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6. Acetone and water out of this which is more volatile and why?
Acetone is more volatile than water because of boiling point of acetone
(56.7 °C) is low compa re to boiling point of water (100° C)
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10. What is effect of reflux ratio on the no. of plate required in distillation column?
At high reflux ratio no. of plate required less (Small column height) and at low reflux
ratio no. of plate required more (Large column height).
Simple Distillation: – when the boiling point difference of two liquid in mixture is high
then we can use simple distillation.
Ex: – A mixture of acetone (B.P. – 57 ˚c) & water (B.P. – 100 ˚c) can be separated by
simple distillation because boiling point difference is high.
In Azeotropic distillation a third component called entrainer is added to the mixture which
forms a new low boiling azeotrope with one of the components which is distilled out first.
Ex – Acetic acid (B.P. – 115 ˚c) and water (B.P. - 100 ˚c) mixture, the butyl acetate (B.P. –
90 ˚c) is added as entrainer and it forms azeotrope with water in the mixture. Water and butyl
acetate is distilled out while acetic acid is remain as residue.
Extractive Distillation: - Also used when boiling point difference is very close
In Extractive distillation solvent is added which alter the relative volatility of the original
components, thus permitting separation.
Ex – In Toluene (B.P – 111 ˚c) and Iso-octane (B.P. – 100 ˚c) liquid mixture, phenol (B.P. –
182 ˚c) is added as solvent, Iso-octane is removed as distillate and toluene and phenol
removed as residue.
Fractional Distillation: – It is used for separating more than two components from the
liquid mixture
Ex – Crude oil
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Vacuum is pressure less than atmospheric pressure, when it is applied at that time liquid boils
before its boiling point.
- Product information
- Hazard information
- Fire and explosive hazardness
- First aid measure
- Safety information
V α 1/p T – Constant
Charles law: - For a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure, the volume is directly
proportional to the temperature.
VαT P – Constant
Gay-Lussac law: - For a fixed mass of gas at constant volume, the pressure is directly
proportional to the temperature.
PαT V – Constant
Avogadro number is the defined as the number of particle (Molecule, atoms, compound)
per moles of substance.
Value of Avogadro number is 6.022 × 1023 Mol-1 , and expressed as the symbol NA.
16. Define Freezing point? Write the Freezing point of Methanol, Ethanol, Benzene,
Acetone, Toluene?
Freezing point: – The freezing point is the temperature at which a liquid changes to a
solid when cooled.
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Methanol - 97.6 ˚C
Ethanol -114 ˚C
Benzene 5.5 ˚C
Acetone -95 ˚C
Toluene -94.99 ˚C
Mole Fraction: – It is the ratio of the moles of individual components to the total moles of
compound.
Enthalpy is defined as thermodynamic state function denoted by letter “H”, that consists
of internal energy system (U) plus product Pressure (P) & Volume(V) of the system.
H = U + pV
20. Write driving force in Mass transfer operation, Heat transfer operation, Momentum
transfer operation.
Mass transfer operation: – Transfer of mass from higher concentration to lower
concentration.
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Kinematic Viscosity: -It’s the ratio of the viscosity of the fluid to it density.
Cm2 M2
Unit: - 1 Stoke =1 and
S S
Heat Capacity: - The amount of heat needed to rise the system’s temperature by one
degree.
J
Unit: - K
Heat transfer: - Amount of heat transfer per unit area per unit time.
Unit: -W/(M2 .K) and J/(M2 .S.K)
Specific Heat: - The amount of heat required for rise one degree temperature per unit mass.
J
Unit: -
(Kg.K)
DRYING EVAPORATION
-Small amount of solvent removed. -Large amount of solvent removed.
-Remove solvent below boiling point. -Remove solvent at boiling point.
-Main purpose to get dried product -Main purpose to increasing concentration
of product.
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24. Name any four dryers along with one application in each case.
1. Tray Dryer: -used in dyes and pharmaceuticals industry.
2. Spray Dryer: -used in detergent and food industry.
3. Fluidized Bed Dryer (FBD): - used in pharmaceuticals industry.
4. Rotary Dryer: -Cement industry.
5. Roto Cone Vacuum Dryer(RCVD): -Pharmaceuticals industry.
26. Write difference between single effect and multiple effect evaporator.
In multiple effect evaporator vapour coming out from 1st evaporator is use as feed for
2nd evaporator. While in single effect evaporator vapour coming out from evaporator is
going to condenser and discard.
Cost of multiple effect evaporator is higher than single effect evaporator.
Multiple effect evaporator is use in large scale operation.
27. Write difference between Forward feed and Backward feed evaporation.
28. Define Humidity. Write the name of one equipment use for measuring humidity.
Humidity is the amount of water vapour in the air.
Relative Humidity: - It’s the ratio of the amount of moisture in the air to the maximum
amount of moisture that could exist in the air at a specific temperature.
Specific Humidity: - It’s the ratio of the mass of moisture in the mixture to mass of moisture
in air.
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Methanol 64.7° C
Ethanol 78.3° C
Benzene 80.1° C
Toluene 110.6° C
Isopropyl alcohol 82.6 °C
Ethyl acetate 77.1° C
Corrosion: - It is natural process in which degraded the useful property of material such
as strength, structure. It occurs in metal but sometimes in polymer.
Erosion: - it is action of surface process that removes soil, rocks or dissolves material
from the one location to another.
40. What are inert gases? Why they are inert? Give the names of 4 inert gases.
An inert gas is a gas which does not undergo chemical reactions under a set of given
conditions.
Inert gases are generally used to avoid unwanted chemical reactions degrading the
sample. These undesirable chemical reactions are often oxidation & hydrolysis with
oxygen and moisture in air.
Purified ARGON and NITROGEN gases are most commonly used as inert gases. Other
inert gases are NEONE, HELIUM, CO2.
Spray dryer
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In reversible reaction, reactants react to form a new product & are get back the original
product or reactant. While in irreversible reaction, it’s impossible to get back original
product or reactant.
In reversible reaction, changes take place very slowly through a series of intermediate
step in the equilibrium state. While in irreversible reaction, there is no equilibrium state.
45. Define Fire Point and Flash Point. What is the importance of determination of Fire
Point?
Flash Point: - It is the lowest temperature at which vapour of fluid will produce a flash
by open flame.
Fire Point: -It is the lowest temperature at which the vapour of fluid will continue to burn
for at least 5 seconds after ignition by open flame.
Unit: - Kg/m3
Specific Gravity: - It is the ratio of density of sub. to the density of reference sub.(water).
It is unit less.
Manometers are simplest pressure measuring device. They are used for measuring Low
Pressure or Pressure Difference.
Temperature: - 0 C , K , 0 F
When fluid flows , the static charge will produce. It is enough to ignite solvent. So there is
chance of explosion. To avoid this, earthing is provided in solvent line.
51. Name any four type of pipe fitting & it’s application.
Conduction: - It is heat transfer from one body to another body which is in physical
contact with it .it is restricted to solid.
Convection: - It is heat transfer from one point to another point within a fluid by mixing
of hot & cold portion of fluid. It is restricted by fluid. (liquid & gas)
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53. Give full form of COD, BOD, TDS, PPM, CGMP & GMP.
Caffine
When fatty acid (or oil) heated with alkali like NaOH to produce salt is called soap.
Soap are the anionic surfactant.
F.A soap
57. Which product will obtain by hydrolysis of sucrose?
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NaCl
1- Atomic No. (Z): -The no. of protons in the nucleus of atom is called Atomic no.
2- Atomic Weight: - the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of atom is called
atomic weight.
𝝈 bond: - This type of covalent bond formed by the end to end overlap of bonding
orbital. Along the inter nuclear axis. this is called as head on overlap axial.
𝝅 bond: - In the formation of 𝜋 bond the atomic orbital overlap in such a way that their
axes remain parallel to each other end perpendicular to the inter nuclear axis.
Acetone: - C3 H6 O
MEK: - C4 H8 O
ACETIC ACID: - C2 H4 O2
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As the bubble cap disperses the gas phase into fine bubble and allows these bubbles to
flow horizontally and then vertically through pool of liq. Gas liq. Contact is very efficient
Gas-liquid contact in sieve plate is poor compared to bubble cap as the gas is directed
vertically. the pressure drop in sieve plate is less than that in bubble cap column.
Leaf filter: -These filters provide large surface area by using varieties of filter leaves and
do not require complete disassembly for cleaning that is necessary with plate end frame
filter press. The filter leaf in general consist of a heavy wire drainage screen mounted in a
tubular frame which acts as support and filtrate conduit. The slurry to be filtered fills the
space around the leaf by applying pressure on the slurry or vacuum within the leaf. In
either case the filter cake builds upon the outside of leaf and filtrate passes from within
the leaf to the filtrate discharge system.
Plate filter: - slurry to be filtered is pumped through the feed channel. If runs into the
chamber and fills the chamber completely the pressure goes on increase. The solid are
deposited on the filter cloth. The two cake is formed simultaneously in chamber. The
press is then dismantled and the cake of solid scrapped off from each plate and dropped to
a conveyor or strange bin. Than it is washing simply and discharge the filtrate.
Crystallization: - It is the unit operation in which purification and producing the crystal
from liquid mixture.
3. Swenson-walker crystallizer
Both are used for separating liquid mixtures in liquid extraction the separation is done
into 2 liquid phase while in distillation the separation is done into a liquid phase &
vapour phase.
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Distillation Extraction
It is suitable for low boiling point and boiling It is suitable for heat sensitive materials
point different if high.
Latent heat: -latent heat is the enthalpy change associated with temperature change of a
body along with phase change.
Sensible heat: -the enthalpy change associated with temperature change of a body in the
same phase.
Kaizen: - It is Japanese word that refers to activities that continuously improve all
functions & involve all employees from the CEO to the assembly line workers.
Radiation.
Copper
Volatility
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Elementary reaction:-It is chemical reaction in which one or more chemical species react
directly to form of products in single step & with single transition state.
Non-elementary reaction: - A reaction that can be broken down into a number of steps.
the rate of reaction will be determined only by the reactants involved in the slowest steps.
79. A solution is prepared by dissolving 10gm NaOH in water to make 250ml solution.
What is normality& molarity of solution?
1N = 10gm = 250gm
1M = 40/4 =1000/4
1M = 10 =250 ml solution
The amount of toxic agent sufficient to kill 50% of a population of tested animals usually
within a certain time is called LD50.
83. Comparing reciprocating & centrifugal pump: -
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84. How many kg. of NaOH is required to neutralize 100 kg of 38.5% HCl solution.
Cloud point: -Cloud point refers to the temperature below which wax in diesel or biowax
in biodiesels form a cloudy appearance.
Pour point: -The pour point of a liquid is the temperature at which it becomes semi solid
and loses its flow characteristics.
The multipass provides more heat transfer in given space. This type of heat exchanger
consists of a shell with a bundle of tubes inside it.
The gear pump is commonly used in the chemical industry for handling high viscosity
liquids including molasses, paints, and greases.
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Cooling tower is used to dispose of unwanted heat from chiller. Water cooled chillers are
normally more energy efficient than air cooled chillers.
Formula: -RhCl(PPh3 )3
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τ = F/A
ε = di/Io
Wax is form of liquid substance. it is made from long chain hydrocarbon compound.
The process by which solvent molecules of solution move from higher concentration to
lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane.it is called osmosis process.
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(A) Glass tank (B) Stan less steel (C) Rubber line vessel (D) Mild steel
The most basic difference between mild steel and stain less steel is in their composition.
-Mild Steel is made from a combination iron and carbon. It is most suitable in the
construction industry and for making heavy equipment.
-Stainless steel made from a combination of chromium and iron. The resulting metal is
anticorrosive and resistant to rusting.
Isomer: - Compound having same molecular formula but different molecular structure
or different arrangement of atom and group this phenomenon is isomerism.
Isotopes: - Two or more atom of same element has same atomic number but different
atomic weight.
Isobar: - Two or more atom of same element has same atomic weight but different
atomic number.
Ex:- 1 H1 ,2 H1 .
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116. When the volatility difference between two components is very less which types
distillation use? Why?
Extractive distillation or azeotropic distillation are used depending upon nature of the
liquid mixture.
A solution that shows resistance towards change in PH value. Basically it is either made
of a weak acid and a conjugate base or a weak base and a conjugate acid.
119. Friedel craft reaction does not take place in the presence of catalyst.
H3 C
N=C=O
H2 SO 4
H2 SO 4 is contain 2H+ ion. When H2 SO4 dissolve in water it’s give 2H+ ion due to the
ionization it’s get acidic.
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Unit is m2 /sec.
the total pressure of mixture of gases = partial pressure of the component gas which are
present in mixture of gas.
Nitrogen- 78%
Oxygen- 21%
Other gases-1%
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HR QUESTIONS
1. As a team leader the team is not working according to your command. What should
you do?
(A) Change the member who don’t listen
(B) Shouted to the team by giving example of other
(C) Try to find out problem of team member
(D) Leave the team and go
3. Your salary is less than your colleague? What should you do?
(A) Discuss with your Manager
(B) Leave the organization
(C) Never compare the salary
(D) Stop talking with
4. In a meeting you give suggestion to your boss but your boss rejected your
suggestion?
(A) Argue with your boss a prove point
(B) Discuss a point with boss angrily
(C) Come out and discuss the negative point about the boss
(D) To convince the boss to understand his ideas.
5. You are given a work which not listed in a duty What would you do?
(A) Do the work
(B) Ruff use to work
(C) Say yes, but not will do
(D) Give that work to some buddy else
6. You are incharge and person working under you drains the product, what will be
your action?
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