stitutes a word unit) : X suspects the idea of black holes ‘unmentioned persons eit’ marriage are the Set 10.2 Provide either @ formula or a paraphrase for the semantic rela- tions between the constituents of the following phrases: 42. mass-produced tomatoes b. gene-spliced products -¢- genetically engineered fruit artificially ripened tomatoes fe. harvested fruit £. hotly contested issue + -g- altered plants fh. previously deciphered Mayan writing J. poorly understood written symbols }. attempted usurpers (of the throne) kc. reflected light 1 tunnel-shaped protein ‘m.umappreciated complexities rn. lightning-seared rocks Chapter 11 Verb Phrases. the nuclear verh.than are others, and asa rs nize two major types of verb phrases: (1) am-inner combination of verbs and accompanying expressions of modality (e.g. may come), (og: had. arrived), negation Verb phrases of the type 2a. cor (eg. Jim is a pilot (e.g. Mary is tall), ‘was ill, there were two men in the house), and linking verbs and i- dentity of reference (the mayor of town is Fred Klein). ‘Verb phases of the type 2b involve participants in various dy: rnamie relations to the verb; doers or agents and events (e.g. the 137man left, was hit by John), causers and events (e.g. the army forced an evacuation, the police made the people leave), affectees cor experiencers and events. (e.g smashed the car, the man was killed, the boy died), benef events (eng. gave hep a ring, she was given a ring), instruments and events (e.g. used a hammer, the wire opened the door), locatives and events (e.g. walked.home,. crossed the.river), createes and events (e.g. they ‘made a tunnel under the channel expressions of content and events or states (e.g. said he would leave, saw the woman leave) ‘There are also several minor verb phrases, .g- generic verbs followed by:nouns as numerable events (did a dance vs.. danced, ‘and.made two speeches vs. spoke twice), ‘the dummy subject pro- ‘oun it referring to a postposed referent. I). the dum rained lust ni prise (e.g. the tank contains fifty:gallons), ‘and expressions of as n by means of verbs such s help and join (the man helped Set 11.1 a, ‘The reservoir system proved a liquid magnet for lowland in- habitants. The verb proved rarely functions as the linking verb of an “a is b” sentence, but here it is equivalent to # phrase reservoir system, belonged to the class of a liquid magnet, which is clearly a figurative way of speaking about the manner in which the reservoir attracted so ‘many lowland inhsbi ‘The verb proved ot only is b" statement, but suggests relation occurred over a period of time and was somewhat beyond expectations (3 type of ). ‘The phrase lowland inhabitants is marked as a benefactee by the preposition for. b. The team suspected a problem with the study's methodolo- those who do the suspecting, and A consists of problem ‘verb phrase would be “1 does 2 of whieh the 3." cc. Scorpions use their poisons offensi ‘Scorpions sre the doers and ments,purpose clause with scorpions as the doers. A formula for q Blood, vengeance apparently raises the social states of Yanomamo warriors. by means of 3 in the manner of 4 for the purpose of 5." 1d. Researchers have performed an unprecedented experimental ‘check on the calculations. ‘The term researchers is semantically complex by combin very complex the eyes.of other Yanomamo people” 8. Band.and village societies must pay a heavy price for keep- ing population and food supply in balance. ‘The noun phrase band and village societi for of the actual numbers. eA novel procedure allowed them to. measure the wave «and the phrase pay.a heavy price is an idiom referring to teagth. ‘some kind of suffering and deprivation. The semantic re- ‘The term procedure is a generic expression for an activi- lation of these parts of the verb phrase may he expressed ty or a series of a ‘and novel indicates that experience 2", and what follows is the reason activity has not occurred previously. The verb allowed for having to suffer. The zefers toa modal event, namely, “to permit to happen,” toa clause meaning “caus ‘and what happened was the measurement. (an needs of the po cof the wave length, the content of what was measured. |, Such hostilities grew out of a long history of warfare.