Energy andElectromechanical

Energy Conversion
Preference for Electricity
Energy is vital for all living-beings on earth. Modern life-
style has further increased its importance, since a faster
life means faster transport, faster communication, and
faster manufacturing processes. All these lead to an
increase in energy required for all those modern
systems.

“Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed”. We can

only change its forms, using appropriate energy
conversion processes.
Types of Energy Sources converted into Electrical
Energy

• Chemical Energy – energy that is released as the

result of electron interactions
Ex. Batteries( Dry Cell, Wet Cell and Fuel Cell)
• Solar Energy – is light and heat energy from the sun
Wind Energy – moving air turns the blades of large
windmills or generator to make electricity.
Hydroelectric Energy – fast flowing water released from
dams in mountains areas can turn water turbines to
produce electricity.
Geothermal Energy – uses heat energy from the
beneath the surface of the earth.

Other Fuels for Heating Water turning into Steam

Coal Gas
Petroleum Uranium
• Nuclear Energy – exists as stored energy which is
released as a result of particle interactions with or within
the nucleus
Ex. Radioactive Decay – unstable nucleus, radio isotope
decays to a more stable configuration
Fission – heavy mass nucleus absorbs a neutrons and
splits up into 2 or more nuclei with energy released
Fusion – 2 light mass nuclei combine to produce
more stable configuration with energy released.
Principle of Electromechanical Energy Conversion
An electromechanical conversion device is a link
between electrical and mechanical system. The purpose of
electro-mechanical conversion device is to change the form
of energy. When it is converting mechanical input to
electrical output the device is “generating”. With electrical
input, when mechanical output is obtained, the device is
motoring.

A device can work either as a generator or as a motor,

provided pertinent conditions are satisfied for the
concerned mode of operation.
 Dynamo

Dynamo is a rotating electrical machine that

converts mechanical energy into electrical energy or
electrical energy into mechanical energy

Two Principles of Dynamo are

• Generator Action – it involves the development of

voltage

• Motor Action – it involves the development of force or

torque
Practical Generator
DC generators are similar to dc motor in appearance and
construction. They have the same stationary and rotating
part which consist of the following essential parts
1. Magnetic Frame or Yoke 2. Pole-Cores and Pole-Shoes
3. Pole Coils or Field Coils 4. Armature Core
5. Armature Windings or Conductors 6. Commutator
7. Brushes and Bearings
Frame or Yoke
The outer frame or yoke serves double purpose :
• It provides mechanical support for the poles and acts as
a protecting cover for the whole machine and
• It carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles.
Pole Cores and Pole Shoes
The field magnets consist of pole cores and pole shoes. The
pole shoes serve two purposes
• they spread out the flux in the air gap and also, being of
larger cross-section, reduce the reluctance of the
magnetic path
• they support the exciting coils (or field coils)
Pole Coils
The field coils or pole coils consists of copper wire or
strip, are wound coil placed over the core of the poles.
the field windings are constructed into three types:
• A shunt field in which there are many turns of fine wire
• A series field with few turns of heavy wire
• A compound field in which both a shunt and series
windings are used
Armature Core
It houses the armature conductors or coils and causes
them to rotate and hence cut the magnetic flux of the
field magnets.

Armature Windings
virtually the heart of the dynamo, are insulated coils
wound in the armature slots.
Commutator
The function of the commutator is to facilitate collection
of current from the armature conductors. converts the
alternating current induced in the armature conductors
into unidirectional current in the external load circuit
Brushes and Bearings
Brushes usually made of carbon, are held in a stationary
position by brush holders. The brushes collect current
from the commutator to the external circuit. The ball
bearings are employed to freely rotate the commutator
shaft and for quiter operation.
Shaft
shaft is made of steel and holds the commutator
THE END