Unit IX – Reproductive Systems

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1

 Chapter 27
Male Reproductive System

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2

Table 27.1
Fig. 27.2

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

X
X XX = female

Sperm Egg

Y
X XY = male
Fig. 27.6

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Location of pubic
symphysis

Perineal raphe

Urogenital triangle Location of Location of ischial

coccyx tuberosity
Anal triangle Anus
Fig. 27.8a
Fig. 27.8b
Fig. 27.9b
Fig. 27.7
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

External inguinal ring

Spermatic cord:
Cremaster muscle

Testicular artery
Fascia of spermatic cord
Ductus deferens Superficial fascia of penis
Deep fascia of penis

Pampiniform plexus
Prepuce (foreskin)

Epididymis Glans

Tunica vaginalis Median septum of scrotum

Testis Cremaster muscle

Dartos muscle
Scrotal skin
Fig. 27.7a
Fig. 27.7b
Fig. 27.11
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Dorsal vein
Dorsal
Dorsal artery

Dorsal nerve

Corpus spongiosum

Corpus cavernosum
Deep artery
Deep fascia Tunica
Superficial fascia albuginea

Skin Lacunae

Urethra
Median septum
Corpus spongiosum

Ventral
Prepuce (b)

Glans of penis

Frenulum

External urethral orifice

(a)
Fig. 27.12 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

+
Hypothalamus Libido
+ Secondary
sex organs

1 GnRH Secondary sex

characteristics
+
1 GnRH from hypothalamus stimulates the +
anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH.
5 Testosterone also stimulates the
Pituitary gland
libido and the development of
secondary sex organs and
5 characteristics.

6 Testosterone has negative

2 FSH stimulates nurse cells feedback effects that reduce GnRH
7 secretion and pituitary sensitivity
to secrete androgen-binding
protein (ABP). to GnRH.
LH FSH Inhibin

7 Nurse cells also secrete inhibin,

which selectively inhibits FSH
secretion and thus reduces sperm
production without reducing
testosterone secretion.
3 LH stimulates interstitial cells to
secrete testosterone (androgen).

+ Key

4 In the presence of ABP,

Testis
Nurse
cells
+ Stimulation

testosterone stimulates Testosterone Inhibition

4
spermatogenesis.
+ ABP
+
Spermatogenesis
Interstitial
cells
+ 3
 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 27.13

Meiosis I (first division) Meiosis II (second division)

Early prophase I Chromosome Prophase II

Chromatin condenses to Nucleus Nuclear envelopes
form visible chromosomes; disintegrate again;
Centromere
each chromosome has 2 chromosomes still
chromatids joined by a consist of 2 chromatids.
centromere. New spindle forms.
Centrioles

Metaphase II
Mid- to late prophase I Chromosomes align on
Homologous chromosomes Tetrad equatorial plane.
form pairs called tetrads.
Chromatids often break
and exchange segments Crossing-over
(crossing-over). Centrioles
produce spindle fibers. Spindle
Nuclear envelope fibers Anaphase II
disintegrates.
Centromeres divide;
sister chromatids
migrate to opposite
poles of cell. Each
chromatid now constitutes
Metaphase I Centromere a single-stranded
Tetrads align on Chromatid chromosome.
equatorial plane of
cell with centromeres
attached to spindle Equatorial
fibers. plane

Telophase II
New nuclear envelopes
form around chromosomes;
chromosomes uncoil and
Anaphase I become less visible;
Homologous cytoplasm divides.
chromosomes
separate and
migrate to opposite
poles of the cell.

Telophase I
New nuclear
envelopes
form around Final product is 4
chromosomes; haploid cells with
cell undergoes single-stranded
cytoplasmic chromosomes.
division
(cytokinesis).
Each cell is
now haploid. Cleavage furrow
Fig. 27.14
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cross section of
seminiferous tubules
Lumen of
seminiferous tubule

Sperm

5
Spermiogenesis

Spermatid n n
n
n
4
Meiosis II

Secondary spermatocyte
n n
3
Meiosis I
Blood–testis barrier

Primary
2n
spermatocyte

Nurse cell
2

Type B spermatogonium 2n

Tight junction

1
Type A spermatogonium
2n
Basement membrane
of seminiferous tubule
Fig. 27.15 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Golgi complex Bridge to

adjacent Acrosome
Acrosomal
vesicle spermatid
Nucleus

Head

Axoneme
Mitochondria
Basal
body Midpiece
of tail
Flagellum Excess
1 Appearance of cytoplasm
acrosomal vesicle
and flagellum in
spermatid 2 Growth of
acrosome
and flagellum

3 Shedding of
excess 4 Mature sperm
cytoplasm
Fig. 27.16 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Acrosome

Head
Nucleus

Basal body

Mitochondrion
Midpiece
of tail
Axoneme

Principal
piece of
tail
Endpiece
of tail

2 µm

(a) (b)
a: © BSIP SA/Alamy RF
Table 27.2
 Chapter 28
Female Reproductive System

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 28.1

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Uterine tube

Fimbriae

Ovary
Vesicouterine
Round ligament pouch
Uterus Rectouterine
Peritoneum pouch
Posterior fornix
Urinary bladder
Cervix of uterus
Pubic symphysis
Anterior fornix
Mons pubis
Urethra Rectum

Clitoris Anus
Prepuce Vaginal rugae
Labium minus
Vaginal orifice
Labium majus
Fig. 28.2
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Primordial Secondary Tertiary Mature Oocyte Suspensory ligament

follicles follicle follicle follicle and blood vessels
Primary
follicle

Ovarian
ligament

Medulla
Cortex

Tunica
albuginea
Corpus
albicans
Corpus
luteum
Fimbriae Ovulated
of uterine oocyte
tube
Fig. 28.3 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Uterine tube

Broad ligament:
Mesovarium
Mesosalpinx
Ovary

Mesometrium

(b)

Infundibulum Ampulla Isthmus Fundus Body Ovarian Mesosalpinx Uterine

ligament tube

Ovarian artery
Ovarian vein
Suspensory
ligament

Fimbriae Ovary
Perimetrium
Myometrium Mesometrium
Endometrium
Internal os Round
ligament
Cervical canal
Broad
Lateral fornix ligament
Cervix Cardinal
ligament
External os Vagina
Uterosacral
ligament
(a)

Suspensory ligament
Uterine tube :
Fimbriae
Infundibulum
Ampulla

Ovary

Ovarian ligament

Round ligament
Uterus:
Fundus
Body
Cervix

Vagina

(c)
c: © McGraw-Hill Education/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections
Fig. 28.5

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(a) Normal cells 20 µm (b) Malignant (CIN III) cells

a: © SPL/Science Source; b: © Parviz M. Pour/Science Source
Fig. 28.6 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Surface epithelium

Endometrial gland

Lamina propria

0.1 mm
© Ed Reschke
Fig. 28.7

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Suspensory Ovarian branch Arcuate artery

ligament of uterine artery

Aorta Mesosalpinx

Uterine
Common Ovarian Ovary artery
iliac artery artery
Vaginal
artery

Internal iliac artery Spiral arteries

 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 28.8

Mons pubis

Prepuce
Labium majus Clitoris

Labium minus Urethral

Vaginal orifice orifice

Hymen Vestibule

Perineal raphe Anus

(a)

Glans Pubic symphysis

Clitoris
Crus
Ramus of
pubis

Urethral
orifice
Vestibular
bulb
Paraurethral
Vaginal
gland
orifice
Greater
vestibular Ischial
gland tuberosity
Anus

(b)
Fig. 28.9 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Adipose tissue

Suspensory ligaments

Lobe

Lobules

Areolar glands

Areola

Nipple

Lactiferous sinus

Lactiferous ducts

(a) Anterior view, lactating breast (b) Breast of cadaver, nonlactating

Rib
Intercostal muscles
Pectoralis minor
Pectoralis major
Fascia Secretory cells
Suspensory ligament

Lobules
Lobe

Adipose tissue

Nipple
Lactiferous sinus
Lactiferous duct
Myoepithelial cells

(c) Sagittal section, lactating breast (d) Secretory acini, lactating breast, SEM

b: From Anatomy & Physiology Revealed, © McGraw-Hill Education/The University of Toledo, photography and dissection; d: © Dr. Donald Fawcett/Science Source
Fig. 28.11
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Development of egg (oogenesis) Before birth Development of follicle (folliculogenesis)

Multiplication Oocyte
2n Primordial follicle
Mitosis of oogonia Nucleus
Follicular
cells

Primary oocyte
2n No change
(begins meiosis I)

Adolescence to menopause

2n Primary oocyte
(unchanged) Primary follicle
Granulosa cells

Meiosis I
completed

Granulosa cells Secondary follicle

Zona pellucida

Theca folliculi

n Secondary oocyte

Antrum
n Tertiary follicle
Cumulus
First polar oophorus
body (dies)
Theca
interna
n Secondary oocyte
(ovulated) Theca
externa

If not fertilized If fertilized Ovulation of

Bleeding into mature
antrum (graafian)
n follicle

n n
Ovulated
oocyte
Dies n
Meiosis II Follicular fluid
Second polar
body (dies)

Corpus luteum
2n

Zygote

Embryo

(1, 2): © Ed Reschke/Getty Images; (3): © McGraw-Hill Education/Al Telser, photographer; (4): © Ed Reschke/Getty Images; (5): © Petit Format/Science Source;
(6): © McGraw-Hill Education/Al Telser, photographer
Fig. 28.12

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Tunica albuginea
of ovary

Primordial follicles
Granulosa cells

Follicular cells
Oocyte (egg)

Primary follicles Zona pellucida

Cumulus
Oocytes oophorus
Antrum
Theca folliculi

(a) 50 µm (b) 100 µm

a: © Ed Reschke; b: © Ed Reschke/Getty Images
Fig. 28.13 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(a) Ovarian cycle

Gonadotropin secretion
LH

FSH

Developing follicles Tertiary Ovulation Corpus luteum Involution Corpus

Secondary albicans
Ovarian events

Primary

New primordial
follicles

Days 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 1

Follicular phase Luteal phase

Ovarian hormone secretion

(b) Menstrual cycle

Progesterone

Estradiol
Thickness of endometrium

Menstrual
fluid

Days 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 1
Menstrual phase Proliferative phase Secretory phase Premenstrual
phase
Fig. 28.14
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Hypothalamus
2 Estradiol stimulates GnRH
hypothalamus and
anterior pituitary

3 Hypothalamus secretes GnRH

Anterior
pituitary

LH
FSH

4 GnRH and estradiol

stimulate pituitary
1 Maturing follicle secretes to secrete LH and FSH
estradiol

5 Oocyte completes
meiosis I; follicle
rapidly enlarges and
then ovulates

Ovulated
secondary
oocyte
Fig. 28.15

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Follicular
fluid

Cumulus
oophorus

Stigma of
ovary

Oocyte

Ovary

0.1 mm
© Petit Format/Science Source
Table 28.1
Fig. 28.16 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Secretion

Endometrial
gland

Functional
layer

Spiral artery

Basal layer

Myometrium

(a) Proliferative phase (b) Secretory phase (c) Menstrual phase

Fig. 28.18
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Human
chorionic
gonadotropin
Relative hormone levels

Estradiol

Progesterone

Parturition
Ovulation

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
Weeks after beginning of last menstrual period
Table 28.2
Fig. 28.19
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Lung

Xiphoid process Pericardium

Breast Liver
Stomach
Gallbladder
Greater omentum

Small intestine

Ascending colon
Descending colon

Uterus Umbilical cord

Ilium
Ovary Ovary
Uterine tube
Inguinal ligament
Round ligament of uterus

Urinary bladder

Pubic symphysis
Table 28.3
 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 28.20
Early dilation
stage

Uterus
Placenta

Umbilical
cord
Cervix
Vagina

Late dilation
stage
Pubic
symphysis

Crowning

Expulsion
stage

Expulsion
stage

Uterus
Placental
stage
Placenta
(detaching)

Umbilical
cord

Afterbirth

(Crowning, Expulsion stage): © D. Van Rossum/Science Source; (Afterbirth): © Medicshots/Alamy

Fig. 28.21
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Prolactin surges

Feedings
Pregnancy Lactation
Table 28.5
Page 1089 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
At puberty, androgens stimulate
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
development of body hair and
Androgens stimulate erythropoiesis;
apocrine glands and increased estrogens inhibit atherosclerosis in
sebaceous secretion; estrogens
females; pregnancy increases blood
stimulate fat deposition and breast
volume and cardiac output and may
development; pregnancy necessitates
cause varicose veins.
growth of skin, especially in abdominal
and mammary regions, and may cause
pigmentation changes and stretch
marks.

LYMPHATIC/IMMUNE
SYSTEM
Barriers in the testis and
SKELETAL SYSTEM ovary protect germ cells
Androgens and estrogens from antibodies; androgens
stimulate bone deposition and somewhat inhibit immunity
and increase susceptibility to
adolescent skeletal growth and
infectious diseases.
maintain adult bone mass.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Sexual arousal increases
pulmonary ventilation;
pregnancy increases CO2
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
sensitivity of respiratory
Androgens stimulate
chemoreceptors and
muscle growth; sexual
increases tidal volume and
climax and childbirth minute ventilation.
involve contractions of
specific skeletal muscles.

URINARY SYSTEM
Sexual arousal constricts the male
internal urinary sphincter, which prevents
NERVOUS SYSTEM reflux of semen into the male urinary bladder;
Sex steroids stimulate the brain prostatic hyperplasia can
and libido; gonadal and placental impede urine flow; pregnancy crowds
the bladder, reduces its capacity, and
hormones exert negative feedback
control on the hypothalamus. may cause incontinence; pregnancy
promotes salt and water reabsorption
by the kidneys and increases glomerular
filtration rate and urine output.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM A growing fetus crowds
The gonads and placenta the stomach and intestines
secrete androgens, estrogens, and may cause heartburn;
progesterone, and hormones of pregnancy is often associated
pregnancy. with constipation and nausea.

left (1): © iconogenic/Getty Images RF; left (2): © U.H.B. Trust/Tony Stone Images/Getty Images; left (3): © angelhell/Getty Images RF; left (4): © Monika Wisniewska/Getty Images RF; left (5): © Andrew Syred/Getty Images;
right (1): © Russell Kightley/Science Source; right (2): © Mediscan/Alamy; right (3): © Medical Body Scans/Science Source; right (4): © Eraxion/Getty Images RF; right (5): © mevans/Getty Images RF