High Frequency Linear Noisy Circuit Analysis

1
 Outline

Multi-port matrix representations

The Smith Chart
Why S-parameters?
Differential S-parameters
Two-port stability
Two-port power gain definitions

2
 Multi-port matrix representations
b
2 ,V
-
a 2 ,-
I-

I-
N-port: [Y], [Z], [S] ,V

3
2

,-
+ 2

-
,I +

3
,V
2 t2
Two-port: [G],[H],

b
3
2
t3
[ABCD], [T] b1, V 1, -I 1
- - a4, V+4, I+4
n-port
[S],[Y],[Z]
V n=V +n V -n I n =I +n I -n
a1, V 1, I+ + b4, V-4, -I-4
V +n V -n 1 t1 t4
+ -
I n =I n I n= − tn
Z0 Z0

an, V+n, I+n

bn, V-n, -I-n
V+n, V-n = incident/reflected voltages

I+n, I-n = incident/reflected currents

an, bn = incident/reflected power waves V +n V -n

a n= b n=
 Z0  Z0
Z0 = reference impedance
2
V ×I +
∣a ∣ +* 2
V -n× I -*n ∣bi∣
tn = reference plane location at port n Pin,avg, i = = i n n Pout,avg, i = =
2 2 2 2
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 [Z], [Y] n-PORT parameters

[ ][ ][ ]
V1 Z 11 Z 12 . . Z 1n I1
V2 Z 21 Z 22 . . Z 2n I2 Vi
. = . . . . . × . Z ij= [ I k =0 for k≠ j ]
Ij
. . . . . . .
Vn Z n1 Z n2 . . Z nn In

[Z] = [Y]-1

[][ ][ ]
I1 Y 11 Y 12 . . Y 1n V1
I2 Y 21 Y 22 . . Y 2n V2
. = . . . . . × . Ii
Y ij= [ V k =0 for k ≠ j ]
. . . . . . . Vj
In Y n1 Y n2 . . Y nn Vn

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 Two-port matrices
I1 I2

[ ][
V1
I2
h h
][ ]
= 11 12 × 1
h 21 h 22
I
V2

V2 [Y], [Z], [H], [G] V2

[ ][
I1
V2
g
= 11
][ ]
g 12
g 21 g 22
V
× 1
I2

I1 I2

[ ][ ][ ]
V1 A B V V2 [ABCD] V2
= × 2
I1 C D −I 2

[ A
C
B
D][A B1
= 1
C1 D1 ][
A
× 2
C2
B2
D2 ] [ A Bn
×...× n
] [
=∏ i
A Bi
C 1 D n i=1 C i D i ] 5
 Reflection coefficient

Describes impedance mismatch with respect to a reference

impedance Z0.

Important when circuit dimensions become comparable to

circuit size
Z− Z 0 Y 0 −Y
= =
Z Z 0 Y Y 0

z−1
= Where z = Z/Z0
z1

Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

1∣∣
VSWR=
1−∣∣

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 Smith Chart

Constant Γ R=0 (Z≡ Reactive), |Γ|=1

Circle X
R<0
Constant R Inductive
Contour
R>0
Short Open
0 Z0 R
Constant X Capacitive
Contour
R<0
X=0 (Z≡ Resistive)

● Invented in 1939 to represent impedance by their

reflection coefficient to solve transmission line problems

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 3-D Smith Chart

http://www.3dsmithchart.com/content/3d-smith-chart-demo
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 S Parameters
Why S parameters?
● Y, Z, H, G params require open-circuit or short-circuit
terminations, difficult to reproduce at high frequencies

●
S params are measured under 50-Ω terminations. 50-Ω t-lines
and terminations can be fabricated beyond 500 GHz.
● Y/Z params are defined as ratios of voltages and currents
whereas S params are ratios of incident and reflected travelling
waves, measured accurately using directional couplers and power
meters, typically combined in a Network Analyzer

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N-Port S-parameters and matrix conversions

[][ ][]
b1 S 11 S 12 . . S 1n a1 b
b2 S 21 S 22 . . S 2n a2
2 ,V
-
. = . . . . . × . a 2 ,-
I-

I-
,V

3
2

,-
2
. . . . . . . +

-
,I +

3
,V
bn S n1 S n2 . . S nn an 2 t2

b
3
2
t3
b b1, V 1, -I
- - a4, V+4, I+4
S ij = i [ a k =0 for k ≠ j ] 1 n-port
aj
[S],[Y],[Z]
[S ]=[Z ]−[U ][Z ][U ]
−1
a1, V , I + + b4, V-4, -I-4
1 1 t1 t4
tn
−1
[Z ]=[U ][S ][U ]−[S ]

an, V+n, I+n

bn, V-n, -I-n
● [U] is the n-dimensional
identity matrix
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S Parameters and Smith Chart

b1 S1 1/ S2 2 = input/output return loss

S 11= a2 =0
a1 S2 1= transducer power gain
b1 S1 2 = isolation
S 12= a1=0
a2
b1 =S 11 a 1S 12 a 2
b2 b 2=S 21 a 1S 22 a 2
S 21= a 2=0
a1
input port Two-port output port
b2
S 22= a1=0
a2 ZO a1 S matrix a2

b1 b2
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 Chain transfer matrix of a 2-port

input port Two-port output port

[][=
][]
a 1 T 11 T 12
b 1 T 21 T 22
×
a2
b2 ZO a1 T matrix a2

b1 b2

Useful for a cascaded chain of two-ports

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Differential 2-port definitions

∣∣ ∣∣
bdm1 ad m 1

∣
=
∣
b d m 2 Sd d Sd c a d m 2
×
b c m 1 Sc d Scc a c m 1
bcm2 ac m 2

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 Differential 2-port definitions (ii)
Examples:
● fully differential op-amp
● coupled transmission lines
● Sdd, Scc, Sdc and Scd are 2x2 matrices

Mixed-mode S matrix similar to differential amplifier gain

●

matrix: Add , Acc, Acd, Adc

●Can define stability conditions (k, etc.) and port impedances at
each of the 4-ports
● Ideally, off-diagonal components should be 0

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 Mixed-mode differential 2-port gains
ad m 1 ad m 2 ac m 2
ac m 1
+ +
[Sd d] [Sc c]
- bc m 1 -
bd m 1 bd m 2 bc m 2

ad m 1 ac m 2 ad m 2
ac m 1 +
+
[Sd c] [Sc d]
-
bc m 2 bc m 1 - bd m 2
bd m 1
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DM and CM definitions for 1-ports and 2-ports
● Differential mode voltage, current and impedance
● Common-mode voltage, current and impedance

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Diff. mode eqns. for coupled t-lines & inductors

v d m ≝v 1 −v 2 i 1 −i 2
i d m≝
2
v 1 v 2
v c m≝ i c m ≝i 1 i 2
2

∣ ∣∣ ∣∣∣
v 1 Z1 1 Z1 2 i1
= ×
v 2 Z2 1 Z2 2 i2

For an infinitely long line without reflection

L11, L22, C11, C22 are self-inductance and self-capacitance

L12, L21, C12 and C21 are mutual inductance and mutual

capacitance
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 DM and CM impedances for diff. 1-port

i1−i2
v dm≝v1−v 2 i dm≝
2 ∣ ∣∣
1/ 2 Z Z
∣∣∣
i
= 11 12 × 1
−1/2 Z 21 Z 22 i 2
v dm
z dm = =2 Z 11− Z 12  since i1=−i 2 and v1 =−v 2
i dm

v1v 2
vcm ≝ icm ≝i1 i2
2

vcm Z 11Z 12 
z cm= = since i 1=i 2 and v1=v 2
i cm 2
v1 Z 12 Z 21 v2
z se = =Z 11 − since =−Z 0 if port 2 is terminated on Z 0
i1 Z 0 Z 22 i2
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Weakly-coupled (widely spaced) t-lines

Z= ∣
49.99 0.11
0.11 49.99 ∣
49.990.11
z cm= = 25.05 Ohm
2
z dm=2× (49.99 - 0.11) = 99.76 Ohm

z se= 49.99 + 0.00012 = 49.9 Ohm

Differential mode impedance is 2x the single-ended one

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 Strongly-coupled (closely spaced) t-lines

Z=
∣
60.24 10.7
10.7 60.24 ∣ z cm=
60.2410.7
2
=35.47 Ohm

z dm =260.24−10.7=99.1 Ohm

z se=60.24−1.038=59.20 Ohm

Differential mode impedance is not 2x the single-ended one!

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Stability conditions: 2-port definitions

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 Stability conditions for 2-Ports (ii)

The conditions for two port stability are that:

∣S ∣1
'
11
∣S'22∣1
for all possible load terminations with a positive real part.

where:
' S 12 S 21  L ' S 12 S 21  G
S =S 11
11
S =S 22
22
1−S 22  L 1−S 11  G

If either condition is violated we have only conditional stability

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 Stability Conditions for 2-Ports (iii)

The necessary and sufficient conditions for stability are:

2 2 2
1−∣S11∣ −∣S22∣ ∣D∣
k= 1 and ∣D∣1
2∣S12∣∣S21∣
2 2
where: ∣S1 2 S2 1∣1 −∣S1 1∣ ∣S1 2 S2 1∣1 −∣S2 2∣
D=S2 2 S1 1−S2 1 S1 2

Since, normally, |D| < 1, one can show that

k > 1 is sufficient for unconditional stability
K = Rollet’s stability factor
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 Stability (continued)

Alternate (more recent) unconditional 2-port stability

criterion
2
1−∣S 11∣
= *
1
∣S 22−D S ∣∣S 12 S 21∣
11

Unconditional stability criteria do not exist for

● a chain of cascaded two-ports
● n-ports

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 Two-port power gain definitions
2 2 2 2
∣a 1∣ ∣b 1∣ ∣b 2∣ ∣a 2∣
P DLN =P in =P AVS − P RN = − P L =P AVN − P RL= −
2 2 2 2
.
ZS PDLN PAVN

PAVS [ S] a2
a1
b2 PL
VS 2-port network ZL
b1 Z0
PRN PRL
ΓS Γi n Γο ut ΓL
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 Two-port power gain definitions (ii)
2 2
∣S 21∣ 1−∣ L∣ 
● Power Gain, GP = PL/PDLN GP= 2 2
1−∣ in∣ ∣1−S 22  L∣

2 2
∣S 21∣ 1−∣ S∣ 
● Available power gain, GA = PAVN/PAVS G A= 2 2
∣1−S 11  S∣ 1−∣ out∣ 

● Transducer power gain, GT = PL/PAVS

2 2 2 2 2 2
∣S 21∣ 1−∣ S∣ 1−∣ L∣  ∣S 21∣ 1−∣ S∣ 1−∣ L∣ 
GT = 2 2
= 2 2
∣1− S  in∣ ∣1−S 22  L∣ ∣1−S 11  S∣ ∣1− out  L∣

● Maximum available power gain, MAG = G A, GT when

conjugately matched S2 1
MAG= ∣ ∣ S1 2
k − k 2 −1 
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 Summary

● Multi-port network representations: Z, Y, S

● Two-port: G, H, ABCD, T

● Smith Chart and S-parameters

● Differential S-parameters

● Unconditional stability criteria established for two-ports,

not for n-ports

● Diff. and common-mode stability analysis is critical

● Several power gain definitions exist

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