CHEMICALS FOR

CONSUMERS

SOAP AND
DETERGENT
Che Nur Nadira Groups’ 5ST2 2014
 MEANING OF SOAP

SOAP IS THE SALT

FORMED WHEN A FATTY
ACID IS NEUTRALIZED BY
AN ALKALI.
MEANING OF DETERGENT

DETERGENT IS THE SALT

FORMED WHEN ALKYL
HYDROGEN SULPHATE IS
NEUTRALIZED BY AN ALKALI.
 PREPARATION OF SOAP

 OILS AND FATS ARE ESTERS FORMED FROM

GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS .

 SOAP IS MADE THROUGH HEATING OILS OR FATS

WITH AN ALKALI SUCH AS SODIUM HYDROXIDE, NaOH.
SAPONIFICATION OF OILS
OR FATS
NEUTRALIZATION OF
FATTY ACIDS
 PREPARATION OF
DETERGENT

DETERGENTS ARE MADE

USING RAW MATERIALS
OBTAINED FROM PETROLEUM.
PRODUCTION OF LAURYL
HYDROGEN SULPHATE

CH3(CH2)9CH2OH+H2SO4
CH3(CH2)9CH2OSO3H+H2O
NEUTRALIZATION OF
LAURYL HYDROGEN
SULPHATE

CH3(CH2)9CH2OSO3H+NaOH
CH3(CH2)9CH2OSO3Na+H2O
 THE CLEANSING ACTION
OF SOAP AND DETERGENT

 SOAP AND DETERGENT DISSOLVE IN WATER TO FORM

SODIUM ION, Na+ AND THE ANIONS .
 ONE PART OF THE SOAP AND DETERGENT ANION IS
NEGATIVELY CHARGED
 THIS IS THE POLAR END. IT DISSOLVES IN WATER. IT IS
HYDROPHILIC .
 THE OTHER PART HAS NO CHARGE. THIS IS NON-POLAR
END. IT IS HYDROPHOBIC.
 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE
C L E A N S I N G A C T I O N O F S OA P A N D
DETERGENT

 WATER THAT CONTAINS CALCIUM IONS AND

MAGNESIUM IONS IS CALLED HARD WATER.
 SOAP CANNOT CLEAN WELL IN HARD WATER.
 THIS IS BECAUSE SOAP ANIONS FORM SALTS WITH THE
CALCIUM IONS AND MAGNESIUM IONS.
 THESE SALTS ARE INSOLUBLE AND APPEAR AS A
STICKY SCUM.
 SOAP CANNOT LATHER WELL IN HARD WATER.

 THE DETERGENT ANIONS FORM SOLUBLE SALTS.

 THEREFORE, ITS CLEANING POWER IS NOT AFFECTED

BY HARD WATER .
 PROPERTY SOAP DETERGENT
CLEANING LESS POWERFUL MORE
POWER POWERFUL
EASE OF RINSING DIFFICULT TO RINSES OUT
WASH AWAY ALL WELL FROM
SOAP ON CLOTHES
CLOTHES.
pH SLIGHTLY CAN BE
ALKALINE CONTROL TO
SUIT THE
CLEANING TASK
MOLECULAR DETERMINED CAN BE
STRUCTURE BY THE MODIFIED TO
STRUCTURE OF SUIT THE
FATTY ACIDS CLEANING TASK.
FOUND IN THE
OIL OR FAT
USED TO
PRODUCE SOAP
FORMATION OF FORMS SCUM DOES NOT FORM
SCUM WITH HARD SCUM WITH
WATER HARD WATER
 PREPARED BY :

 CHE NUR NADIRA BINTI CHE DA

 ROSIZATUN NAJLIN BINTI ROSLI

 SITI AISHAH BINTI NAZARUDDIN

 NURUL IMANINA BINTI ABDUL RAZAK

 PRESENTED BY :

 AZRIN BAIZURA BINTI HAMDAN

 NUR HAZWANI BINTI HAMRAJNAN

 NUR FARZANA