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Jorge Rubinstein
Analysis
*This work was supported in part by Digital
Equipment Corporation, in part by the Advanced An RC tree is defined as follows. Consider any
Research Projects Agency of the Department of resistor tree with no node at ground. From each
Defense and monitored by the Office of Naval node in this tree a capacitor to ground may be
Research under Contract N00014-C-80-0622, and in added, and any resistor may be replaced by a
part by the Air Force under Contract number AFOSR distributed RC line. Although nonuniform RC lines
4-9620-80-0073. may appear in an RC tree, for simplicity the
has the dimensions of time, and is equal to the and in addition, (5) and (6) can be inverted to
first-order moment of the impulse response, which yield
has been called "delay" by Elmore [3]. Next, define
for each output e two quantities that also have t ~ TDe - Tp[l - Ve(t)] (11)
the dimensions of time,
TDe
Tp = ~ k RkkCk (2) t ~ TRe in (12)
Tp[l - Ve(t)]
Paper 30.2
614
VDD
POLY POLY
1 POL¥IK
,I1 POLY
Figure I.
I GND
T y p i c a l ~iOS s i g n a l - d i s t r i b u t i o n network. The i n v e r t e r is
s h o w n d r i v i n g three gates.
oc
,v~ i o
NODE k
R3 Z R4
R1 R2 ]
o
INPUT
zl R5
.TL. °e
OUTPUT
Paper 30.2
615
i
Ve(t)
/j t --~
15 3,4
0
Figure 4. Form of the bounds, with the distances Figure 5. Example network. Parameter values
from the exact solution exaggerated for clarity. are in ohms and farads.
_ _
/
V
INPUT
/
/
/
6- /
/ j,
/
/ /
A- / t
l
l
/
/
.2- / /
/ /
1 I I 1 I
0 200 400 600 800 I000
t --,,"
Figure 6. Upper and lower bounds for the network in Figure 5, with a saturated ramp input.
The exact solution, found from circuit simulation, is shown also.
Paper 30.2
616
where (14) only applies if Ve(t) ~ I - TDe/T P. The Rkk so that Tp, TDe , and TRe for each output
general form of all these bounds is illustrated in can be found. Of course for distributed lines the
Figure 4. sums are replaced by appropriate integrals. In this
approach, the calculations necessary for each output
Arbitrary Input Waveforms require time proportional to the square of the
number of elements.
Bounds for the response Ye(t) of an RC tree
to an arbitrary excitation x(t) can be obtained An alternate approach is to build up the
from the bounds Vue(t ) and Vle(t) just derived network by construction, and calculate independently
for the unit step response Ve(t). for each of the partially constructed networks
enough information to permit the final calculation
First, the superposition integral can be used of Tp, TDe , and TRe. The computation time for
to obtain Ye(t) as each output is then proportional to the number of
elements, rather than the square of the number.
Programs that implement this approach appear
~0 t dx(t')
Ye(t) = Ve(t - t') - -
Paper 30.2
617