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MDB3093Z-Vibration Lab Report
VIBRATION
MDB 3093Z
LABORATORY REPORT
GROUP 12
NG ZI JIE 22589 ME 2
KHOO JUN KAI 22675 ME 2
CHEN TIEN HAO 22616 ME 2
EUNICE NG HUI RONG 22630 ME 1
INTAN FAZREENA BINTI 23057 ME 1
MOHAMAD REDZUAN
DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 12TH OCTOBER 2018
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 19TH OCTOBER 2018
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Table of Contents
Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 3
Objectives ...................................................................................................................................... 3
Theory and Procedure ................................................................................................................... 3
Procedure..................................................................................................................................... 13
Data Collection ............................................................................................................................. 14
Calculation ................................................................................................................................... 34
Result and Discussion................................................................................................................... 38
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 42
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Abstract
This experiment examines the response of a damped system when it undergoes an
imbalance rotating machinery which leads to vibration. The imbalance effect is caused by
the variation of the centre of mass of the rotating part which does not coincide with the
centre of rotation. In order to understand this phenomenon, the response of rotor, dynamic
stiffness and phase measurement were studied thoroughly. During the experiment, the
spectrum, orbit and bode plots were recorded when rotating machinery encounter baseline
vibration and unbalance mass vibration to compare the two different scenarios.
Objectives
1. To be familiar with the Rotor Kit Model RK4 and Bentley Nevada’s System I software.
2. To understand the effects of unbalance masses on the vibration response of a rotating

system using the rotor kit and software.
Theory and Procedure

Unbalance in rotating machinery is one of the main causes of vibrations. The unbalance
is caused by the fact that the centre of mass of the rotating part does not coincide with
the centre of rotation.
Example:
Figure 1: Examples of an unbalanced rotating machine.
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Let M be the total mass of the machine and m the rotating part causing the unbalance.
Consider the entire unbalanced mass m to be lumped and its center of mass, a distance e
from the center of rotation. This distance is the eccentricity. The main mass is thus (M-m)
and is assumed to be constrained to allow only vertical motion. For a constant speed of
rotation 𝑅 , the rotation produces a radial acceleration of m equal to e2𝑅 . This causes a
force to be exerted on the bearings at the center of rotation. This force has a magnitude of
me2𝑅 and is directed radially outward. If the angular position of the masses is measured
from a horizontal position, the total vertical component of the excitation is always given
by:
In many situations involving an unbalanced machine, we are interested in the transmited

to the base/foundation. The equation of motion of such system can as:
The solution of this equation will be identical to those in Section 3.4 (Workbook), m and
F by M and me2𝑅 , respectively.
The phase angle of vibration is given by:
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By defining  = c / 𝑐𝑐 and 𝑐𝑐 = 2M𝑛 , the solution can be rewritten as:
𝑀𝑋
The variation of is shown in figure 2.
𝑚𝑒
Figure 2: The response of an unbalanced rotor as a function of the frequency.
This shows that:
1. The curves begin at zero amplitude. The amplitude near resonance is markedly
affected by damping. Thus, if the machine is to be run near resonance, damping
should be introduced purposefully to avoid dangerous amplitudes.
𝑀𝑋
2. At very high speeds ( large), is almost unity, and the effect of damping is
𝑚𝑒
negligible.
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1 𝑀𝑋 𝑑 𝑀𝑋
3. For 0 <  < , the maximum value of occurs when ( ) = 0. The
√2 𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑟 𝑚𝑒
1 𝑀𝑋
solution is r = > 1, with the corresponding maximum value of 𝑚𝑒 given
√1−22
𝑀𝑋 1
by ( ) max =
𝑚𝑒
√1−22
𝑚𝑒
4. At resonance, when r = 1, the amplitude of the mass is Xo = 2𝑀, so ts magnitude
is reduced if there is damping in the system.

5. At resonance, the phase angle  = 90𝑜 and the response lags the excitation by
90𝑜 .
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The rotor model

Figure 4 shows a rotor supported by two journal bearings ( Bearing 1 and Bearing 2). It is
worth to the note that the damping is due to fluid film used as lubricant in the journal
bearing. Since the stiffness and damping characteristics of fluid-film bearings depend
strongly on the rotor speed, we can generate a model to describe the rotor system and use
it to determine k and c.
Due to the asymmetry of the rotor system, the bearings stiffness and damping coefficients
be computed by solving the equations in the model using the following example.
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Figure 6 shows various forces that act on the rotor in a single plane where no residual
rotor imbalance exists.
Figure 6: Free body diagram and coordinate system.
ẋ is the vector lateral velocity, x is the displacement force, F is the perturbation force, -cẋ
is the damping force, -kx is the spring restoring force, jcx is the fluid wedge force, m
is the unbalance mass, rp is the radius of the unbalance mass,  is the phase angle and  is
the fluid circumferential averae velocity ratio.
Applying the Newton’s second law of motion,
 F = Ma,
Where M is the modal mass of the system and a is the acceleration, hence the equation of
motion can be written as:
kx + (cẋ + jcx) + m𝑟𝑝 2 𝑒 (𝜔𝑡+𝛿) = Mẍ
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Response of rotor
The rotor displacement x will have the form
Where A and 𝛼 are unknown coefficient of the solution
Differentiate the equation twice we have acceleration as:
The denominator is known as the dynamic stiffness, the amplitude A and the phase 𝛼 of
the response are often referred to as the response vector of magnitude A and direction 𝛼.
The dynamic response (𝑘𝑑𝑠 )
Where 𝑘𝐷 is direct dynamic stiffness and 𝑘𝑄 is the quadrature dynamic stiffness and it
restrains the response at right angles to the force vector called the quadrature vector.
Amplitude and the phase are related to the direct and quadrature dynamic stiffness by:
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Dynamic Stiffness
For the model, 𝑘𝐷 = k - M𝜔2 and 𝑘𝑄 = c(𝜔 − ) at mechanical resonance or at the
critical speed of the rotor system, the direct dynamic stiffness is equal to zero. 𝑘𝑄 =
c(𝜔 − ) = 0 → 𝜔𝑓𝑖 is called the fluid induced resonance that occurs when
perturbation angular velocity is equal to circumferential velocity of the fluid in the
bearing.
Phase Measurement
Figure 7: illustrates the phase measurement of vibration signal.
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Example:
The shaft vibration of a machine rotating at 2000 rpm is 3.19 mils peak to peak at 177𝑜
lag. You stop the machine and add a 0.9 g unbalance weight to the rotor at 30 mm radius
and 90𝑜 lag. The response now would be (at 2000 rpm). 3.74 mils peak to peak at
206𝑜 lag. Determine the damping coefficient (c) and rotor stiffness (k).
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Figure 8: (a) Setup for the rotor kit model RK4, (b) Shaft assembly, (c) Sealed journal
bearing, (d) Rotor disc
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Table 1: stiffness, damping constant, rotor wheel (disc) and balance weight (set screw)
masses.
Rotor wheel mass ( 𝑚𝑟 ) 800 g
Balance weight mass ( 𝑚𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 ) 1g
Procedure
A. Baseline vibration
1. The 800 g rotor wheel and bearings blocks is installed according to the set up
shown in figures 8(a)-(d).
2. Four proximity probe is arranged for measurement of XY relative
displacement of the shaft.
3. One proximity probe is installed for keyphasor phase reference pulse
generation.
4. One proximity probe is installed for motor speed control speeds sensing.
5. The system is started and it was run at the specified speed assigned to the us.
6. The data is recorded.
7. The spectrum, orbit and Bode plots are exported and saved as XPS files.
8. The data are analysed to identify the peak-to-peak displacement.
B. Unbalanced Mass Experiment

1. An unbalance mass is added to the rotor mass wheel.
2. The system is started and it was run at a specified speeds assigned to us.
3. The data is recorded.
4. The spectrum, orbit and Bode plots are exported and saved as XPS files.
5. The graphs are analysed to identify the peak-to-peak displacement.
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Data Collection
A. Baseline Vibration Without Mass (Balanced)
Figure 9: Orbit Graph at 600RPM (Bearing 1)
Figure 10: Orbit graph at 600 RPM (Bearing 1)
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Figure 11: Bode plot at 600 RPM (Bearing 1)
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Figure 12: Bode plot at 600 RPM (Bearing 2)
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Figure 13: Spectrum at 600 RPM (Bearing 1)
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B. Baseline vibration with mass (unbalanced)
Figure 23: Orbital with 600 RPM (Bearing 1):
Figure 24: Orbital with 600 RPM (Bearing 2)
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Figure 25: Bode (Bearing 1)
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Figure 26: Bode (Bearing 2)
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Figure 27: Spectrum with 600 RPM (Bearing 1)
Figure 28: Spectrum with 600 RPM (Bearing 2):
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RPM 600 830 1080 1300 1520

Bearing 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
Baseline Phase 98 69 98 69 98 69 98 69 98 69
Vibration lag(°)
Peak to 1.22 1.81 1.29 1.85 1.38 1.93 1.42 2.13 1.61 2.24
peak (mili
inch)
Unbalanced Phase lag 146 67 146 67 146 67 146 67 146 67
mass
Peak to 1.18 1.73 1.14 1.81 1.14 1.73 1.18 1.85 1.46 2.24
peak (mili
inch)
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1. Calculate net peak to peak respond.
Speed, 600 830 1080 1300 1520

RPM
bearing 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 x1
-0.17 + 0.65 + -0.18 + 0.66 + -0.19 0.69 -0.20 + 0.76 -0.22 + 0.80
1.21 j 1.69 j 1.28 j 1.73 j +1.37 j +1.80 j 1.41 j +1.99 j 1.59 j +2.09 j
2 x2
-0.98 + 0.68 +1.6 -0.95 + 0.71 +1.67 -0.95 + 0.68 + -0.98 + 0.72 + -1.21 + 0.88
0.66 j j 0.64 j j 0.64 j 1.59 j 0.66 j 1.70 j 0.82 j +2.06 j
2 xnet
-0.81 – 0.03 – -0.77 – 0.05 -0.03 -0.76 - -0.01 – -0.78 – -0.04 - -0.99 - 0.08 –
0.55 j 0.09j 0.64 j j 0.73 j 0.21 j 0.75 j 0.29 j 0.77 j 0.03 j
Net
0.98 0.095 1.05 0.058 1.05 0.21 1.08 0.29 1.573 0.085
∠° 55.74 18.41 47.17 59.56 46.37 2.73 46.24 7.93 39.00 70.25
∠𝛳° 214.27 288.41 222.83 329.56 223.63 267.27 223.76 262.07 230.99 340.25
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2. Calculate the force.

Speed, RPM ⍵, rad/s Force, |F| (N)
600 62.83 0.3316
830 86.9 0.6343
1080 113.10 1.074
1300 136.14 1.557
1520 159.17 2.128
3. Take half the net peak to peak response magnitude (2x net) and convert to SI
unit.
|Xnet|, m
Speed, RPM
Bearing 1 Bearing 2
600 1.24 x 10-5 1.2 x 10 -6
830 1.33 x 10-5 7.37 x 10-7
1080 1.33 x 10-5 2.67 x 10-6
1300 1.37 x 10-5 3.68 x 10-6
1520 1.99 x 10-5 1.079 x 10-6
4. Compute the synchronous dynamic stiffness vector.

Bearing 1 Bearing 2
Speed, RPM
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝒔 , N/m
𝑲𝒅 Angle (°) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝒔 , N/m
𝑲𝒅 Angle (°)
4 5
600 2.6 x10 124.27 2.76 x10 198.41
4 5
830 4.7 x10 132.83 8.6 x10 239.56
1080 8.08 x104 133.63 4.02 x105 177.27
5 5
1300 1.13 x10 133.76 4.23 x10 172.07
5 6
1520 1.07 x10 140.99 1.97 x10 250.25
5. Resolve the synchronous dynamic stiffness vector into its components:
Bearing 1 Bearing 2
Speed, RPM
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝒔 , N/m
𝑲𝒅 𝑲𝑸 , N/m ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝒔 , N/m
𝑲𝒅 𝑲𝑸 , N/m
600 -1.47 x104 2.15 x104 -2.62 x105 -8.716 x104
830 3.195 x104 3.45 x104 -4.36 x105 -7.415 x105
1080 -5.58 x104 5.85 x104 -4.02 x105 1.91 x104
1300 -7.82 x104 8.16 x104 -4.19 x105 5.836 x104
1520 -8.31 x104 6.74 x104 -6.66 x105 -1.85 x106
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6. Estimate λ and determine modal damping:

Speed Bearing 1 Bearing 2
RPM ⍵, rad/s 𝒄, 𝒌𝒈/𝒔 𝒄, 𝒌𝒈/𝒔
600 62.83 658.06 2667.8
830 86.9 763.48 16408.3
1080 113.10 994.69 324.76
1300 136.14 1152.66 824.38
1520 159.17 814.32 22351.5
7. Determine stiffness
Speed Bearing 1 Bearing 2

RPM ⍵, rad/s K, N/m K, N/m
600 62.83 17858.08 265158.087
830 86.9 37941.29 442041.29
1080 113.10 66033.29 412233.29
1300 136.14 93027.28 433827.28
1520 159.17 103268.07 686268.07
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Calculation
Speed: 600 rpm/ 62.83 rad/s

1) Calculate net peak to peak response
Bearing 1
Balanced mass
Magnitude = 1.22 mili inch

Phase lag = ∠ 98 °
𝑏 𝑎
𝑆𝑖𝑛 98° = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 98° =
1.22 1.22
𝑏 = 1.21 𝑎 = − 0.17
𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2𝑥1 = 1.22 ∠ 98 ° = − 0.17 + 1.21𝑗
Unbalanced mass
Magnitude =1.18 mili inch

𝑏 𝑎
𝑆𝑖𝑛 146° = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 146° =
1.18 1.18
𝑏 = 0.66 𝑎 = −0.98
𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2𝑥2 = 2.205 ∠ 71 ° = −0.98 + 0.66 𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2𝑥 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 2𝑥2 − 2𝑥1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= (−0.98 + 0.66𝑗) − (− 0.17 + 1.21𝑗)
= − 0.81 − 0.55𝑗
𝑵𝒆𝒕 = √𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖
0.81
sin(∠𝛽) =
0.98
∠𝛽 = 55.74°
∠𝜽 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 + (𝟗𝟎 − 𝟓𝟓. 𝟕𝟒) = 𝟐𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟕°
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Bearing 2
Balanced mass

𝑏 𝑎
𝑆𝑖𝑛 69° = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 69° =
1.81 1.81
𝑏 = 1.69 𝑎 = 0.65
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = 1.81 ∠ 69 ° = 0.65 + 1.69𝑗

𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 2𝑥
Unbalanced mass

𝑏 𝑎
𝑆𝑖𝑛 67° = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 67° =
1.73 1.73
𝑏 = 1.6 𝑎 = 0.68
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 = 1.73 ∠ 67 ° = 0.68 + 1.6𝑗

𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 2𝑥
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2𝑥 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 2𝑥2 − 2𝑥1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= (0.68 + 1.6𝑗) − (0.65 + 1.69𝑗)
= 0.03 − 0.09𝑗
𝑵𝒆𝒕 = √𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟓
0.03
sin(∠𝛽) =
0.095
∠𝛽 = 18.41°
∠𝜽 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 + (𝟗𝟎 − 𝟏𝟖. 𝟒𝟏) = 𝟐𝟖𝟖. 𝟒𝟏°
2) Calculate the force
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔 = 600 𝑟𝑝𝑚 = 62.83 , ∠ 𝐹 = −90°
𝑠
|𝐹 | = 𝑚𝑟𝑝 𝜔2 = (2.8 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔)(0.03)(62.832 ) = 0.3316 𝑁
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3) Take half the net peak to peak response magnitude (2𝑥 𝑛𝑒𝑡) and convert to SI unit
Bearing 1
0.98 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 1𝑚
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑋 𝑛𝑒𝑡 | = |𝐴| = × 10−3 × = 1.24 × 10−5
2 39.37 𝑖𝑛
Bearing 2
0.095 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 1𝑚
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑋 𝑛𝑒𝑡 | = |𝐴| = × 10−3 × = 1.2 × 10−6 𝑚
2 39.37 𝑖𝑛
4) Compute the synchronous dynamic stiffness vector:
Bearing 1
𝐹 0.3316
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐾𝑑𝑠 = = ∠ − 90 − (−214.27)
𝐴 1.24 × 10−5
𝑁
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐾𝑑𝑠 = 2.6 × 104 ∠124.27°
𝑚
Bearing 2
𝐹 0.3316
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐾𝑑𝑠 = = ∠ − 90 − (−288.41)
𝐴 1.24 × 10−5
𝑁
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐾𝑑𝑠 = 2.76 × 105 ∠198.41°
𝑚
5) Resolve the synchronous dynamic stiffness vector into its components:
Bearing 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐾𝑑𝑠 = 𝐾𝑑 + 𝑗𝐾𝑄
𝐾𝑑 = 2.6 × 10 cos(124.27) = −1.47 × 104 𝑁/𝑚
4
𝐾𝑄 = 2.6 × 104 sin(124.27) = 2.15 × 104 𝑁/𝑚

Bearing 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐾𝑑𝑠 = 𝐾𝑑 + 𝑗𝐾𝑄
𝐾𝑑 = 2.76 × 10 cos(198.41) = −2.62 × 105 𝑁/𝑚
5
𝐾𝑄 = 2.76 × 105 sin(198.41) = −8.716 × 104 𝑁/𝑚
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6) Estimate λ and determine modal damping:

Assume λ = 0.48
Bearing 1
𝜆𝛺
𝐾𝑄 = 𝜔𝑐 (1 − ) , (𝑖𝑓 𝛺 = 𝜔)
𝜔
𝐾𝑄 = 𝑐𝜔(1 − λ)
2.15 × 104 = 𝑐(62.83)(1 − 0.48)
𝑐 = 658.06 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
Bearing 2
𝜆𝛺
𝐾𝑄 = 𝜔𝑐 (1 − ) , (𝑖𝑓 𝛺 = 𝜔)
𝜔
𝐾𝑄 = 𝑐𝜔(1 − λ)
8.716 × 104 = 𝑐(62.83)(1 − 0.48)
𝑐 = 2667.8 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
7) Determine stiffness:
Bearing 1
𝐾𝐷 = 𝐾 − 𝑚𝜔2 , 𝑚 = 800𝑔
1.47 × 104 = 𝐾 − 0.8(62.832 )
𝐾 = 17858.08 𝑁/𝑚
Bearing 2
𝐾𝐷 = 𝐾 − 𝑚𝜔2 , 𝑚 = 800𝑔
2.62 × 105 = 𝐾 − 0.8(62.832 )
𝐾 = 265158.087 𝑁/𝑚
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Result and Discussion

A) Determine the peak-to-peak value for each recorded data
RPM 600 830 1080 1300 1520
Bearing 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
Phase lag 98 69 98 69 98 69 98 69 98 69
Baseline (°)
Vibration
Peak to 1.22 1.81 1.29 1.85 1.38 1.93 1.42 2.13 1.61 2.24
peak
(mili inch)
Phase lag 146 67 146 67 146 67 146 67 146 67

Unbalanced (°)
mass
Peak to 1.18 1.73 1.14 1.81 1.14 1.73 1.18 1.85 1.46 2.24
peak
(mili inch)
B) Compare the spectrum graph of Baseline Vibration with that of the Unbalanced Mass
The experimental and simulated frequency spectrum were acquired to compare with baseline
condition. The ideal alignment and balance cannot be accomplished practically speaking. Hence,
a baseline case is introduced first to demonstrate the leftover unbalance and misalignment. The
vibration amplitude is estimated at five different speeds as estimated in experiment. The greatest
vibration amplitude is seen in experiment and reproduction at of 1520 rpm. Peak vibration
amplitude estimations of little size are seen at different rates. At lower speed the vibration
amplitude is little. The higher the speed of rotor, the higher the vibration amplitude formed. From
the diagram demonstrates that both experimental vibration peak to peak amplitudes at various
speed are close concurrence with one another.
The unbalance is made by putting mass at the rotor. Signs are estimated again at
indistinguishable five paces from appeared in the chart. At 1520 rpm the vibration amplitude is
higher than the baseline vibration at bearing 1. The increment in amplitude show the nearness of
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unbalance in shaft. In the other word, the higher the speed of rotor, the higher the vibration
amplitude.
C) Compare the Orbit graph of Baseline Vibration with that of the Unbalance Mass
 Baseline Vibration
RPM 600
Bearing 1 2
Peak-to-Peak value
100 84
(x-axis), (milli inch)
Peak-to-Peak value
100 30
(y-axis), (milli inch)
 Unbalance Mass Experiment
RPM 600
Bearing 1 2
Peak-to-Peak value
100 84
(x-axis), (milli inch)
Peak-to-Peak value
100 30
(y-axis), (milli inch)
The amplitude and the inclination angle of the major axis of the orbits as elements of the rotating
speed. From the orbit graph of baseline vibration, it is apparent that the zone of the ellipse for
unbalance fault case is more than that of the no fault case. From the table, it very well may be seen
that the general qualities in case of the unbalance fault case is more when contrasted with its no
fault case. From the state of the bend in the orbit plot, the sort of fault can be resolved, which in
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this case is unbalance fault as claiming the plot is elliptical. Diverse states of plot demonstrate
different faults in the rotating system.
D) Discuss the effect of unbalanced mass on the recorded Baseline Data
Unbalance is a common cause of Vibration. In our case, the unbalance is made by setting mass at
the rotor. Signals are estimated again at indistinguishable five speed from appeared in the graph.
The increment in the unbalance causes the whole system motion. Hence, the amplitude of vibration
increases. A body cannot be brought into motion without utilization of external force as indicated
by first law of Newton. The unbalance gives the vital force to the development of the system and
created the centrifugal force. The periodic force delivered by the unbalance produces vibratory
motion of the rotor which requires additional power.
E) Compare and discuss the vibration amplitude results obtained in theory and experiment
𝑚𝑒 𝑟2
𝑋= ×
𝑀 √(1 − 𝑟)2 + (2𝜁𝑟)2
X = Amplitude,
m= mass of unbalance = 2.8 g,
M = mass of rotor = 800 g,
e = distance of unbalance from the axis of rotation = 5 cm,
r = frequency ratio,
𝜁 = damping ratio.
We assume k = 20Kn and ζ = 0.5,
𝑘 20000 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔𝑛 = √ = √ = 158.11
𝑀 0.8 𝑠
Page 40 of 43
2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
For 1520 rpm: 𝑤 = 600 × = 62.83
60 𝑠
𝑟𝑎𝑑
62.83 𝑠
𝑟= = 0.397
𝑟𝑎𝑑
158.11 𝑠
0.0028 × 0.05 (0.397)2

𝑋= × = 38.28 𝜇𝑚
0.8 √(1 − 0.397)2 + (2 × 0.5 × 0.397)2
 Unbalance mass experiment (bearing 1)
Theoretical Amplitude − Experimental Amplitude

Percentage Error = 𝑥 100
Theoretical 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
38.28 − 30
= 𝑥 100 = 21.63 %
38.28
 Unbalance mass experiment (bearing 2)
Theoretical Amplitude − Experimental Amplitude

Percentage Error = 𝑥 100
Theoretical 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
38.28 − 39
= 𝑥 100 = 1.88 %
38.28
The vibration amplitude result in experimental is much higher than in theoretical. During the
experiment, human error can cause the value different from theoretical. Furthermore, there may
have some problem due to the machine.
F) Compare and discuss the vibration amplitude results obtained in theory and experiment
After the experiment, results were computed, and the experimental value is higher than the
theoretical. From the result demonstrated that the theoretical amplitude is higher than the
Page 41 of 43
experimental amplitude. The unbalanced rotor causes the vibration, and the higher the speed of
rotor, the more the horizontal vibration displacement which will be acknowledged is expanded due
to the unbalance rotor. Lastly, for balanced rotor, the higher the speed of rotor, the more horizontal
vibration displacement.
Conclusion
The function of Rotor Kit Model RK4 and Bently Nevada’s System I software were
familiarize by students from Group 12. The effects of unbalance masses on vibration response on
a rotating system using the rotor kit and software had been well studied and results can be observed
as above. Centre mass of rotating part does not coincide with centre rotation and causes unbalance
mass rotation. It is mathematically derived and numerically simulated, which was also shown from
the result of the experiments.
From the comparison between baseline vibration with unbalance mass, we understood that
baseline vibration was act as an ideal alignment as balance cannot be accomplished practically.
When the rotation per minute increases in balanced forced, the higher the amplitude of spectrum.
It can be explained as there will be more force applied when the systems rotated more.
As for the unbalanced force, there are existent of external force in the system. The
increments in amplitude of unbalance mass shows the unbalance in shaft. It has higher vibration
amplitude compared to baseline vibration. The higher amplitude caused by the unbalance mass is
due to the centrifugal force created in the vibration system as it gives vital force to it.
There are two undertakings from the experiment:
1. Harmonic vibration from the steady-state unbalance response motorized rotor system was
achieved when speed and damping were remained constant in the critical speed. In the
meantime, the amplitude of the vibration was proportional to the mass of the unbalance
weight at the same plane and the same radius of the motorized rotor.
2. Lagged phase angle of vibration behind excitation force remained constant when speed and
damping remained constant.
Page 42 of 43
Vibration response of a motorized rotor system in an unbalance mass can be calculated. The
findings proven the theoretical basis for active balancing and vibration control of motorized rotor
systems.
Vibration should be minimized as low as possible as it can greatly affect the efficiency of the
system, sometimes caused great losses. Therefore, damper can be introduced to decrease vibration
in the system.
Page 43 of 43

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MDB3093Z-Vibration Lab Report

DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 12TH OCTOBER 2018

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 19TH OCTOBER 2018

2. To understand the effects of unbalance masses on the vibration response of a rotating

Theory and Procedure

Figure 1: Examples of an unbalanced rotating machine.

In many situations involving an unbalanced machine, we are interested in the transmited

The phase angle of vibration is given by:

By defining  = c / 𝑐𝑐 and 𝑐𝑐 = 2M𝑛 , the solution can be rewritten as:

Figure 2: The response of an unbalanced rotor as a function of the frequency.

This shows that:

is reduced if there is damping in the system.

The rotor model

Figure 6: Free body diagram and coordinate system.

Applying the Newton’s second law of motion,

kx + (cẋ + jcx) + m𝑟𝑝 2 𝑒 (𝜔𝑡+𝛿) = Mẍ

Where A and 𝛼 are unknown coefficient of the solution

Differentiate the equation twice we have acceleration as:

Figure 7: illustrates the phase measurement of vibration signal.

B. Unbalanced Mass Experiment

Figure 9: Orbit Graph at 600RPM (Bearing 1)

Figure 10: Orbit graph at 600 RPM (Bearing 1)

Figure 11: Bode plot at 600 RPM (Bearing 1)

Figure 12: Bode plot at 600 RPM (Bearing 2)

Figure 13: Spectrum at 600 RPM (Bearing 1)

Figure 14: Spectrum at 600 RPM (Bearing 2)

Figure 15: Spectrum at 830 RPM (Bearing 1)

Figure 16: Spectrum at 830 RPM (Bearing 2)

Figure 17: Spectrum at 1080 RPM (Bearing 1)

Figure 18: Spectrum at 1080 RPM (Bearing 2)

Figure 19: Spectrum at 1300 RPM (Bearing 1)

Figure 20: Spectrum at 1300 RPM (Bearing 2)

Figure 21: Spectrum at 1520 RPM (Bearing 1)

Figure 22: Spectrum at 1520 RPM (Bearing 2)

B. Baseline vibration with mass (unbalanced)

Figure 23: Orbital with 600 RPM (Bearing 1):

Figure 24: Orbital with 600 RPM (Bearing 2)

Figure 25: Bode (Bearing 1)

Figure 26: Bode (Bearing 2)

Figure 27: Spectrum with 600 RPM (Bearing 1)

Figure 28: Spectrum with 600 RPM (Bearing 2):

Figure 29: Spectrum with 830 RPM (Bearing 1)

Figure 30: Spectrum with 830 RPM (Bearing 2)

Figure 31: Spectrum with 1080 RPM (Bearing 1)

Figure 32: Spectrum with 1080 RPM (Bearing 2)

Figure 33: Spectrum with 1300 RPM (Bearing 1)

Figure 34: Spectrum with 1300 RPM (Bearing 2)

Figure 35: Spectrum with 1520 RPM (Bearing 1)

Figure 36: Spectrum with 1520 RPM (Bearing 2)

RPM 600 830 1080 1300 1520

1. Calculate net peak to peak respond.

Speed, 600 830 1080 1300 1520

2. Calculate the force.

4. Compute the synchronous dynamic stiffness vector.

5. Resolve the synchronous dynamic stiffness vector into its components:

6. Estimate λ and determine modal damping:

Speed Bearing 1 Bearing 2

Speed: 600 rpm/ 62.83 rad/s

Magnitude = 1.22 mili inch

Magnitude =1.18 mili inch

Magnitude = 1.81 mili inch

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = 1.81 ∠ 69 ° = 0.65 + 1.69𝑗

Magnitude = 1.73 mili inch