Pharmacy and Biotechnology

Department of Pharmaceutical Technology

Pharmaceutics I
PHTC 311

Tutorial I: Pharmaceutical Solutions

Course Instructors:
Prof. Dr. Samar Mansour
Dr. Salma Tammam
Dr. Mai Rady

Pharmaceutical Technology Department - (PHTC 311) – Winter 2017 1

ILOS
By the end of the theoretical part, the student will be able to:

a. Knowledge & Understanding

a.1. Define liquid pharmaceutical dosage forms and related concepts
a.2. Explain the relation between physicochemical properties of materials (active and inactive) and the design of dosage forms as well as drug bioavailability
a.3. Describe the properties of liquid pharmaceutical dosage forms and its applications
a.4. Discuss the principles of rheology, Newtonian and non-Newtonian flow, colligative properties, adsorption, interfacial phenomena, types of surfactants, distribution
coefficient, phase equilibrium, buffers, solubility and their effects on the correct design of pharmaceutical formulations.

Professional and Practical skills

b.1. Recognize the correct pharmaceutical terms, symbols, measuring units and abbreviations.

Intellectual skills
c.1. Compute pharmaceutical calculations based on different systems of weighing and measuring units.
c.2. Analyze information and data specific to pharmaceutical solutions and factors affecting solubility.
c.3. Solve problems related to pharmaceutical calculations.
c.4. Compare between different types of solution dosage forms
c.5. Justify some pharmaceutical techniques and the incompatibilities occurring during dispensing of solution dosage forms
c.6. Formulate independently a formulae of solution pharmaceutical dosage forms
c.7. Distinguish the factors affecting rheology, phase equilibrium, colligative properties, adsorption and Interfacial phenomena

d. General and transferable skills

d.1. Retrieve information from different sources to improve professional competencies.
d.2. Demonstrate critical thinking and decision- making abilities

Pharmaceutical Technology Department - (PHTC 311) – Winter 2017 2

Outline / ILOS

• What is Pharmaceutics?
• Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
• Liquid Dosage Forms
• Routes of Administration
• Liquid Dosage Forms
• Solutions
• Advantages of solutions

Pharmaceutical Technology Department - (PHTC 311) – Winter 2017 3

 What is Pharmaceutics?

• It is the discipline of pharmacy that deals with the process

of turning a new chemical entity (NCE) into a medication (
Dosage Form) to be used safely and effectively by patients.

• Pharmaceutics deals with the formulation of a pure drug

substance into a stable pharmaceutical dosage form.

Pharmaceutical Technology Department - (PHTC 311) – Winter 2017 4

 Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Ointments & Creams Nasal solutions

Tablets & Capsules Oral Solutions

Parentral solutions Ophthalmic solutions Suppositories Inhalers Otic solutions

Pharmaceutical Technology Department - (PHTC 311) – Winter 2017 5
 Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
• I- Liquid Dosage forms
• Pharmaceutical solutions
• Disperse systems: (Suspensions and Emulsions)
• II- Semi solid Dosage Forms:

• •Ointments, Creams, Gels and Pastes

• III- Solid Dosage Forms

• (tablets, powders and capsules)
• III- molded solid dosage form Suppositories
• IV- Sterile Dosage Forms
• Parenteral and ophthalmic products
• VI- Pharmaceutical Aerosols and inhalers

Pharmaceutical Technology Department - (PHTC 311) – Winter 2017 6

 Liquid Dosage Forms

• Differentiate Between Solutions, Suspensions and

Emulsions

Pharmaceutical Technology Department - (PHTC 311) – Winter 2017 7

 Liquid Dosage Forms

• Differentiate Between Solutions, Suspensions and

Emulsions
• Solutions one homogenous phase, prepared by
dissolving one or more solutes in a solvent

Pharmaceutical Technology Department - (PHTC 311) – Winter 2017 8

 Liquid Dosage Forms

• Differentiate Between Solutions, Suspensions and

Emulsions
• Suspensions A dispersion system where solid particles
are dispersed in liquid phase.

Pharmaceutical Technology Department - (PHTC 311) – Winter 2017 9

 Liquid Dosage Forms

• Differentiate Between Solutions, Suspensions and

Emulsions
• Emulsions
• a dispersion system consisting of two immiscible liquids
(Cloudy appearance)

Pharmaceutical Technology Department - (PHTC 311) – Winter 2017 10

 Routes of administration of Solutions

Ophthalmic(sterile)

In body cavities
Nose –Ear- rectal

In mouth and throat

Orally
Topical Solutions
Pharmaceutical Technology Department - (PHTC 311) – Winter 2017 11
 Solutions
Solutions are homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in
a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents.

Aqueous Non-
Aqueous

Pharmaceutical Technology Department - (PHTC 311) – Winter 2017 12

 Solutions
Solutions can be formulated for different routes of
administration
Orally: Syrups, elixirs, drops
In mouth and throat: Mouth washes, gargles,
throat sprays.
In body cavities: Nose- Ear –Rectal
Douches, enemas, ear drops, nasal drops and sprays
On body Surfaces: Collodions, liniments.

Pharmaceutical Technology Department - (PHTC 311) – Winter 2017 13

Roman Numbers Metrology

The Romans can express large numbers by the use of few letters in a simple notation indicating addition
or subtraction.

ss =1/2 l or L = 50
i or I =1 c or C = 100

v or V = 5 d or D = 500

x or X = 10 m or M =1000

Pharmaceutical Technology Department - (PHTC 311) – Winter 2017 14

Roman
RomanNumbers
Numbers Metrology

Methods of Expression:
1) When the second letter has a value smaller than the first or equal, the values are
added.

ii = 2 Li =50+1=51

LXiv = 50+10 + (5-1)= 64 lxxxviii = 88

2) When the second letter has a value greater than the first, the smaller is to be
subtracted.

iv = 5-1=4 xix = 19

Xxiv = 24 xliv =44

15
Pharmaceutical Technology Department - (PHTC 311) – Winter 2017
Roman
RomanNumbers
Numbers Metrology

3) I, X, C are used as subtractors. Each is used to be subtracted from the next two higher
characters.

e.g. I is subtracted from v and x.

X is subtracted from l and c.
C is subtracted from d and m.

4) Any character cannot be repeated more than three times.

e.g. IIII does not exist.

5) A subtractor is placed so as to precede only one character higher than itself.

e.g. 19 is written xix not ixx.

16
Pharmaceutical Technology Department - (PHTC 311) – Winter 2017
Roman
RomanNumbers
Numbers Metrology

6) Roman number is expressed as a method of addition (only subtraction is done if there is no

other way).

e.g. (8) is expressed as viii and not iviv

Practice examples:

1) Write the following in Roman numbers: 2) Write the following in Arabic numbers:
• 18 • Xiv
• 126 • Xlviii
• 37 • Xv
• 84 • Lxxxiv
• 64 • Lxxi
• 48 • Xcviii

17
Pharmaceutical Technology Department - (PHTC 311) – Winter 2017
 Thank you
Pharmaceutical Technology Department - (PHTC 311) – Winter 2017 18