TENSILE TEST

LAB WORK REPORT

AE2150
Aircraft Materials and Manufacturing Methods I

M. SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
13617036

Lightweight Structure Laboratory

Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Institut Teknologi Bandung
2018

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 Table of Team Members and Their Roles

Team Members Role

M. Syarif Hidayatullah Setting up tensile test device

Sayid Achmad Briefed about how the lab work goes

Brian Catraguna Setting up tensile test device

Ruffi Chiantama Measuring data

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CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY
1.1 Background
Tensile test is one of fundamental test for engineering students to
understand how sample material can be broken apart after being given
tension. This lab work is a apart of Aircraft Materials and Manufacturing
Methods I course. Tensile test also give valuable information about the
process of a sample materials experience necking and failure at the end.
1.4 Objectives
The objectives of this lab work are :
i. To find out the yield strength point, the ultimate tensile strength
point, the elastic deformation phase, and plastic deformation phase
of a sample material.

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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Mechanical properties are physical properties that a material exhibits
upon the application of forces. Choosing the right and correct materials are
crucial in building an aircraft. There are several mechanical properties that we
as an aerospace engineers need to know in order to choose the suitable materials
for our aircraft, and they are:

1. Elasticity/Young’s modulus (E)

Young's modulus or elasticity modulus is a type mechanical
property that measures easiness of a solid material to
deform/stretch. It defines the proportional relationship between
stress (force per unit area) and strain (proportional deformation) in
a material.
2. Yield stress (𝜎𝑦)
Yield stress is the material property defined as the point
where plastic deformities began when given enough stress. The
material will deform plastically and return its original shape when
the stress is removed when given stress before the yield point.
Once the yield point is passed, the deformation will become
irreversible and permanent.

3. Maximum Tensile strength (𝜎𝑢)

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 Maximum tensile strength is the capacity of a material or
structure to withstand loads tending to elongate before it failed.
Maximum tensile strength is measured by the maximum stress that
a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before
breaking apart.
4. Ductility (%EL)
Ductility is a measure of a metal's ability to withstand tensile
stress—any force that pulls the two ends of a material away from
each other. The term "ductile" literally means that a metal
substance is capable of being stretched into a thin wire without
becoming weaker or more brittle in the process.

5. Resilience (Ur)
In material science, resilience is the ability of a material to
absorb energy when it is deformed elastically, and release that
energy upon unloading. Proof resilience is defined as the maximum
energy that can be absorbed up to the elastic limit, without creating
a permanent distortion. The modulus of resilience is defined as the
maximum energy that can be absorbed per unit volume without
creating a permanent distortion.
6. Toughness
The ability of a metal to deform plastically and to absorb
energy in the process before fracture is termed toughness. The
emphasis of this definition should be placed on the ability to absorb
energy before fracture. Therefore, one way to measure toughness is
by calculating the area under the stress strain curve from a tensile
test. This value is simply called “material toughness” and it has
units of energy per volume. Material toughness equates to a slow
absorption of energy by the material.

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CHAPTER III
DATA AND ANALYSIS

This chapter analyses the mechanical properties of the material. We use Al 2024
T3 for this experiment.
Fig 2 (Stress – Strain Graph)

Stress - Strain Curve

500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
541,2787272

1384,590454
0,001408574
0,012033883
0,02255657
329,4637596
433,9127873

646,8473777
751,7088981
854,655274
961,9328226
1066,440778
1171,596936
1279,139658

1490,630524
1598,58574
1704,301709
1809,369476
1915,409546
2020,978197
2129,286977
2233,411903
2339,864467
2445,37419
2553,948144

Fig 3 (Elastic Stress – Strain Curve)

Elastic Stress - Strain Curve

400
350 y = 12.259x - 20.307
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
-50

From the figure above, it is shown that the gradient is 69 MPa and the yield
strength is 347 MPa.

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7
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500

MPa.
829.0512669

0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
0.001407583 910.1944608
0.011962052 987.0359458
0.022305933 1066.440778
5.800497 1144.725987
6.075145522 1223.335298
6.295780126
1306.128462
6.47365514
6.623678563 1384.590454
6.751867578 1463.789039
6.869983651 1543.252799
6.973019266 1626.045963
7.066976171

Fig 5 (True Stress – Strain Curve)

1704.301709
7.154724459
Fig 4 (Plastic Stress – Strain Curve)

1783.824396
7.233881648
1864.702416
7.307625112

𝐻𝐵 =
7.377499962 1942.39835
7.441497329 2020.978197

True Stress - Strain Curve

𝜎𝑦
Plastic Stress - Strain Curve

3.45
7.501286234 2100.618739
7.558208686 2182.29228
7.611831617
2260.901591
7.664011981
2339.864467
7.711733342
7.75827557 2420.123748
7.802362285 2501.856217
7.845787206 2579.552151

So, the Brinnel Hardness of material Al – 2024-T3 is about 3.55 MPa

From figure above, we can observe that the ultimate tensile strenght is 476

We can find the Brinnel Hardness of Material AL 2024 T3 using the formula.
From the graph shown above, we can find the hardening coefficient n and also
the constant K. K = 13772, while n = 1.2.

From what we can find from the reference, these are the mechanical properties
of Al-2024-T3.

Yield strength = 345MPa

Ultimate tensile strength = 483MPa
Young’s modulus = 73.1GPa

If we compare the data that we get from experiment and the data that we get
from the reference, I can say that the data quite similar. Although we do some
error during the tensile test, but I can say that our specimen is Al 2024 T3.

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CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS AND ADVICES

After completing this tensile tesing, I have learned about different

mechanical properties of Al 2024 T3. I see how Al 2024 T3 stretch and the
tension increase until certain value then decrease until AL 2024 T3 breaks. As I
learn from the fact that AL 2024 T3 stretch before breaks, so AL 2024 T3 is
ductile. The conclusion of this experiment is properties of AL 2024 T3 that we
get shown below :
Yield strength = 347 MPa
Ultimate tensile strength = 476 Mpa
I would advice to be careful when tightening the material to tensile testing
machine. The material will bent before we do the tensile test if we pull the
wrench carelessy so the machine will rotate. That will affect error analysis at the
start of stress – strain curve.

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 Resources

https://www.cmrp.com/blog/faq/analysis-design/exploring-stress-strain-curve-
mild-steel.html
https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/wmg/globalcontent/courses/ebm/mant/materials/
https://stephanfavilla.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/tensile-testing-laboratory.pdf

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