1,0 Summary

1.1 Fluid flow properties

Any characteristic of a system is called property. It may either be intensive (mass
independent) or extensive (that depends on size of system). The state of a system is
described by its properties. The number of properties required to fix the state of the
system is given by state postulates. Most common properties of the fluid are:

1. Pressure : It is the normal force exerted by a fluid per unit areaIn SI system the unit
and
dimension of pressure can written as, N/m2 .

2. Density: The density of a substance is the quantity of matter contained in unit volume
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
of the substance. It is expressed in three different ways; mass density ,(𝜌 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒)
𝜌
specific weight (ρg) and relative density/specific gravity . (𝑆𝐺 = )The units are given
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
as,
For mass density; Unit: kg/m3

For specific weight; Unit: N/m3

The standard values for density of water and air are given as 1000kg/m 3 and 1.2 kg/m3,
respectively.

3. Temperature : It is the measure of hotness and coldness of a system. In

thermodynamic sense, it is the measure of internal energy of a system. Many a times,
the temperature is expressed in centigrade scale (°C) where the freezing and boiling
point of water is taken as 0°C and 100°C, respectively. In SI system, the temperature is
expressed in terms of absolute value in Kelvin scale (K = °C+ 273).

4. Viscosity: When two solid bodies in contact, move relative to each other, a friction
force develops at the contact surface in the direction opposite to motion. The situation is
similar when a fluid moves relative to a solid or when two fluids move relative to each
other. The property that represents the internal resistance of a fluid to motion (i.e.
fluidity) is called as viscosity. The fluids for which the rate of deformation is proportional
to the shear stress are called Newtonian fluids and the linear relationship for a one-
dimensional system is shown in Fig. belowThe shear stressis then expressed as,

𝑑𝑢
𝜏=ϻ
𝑑𝑦

where, du/dy is the shear strain rate and μ is the dynamic (or absolute) viscosity of the
fluid.
 The dynamic viscosity has the unit of kg/m.s (or, N.s/m 2 or Pa.s) . A common unit of
dynamic viscosity is poise which is equivalent to 0.1 Pa.s. Many a times, the ratio of
dynamic viscosity to density appears frequently and this ratio is given by the name
kinematic viscosity . It has got the dimension of and unit of stoke (1 stoke = 0.0001
m2/s). Typical values of kinematic viscosity of air and water at atmospheric temperature
are 1.46 x 10-5 m2/s and 1.14 x 10-6 m2/

5. Thermal Conductivity: It relates the rate of heat flow per unit area to the temperature
gradient and is governed by Fourier Law of heat conduction .

𝑑𝑇
𝑞 = −𝑘 𝑑𝑥

In SI system the unit and dimension of pressure can be written as, W/m.K and ,
respectively. Thermal conductivity varies with temperature for liquids as well as gases in
the same manner as that of viscosity. The reference value of thermal conductivity for
water and air at reference temperature is taken as, 0.6 W/m.K and 0.025 W/m.K,
respectively.

6.Specific heats: It is the amount of energy required for a unit mass of a fluid for unit
rise in temperature. Since the pressure, temperature and density of a gas are
interrelated, the amount of heat required to raise the temperature from depends on
whether the gas is allowed to expand during the process so that the energy supplied is
used in doing the work instead of raising the temperature. For a given gas, two specific
heats are defined corresponding to the two extreme conditions of constant volume and
constant pressure.
(a) Specific heat at constant volume (𝑐𝑣)
(b) Specific heat at constant pressure (𝐶𝑝)

The following relation holds good for the specific heat at constant volume and constant
pressure. For air ; Cp= 1.005 KJ/kg.K Cv= 0.718 KJ/kg. K

7. Surface Tension (σ) : When a liquid and gas or two immiscible liquids are in contact,
an unbalanced force is developed at the interface stretched over the entire fluid mass.
The intensity of molecular attraction per unit length along any line in the surface is called
as surface tension. For example, in a spherical liquid droplet of radius, the pressure
difference between the inside and outside surface of the droplet is given by

Δp=2σ/r
In SI system the unit of pressure can be written as, N/m

1.1.1 Classifications of Fluid Flows

Some of the general categories of fluid flow problems are as follows;

1. Viscous and Inviscid flow: The fluid flow in which frictional effects become
signification, are treated as viscous flow. When two fluid layers move relatively to each
other, frictional force develops between them which is quantified by the fluid property
‘viscosity’. Boundary layer flows are the example viscous flow. Neglecting the viscous
terms in the governing equation, the flow can be treated as inviscid flow.

2. Internal and External flow: The flow of an unbounded fluid over a surface is treated
as ‘external flow’ and if the fluid is completely bounded by the surface, then it is called as
‘internal flow’. For example, flow over a flat plate is considered as external flow and flow
through a pipe/duct is internal flow. However, in special cases, if the duct is partially filled
and there is free surface, then it is called as open channel flow. Internal flows are
dominated by viscosity whereas the viscous effects are limited to boundary layers in the
solid surface for external flows.

3. Compressible and Incompressible flow: The flow is said to be ‘incompressible’ if

the density remains nearly constant throughout. When the density variation during a flow
is more than 5% then it is treated as ‘compressible’. This corresponds to a flow Mach
number of 0.3 at room temperature.

4. Laminar and Turbulent flow: The highly ordered fluid motion characterized by
smooth layers of fluid is called ‘Laminar Flow’, e.g. flow of highly viscous fluids at low
velocities. The fluid motion that typically occurs at high velocities is characterized by
velocity fluctuations are called as ‘turbulent.’ The flow that alternates between being
laminar & turbulent is called ‘transitional’. The dimensionless number i.e. Reynolds
number is the key parameter that determines whether the flow is laminar or turbulent.

5. Steady and Unsteady flow: When there is no change in fluid property at point with
time, then it implies as steady flow. However, the fluid property at a point can also vary
with time which means the flow is unsteady/transient. The term ‘periodic’ refers to the
kind of unsteady flows in which the flow oscillates about a steady mean.

6. One/Two/Three dimensional flow: A flow field is best characterized by the velocity

distribution, and thus can be treated as one/two/three dimensional flow if velocity varies
in the respective directions.
1.2 Objective of study
The objectives of the project are:

- to assess students’ teamwork in analysing hydrodynamics problem.

-to introduce the students with CFD application for hydrodynamics simulation.

-to train the students relate the simulation result with the theory concept

1.3 What have been done

As a part of assessment for the SKMO2343 Marine Hydrodynamic we have to submitted
a full report on CFD analysis to full fill the requirement of the course .We were divided into
several groups of five members each to conduct the project . Each group were given
different types and dimension of geometry for the analysis. the total duration given for the
submission was one month with a dateline on 30th of May 2018.Without wasting much time
all the five members in our group selected a leader so that the progress of the project can be
more efficient.

With the knowledge solid works from Engineering Drawing .We make the 3D drawing
using any CAD software for both bodies A and B with the given fixed dimension. We also
required to produce the 3D drawing of the domain then convert the 3D drawings to .iges file
in the laptop. Then we open the ANSYS Workbench and make geometry file.

We import the 3D drawings of body A which we have produced. Later we convert the
drawing to solid and do the subtraction using Boolean tools. Returning to workbench and
start the meshing process. We create parts for boundary condition; inlet, outlet, body and
wall and save the mesh file as .meshdat. By the end of simulation we open CFX in
Workbench and import the mesh and given CCL file with setting up the boundary domain,
the turbulence model, the time step and the velocity of the fluid (V=10m/s).

Define run and write the solver input file. Simulate the case for 2 second. Then run the
case in solver and wait until the simulation complete. Repeat for Body B. After complete the
simulation we were doing a complete report on our project for assessment .

1.4 The significant result

 2.0 Introduction
Computational fluid dynamics or CFD is the analysis of systems involving fluid flow,
heat transfer and associated phenomena such as chemical reactions by means of computer-
based simulation. The technique is very powerful and spans a wide range of industrial and
non-industrial application areas. Some examples are:

• aerodynamics of aircraft and vehicles: lift and drag

• hydrodynamics of ships

• power plant: combustion in internal combustion engines and gas turbines

• turbo machinery: flows inside rotating passages, diffusers etc.

• electrical and electronic engineering: cooling of equipment including microcircuits

• chemical process engineering: mixing and separation, polymer moulding

• external and internal environment of buildings: wind loading and heating/ventilation

• marine engineering: loads on off-shore structures

• environmental engineering: distribution of pollutants and effluents

• hydrology and oceanography: flows in rivers, estuaries, oceans

• meteorology: weather prediction

• biomedical engineering: blood flows through arteries and veins

From the 1960s onwards the aerospace industry has integrated CFD techniques into
the design, R&D and manufacture of aircraft and jet engines. More recently the methods
have been applied to the design of internal combustion engines, combustion chambers of
gas turbines and furnaces. Furthermore, motor vehicle manufacturers now routinely predict
drag forces, under-bonnet air flows and the in-car environment with CFD. Increasingly CFD
is becoming a vital component in the design of industrial products and processes.

Every fluid has its own viscosity. Viscosity is known as a property of the fluid which
opposes the relative motion between the two surfaces of the fluid that are moving at different
velocities. When the fluid is forced through a tube, the particles which compose the fluid
generally move more quickly near the tube's axis and more slowly near its walls; therefore
some stress (such as a pressure difference between the two ends of the tube) is needed to
overcome the friction between particle layers to keep the fluid moving. For a given velocity
pattern, the stress required is proportional to the fluid's viscosity. When an object moving in
the fluid, the viscosity of the fluid will exert a drag force on the object.

There are mainly two types of fluid which are Newtonian fluid and Non-Newtonian fluid.
A Newtonian fluid is defined as a fluid that behaves according to Newton's law, with a
viscosity μ that is independent of the stress. While the Non-Newtonian fluid is defined as a
fluid that does not follow Newton's law of viscosity. In this project, the investigated fluid is
liquid water which is a Newtonian fluid.
 Besides that, there are two types of fluid model in fluid mechanics which are the ideal
fluid model and the real fluid model. In ideal fluid model, we assume that the model does not
possess any viscosity, tension surface and shear stress. The ideal fluid is also assuming to
be incompressible and not to vaporized. The real fluid on the other hand had all the
characteristics above.

Ideal fluid is useful as portions of real flow fields are well describe by this model, and
those that are not can often remedied by application of a viscous boundary layer theory, it
can give great insight into fluid behaviour and aid in the honing of a more precise intuition as
well as its fundamental solutions are useful as test cases for verification of numerical
methods. But in finding the drag force over a cylinder due to the flow which is one of the aim
of this project cannot be find by using this model. The real fluid model is used in this project.
3.0 Boundary Layer
In physics and fluid mechanics, a boundary layer is an important concept and refers to
the layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface where the effects of viscosity
are significant. In the Earth's atmosphere, the atmospheric boundary layer is the air layer
near the ground affected by diurnal heat, moisture or momentum transfer to or from the
surface. On an aircraft wing the boundary layer is the part of the flow close to the wing,
where viscous forces distort the surrounding non-viscous flow. There are basically two types
boundary layer of flow which are the laminar and turbulent flow.

Laminar flow is the flow of a fluid when each particle of the fluid follows a smooth path,
paths which never interfere with one another. One result of laminar flow is that the velocity of
the fluid is constant at any point in the fluid. On the other hand, the turbulent flow is an
irregular flow that is characterized by tiny whirlpool regions. The velocity of this fluid is not
constant at every point. Reynolds number (Re) is an important dimensionless quantity in
fluid mechanics used to help predict the type of flow patterns in different fluid flow situations.
At low Reynolds numbers, flows tend to be dominated by laminar (sheetlike) flow, while at
high

Reynolds numbers turbulence results from differences in the fluid's speed and direction,
which may sometimes intersect or even move counter to the overall direction of the flow
(eddy currents). These eddy currents begin to churn the flow, using up energy in the
process, which for liquids increases the chances of cavitation. The Reynolds number has
wide applications, ranging from liquid flow in a pipe to the passage of air over an aircraft
wing. It is used to predict the transition from laminar to turbulent flow. In boundary layer flow
over a flat plate, experiments confirm that, after a certain length of flow, a laminar boundary
layer will become unstable and turbulent

This instability occurs across different scales and with different fluids, usually when
Rex ≈ 5×105 , [14] where x is the distance from the leading edge of the flat plate, and the
flow velocity is the free stream velocity of the fluid outside the boundary layer. For flow in a
pipe of diameter D, experimental observations show that for "fully developed" flow laminar
flow occurs when ReD < 2300 and turbulent flow occurs when ReD > 2600. At the lower end
of this range, a continuous turbulent-flow will form, but only at a very long distance from the
inlet of the pipe. The flow in between will begin to transition from laminar to turbulent and
then back to laminar at irregular intervals, called intermittent flow. This is due to the different
speeds and conditions of the fluid in different areas of the pipe's cross-section, depending on
other factors such as pipe roughness and flow uniformity. Laminar flow tends to dominate in
the fast-moving center of the pipe while slower-moving turbulent flow dominates near the
wall. As the Reynolds number increases, the continuous turbulent-flow moves closer to the
inlet and the intermittency in between increases, until the flow becomes fully turbulent at
ReD > 2600. This result is generalized to non-circular channels using the hydraulic diameter,
allowing a transition Reynolds number to be calculated for other shapes of channel. These
transition Reynolds numbers are also called critical Reynolds numbers, and were studied by
Osborne Reynolds around 1895. The critical Reynolds number is different for every
geometry.
3.1 Law of conservation
The governing equations of fluid mechanics Fluid flow is governed by
conservation laws. The governing equation is a description of the conservation law,
which includes the mass conservation equation (also called the continuity equation),
the momentum conservation equation and the energy conservation equation.

Mass conservation equation The mass conservation equation, also known as the
continuity equation, represents an increase in the mass in the circulation element per
unit time, equal to the net mass flowing into the micro-body at the same time interval.
The equation is:

¶r
+ div(r) 𝑆𝑚
¶t

¶a ¶𝑎𝑦 ¶a
div represents divergence, that is div(a)= ¶xx + ¶x + ¶xz . Equation (1) is the general
form of the mass conservation equation and is suitable for compressible flow and
incompressible flow. And 𝜌 is the density, t is the time, v is the velocity vector, and
Sm is the mass added to the continuous terms, such as evaporation or
heterogeneous reaction of the dropping.

Momentum conservation equation The law of conservation of momentum is

also the basic law that any flow system must satisfy, and its essence is Newton's
second law. The law can be expressed as: the rate of change of the momentum of
the fluid to time in the micro-element is equal to the sum of the forces acting on the
micro-element. In the inertial coordinate system, the momentum equation is:

𝜕(𝑝𝑢) ¶p 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥

+ 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝜌𝑢ṽ) = − + + + + 𝜌𝑓𝑥
𝜕𝑡 ¶x ¶x ¶y ¶z
𝜕(𝑝𝑣) ¶p 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥
+ 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝜌𝑢ṽ) = − + + + + 𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝜕𝑡 ¶y ¶x ¶y ¶z
𝜕(𝑝𝑤) ¶p 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥
+ 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝜌𝑢ṽ) = − + + + + 𝜌𝑓𝑧
𝜕𝑡 ¶z ¶x ¶y ¶z

are the components of the 𝜏𝑥𝑥 , 𝜏𝑦𝑥 , 𝜏𝑧𝑥 where p is the pressure on the micro fluidic
body; viscosity that acts on the surface of the micro-body due to the viscosity of the
molecule; 𝑓𝑥, 𝑓𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑓𝑧 are the components of the volume force ( f ) in the three
directions acting on
the unit mass micro body.

Energy conservation equation The energy conservation equation is the basic

law that must be satisfied by the flow system that contains heat exchange and it can
be expressed as: the increase rate of energy in the micro-element is equal to the net
heat flow into the micro-body and the work of the body and the force on the micro-
body, and the law is actually the first law of thermodynamics. When there is no heat
source in the flow field, the differential energy equation is:
 𝜕𝜌𝐸
+ ∇. (𝜌𝐸𝑉) = 𝜌𝐹. 𝑉 − ∇. (τ. v)
𝜕𝑡
𝑃
𝜌Ė = 𝜌𝑣 + 𝑉 2
2
Where E is the total energy, and e is the internal energy.
4.0 Solution for boundary layer Problem
4,1 Approximation-Von Karman/Blasius

4.1 Simulation
Simulation Computational Fluid Dynamics, usually abbreviated as CFD, is a branch
of fluid mechanics that uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyse
problems that involve fluid flows. Computers are used to perform the calculations required to
simulate the interaction of liquid and gases with surfaces defined by boundary conditions.
With high-speed supercomputers, better solutions can be achieved.

The basic principle of the CFD modelling method is simple. The flow regime is divided
into small cells within each of which the flow either kept constant or varies smoothly (the
smooth variation is normally assumed for modern techniques that normally have order of
accuracy above one). The differential equations of momentum, energy, and mass balance
are discretized and represented in term of the variables at the cell centers (collocated
variables arrangement) or at a predetermined position within the cells (normally cell walls for
velocities – staggered variable arrangement). These equations are solved until the solution
reaches the desired accuracy.
 CFD modelling provides a good description of flow field variables, velocities,
temperatures, or a mass concentration anywhere in the region with details not usually
available through physical modelling. It is especially useful for determining the parametric
effects of a certain process variable. Once the basic model is established parametric runs
can usually be accomplished with reduced effort. In addition, CFD can be used to simulate
some of the hard to duplicate experimental conditions or to investigate some of the hard to
measure variables.
5.0 Methodology
5.1Flowchart
Draw the geometry using a
CAD software Body A:
Cuboid with L=2m, W=2m,
H=1.5m Body B: Cuboid
with L=4m, W=2m, H=1.5m

Produce the 3D drawing of the domain.

Open ANSYS and mesh the geometry

Mesh the geometry

Modify the Specify properties and

mesh boundary condition

Modify remeshing
Specify remeshing technique,
techniques, solver
solver method and evolution
methods and/or
parameters
evolution parameters

Solver solves the conservation

equation using specified data and
boundary conditions

NO

Is the solution converged

YES
Stop
5.2 Simulation Set up for Body A&B
5.3 The existing variable

Body A: Cuboid with L=2m, W=2m, H=1.5m

Body B: Cuboid with L=4m, W=2m, H=1.5m