
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
b
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, TU Delft, Delft, Netherlands

article info a b s t r a c t
Article history: Hydraulic design of pressurized water distribution networks constitutes a time consuming process in
Received 4 May 2017 engineering applications, requiring proper selection of pipe diameters so certain regulatory constrains
Received in revised form 17 July 2017 are met. UPStream⃝ R
is an open-source software, which combines EPANET’s computational engine and
Accepted 11 September 2017
a simple hydraulic gradient-based recursive approach for selection of pipe diameters, to automatically
design pressurized water distribution networks, based on user-defined pressure and flow velocity con-
Keywords:
straints. To the best of our knowledge, there is no available open-source software for this purpose, which
Water distribution networks
Hydraulic design allows for case-specific modifications/interventions by advanced users, as well as extensions to weight
Pressurized pipe networks between alternative design strategies. Therefore, UPStream⃝ R
is expected to serve as a useful tool/platform
MATLAB for educational/academic purposes, research, and engineering practice.
EPANET © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Code metadata

Current code version v1.0


Permanent link to code/repository used of this code version https://github.com/ElsevierSoftwareX/SOFTX-D-17-00034
Legal Code License Apache 2.0
Code versioning system used None
Software code languages, tools, and services used MATLAB R2012a or later.
Compilation requirements, operating environments & dependencies Microsoft Software Development Kit (SDK) 7.1⃝ R
(or later) for Windows OS
EPANET 2.0
If available Link to developer documentation/manual See file UPStream_instructions.txt in the program’s main folder
Support email for questions S.Emmanouil@student.tudelft.nl, steliosemm26@gmail.com

1. Motivation and significance be in general described as computational links and nodes, for the
sake of programming convenience. The EPANET engine solves the
From a hydraulic point of view, pressurized water distribu- Q–H equations based on the gradient method, introduced by Todini
tion networks (for general information see [1]) are analyzed by and Pilati [3].
recursively solving a set of non-linear equations, usually referred While EPANET⃝ R
sets no upper limit to the size of the network,
to as Q–H equations (i.e. flow continuity and headloss equations, hydraulic analysis (i.e. calculation of hydraulic heads and fluxes at
respectively, see e.g. [2–5]). For this purpose, the U.S. Environ- the computational nodes and links of the network, respectively)
mental Protection Agency (EPA) launched EPANET⃝ R
. As quoted is only one part of the distribution network design process. The
in [2], EPANET⃝R
is an open-source ‘‘computer program that performs remaining part involves multiple iterations so certain regulatory
extended period simulation of hydraulic and water quality behavior constraints (i.e. in terms of flow velocities and pressures) are
within pressurized pipe networks’’. A pipe network consists of stor- fulfilled at all parts of the network; see e.g. [5–7]. The aforemen-
age tanks, reservoirs, valves, junctions and pipes, elements that can tioned recursive analysis can be conducted only manually using
the available features in EPANET⃝ R
, an almost impossible task in
regularly sized water distribution networks, where the number of
*
Correspondence to: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras,
University Campus, 26504, Rio, Greece. computational nodes and links is on the order of a few hundred or
E-mail address: andlag@alum.mit.edu (A. Langousis). more.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2017.09.001
2352-7110/© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
S. Emmanouil, A. Langousis / SoftwareX 6 (2017) 248–254 249

Alongside EPANET⃝ R
, EPA freely distributes EPANET Program- 2.2. Software architecture
mer’s Toolkit (see [2]), a dynamic link library (DLL) of functions
that can be easily called by Windows applications written in any UPStream⃝
R
consists of five components:
language (e.g. C/C++, Visual Basic, etc.). The latter option allows
advanced users to customize EPANET⃝ R
to their specific needs,
– UPStream_configure_and_execute.m is the main code of
facilitating the development of specialized applications.
the software, where the user specifies: (1) the name of the pipe
One example is UPStream⃝ R
, an open-source code written and
network input file (e.g. example1; see line 29 of the code
developed in MATLAB⃝ R
, which uses EPANET Programmer’s Toolkit
and Section 2.1), (2) the minimum pressure constraint for the
to automatically design pressurized pipe networks, regardless
network nodes (e.g. pmin = 0 for zero minimum pressure at
their size (i.e. the number of computational nodes – junctions and
all network nodes, pmin = 12 for 12 m of minimum pressure;
links – pipes), based on user-specified pressure and flow velocity
constraints. The latter option provides the freedom of adaptation to see line 30 of the code and Section 3.1), and (3) the maximum
region- (or country-) specific regulations, in the comfort of a widely permissible number of successive numerical iterations at each
used programming language. node of the network (e.g. ittermax = 20; see line 31 of the
An important note to be made here, is that the current version of code and Section 2.4). If ittermax is exceeded, the network
UPStream⃝ R
addresses solely the problem of automated hydraulic is flagged as unsolvable, the program stops, and a warning
design of pressurized water distribution networks, not ensuring message is printed on screen and at the end of the UPStream⃝ R

maximization of hydraulic performance/resilience at a minimum report file, indicating the conflicting node. In this case the
of cost; see e.g. [8–14]. It is the Authors’ opinion that the latter en- user should either modify the configuration of the network, or
deavor goes beyond the apparent contributions of an open-source change the pmin constraint and try again. All files generated by
software platform, as it challenges the effectiveness of different UPStream⃝ R
are placed in a separate subfolder, named after the
approaches to networks’ optimality conditions and optimization pipe network input file (i.e. .\example1_UPStream).
algorithms [see e.g. [15–28]], while competing with existing com- – vmax_constrains_function.m sets the maximum flow ve-
mercial tools. This is the reason why, in the current version of locity at each link of the distribution network, as a function of
the software, we use a simple hydraulic gradient-based recursive the pipe diameter. In case needed, the user may customize the
approach for pipe selection (see Section 2.4 below) that leads to file to match national or region-specific regulations.
an admissible network configuration in terms of pressure and flow – change_diameter_function.m substitutes the diameter of
velocity constraints/requirements. Extensions of the software to a selected pipe/link by the next available one, in case the ve-
include multi-objective optimization modules to weight between locity constrains are not met; see above. If needed, the user
alternative design strategies are left to the interested users. may customize the file, e.g. to include/import a table of market
Section 2 outlines the basic architecture of UPStream⃝ R
, its diameters.
components and all required details to run the software, followed – UPstream_engine.m conducts automated network design
by two application examples presented in Section 3. Section 4 based on user-defined pressure and flow velocity constraints
summarizes the expected impact of UPStream⃝ R
, and Section 5 using a gradient-based recursive approach for pipe selection.
concludes with some remarks and possibilities for future develop- More details on how UPstream_engine.m functions, are pre-
ment. sented in Section 2.4.
– UPstream_report_gen.m generates the required UPStream⃝ R

2. Software description report files, as well as a new input file (i.e. exam-
ple1_new.inp) with the updated pipe diameters; see also
Before running UPStream⃝ R
, the user should: (1) Download and Section 2.3 below.
install the Microsoft Software Development Kit (SDK) 7.1⃝ R
(or
later) version of C compiler for Windows. In case SDK 7.1 fails to
install, the user should remove C++ Redistributable 2010 (both x64
and x86), using Windows Control Panel (i.e. SDK 7.1 will reinstall 2.3. Software execution — User guide
them during the process). (2) Run command mex-setup in MAT-
LAB’s Command Window. (3) Select the compiler corresponding to After setting the required information for the design of
the Microsoft Software Development Kit (SDK) installed in (1). the network (see Section 2.2), execution of the software re-
quires calling UPStream_configure_and_execute.m from
2.1. Configuring the water distribution network MATLAB’s command window. UPStream⃝ R
generates two text
report files (i.e. example1_report_EPAengine.txt, ex-
Sketching and initial configuration of the water distribution ample1_report_UPStream.txt) summarizing the results of
network can be easily accomplished through the EPANET⃝ R
Graph- the hydraulic design process, a network binary file (i.e. ex-
ical User Interface (GUI), using LPS (i.e. liters per second) flow ample1_output.bin), a MATLAB workspace file (i.e. exam-
units; see [2]. At this step, the user configures the network using ple1_workspace.mat), and a new network input file (i.e. ex-
the available EPANET’s tools for junctions, pipes, tanks, reser- ample1_new.inp) with the updated pipe diameters. The latter
voirs, pumps etc., and specifies the roughness, initial diameter, can be imported to EPANET⃝ R
using EPANET’s GUI for further pro-
and lengths of the computational links; see Section 3 below. The cessing. All files are placed in a newly generated subfolder, named
network’s configuration can be saved (i.e. using extension .net) after the original input file (i.e. .\example1_UPStream). Note
at an arbitrary location for future reference (if needed). From the that the original input file in the program’s main folder (i.e. ex-
drop-down menu FILE of EPANET’s GUI, one selects EXPORT and ample1.inp) remains unchanged. Detailed step-by-step instruc-
then NETWORK, to export the network in INP format (say ex- tions to run the software and configure the necessary files (see
ample1.inp for demonstration purposes) at the software’s main Section 2.2) are presented in file UPStream_instructions.txt
folder (i.e. .\UPStream, in the current version). This is the network located at the software’s main folder (i.e. .\UPstream, in the
configuration file read by UPStream⃝ R
. current version).
250 S. Emmanouil, A. Langousis / SoftwareX 6 (2017) 248–254

Fig. 1. Pictorial component overview for the hydraulic design of a water distribution network using UPStream⃝
R
.

2.4. UPStream engine: Gradient-based recursive selection of pipe di- After the network has been successfully resolved in order for the
ameters maximum flow velocity constraints to be met at all computational
links, the network is resolved for zero pressure constraints at
File UPstream_engine.m includes the source code for au-
all computational nodes. For those nodes that exhibit negative
tomatic design of a pressurized pipe network, based on user-
specified pressure and flow velocity constraints. Initially, the net- pressures, the links (pipes) ending to the nodes (i.e. flow direction
work is solved using the diameters in the original .inp file, and func- towards the corresponding nodes) are progressively replaced using
tion vmax_constains_function.m is used to check the flow change_diameter_function.m, starting with the link/pipe that
velocities in all computational links (pipes). In case the maximum displays the largest hydraulic head gradient: J = (hydraulic head at
velocity constraints are not met in one or more links, the program starting node — hydraulic head at ending node)/link’s length. The
automatically replaces the network’s smallest pipe diameter that network is then solved using the updated configuration, and in case
does not meet the velocity constraints with the next available one,
the problem persists for the same or a different node, the process is
and the network is re-solved using the updated configuration. In
the current version of function vmax_constains_function.m, repeated. At this point, there is a check for the maximum number of
diameters are substituted using a 10 mm constant increment. This successive iterations ittermax conducted at each computational
value was selected as a safe estimate for market pipe diameters, node; see Section 2.2 above. If the maximum permissible number
at least for preliminary stage design. In case needed, the user may of iterations is exceeded, the network is flagged as unsolvable, the
customize the file to include/import a table of market diameters. A program stops, and a warning message is printed on screen and at
portion of the code that corresponds to the pipe-diameter replac-
the end of the UPStream⃝ R
report file (see also Section 3 below),
ing procedure is shown on the top of the next page.
During the replacement process: (1) DLL function EN- indicating the conflicting computational node.
getlinkvalue is used to retrieve the value of link-parameter After the network has been successfully resolved for zero pres-
diameter, (2) function change_diameter_function.m is used sure requirements, and in case pmin in UPStream_configure_
to replace the current diameter value with the next available one, and_execute.m (see line 30 of the code) is set to some positive
and (3) DLL function ENsetlinkvalue is used to update the value, the network is resolved for the case of the specified min-
configuration of the network. All functions included in EPANET imum pressure constraint, using the same iterative procedure as
Programmer’s Toolkit have to be called using calllib, with input
for the case of zero pressure requirements. In the case when pmin
arguments: (1) the name of the DLL file, and (2) the toolkit’s func-
tion name and corresponding arguments. For a detailed overview is set to zero, lines 210–301 of the code are skipped. For illustrative
of the functions included in EPANET Programmer’s Toolkit, the purposes, Fig. 1 presents the basic steps for the design of a water
interested reader is referred to [2]. distribution network using UPStream⃝ R
.
S. Emmanouil, A. Langousis / SoftwareX 6 (2017) 248–254 251

Fig. 2. Schematic representation of the single reservoir network in Section 3.1 (adapted from [6]), illustrating the numbering and elevations of computational nodes, and
the lengths of computational links (pipes).

3. Application examples available in the Greek market [see e.g. [6,7]]. Also, the rough-
ness for PVC pipes was set to 0.5 mm, to reflect deposi-
In this section, we illustrate the main functionalities of tional effects at the end of their economic lifetime [i.e. approx-
UPSream⃝ R
, using two application examples adapted from [6]. The imately 40–50 years; see e.g. [6,7]]. For the hydraulic analysis
first example addresses the hydraulic design of a pressurized water
and automated network design, we use the flow velocity con-
distribution network of a domestic settlement, supplied by a single
straints imposed by the Greek regulations [see [29] and func-
reservoir; see Fig. 2 and Section 3.1 below. The second example
(see Fig. 3 and Section 3.2) addresses the hydraulic design of the tion vmax_constains_function.m], and minimum pressure re-
same network geometry, with the accession of a two additional quirement equal to 12 m [i.e. sufficient for a domestic settlement
reservoirs for water supply. constituted by 2- to 3-storey establishments, see e.g. [6,7]].
Execution of UPSream⃝ R
from MATLAB’s Command Window
3.1. Single reservoir network results to the final network configuration and hydraulic param-
eter values (i.e. headloss, friction factors, link fluxes, flow veloc-
The network is first sketched and configured using EPANET’s ities, pipe diameters and node pressures) shown in file exam-
GUI, and exported in INP format (i.e. example1.inp) in the soft-
ple1_report_UPStream.txt in the corresponding folder. The
ware’s main folder (i.e. .\UPstream, in the current version). The
newly designed network in INP and binary (.bin) formats, the
initial configuration of the network (i.e. pipe diameters, lengths
and material roughness, as well the elevation and concentrated corresponding report files in text (.txt) format, as well as the
water demand at each node) is presented in Tables 1 and 2. MATLAB workspace generated during hydraulic design, are saved
For all computational links the initial diameter was set to and placed in a separate subfolder named after the network’s initial
60 mm, which is the minimum nominal diameter of PVC pipes configuration file (i.e. .\example1_UPStream).
252 S. Emmanouil, A. Langousis / SoftwareX 6 (2017) 248–254

Fig. 3. Schematic representation of the three reservoir system in Section 3.2, as exported from EPANET’s GUI.

Table 1
Initial configuration of the two water distribution networks in Sections 3.1 and 3.2.
Link ID Starting node Ending node Length (m) Diameter (mm) Roughness (mm)
1 1 2 190 60 0.5
2 2 3 180 60 0.5
3 3 4 155 60 0.5
4 4 5 140 60 0.5
5 5 6 120 60 0.5
6 6 7 130 60 0.5
7 7 8 250 60 0.5
8 8 9 135 60 0.5
9 8 10 150 60 0.5
10 10 11 150 60 0.5
11 11 12 250 60 0.5
12 12 13 250 60 0.5
13 13 14 140 60 0.5
14 14 15 140 60 0.5
15 3 15 245 60 0.5
16 4 14 300 60 0.5
17 13 17 150 60 0.5
18 5 17 150 60 0.5
19 10 16 250 60 0.5
20 16 17 250 60 0.5
21 12 16 150 60 0.5
22 7 16 150 60 0.5
23 11 18 200 60 0.5
24 18 19 140 60 0.5

3.2. Three reservoir system configuration and hydraulic parameter values can be found in file
example2_report_UPStream.txt in the corresponding folder.
In this more complex example case (i.e. example2.inp), the
network shares the same geometry and initial configuration as 4. Impact
that in Section 3.1, with the addition of two extra reservoirs; see
Fig. 3. Also, to increase the complexity of the recursive design To the best of our knowledge, there is no available open-
procedure, we doubled the water demand at each node of the net- source software for automatic hydraulic design of pressur-
work. For the hydraulic analysis and automated network design, ized pipe networks, based on user-specified hydraulic con-
we use the same flow velocity and pressure constraints applied straints/requirements; see e.g. [30]. To that end, UPStream⃝
R
uses
to the single reservoir case; see Section 3.1. The final network a simple hydraulic gradient-based recursive approach for pipe
S. Emmanouil, A. Langousis / SoftwareX 6 (2017) 248–254 253

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