ANATOMY OF GUINEA PIG (Cavia porcellus)

By :
Name : Isnaeni Rachmawati
Student ID : B1B017036
Group : VI
Subgroup :3
Assistant : Dyah Retno Annisa

PRACTICAL REPORT OF ANIMAL STRUCTURE

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2018
 I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) belongs to group of mammals, an animal
that has a mammary gland. Another characteristic of mammals is that the body
protected by hair, the skin contains variety of glands, the toes have claws, nails
and palms. Their feet adapt for walking, running, digging into soil or jumping
and categorized as warm-blooded animals. The body of mammals covered with
hair and fat subcutaneous. They give birth to offspring and feed them with milk
produced by mammary gland. These systems cause the metabolism of Guinea
pig to be considered as high mammals and consequently required a lot of eating
(Brotowidjoyo, 1990).
Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) is classified as rodents, an ordo that are
approximately 300 species exist in this world. Guinea pig’s body is
distinguished into head, neck, body, and tail. The mouth, nostrils, eyes and ears
are on the head. The outer ear hole is equipped with earlobes. The ear of Guinea
pig is equipped with earlobes (pina auricula), meanwhile in the mouth there is
the inferior labium and the superior labium (Moments, 1967).
Guinea pig is a plant-eating rodents and have cutting teeth such as chisels
that are useful for chopping and tearing. Membrane nictitans are in the corner of
the eye. The glandular structure lies in the groin, external genitalia and limbs are
present on the body (Pratigono, 1982). Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) is used as
the object of preparation in this practical lab activity to represent mammalian
classis because it is harmless and has a relatively large body that will be easily
observed (Radiopoetro, 1986).

B. Purpose
The purpose of this practical lab activity is to observe and distinguish the
morphology and anatomy of Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus).
 II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
A. Material
The materials that used in this practical lab activity are Guinea pig
(Cavia porcellus), and chloroform.
The tools that used in this practical lab activity are tub preparations,
tweezers, knives, surgical scissors, and piercing needles.

B. Methods
The methods that used in this activity are:
1. The guinea pig is anesthetized by using chloroform to suffocate.
2. Before surgery is done, the hair on the ventral soaked first so that during
dissection hairs do not fly and fouled.
3. The skin is cut with scissors starting posterior on the face of the penis or
clitoris to anteriorly following the medial line of the ventral body at the end
of the medulla.
4. The skin is opened to the side until the muscles of the abdomen and thorax
are visible.
5. Unnecessary membranes are cut so that the structures to be observed are
apparent and bleeding is avoided as far as possible so the lab activity won’t
be disturbed.
6. Surgery in the abdominal area, starting from the inguinal region to the
anterior until the xiphisternum follows the medial line of the body, then the
dissection proceeds laterally along the diaphragm, so that the muscles in the
abdomen can be expelled and the organs present in the abdominal cavity can
be seen clearly.
7. Surgery in the thorax are done by cutting the ribs to the left of the sternum, on
the anterior part near the base of the neck (until the first rib) carefully not to
damage the large vein causing bleeding. Then the cutting process is continued
laterally to the anterior part until the armpit area, while the posterior side is
laterally cut down to diaphragm.
8. After the surgery is complete, visible organs are observed and given
information.
B. Discussion
Storer & Usinger (1957), classified Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) into:
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata
Sub phylum : Vertebrata
Class : Mamalia
Ordo : Rodentia
Family : Cavidae
Genus : Cavia
Species : Cavia porcellus
The Guinea pig consists of caput (head), cervix (neck), truncus
(body), extremity (limbs), and rudiment cauda (tail). This is consistent with
Hildebrand's (1983) assertion that the body of a Guinea pig is wrapped by haired
skin divided into caput, collar, truncus, and rudimentary cauda. The cap consists
of rima oris limited by the labium superior and the labium inferior. Organon
visus has pelpebra superior and pelpebra inferior. At the back of the visus
organus there is pina auricula (earlobe) as a mouthpiece from the austicus
externa porus which further into the hearing device (Storer & Usinger,1957).
Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) is a warm-blooded (homoiterm) animal.
It has a fixed body temperature, not affected by the external environment. Which
results in their ability to maintain the body temperature if the environmental
temperature is not less than 18oC and not more than 40oC, because Guinea pig is
supported by hair that grows throughout the body. The skin contains many
glands, such as sebaceous gland, sweat gland, smell gland and mammary gland.
This animal has four-fingered anterior foot, posterior legs with three fingers and
claws but no fangs. Cavia porcellus has a short, strong and short-eared body
(Brotowidjoyo, 1990).
An adult Guinea pig has two vents that function for pumping blood,
with a very thick wall and two atria. They attract the opposite sex by way of
spreading the odor gland found in the curvature of the pyrux located posteriorly
from the penis or vulva. This event is called hedonic (Villee, 1988).
The digestive system of Guinea pig consists of rhyme oris, in rhyme
oris empties salivary glands, among which the largest is the parotid gland. They
have a special digestive system aided by bacteria and protozoa because of the
food type in the form of plants containing cellulose that is difficult to digest.
Gastrum has glands that produce HCl and pepsin, consists of three parts: pars
cardia, fundus, and pars pylorica. Intestinum consists of duodenum, jejunum,
illeum, also colon. In addition to pancreas, there is another gland of the digestive
system which is liver. Hepar is a bile producer that stored in the vesica felea
(Radiopoetro, 1986).
The urogenital system in Guinea pig includes the excretory or urinary
system and the genitalia system. The excretion system in Guinea pig is built by a
pair of dark red kidney, shaped like a nut, located in the dorsal lumbar region of
the abdominal cavity and the discharge channel which is the medial part of the
kidney in the form of the hilum where the urine exits. Continuation of the kidney
is the ureter which leads into vesica urinaria for temporary urine saving. Until
eventually the urine will be excreted through the urethra and out of the body
(Jasin, 1989).
According to Androma (2014), the male genitalia of Guinea pig is
built from a pair lf white-colored testes, located in the abdominal cavity.
Epididymis consists of caput, corpus and cauda. Ductus defferens is a dorsal
walking channel of the urinary sac and empties out into the spermatic ducts
found in the penis. A pair of mammae papillae (the mouth of the mammary
gland) are located between the hind legs, but in male this mammary gland do not
secrete. The back of the penis there is a pyrhenium curve which is a deep groove
and always looks dirty. This curve is the place where the smell gland used for
hedonic identifier or attract the opposite sex. The female genitalia system
composed of several organs such as a pair of ovaries, fallopian tube, oviduct,
uterus and vagina.
The most obvious difference between males and females is the
different genital organ and nipples. The genital organ that comes out when its
squeezed means male, whereas for female not so. Female has special
characteristic with the number of nipples (2-4 pieces), according to how many
offspring produced because Guinea pig can give birth into more than 2. So that
the number of breast nipples will be sufficient to supply milk (Schuamer, 2013).
Based on the observations its found that the respiratory system in
Guinea pig consists of nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchus and lungs. The
air will enter through the nasal cavity, then undergoes filtering and warming
inside. Air enters the pharynx into the trachea. Further then air will enter the
bronchus that split into two, one towards the right lung and one into the left lung.
In the lungs there is an exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide
released when exhaling happens. The branching of the bronchus will branch
again and again then ends in alveolus, where here is the exchange location for
oxygen and carbon dioxide (Niraj & Vardhan, 2012).
According to Walker et al. (2014), an epiglottic-roofed larynx
containing the vocal cords. In the larynx, produces sound where the musculus
diaphragm separates the pulmo with the liver and abdominal cavity. Larynx is a
continuous structure with the order of the tracheal rings. The basic function of
larynx is to prevent the ingress of fluids or objects into the trachea. While the
additional function is to have a role in producing sound waves or sounds.
 IV. CONCLUSION

Based on the result can be concluded that the body of Guinea pig (Cavia
porcellus) consists of caput (head), cervix (neck), truncus (body), extremity (limbs),
and rudiment cauda (tail). It belongs to the mammalian group where the animals own
a mammary gland functioned for producing milk. The body is covered by hair, and
the body contains many glands. The digestive system consists of rhyme oris,
esophagus, gastrum, intestines, liver, pancreas, gall bladder and colon. The excretion
system built by a pair of kidney, ureter, vesica urinaria, urethra and anus. Male
Guinea pig has a pair of testes, epididymis, ductus defferens, and ductus spermaticus.
While the female Guinea pig has ovaries, oviduct, uterus and vagina. The respiratory
system consists of nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchus, and pulmo.
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