

What is Power Factor?

1. The different ratio between active power and reactive power is called power factor.
2. It is ratio between the true power (KWH) and apparent power (KVA).
Power factor = True power / apparent power
Cos Ø = KW/ KVA

90o 90o
90+90+90+90= 360 (KW)
Active (KVAR)
Power Reactive
power
90o 90o
90o
Power Triangles

(KVA)
Apparent
3. Formula: power

P.F = KW
KVA

P.F = KWH________
√(𝐊𝐖𝐇)𝟐 + (𝐊𝐕𝐑𝐇)𝟐

 Effects of low power factor:

 Reduction in system capacity.
 Increase in capital cast of new system.
 Increase in distribution system losses.
 Reduction in system voltage.
 Increase in system load i.e current.

 Method of power factor improvement.

 By using capacitor
 Phase advancer and synchronous motor.
P.F = KW (kilowatt) = KVARH
KVA kilo,vat,Amperes

I
Voltage and Current in same Smith
V

180o cos KVA (apparent power)

KVARH
Angle 90O COS REACTIVE
POWER LOAD
90O COS

90O COS
KW
Actual power
( Active Power)
90O COS
 DATA

1. Maximum Demand indicator MDI Load = 200kw

2. Kilo Watt Hour KWH Reading = 16000 Units
3. Kilo, volt, Ampere Reactive, Hours KVARH Reading = 12000 Units
4. One Kilo Watt Fixed Rate - IkwS Fixed Charge. = 200 Rupees/=
5. Standard Power Factor is = 0.90
6. Find out the power factor
7. Find out power factor?
8. Power Factor Penalty?

Solution:-

Formula:-

P.F = KWH________
√(𝐊𝐖𝐇)𝟐 + (𝐊𝐕𝐑𝐇)𝟐

P.F = 16000________
√(𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎)𝟐 + (𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎)𝟐

P.F = 16000________
√(𝟐𝟓𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎) + (𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎)
S

P.F = 16000________
√𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

P.F = 16000________ = 16000 ÷ 20000 = 0.8%

𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
P.F is = 0.8%
Answer.
 P.F PENALTY?

Formula:-

P.F Penalty = Difference of P.F x MDI Rate/KW x 2

P.F Penalty = (0.9-0.8) x 200 x 200 x 2

= 0.1 x 40000 x 2

= 0.1 x 80000

= 8000/= Rupees.

So that

Standard P.F 0. 90

P.F. is = 0.8%

P.F. Penalty is 8000/= Rupees.

 Load Factor
Load factor is defined as the ratio of average demand to maximum demand a given period
Or
This load factor may be daily load factor, monthly load factor or annual load factor if
the time period considered is a day or month or year. Load factor is always less than a
because average load is smaller than the maximum demand. The load factor plays key
role in determining the overall cost per unit generated. Higher the load of the power
station lesser will be the cost per units generated.
Example: UTM bill for December 2011
Total KWH =5,138,331 KWH
Max. Demand =14,198 KW
Total Days = 30 Days
Total Hours = 24 hours

Calculation:-
24 hours = 100 % age
08 hours = electricity used
So,
100 ÷ 24 = 4.16 per hours
4.16 x 08 ÷ 100 =0.33 %
30 day x 24 hours =720 per months
31 day x 24 hours = 744 per month
730 x 1 x 0.33 = 240. 9 units / month
240 x 3 = 720 units / 3 months
240*9*3 = 722.7
Formula:
1 L.F = consumed units X 100% age
Max load X Month (Hours) (730)

L.F = 200 units = 200 = 0.0068 X 100 = 0.68%

40 load X 730 29200

So,
L.F = 0.0068
 Tariff Category
On 24th Feb. 2007 Ministry of water & Power
notified NEPR approved Tariff for all Distribution
Companies Replacing unified WAPDA Tariff.

Sr. Tariff Description

Category
1. A General Supply
(Residential
Commercial)
2. B Industrial
3. C One Point Supply/ Bulk
Supply
4. D Agriculture
5. E Temporary Supply
6. F Seasonal Industrial
Supply
7. G Public Lighting
8. H Residential Colonies
attached with
Industrial Premises.
9. I Railway Traction
10. J Co-Generation
11. K Special Contract
 Multiplying Factor
M.F (Multiplying Factor) value is written on the front dial of the energy meter.
However, there may be different cases:
Case 1: The energy meter front dial doesn't have any M.F value or CT ratio and
the meter is used without CT.
The M.F is 1 in this case, so the actual energy used for a period is equal to meter
reading difference for the period.
Case 2: The energy meter front dial does have M.F value but no CT ratio: and
the meter is used without CT.
The actual energy used for a period is equal to meter reading difference for the
period multiplied by meter M.F.
Case 3: The energy meter front dial does have M.F value and CT ratio; and
the meter is used with CT of same ratio.
The actual energy used for a period is equal to meter reading difference for
the period multiplied by M.F.
Case 4: The energy meter front dial does have M.F value and CT ratio
(example 100/5A); and the meter is used with CT of different ratio
(example 200/5A).
In this case,
Actual M.F = Meter M.F x (200/100) = Meter M.F x 2.
The actual energy used for a period is equal to meter reading difference for
the period multiplied by Actual M.F.
Case 5 (rare case but may happen): The energy meter front dial doesn't have any
M.F value or CT ratio but the meter is used with a CT (say 20/5A).
In this case,
Actual M.F = CT ratio
So the actual energy used for a period is equal to meter reading difference for
the period multiplied by CT Ratio.
There are more similar cases for PT ratio as well
(but the logic is similar to CT ratio).