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Chemistry
Advanced
Unit 4: General Principles of Chemistry I – Rates, Equilibria and
Further Organic Chemistry
(including synoptic assessment)
Thursday 12 January 2017 – Afternoon Paper Reference
Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
Information
• The
The total mark for this paper is 90.
• – usemarks for each question are shown in brackets
this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your
written communication will be assessed
– you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar, as
well as the clarity of expression, on these questions.
• A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this paper.
Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Keep an eye on the time.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end. Turn over
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SECTION A
Answer ALL the questions in this section. You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on
rate = k[CS2]
The units of the rate constant, k, are
A s
B s–1
C mol dm–3 s–1
D dm3 mol–1 s–1
Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.
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3 Which graph shows how the rate constant of a reaction, k, changes with temperature?
A
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Temperature
B
Temperature
C
k
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Temperature
D
Temperature
(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)
4 When solid sodium hydrogencarbonate is added to dilute hydrochloric acid, the mixture
starts fizzing and the temperature drops.
NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq) o NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Which statement about this reaction is not true?
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A ǻH is positive.
B ǻSsurroundings is positive.
C ǻSsystem is positive.
D ǻStotal is positive.
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7 Energy is given out when one mole of gaseous sodium ions is hydrated.
Na+(g) + aq o Na+(aq)
This reaction is more exothermic than the corresponding reaction for
potassium ions, K+(g), because
A sodium compounds are more soluble than potassium compounds.
B the first ionisation energy of sodium is greater than the first ionisation energy
of potassium.
C the lattice energies of sodium compounds are more exothermic than the
lattice energies of corresponding potassium compounds.
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D the radius of the Na+ ion is less than the radius of the K+ ion.
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What is the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for this reaction?
( pAg)2 × ( pO2 )½
A Kp =
( pAg2O)
( pAg2O)
B Kp =
( pAg)2 × ( pO2 )½
C K p = ( pO2 )½
1
D Kp =
( pO2 )½
(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)
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12 The reaction between concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid is
HNO3 + H2SO4 ` + –
_ H2NO3 + HSO4
13 When one of the optical isomers of 2-bromobutane reacts with aqueous hydroxide ions
by an SN2 mechanism, butan-2-ol is formed.
Which of the following is correct?
A There are two steps in the reaction.
Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.
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15 The ester
O
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19 The mass spectrum of dichloroethene, C2H2Cl2, has large peaks at m / e values of 61 and 63
due to fragmentation when a C Cl bond breaks.
The only isotopes present in the fragment forming the peak at m / e = 63 are
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A C, 1H and 35Cl.
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B C, 1H and 35Cl.
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C C, 2H and 37Cl.
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0.8
Relative
transmittance 0.6
0.4
0.2
Use the information on pages 5 and 6 of your Data Booklet to identify which
compound produced this spectrum.
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A C3H7CHO
B CH3COC2H5
C CH3CH CHCH2OH
D C5H12
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SECTION B
Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
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(iii) The graph shows how the concentration of crystal violet changes with time.
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2.5 –
2.0 –
1.5 –
[CV+(aq)] /
10–5 mol dm–3
1.0 –
0.5 –
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0–
–
–
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time / min
Measure two half-lives for this reaction showing your working on the graph.
Give the half-lives below.
(2)
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(iv) Use your half-lives to deduce the order with respect to CV+.
Justify your answer.
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(2)
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(iii) Use your value of the gradient in (b)(ii) to calculate the activation energy, Ea ,
of the reaction.
Remember to include units with your answer, which should be given to
two significant figures.
The Arrhenius equation is
Ea 1
ln k = − × + constant [R = 8.31 J mol−1 K −1]
R T (2)
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BLANK PAGE
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P Q
(a) Identify the reagent used in a test to show that P and Q are both carbonyl compounds.
Give the positive result of the test.
(2)
(b) Identify the reagents used in a test which gives a positive result with P but
not with Q.
Give the positive result of the test and identify the organic product which is observed.
(3)
(c) Name the organic product formed when P reacts under suitable conditions with
lithium tetrahydridoaluminate(III).
(1)
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(d) The proton nmr spectra of P and Q were compared. Complete the table.
(4)
Compound R
reagent A
OH
CH3CH2CCH2CH3
COOH
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Compound S
Polymer T
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(i) Complete the mechanism for the reaction of Q with HCN in the presence of
NaCN, showing relevant curly arrows, lone pairs, charges and dipoles.
(4)
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CH3CH2CCH2CH3
C N–
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(b) Write the equation for the reaction of lactic acid with excess
phosphorus(V) chloride, PCl5, showing the structural formula of the organic product.
State symbols are not required.
(3)
(ii) State whether lactic acid is a stronger or weaker acid than ethanoic acid.
Quote data from page 18 of your Data Booklet to justify your answer.
(1)
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(iii) Calculate the pH of a 0.150 mol dm–3 solution of lactic acid, giving your answer
to two decimal places. State two assumptions you have made.
(4)
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Assumptions
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(iv) A buffer solution with a pH of 4.00 is prepared using lactic acid and
sodium lactate, CH3CH(OH)COONa.
Calculate the mass of sodium lactate that should be dissolved in 1.00 dm3 of
0.150 mol dm–3 solution of lactic acid to make a buffer solution of pH 4.00.
Sodium lactate has molar mass of 112 g mol–1.
(4)
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*(v) A small volume of hydrochloric acid is added to the buffer solution made in (c) (iv).
Explain why the pH of the solution does not change significantly.
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SECTION C
Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
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*(ii) Calculate the value of Kc under these conditions. Include units in your answer.
(4)
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*(iii) The volume of the vessel containing the equilibrium mixture in (a) was
doubled to 10 dm3, keeping the temperature constant.
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(b) (i) Some data about nitrosyl chloride is given in the table.
Complete the table with the data for nitrogen(II) oxide and chlorine, using the
Data Booklet where appropriate.
(2)
NO(g)
Cl2(g) 165.0
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(ii) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of the reaction, ǻH , at 298 K.
2NOCl(g) ò 2NO(g) + Cl2(g)
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(2)
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(iii) Use your answer to (b)(ii) to explain why ¨Stotal becomes less negative as
temperature increases.
(2)
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(iv) Give the expression relating the equilibrium constant to the total entropy
change and hence explain how the equilibrium constant changes as the
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temperature increases.
(2)
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(c) (i) The standard molar entropies of the substances, S 9 , in the reaction are given
at 800 K.
Explain why the value for the standard molar entropy of all these substances is
greater at 800 K than at 298 K.
(2)
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9
(ii) Calculate the standard entropy change of the system, ǻS system , at 800 K.
Include a sign and units with your answer.
(2)
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9
(iii) The standard enthalpy change of the reaction, ǻH at 800 K is +53.2 kJ mol–1.
Show by calculation whether or not the reaction is thermodynamically
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spontaneous at 800 K.
(3)
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28
Write your name here
Surname Other names
Chemistry
Advanced
Unit 4: General Principles of Chemistry I – Rates, Equilibria and
Further Organic Chemistry
(including synoptic assessment)
Tuesday 13 June 2017 – Afternoon Paper Reference
Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
Information
• The
The total mark for this paper is 90.
• – usemarks for each question are shown in brackets
this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your
written communication will be assessed
– you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar, as
well as the clarity of expression, on these questions.
• A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this paper.
Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Keep an eye on the time.
• Try to answer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Check
Turn over
P48385A
©2017 Pearson Education Ltd.
5/6/6/6/6/1/1/
*P48385A0128*
SECTION A
Answer ALL the questions in this section. You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on
2
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4 What is the pH of the following solutions? Use Kw = 1.00 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6 where necessary.
(a) 0.2 mol dm–3 nitric acid.
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(1)
A –0.7
B –0.2
C +0.2
D +0.7
D 13.3
(c) A mixture of 10.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid and
20.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide.
(1)
A 13.5
B 13.7
C 14.0
D 14.5
(d) A buffer solution prepared by mixing 20 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm–3 methanoic acid and
10 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide, given that pKa = 3.8 for methanoic acid.
(1)
A 4.1
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B 3.8
C 3.5
D 3.3
3
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5 The decomposition of hydrogen iodide at 500 K is an equilibrium reaction.
9
Equation 1 HI(g) U ½H2(g) + ½I2(g) ǻH 1 = +5 kJ mol–1 Kc1 = 6 × 10–3
9 9
B ǻH 1 = ½ǻH 2 and Kc1 = ½Kc2
9 9
C ǻH 1 = √ǻH 2 and Kc1 = √Kc2
9 9
D ǻH 1 = ½ǻH 2 and Kc1 = √Kc2
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6 The dissociation constant for water, Kw, increases with increasing temperature.
Which of these statements about the effect of increasing temperature is correct?
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8 When an optically active isomer of 2-chlorobutane reacts with hydroxide ions to form
butan-2-ol by an SN1 mechanism, the product is not optically active.
C2H5CHClCH3 + OH– o C2H5CH(OH)CH3 + Cl–
What is the best explanation for this?
A 2-chlorobutane contains a chiral carbon atom.
B The reaction is a nucleophilic substitution.
C 2-chlorobutane forms a transition state containing a chiral carbon at the reaction site.
D 2-chlorobutane forms a carbocation which is planar about the positively charged carbon.
9 Which reaction has an enthalpy change equal to the enthalpy change of solution of
potassium chloride?
A 1 mol KCl(s) + 2 mol of H2O(l) o K+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
B 1 mol KCl(s) + excess H2O(l) o K+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
C 1 mol KCl(g) + 2 mol of H2O(l) o K+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
D 1 mol KCl(g) + excess H2O(l) o K+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
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10 An ionic solid dissolves in water. Which of the following statements about the signs
of these standard enthalpy changes is possible?
11 What is the main reason for hydrogenating vegetable oils for use as low-fat spreads?
A To increase the melting temperature.
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13 In a separation using high-performance liquid chromatography, the stationary phase
was polar and the mobile phase was non-polar.
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Which compound would take the most time to travel through the column?
A 1-bromopentane
B 1-chloropentane
C 1-iodopentane
D pentane
OH
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OH
(a) What is the systematic name for ricinoleic acid?
(1)
A E -12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid
B E -7-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid
C Z -7-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid
D Z -12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid
(b) The tallest peak in the mass spectrum of ricinoleic acid is at m / e = 55.
Which fragment produces this peak?
(1)
A COOH+
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B C4H7+
C CH CHCHOH+
D CH2CO2+
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15 Which polymer is manufactured by a condensation polymerisation of a single substance?
A Poly(2-methylpropenoate)
n
B Poly(propene)
n
C Poly(ethylene terephthalate)
O n
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SECTION B
Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
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(b) (i) Calculate the standard entropy change for the system, ǻSsystem , for this reaction.
Include a sign and units in your answer.
The standard entropy of BaCl2.2H2O(s) is +202.9 J K–1 mol–1.
Use your Data Booklet for the other values.
(3)
9
(ii) Is the sign for the standard entropy change of the system, ǻSsystem , as you
would expect? Justify your answer.
(1)
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9
(c) (i) The total standard entropy change, ǻStotal , is +227.5 J K–1 mol–1.
9
Calculate the standard enthalpy change, ǻH , for this reaction at 298 K.
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(ii) State and explain how you would expect the temperature to change during
this reaction.
(1)
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17 This question is about some reactions of propanone.
(a) Iodine reacts with propanone, CH3COCH3, in two different ways depending on the
(ii) Suggest why the rate of this reaction increases as the reaction proceeds.
(1)
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(b) (i) Identify, by names or formulae, the organic products of the reaction between
iodine and propanone in alkaline conditions.
(2)
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(ii) Describe two observations you expect to make when this reaction occurs.
(2)
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(c) (i) When propanone reacts with lithium tetrahydridoaluminate(III), water is not a
suitable solvent.
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Explain why water is unsuitable and name the solvent that should be used.
(2)
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(ii) Draw the skeletal formula of the organic product of this reaction.
(1)
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R N N
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(ii) What are the two uses of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in the laboratory?
(2)
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(e) (i) Propanone reacts with hydrogen cyanide to form a cyanohydrin, with
structural formula (CH3)2C(OH)CN.
Give the fully displayed formula and the systematic name for this compound.
(2)
Fully displayed formula
(ii) Draw the mechanism for the reaction of propanone with hydrogen cyanide, in
the presence of cyanide ions, to form the cyanohydrin, (CH3)2C(OH)CN.
Use curly arrows to show the movement of electron pairs.
(4)
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*(iii) When hydrogen cyanide and propanone react in ethanol solution to form the
cyanohydrin, an equilibrium is set up.
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18 (a) Propanal is an isomer of propanone.
It reacts with at least three reagents which do not react with propanone.
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(ii) Each reaction is of the same type. State the type of reaction.
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(ii) Propyl propanoate can be made from propanoic acid in two steps. DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
Step 1 Step 2
Propanoic acid propanoyl chloride propyl propanoate
Name the reagents for each step.
(2)
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(iii) Explain why the two step process given in b(ii) gives a higher yield than
synthesising propyl propanoate from propanoic acid in one step.
(1)
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(c) Propanal and propanone can be easily distinguished from each other by proton nmr
(nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) or IR (infrared) spectroscopy.
*(i) Draw the displayed formula of propanal and label the different proton
environments. Indicate the relative areas and splitting pattern for each
peak in the high resolution proton nmr spectrum.
Chemical shifts are not required.
(3)
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(ii) State and explain the appearance of the high resolution nmr spectrum of propanone.
(2)
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(iii) Use your Data Booklet to identify two absorptions in the IR spectrum of
propanal that would distinguish it from propanone.
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SECTION C
Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
0 0.20
2 0.14
4 0.09
8 0.04
10 0.03
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(ii) Find two successive half-lives from your graph.
Show your working on your graph, together with their values.
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(2)
(iii) Deduce the order of the reaction with respect to hydrogen peroxide.
Justify your answer.
(2)
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(b) The experiment is repeated using an initial rate method.
Mixtures are prepared using 0.10 mol dm–3 solutions of each reactant, 2 cm3 of
(i) Explain why it is necessary to keep the total volume of each mixture the same.
(1)
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(iii) Use the results in the table to deduce the order of reaction with respect to
iodide ions and hydrogen ions.
Justify each answer by referring to relevant data from the table.
(3)
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(iv) Write the overall rate equation for this reaction using your answers to
(a)(iii) and (b)(iii).
(1)
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(v) Calculate the actual concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and iodide ions in
the mixture used in Run 1 from the table in (b).
(1)
(vi) Calculate a value for the rate constant using Run 1 from the table in (b) and
your answers to parts (b)(iv) and (b)(v). Include units for the rate constant.
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(2)
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(c) (i) The activation energy for this reaction is found by keeping the concentrations
of reactants constant and repeating the reaction at different temperatures.
−2.5
í3.0
In (rate)
í3.5
í4.5
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*(ii) If the same reaction is carried out in the presence of a catalyst of
ammonium molybdate, the activation energy is found to be much lower.
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Explanation
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