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Electromagnetic Theory and Waves

Initial phase - Recognize the topics of the course

PRESENTED BY:

Juan Fernando Castro

CC. 11235671

GROUP: 203058_5

COURSE: 203058A_474

TUTOR:

OMAR ALBEIRO TREJO

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OPEN AND DISTANCEUNAD-CEAD

ZIPAQUIRÁ

CHÍA - CUNDINAMARCA

03/09/2018
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Activities to develop

Each student in the group has to answer the following questions

using academic references to support the research:

1. Explain the concept of loss tangent by means of an example.

RTA// The tangent of losses or tangent delta is a measure of the
state of an isolation. I also know called dissipation factor and is
a measure of the dielectric losses of a solid or liquid insulator.

Therefore, its magnitude depends on the type of isolation and

the conditions of it and it is independent of its volume. The
disadvantage of this proof is that it only determines the average
condition of the isolation, that is, does not detect the worst point
condition. Its value can be affected by the moisture and dirt on
the surface of the insulation that allow a circulation of current to
ground through the surface of it increasing the losses.

The idea is that any insulator can be assimilated to an ideal

capacitor in parallel / series to a resistor which represents its
dielectric losses. The delta angle (∆) between the capacitive
current and the total is called Loss angle or dissipation factor.
The test of tan delta pursues the determination of this angle and
is based on a high voltage source alternate power and a Schering
bridge to determine the delta tangent and the capacity of the
dielectric studied at the test voltage.

The type of medium can be determined by the tangent of losses

because it is a measure of the quality of an insulation, the lower
the conduction current compared to the displacement current,
the better the quality of the electrical insulation. The
classification of the media can be established taking into account
that the greater the angle of losses, the greater the current
component will be compared to the displacement current, that
is, the conductor will be the medium.

It is possible to classify the medium according to the tangent of

losses according to its angle as well;

Table 1. Classification of the medium according to the tangent of losses

MEDIUM CLASSIFICATION PARAMETERS

Perfect Dielectrics tan( σ) = 0 σ=0
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There is no driving current, no losses

π
tan( σ) → ∞ σ=
2
Perfect drivers It does not present polarization current, so it has no capacitive
effects or load accumulation.
tan( σ) → 0+ σ = 0+

Good insulators They present conduction current and have losses due to Joule
effect, but this effect is almost negligible compared to the
capacitive effect, they are also called "low loss dielectrics"
π
tan( σ) → ∞ σ=
2

Good conductors They have bias current, therefore, they have capacitive or load
accumulation effects, but it is much more significant the
conduction current and the losses by Joule effect
π
0<σ→
2
Dissipative dielectrics

They have both effects and none is negligible the other

2. What kind of information give us the propagation velocity in

electromagnetic waves propagation?
RTA// In the practical sense, the speed of propagation of a wave,
allows to know the direction, module and sense of the same. The
speed of propagation is the distance that a wave advances in a given
time.

To determine it, the following formula is used:

V = λ ∗ f
Where:
V = Propagation speed
λ = Wavelength (m)
f = Frequency (Hz)
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Figure 1. Representation of a wave.

3. Explain how an electromagnetic wave behaves in free space,

perfect dielectrics and good conductors.
RTA// Explain how an electromagnetic wave behaves in
free space
The soil, the troposphere and the ionosphere are responsible for
the ideal model of Free space propagation, described in the Friis
equation, is not correct in most of the real cases. The orography
of the soil and its morphological characteristics, which condition
their electrical properties, affect the propagation of waves
Electromagnetic For example, at low frequencies (below FM), the
Earth behaves like a good conductor, exciting a surface wave that
adapts to the orography of the terrain and transports the
electromagnetic fields far beyond the area of direct visibility. At
higher frequency, the attenuation of this mechanism is very
elevated and it is necessary to raise the antennas with respect
to the ground. In this case, the communication normally
established as the sum of a direct wave and another reflected in
the ground, which they interfere with each other.

The non-uniform concentration of gases in the troposphere,

which is typically greater than lower height, produces a curvature
of the rays due to the change of the refractive index of the middle
with the height. On the other hand, microwave bands produce an
additional attenuation in the molecules of the gases that make
up the atmosphere. Further, water in the form of water vapor, or
hydrometeors such as rain, fog, snow, etc. it produces additional
attenuations in the propagation and certain depolarization.

Finally, the presence of the ionosphere, layer of the atmosphere

between about 60 and 400 km, reflects the low frequency waves
(VLF and LF), refracts at frequencies of MF and HF, and
depolarizes the wave in the VHF and UHF bands.

Perfect dielectrics: Perfect dielectric or perfect insulator, which

does not allow the movement of loads inside. There is no driving
current, no losses.
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Good conductors: The good conductors are all those metals

that allow the passage of the current or the flow of electrons
quite easily. Most metals are considered good conductors of
electric current. Copper is just one of the most popular materials
used for drivers.

Other materials that are sometimes used as conductors are

silver, gold and aluminum. Copper is still the most popular
material used for cables because it is a very good conductor of
electric current and is quite cheap compared to gold and silver.
Aluminum and most other metals do not conduct electricity as
well as copper.

They have bias current, therefore, they have capacitive or load

accumulation effects, but it is much more significant the
conduction current and the losses by Joule effect.

4. Using the electromagnetic spectrum, explain the practical

application of every type of radiation.
RTA//
The knowledge that we have today of the electromagnetic
spectrum is quite finished and its applications are many, every
time we talk on the cell phone, we tune to a radio, watch a
television program, or feel the heat of the sun, we are perceiving
one or the other form electromagnetic radiation. Visible light is
only a small part of the family of electromagnetic waves that
make up the spectrum. Their applications depend on the type of
electromagnetic wave:

Microwave waves: One application is that of ovens. Its

operation is based on the fact that very high frequency
electromagnetic radiation has a lot of energy, so there is a very
large heat transfer to food in a short time. Communications and
radar are two other applications of microwaves.

The radio waves: they are used mainly in the treatment called
short wave. It is a type of high frequency alternating current
characterized by having a wavelength comprised between 1 and
30 meters (10-300 MHz). The short wave, due to its high
frequency is able to cross all kinds of bodies, both drivers and
non-drivers.

Infrared: they are used when we turn on the television and

change channels with our remote control; In the supermarket,
our products are identified by reading the barcodes; we see and
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listen to compact discs ... everything, thanks to infrared. These

are just some of the simplest applications, since they are also
used in security systems, ocean studies, medicine, etc.

X-rays: they are used mainly in the fields of scientific research,

industry and medicine.

Gamma Rays: are used to sterilize instruments that can not be

sterilized by other methods, and with considerably lower risks to
health, are also used in radiotherapy.

5. What is the refraction index and what kind of information give us

about the electromagnetic waves behavior?
RTA//
The refractive index (n) is defined as the quotient of the speed
(c) of a wave phenomenon as light or sound in that of a reference
medium with respect to the phase velocity (vp) in said medium:

𝑐
𝑛=
𝑣𝑝
𝐶: Speed of light in a vacuum
𝑣𝑝 : phase velocity
𝑛: Refractive index of the medium.

Generally, the speed of light in vacuum (c) is used as a reference

medium for any material, although other references have been
used during the history, such as the speed of light in the air.

The refractive index in the air is 1,00029 but for practical

purposes it is considered as 1, since the speed of light in this
medium is very close to that of the vacuum.

It is the relationship between the speed of propagation of

the wave in a reference medium (for example the vacuum
for electromagnetic waves) and its speed in the medium in
question.

6. What is a plane wave and a non-plane wave and where are they
used? What is a magnetic and a nonmagnetic medium and where
are they used?
RTA//

Flat wave: A flat wave or also called a one-dimensional wave, is

a wave of constant frequency whose wave fronts (surfaces with
constant phase) are parallel planes of constant amplitude normal
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to the vector phase velocity. That is to say, they are those waves
that propagate in a single direction throughout the space, like for
example the waves in the springs or in the cords. If the wave
propagates in a single direction, its wave fronts are flat and
parallel.

Mathematically, a plane wave is a solution of the wave equation

in its complex form in the following way:

𝑢(𝑥⃗, 𝑡)= 𝑎𝑒 𝑖(𝐾⃗⃗∗𝑥⃗− 𝜔𝑡)

𝑖: Imaginary unit
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑘: 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝜔: Angular frequency
𝑎: Complex amplitude

The characteristics of a plane wave are:

 Wave fronts have plane geometry.
 The vectors and the direction of propagation are mutually
perpendicular.
 The phases are the same, and the amplitude quotient is
constant throughout the space.

Non-plane wave:

A non-plane wave is a wave whose points of equal phase are not

located on a plane in space. Examples of non-plane waves are
cylindrical (circular) or spherical waves where you can also define a
wavelength if they are produced by periodic signals. Only periodic
signals produce waves with a wavelength. Waves with unequal spaces
between wavefronts correspond to signals that are not periodic.
Therefore the distances between such wavefronts are not related to
any wavelength.

Where are they used?

RTA/

What is a magnetic medium?

A magnetic medium is a device that stores information by means of
magnetic waves. Magnetic media are hard drives, 3 1/2 "discs, audio
cassettes or cassettes.
Magnetic media must be kept away from magnetic fields and no body
with magnetic properties (such as magnets, telephones) should be
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brought near them, as they could cause irretrievable loss of data

already stored.

¿What is a nonmagnetic medium?

The non-magnetic medium is one that is free of charges and currents.
An example of this is air and vacuum.

Choose one of the following problems, solve it and share the

solution in the forum. Perform a critical analysis on the group
members’ contributions and reply this in the forum.

An open medium has the following electromagnetic characteristics

𝜀𝑟 = 9, 𝜇𝑟 = 1.6 and 𝜎 = 1.2𝑥10−5 𝑆/𝑚

Find the power transmitted by a 120MHz signal with a maximum

electric field of 200V/m and find the skin depth of the signal.

To begin, the tangent of losses must be calculated in the following way:

𝜎 1,2 ∗ 10−5
tan(𝛿) = = = 8,8954 × 10−5
𝜔𝜖 2𝜋 × 27 × 106 × 9 × 1 × 10−9
36𝜋
We conclude that the dielectric medium is a good insulator, so we
proceed as follows:
𝜇 4𝜋 × 10−7
𝜂=√ =√ = 40𝜋Ω
𝜖 1
9 × 36𝜋 × 10−9

η = 40π|0° Ω

It is determined that initial power of (x = 0) then

2 |
|𝐸𝑥0
𝑃0 = cos 𝜃𝜂
2|𝜂|
V 2
|200 m|
𝑃0 = cos(0)
2|40𝜋| Ω
From the above it is obtained that:
𝐏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟓𝟗, 𝟏𝟕 𝐖/𝐦𝟐
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