DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERT SYSTEM KNOWLEDGE BASE TO ON-LINE
DIAGNOSIS OF ROTOR ELECTRICAL FAULTS OF INDUCTION MOTORS
F. Filippetti, M.Martelli - Istituto di Elettrotecnica-
Universita' di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento,2 Bologna Italy
G. Franceschini, C. Tassoni, member, IEEE - Dip. di Ingegneria dell'hformazione-
Universita' di Parma,Viale delle Scienze, Parma. Italy
ABSTRACT
The paper concerns the development of the Knowledge Base branch
related to rotor electrical faults in squirrel cage machines, to be
implemented in an Expert System, utilizing current instantaneous values
as input data.
The Knowledge Base is organized in two levels: in the fmt level
diagnostic indexes for the orientation of the E.S. inferential engine toward
the appropriate branch of the fault trec are utilized. The second level
includes the deep knowledge with a data set obtained on the basis of a
complete faulty machine model.
The diagnostic indexes of the first level concern how to distinguish
'faulty' events from the 'healthy' signals due to the unavoidable
manufacturing asymmetries. They are pointed out through a simplified
model of faulted rotor that needs few machine parameters. This diagnosis
may substitute the second level diagnosis if the machine design data,
necessary for the second level diagnosis, are not available or if the
extensive work needed for the data base construction would be avoided.
Some diagnosis examples are reported to describe the sequence of
operations of the diagnostic system.
1 - INTRODUCTION
The reliability requirements for electrical machines operating in critical
plants are constantly increasing and the availability of diagnostic systems
are becoming more and more important.
The condition monitoring of the machine can be used to detect faults at
an early stage. The data obtained from the sensors of the monitoring
system must be processed by artificial intelligence techniques to better
distinguish among the symptoms and to obtain a more complete
diagnosis.
As concerns induction machines many faults can be detected by
monitoring the stator currents: so invasive techniques are not needed. In
particular, rotor electric faults are evidenced by current sidebands which
appear near the fundamental frequency component.
An extensive work has been developed on this subject by company
researchers and academia. The academic work is mainly directed toward
machine models, including any type of rotor asymmetry. This in order to
realize tools which allow generation of data base required by diagnostics
[l-71.
The company work, on the other hand, is mainly directed toward the
detection of the sideband currents introduced by the dissymmetry, using
software or hardware techniques [7-121.
The application of artificial intelligence techniques allows to join both
the aspects. The utilized models realize the Knowledge Base and the
consequent rules to be implemented in the Expert System. The E. S.deals
also with data acquisition and processing, to provide diagnostic advises
[13- 161.
The Authors dealt with this subject in previous works [17-191. A
Knowledge Base has been proposed, devoted to both stator and rotor fail
detection. As concerns rotor faults, slip-ring machines have been
considered.
In this paper the Knowledge Base related to the case of rotor faults in
0-7803-0634-1/92$03.00@Em
squirrel cage machines is developed.
The Knowledge Base proposed is organized in two levels: in the first
level diagnostic indexes must orient the E.S. inferential engine toward the
appropriate branch of the fault tree (i.e. 'rotor faults'). The second level
will include the deep knowledge with a data set obtained on the basis of a
complete faulty machine model.
The first level concerns how to distinguish 'faulty' events from the
'healthy' events due to the inevitable manufacturing asymmetries: to this
aim a first diagnosis based on a simplified model of rotor faults, which
needs few machine parameters, is pointed out. This diagnosis may
substitute the second level diagnosis if the machine design data, necessary
for the complete model, are not available or if the extensive work needed
for the data base construction would be avoid.
Starting from the developed Knowledge Base the rules to be inserted in
the diagnostic system are pointed out. The diagnostic system includes a
conventional computing environment and a commercial &pert System
shell.
Some examples of diagnostic system procedure are reported to describe
the sequence of operations
-
2 FIFIST LEVEL DIAGNOSIS
The diagnostic system performs the machine diagnosis starting from the
instantaneous values of input currents.
The frequency analysis of these values puts in evidence numerous
signals due both to electrical and mechanical troubles. The current
sidebands around the fundamental frequency component are introduced
by rotor electrical faults and their amplitude must be correlated to the
fault severity.
An ideal result would be a direct correlation between the side band
component amplitude and the broken bar number: obviously this is an
utopian result, but a series of assumptions on the machine modelisation,
on the fault characteristics and on the operating conditions allows to reach
a quite satisfactory result.
In the following a procedure to develop a simplified model of a cage
rotor machine with rotor electrical fault is described. Through this model
the data base for the first level diagnosis is generated
2.1 - SIMPLIFIED MODEL OF FAULTED CAGE
If any anisotropy is present in the rotor electric circuits, according to
the generalized rotating field theory, the rotor reaction to the stator field
at frequency f can be seen as superimposition of two counter rotating
fields at frequencies *sf.
The field at frequency -sf induces e m . forces, and correspondently
currents, at frequency (1- 2s)f in the stator windings. It also produces an
alternative torque at twice slip frequency that gives rise to an oscillation
in the rotor speed, and consequently to a reduction in the amplitude of the
current component at (1-2s)f frequency.
As a further consequence a third harmonic component 3sf is induced
into the rotor circuits and the harmonics (1+2s)f and (1-4s)f are induced
into the stator circuits (Table I illustrates the frequency sequence,
extendible also to upper harmonics).
92
 -
Table I examples are reported.
Even if the machine model with all the correct parameters is available,
Stator frequencies f (1-2s)f
it is clear that a lot of different failures (number and position of broken
';r;t. /
/ bars or of ring segments) could give rise to the same effect and vice
Asymm. rotor frequencies fsf
versa. As an example the computation results obtained for two broken
bars near each other (case a) and positioned at the distance of 15 bars
Stator frequencies (1+2s)f (1-4s)f (case b) can be found in Fig.2, which reports the amplitudes of bar
current in correspondence of the bar position. The reference machine is
Asymm. rotor frequencies i3sf Jf

machine B. whose technical data are reported in the Appendix, operating

Since every machine is inevitably manufactured with electrical at the rated slip. In the first case the ratio I*/I is 7.2%., in the second one
asymmetries a series of lines at interval 2sf is visible also in 'healthy' the ratio is 5%
machines. Fig. I reports the experimental spectra of a small size machine:
'healthy' (a) and 'faulty' (b).

13
dB
l0lV a

I'

Position bar number

10 Fig.2 - Bar current distribution for two broken bars near each other (a)
dB b and positioned at the distance of 15 bars (b) for machine B.
/DIY

Fig.1 - Experimental spectra of a small size machine: 'healty' a), and
'faulty' b).
The theoretical study of "faulty" machines to diagnostic aims is usually
performed taking into account only the first sideband component
(frequency (1-2s)f) at steady state.
But also with this assumption the model of a cage machine that allows
to consider any type of electric faults is not straightforward. Different
researchers have developed models using variable transformations or
taking into account several harmonics. It seems to the authors that the
model developed in [2] trades off between simplicity and result accuracy.
This model uses as variables the symmetrical components (the
component I at the supply frequency f is a forward component, the
component I" at the (1-2s)f frequency results as a backward component)
for the stator symmetrical circuits. and the mash currents for the rotor.
Being N the rotor bar number, the model has 2+N equations, plus one for
the ring.
The model is developed with the usual assumptions (smooth surfaces of
both stator and rotor, stator windings with sinusoidal distributions,
concentrated rotor bars. saturation and iron losses neglected ) to which i t
must be added the rotor bars insulation from the rotor iron core. This
further assumption can lead to inaccurate results in the cast type rotor
machines. In literature a paper which treats a non insulated bar faults is
found [21], but it is difficult to generalize the model to any fault position.
Obviously. treating separately bars and ring sectors, the model needs
the machine design parameters. In the Appendix the necessary design
characteristics referred to different machines used in the following as
93
Therefore, instead of considering all the possible events, only the most
probable faults are analyzed, i.e. the case of broken bars situated beside
each other. In fact the most common failure is a bar or defective bar to
end-ring connection: as the fault of one broken bar causes larger currents
in the neighboring ones, these ones are the more probable candidates to
the next failure.
In this case the model can be simplified, as it is shown in [3]. Here
the author presents an even simpler model that allows a straightforward
relation between the component I" and the fundamental one I.
The followed assumptions are:
- small broken bar number (much less than the bar/pole number).
- rotor impedance localized in the bars,
- slip value near the rated one, so that the rotor effective reactances are
small with respect to resistances.
With these assumptions a cage rotor with n broken bar can be analyzed
as a three phase wound rotor with a phase affected by an impedance
increasing AZ = AR/s+AX E LWS dependent on the broken bar number
(see Fig. 3). This means to neglect the difference in the mutual linkage
inductance coefficients between different windings, considering still
symmetrical the equivalent three-phase rotor windings.
Fig.3 - Schematization of the faulty cage rotor by equivalent three-phase
rotor windings, one of them affected by a resistance increasing.

I
 In order to link AR to the broken bar number n, the cage is considered x2 R 2 R2/s x2
as a three-phase circuit where the bars of each phase are N/3 series
connected conductors, so its stator-three-phase-equivalent resistance is:
R2 = Rh(2 N ' I ) ~/ (N/3)
2-1 V
Xl
being Rb the bar resistance and Nq1 the equivalent stator turns.
If n bars are broken, the conductors of the faulty phase become (N/3-n)
and its resistance becomes: Fig.5 - Further simplification of the equivalent circuit at slip near the
R'2 = Rb ( 2N'l )2/ ( N/3 -n ) rated one
Therefore the resistance increment AR is:
ratio between the current I" and I can be approximated
.~ as:
AR = 3R2 n / ( N - 3 n )
1"A E (AIU3s) / ( R ~ / s + A R / ~zs )( A W ~ ) / ( R ~ + L ~ E
R /hRI3R2
~)
Now the model of the symmetrical three phase machine with a
resistance AR inserted in a rotor phase of Fig.3 is examined. In the stator Substituting to AR its expression, it can be found:
the variables considered are again the current forward component I
I/I" = d(N-2n) E n/N
(frequency f ) and the backward current component I" (frequency (1-2s)f).
It is to be noted that a relationship quite similar can be found in the
This is obviously due to the stator winding symmetry.
literature [22>23i>but no has been found about its
First for the threephase the effective circuit 11,12, I3 can
be used, therefore the machine model is: justification
The above relation has been developed using several assumptions, but it
v =pl+j2nffll+3M)] I+j2nfM11+ j2nfMcd2+j2nfMu213 allows an interesting consideration: the ratio 1"fl depends mainly on the
ratio between the rotor resistance equivalent to the fault and the rotor
0 =[Rl+j2rrfA(ll+3M)]I"+j2xf"M11+j2xfAMa21~+j2nf"MaI~ resistance, therefore an exact determination of rotor resistance is not
required and its dependance on temperature and slip can be not
1-J2nsflkf12-j2nsfMI3
VAB=j2nsf3MI+j2nsf3M~"+IR~+j2nsf~~+2M)+~]~ considered.
The relation can be. used for a first level diagnosis and it is fundamental
VA~=j2~f3Ma21+j2rf3MaIA-j2rfMI~
+[R2+j2rfO2+2M)]12-j2rfMI3 to fix the threshold between an 'healthy' machine and a 'faulty' one. In
fact the sideband component for the fust broken bar has an amplitude of
VAB=j2ns~Mnl+j2asf3Mn2IA-j2r~I1
-2RsfMI2+1R2+j2nsfO2+2M)]13 the order of 1/N the fundamental one. The inevitable manufacturing
asymmetries cause a more less component (decreasing with the increasing
0 =11+12+13 of machine size), therefore an alarm threshold (I"A)* = 0.1-0.2 1/N (the
lower level for large machines) seems the best choice. This allows to put
R and 1 have the usual meanings, M is the mutual induction between one early in evidence the presence of defects, as radial cracks, starting in a
stator winding and one rotor winding [20]. Reducing the rotor variables bar, that usually precede the breakage. These threshold values are referred
to the stator frequency, introducing the symmetrical components If, Ib of to slip values near the rated one.
the rotor currents referred to the stator and manipulating the rotor Always about the firs level diagnosis, if the slip is far from the rated
equations, the system becomes: one, the ratio 1"A versus slip value can be computed. Fig.6 reports the
computed curves for one and two broken bars referred to two different
size machines (A and B). The characteristics of the machines can be
found in the Appendix (note that for this computation only a few of the
reported parameters are needed).
In Fig.6 the values of I"II obtained by the approximate relationship are
also reported in correspondence of the rated slips. Fig.6 allows to
visualize directly the validity of the assumption about slip that lead to the
approximate relation: in fact there is a slip range (the rated slip is inside)
were the ratio 1"fl is quite constant.
The curves of Fig.6, extended to the case of more broken bars,
where X1=2nf 11, X2=2nf 12, +2nf 3M. constitute the Knowledge Base of the E.S. for the first level diagnosis.
These equations correspond to the circuit reported in Fig.4, that
visualizes a straightforward comparison among the different variables and
consequently further simplifications.

R
El
7-
/
/--
B
d

R,
V 25-1 \
3s
Xl
, ---___--*-- 1
A

Fig.4 - Equivalent circuit corresponding to the equation set

A

First, the current of the second branch (starting from the right side) is
neglectable in comparison with I". Second, owing to the assumption of s
value near the rated one and for quite large machines, also the current in
0"
0 SA ' 2 3 4
=a
I
5

the f i s t branch (starting from the left side) is neglectable in comparison Slip X

with I f Fig.6 - Ratio I"/I vs slip for one and two broken bars referred to machines
Therefore the equivalent circuit can be reduced according to FigS. A and B computed with the simplified model The dots are related to the
Owing to the assumption that the terms R/s are the dominant ones, the approximated relationship
94
3 - SECOND LEVEL DIAGNOSIS 4 - IMPROVEMENT OF THE FIRST LEVEL DIAGNOSIS

The above described model of the cage rotor machine loses its validity The electrical angular displacement a = 2npN between two adjacent
as the number of broken bars increases, i.e. the assumption of equivalent rotor bars is considered to put into account the pole influence. If n bars
three-phase symmetrical windings with an external resistance becomes are broken, the rotor sector corresponding to the absence of bar cunents
unacceptable. is equal to the winding factor k = sin n d 2 / (n sin d 2 ) time the product
If a severe fault has becn diagnosed by the first level procedure, a n a (see in Fig.9 the representation of current vectors related to two poles
second level diagnosis may be activated. In this second level the and the angular sector of n broken bars ). If the broken bar number
knowledge base will be organized on the basis of the model which overcomes the badpole number, the rotor section without currents, and so
considers the effective rotor configuration. the rotor dissymmetry, begins to decrease.
The simplification validity decreasing with the increasing of broken bar
number and far from the rated slip is put in evidence by comparing the
ratio I"/I versus slip in the cases of one and two broken bars for machines
A and B computed by the two models (see Fig.7).
In Fig.8 the ratios IVX, computed by the complete models and by the
simplified relationship for the same machines are reported versus broken
bar number at the rated slip.
The figure shows clearly that the simplified model becomes
unacceptable as n approaches N/2p. This fact was expected: if, after the
failure of all the bars situated under a pole, other bars failed the
asymmetrical configuration of the rotor and consequently the IVI ratio
decreases. The equivalent three-phase model can not obviously
distinguish the bars under different poles and the ratio I"/I is always
increasing with broken bar number. In the following a factor will be
introduced in the simplified model that improves its performance.
I 1 Fig.9 - Current vectors related to two pole and angular sector in
I correspondence of broken bars.

Therefore the n broken bar correspond effectively to:

n' = k n = sin n d 2 / sin d 2
Substituting n with n' in.the computation of AR the results obtained with
fp 5t / the simplified relationship approach those obtained with the complete
model at the rated slip. The obtained curves are reported in Fig.10, that is
to be comparated with Fig.8.

Or I
0 1 2
Slip %
3 4 5
'@t
M
Fig.7 - Ratio I"/I versus slip in the cases of one and two broken bars for -
\
machines A and B computed by the two models (simplified model - 1-

continuous line, complete model - dashed line).

:1'
60
'OL I' B 1 Broken bars n
I I
Fig.10 - Comparison between the results obtained with the improved
relationship (dashed line) and those obtained with the complete model
(continuous line) for the machine A and B at the rated slip.

To have a further validation of the new simplified relationship, other

8 10
Broken bars n
Fig.8 - Ratio I"/I for versus broken bar number at the rated slip for
machines A and B computed by the complete model (continuous line)
and by the simplified relationship (dashed line).
The curves that links IVI with slip and with the broken bar number
computed by the complete model allow to construct the Knowledge Base
of the second level diagnosis.
95
two machines with the same power and the same rotor bar number of
machine B, but with different pole numbers, are considered. Their
characteristics are reported in the Appendix (machines C, D). The
comparison of I"/I ratio versus broken bar number at the rated slip
computed with the improved relationship and with the complete model is
reported in Fig. 11 and it likes quite satisfactory.
With the above described improvement the Frst level diagnosis may
constitute a satisfactory alternative to the second level diagnosis if the
machine design data are not available or if the extensive computation
necessary to generate the second level data base generation would be
avoid.
 60
1 The features of Nexpert allows the mutual interaction between the
different environments: the conventional environment can activate
Nexpert and Nexpcrt activates the conventional environment when
particular events happen: as an example Nexpert transfers the control to
401 i conventional environment to execute a data acquisition with

* I
< 30 /'
characteristics fit to the accuracy prefixed to slip computation.
In Tab. II a chunk of semantic network related to rotor electrical faults

i
is reported to put in evidence the interaction between the two
environments. The diagnostic indexes and the curves which constitute the
20
(
-
. Knowledge Base are managed by Nexpert.

-
Tab.II A chunk of semantic network related to mtm electrical faults.

TeCHMCN DATA W n I E MACHINE

Broken bars n
Fig.11 - Comparison between the results obtained with the improved
relationship (dashed line) and those obtained with the complete model
(complete line) for the machine B. C and D at the rated slip.

5- COMPUTATION OF CURRENT SPECTRUM

The signals to detect in the current spectrum can be 6OdB lower than
the fundamental signal, so the capability of the spectrum processing must
reach this sensitivity. Furthermore, as the signal location in the spectrum
diagram greatly varies according to the investigated phenomena, the
spectrum window, its spanning and resolution must be appropriately
chosen
The feasibilities of the E x p r t System software help to overcome these
different exigencies. In fact the E.S. makes the information available
from data gathering equipment in the more suitable form: to detect the
spectral components near the carrier, a rule sets acquisition time interval I
depending on the machine size to obtain a resolution fit to the absolute
slip.
The identification of sidebands around the carrier frequency looks
straightforward, but some Authors in recent years have put in evidence
that other sidebands may exist around the line frequency in a place close
to the lwation of expected fault sidebands components [15]. This is due
to the interaction between the motor and the train equipment influence
and can lead to erroneous diagnosis unless the diagnostic system is able
to recognize such interference.
Therefore a great accuracy is required about the slip value, enabling the
diagnostic system to discern between the rotor fault symptoms and the
mechanical influences. If the accuracy available from the usual speed
transducers is not sufficient or to avoid speed transducers, the E.S.can
again be used: changing the characteristics of data acquisition (smaller
sampling time, smaller time interval) the spectral components introduced
by the rotor slots and linked to the slip value can be detected and used to
compute the slip value [24]. The prefixed accuracy imposes the data
acquisition characteristics. The communication between the two environments can be referred both
Being the slip value computed, the E.S. uses this datum to impose the to parameter passing and to data files belonging to both environments. In
characteristics of the sample acquisition for the F.F.T. computation of this way the two shells share common information and perform their task
rotor fault sideband components. At the present time, traditional sessions without any user interaction. In particular Nexpert can withdraw
algorithms for F.F.T. computation are used. ' h i s leads to the necessity of from the data files information allowing the dynamical creation of object
quite a long acquisition time interval (several seconds), which will be classes and their updating. These objects are the elements necessary to be
reduced introducing more sophisticate techniques. processed by the Knowledge Base rules during any inferential process.
The proposed architecture allows the on-line operation of E.S.;at the
end of every diagnostic session a report is realized and a graphical
-
6 EXPERT SYSTEM ORGANIZATION interface enables the user to visualize and justify the diagnostic
conclusions.
The developed diagnostic system, whose architecture is described by
the Authors in another paper [25] includes a conventional computing
environment and a proprietary Expert System Shell, the well known 7- DIAGNOSIS EXAMPLES
Neuron Data's Shell Nexpert Object [26].
The conventional environment manages the electric machine interface, To describe the sequence operation of the above described diagnostic
the data acquirement and data processing; it also updates and plans the system the tests on two machines are reported
data files fit for the diagnostic procedure. The E.S. provides the deciding As first example the machine A of the Appendix was analyzed: this
activities. machine is currently in service without evident troubles and the
%
diagnostic procedure c o n f i i s the rotor electrical ‘health’.The fragment
of the rules network followed during the diagnostic section and some of
the reports given at the end of section are reported in Fig.12 and 13.
Fig. 14 visualizes the current spectrum computed by the diagnostic
system. No spike is appreciated in correspondence of the frequenby (1-
2s)f = 49.6Hz.

I
~~
I
4 <;>
--.----.----
-,-- .
r-i:
5 1

Fig 14- Current spectrum computed by the diagnostic system applied to

A
_1

machine A

? /

Fig.12 - Fragment of the rules network followed during the diagnostic

section of machine A.

The second machine, whose characteristics are reported in Appendix as

machine E, is a small size machine with cast rotor. Fig.15 gives the
curves IAfi versus slip obtained with the simplified model (dashed line)
and that obtained with the complete model (continuous line) with one and
two broken bars. These curves and the other curves obtained at different -0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
broken bar number are inserted in the Knowledge Base.
Slip Z
The diagnostic system is applied to the machine in ‘healthy’condition
and after one bar breakage. The experimental current spectra reported in Fig.15 - Ratio I”/I vs slip obtained with the simplified model (dashed
Fig.1 of the 2nd paragraph are referred to this machine in the two line) and that obtained with the complete model (continuous line) for
conditions. machine E.

Display Report Pile

system Expert eNcyclopedia Report Wlndows Transcript

DEPS Consultation Report by NEXPERT OBJECT

rated Dower :1700.00 kW

rated voltage :6000.00 v
rated frequency DEPS Diagnosis on Electrlcal Power Sysrems (Release 2.00)
operating hours University o f Bologna Instirure of Electrical Engineering
operating posirlon verrical DEPS Consultation Reporr by NEXPERT OBJECT
operating status :overhauled
Date:Tue_05/05/1992 0wner:Enel fiilano

We hewe determined the following main conclusions:

Arrows = Scroll. CR or ESC = Close. C c r There is no electrical fault situatlon in rhe r o t o r

Sideband current component under threshold.

Fig.13-Some of the reports Arrows E Scroll. CR o r ESC i

: Close. Ctrl or A l t = fienu.

given at the end of diagnostic

section of machine A.
97
 The former session gives an 'healthy' result because the current
component 1" is lower than the threshold, the former gives a 'faulty'
result. The fragment of 'the rules network followed during the latter
diagnostic section and the reports given at the end of section are reported
in Fig.16 and 17.
In Fig.18 the current spectrum computed by the diagnostic system is
visualized. In correspondence of frequency (1-2s)f46.5Hz a spike of -
39db is present and consequently the diagnostic system indicates a rotor
electric fault close to one broken bar.
Precisely the spectrum component IA results less (0.65 against 1) than
the theoretical one. This fact is expected owing especially to two of the
followed assumptions:
- the theoretical model does not put into account the machine reaction
owing to this current component (the series of other components at
frequencies (lf2ks)f are disregarded),
- the inter-bar currents are neglected and mainly in a cast type rotor these
currents decrease the broken bar effects. Fig.18- Current spectrum computed by the diagnostic system on machine
Both these assumptions lead to overestimate the IAcomponent. E with one broken bar is visualized.

8- CONCLUSIONS

The sector of an induction machine on-line diagnostic system oriented

I system includes a conventional environment and a commercial Expert
Fig.16- Fragment of the rules network followed during the diagnostic
section of machine E with one broken bar.
to rotor electrical fault detection is presented. The system utilizes current
instantaneous values that are processed to obtain current spectrum: the
slot first harmonic allows slip calculation, the sideband component near
the supply frequency leads to diagnose rotor faults. The diagnostic
System shell.
The Knowledge Base inserted in the shell is organized in two levels. In
the f m t level a simplified model of the fault rotor is used in order to
point out the thresholds to discern between the sideband current
component due to inevitable-manufacturing dissymmetries and true faulty
signs.
By this model a series of curves of the ratio sideband
componentlfundarnental component can be drown in function of slip
value and broken bar number to obtain a first approximate detection of
broken bar number. The model can be improved to put into account the
pole number.
This simplified model put also in evidence themain parameters that

System Expert

~~
eNcyclopedia

~~~
Report Windows

___
Transcript
I
DEPS Diagnosis on Electrical Power Systems (Release 2.00)
University of Bologna Institute of Electrical Engineerlng
DEPS Consultation Report by NEXPERT OBJECT

Date:Sat-05/23/1992 0wner:Ibm Milano

We have checked an Induction Machine whose features are: I

description
rated power
:
:450.00 W
T unit
~ drive
~ ~System Expert eNcyclopedia Report Windows Transcript I
rated voltage :220.00 v
rated frequency : 5 0 . 0 0 Hz
operating hours :148500 University of Bologna Institute of Electrlcal Engineering
operating position :horizontal DEPS Consultation Report by NEXPERT OBJECT
operating status :overhauled
Date:Sat-05/23/1992 0wner:Ibm Hilano

Sideband current component over threshold:

I-/I ratio results 0.65 the theoretlcal value correspondlng
to one broken bar.

Fig.17- Some reports given at I

Arrows = Scroll. CR or ESC = Close. Ctrl or Alt = Menu.
the end of diagnostic section of
machine E with one broken bar.
98
influence this ratio: near the rated slip the ratio depends on rotor fault [7] W. T. Thompson, J. R. Camerun, A. B. Dow: ON- LINE
percentage and not on rotor resistance, affected, on its turn, by DIAGNOSTICS OF LARGE INDUCTION MOTORS. NATO h i Series,
temperature and slip value. Martinus Hijhoff. FeblMarch 1987.
The second level utilizes a complete model of the asymmetrical cage [8] P. J. Tavner, K. K Harmin, C. H. Hargis: AN ELECTRICAL
and it needs all the design parameters of the machine. The complete TECHNIQUE FOR MONITORING INDUCTION MOTOR CAGES. IEE
model needs less assumptions than those necessary for the simplified Conf. on Electrical Machines and Drives, LEE Pubblications No 282, pp.
model, but two of the surviving assumptions may introduce non 43-46, 1987.
neglectable errors. These assumptions, that are referred to neglect the [9] J. B. Kliman et al. : WON-INVASIVE DETECTION OF BROKEN
inter-bar cuments and the machine reaction to sideband current ROTOR BARS IN OPERATING INDUCTION MOTORS. IEEE-PES,
component, lead to overestimate the sideband current. Trans. EC, Vol3, No 4. pp.873- 879, Dec. 1988.
As conclusion the f i s t level diagnosis that needs only usual machine [lo] P. J. Tavner, J. Penman: CONDITION MONITORING OF
parameters seems to trade off between the work to be done for the ELECTRICAL MACHINES. Research Studies Press Ltd., England, 1987.
Knowledge Base construction and the effectiveness of the diagnostic [ l l ] S. F. Smith, K. N. Castelbeny, C. H. Nowlin: MACHINE
result. MONITORING VIA MOTOR CURRENT DEMODULATION
TECHNIQUES. Proc. 44th Meeting of the MFPG, Virginia Beach, Va,
pp.87-96, April 1990.
[12] G. B. Kliman, J. Stein: INDUCTION MOTOR FAULT DETECTION
VIA PASSIVE CURRENT MONITORING. ICEM '90, Cambridge, Ma,
APPENDIX
pp. 13-17, Aug. 1990.
Machine parameters A B C D E [13] D. Leith, N. D. Deans, I. D. Steward: CONDITION MONITORING
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES USING A REAL TLME EXPERT
Ratcd pow- output 1700 kW 5 kW 5 kW 5 kW 45 kW SYSTEM. ICEM '88, Pisa, Italy, pp. 297-302, Sept. 1988.
Rated line voltage 3464 V 220 v 220 v 220 v 127 V
[14] C. A: Protopapas et al. : AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR FAULT
Rated currcnt 200 A 9A 9.4 A 9.8A 1.7 A
Rated slip 0.007 0.04 0.022 0.018 0.035 REPAIRING AND MAINTENANCE OF ELECTRIC MACHINE. IEEE
Supply frequency 50 Hz 50 Hz 50 Hz SOH2 50Hz Trans. on Energy Conversion. Vol5, No 1, pp. 79-83, March 1990.
Numba of pole pair 3 1 2 3 1 [15] D. Leith, D. Rankin: REAL W E EXPERT SYSTEM FOR
Mean diameter airgap 771 m m ll0mm 125 mm 135 mm 75 mm IDENTIFYING ROTOR FAULTS AND MECHANICAL INFLUENCE
Lcnght 800 mm 90 mm 130 mm 170mm 60 mm
Effective sugap lenght 4.6 mm 0.65 mm 0.45 mm 0.44 mm 0.38 mm IN INDUCTION MOTOR PHASE CURRENT. LEE, 5th Int. Conf. on
Number of rotor slot 74 28 28 28 27 Electrical Machine and Drives, London, pp. 46-50, Sept. 1991.
Number of cffcctivc stator 110 149 161 156 193 [16] B. A. Lloyd, G. C. Stone, J, Stein: DEVELOPMENT OF AN
turdphase
EXPERT SYSTEM TO DIAGNOSE MOTOR INSULATION
Stator resistancc O.llR 1.65R 1.46 R 1.28 n 4.1R
Stator Icakagc reactance 1.94R 2.48R 2.5 I R 2.68R 5.m CONDITION. IAS Conf. pp. 87-93, Dearborn, Mi, Oct. 1991.
MsgneLizing reactance 69.3 R I29R 89.4R 53R 167R [17] C. Tassoni et al. :AN APPROACH TO THE KNOWLEDGE
Rotor eq.resistance 0.078R 0.93 R 0.69i2 0.64R 2.9R REPRESENTATION ABOUT INDUCTION MACHINE DIAGNOSTICS
Rotor eq. reactance 2.8R 1.88R 3.1323 2.10 4.lR IN EXPERT SYSTEMS. ICEM '88 Pisa, Sept. 1988.
Rotor bar-resistance (per bar) 26.6w 47.6w 46.2w 53w 35w [18] C. Tassoni et al. : ANALYSIS APPROACH OF INDUCTION
Rotor cnd ring resistancc 32m 31.6 W 43.8 pfJ 61 pi2 44m
Rotor-slot leakage reacfllncc
MOTOR STATOR FAULTS TO ON-LINE DIAGNOSTICS. ICEM '90
l006m 140w 131w 138m 120m
(p.b.) Cambridge, Aug. 1990.
Rotor endring lcaksgc (total) 1006 CLn 140 p32 130pQ 138 pll 120m [19] C. Tassoni et al. : DIAGNOSTIC INDEXES FOR KNOWLEDGE
BASE REPRESENTATION OF INDUCTION MACHINE STATOR
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS SHORT CIRCUIT. 4th Europ. Conf. on Power Electronics Vol. 4, pp.
The Authors would like to acknowledgment the financial support of the 312-317 Fuenze, Italy, Sept. 1991.
Ente Nazionale Energia Elettrica (Italian National Electric Board), [20] C. Tassoni et al. :A NEW APPROACH TO DYNAMICAL
ANALYSIS OF ASYMMETRICAL INDUCTION MOTORS. Electric
Machines and Power Systems, 11.12, pp.1-12, 1987.
REFERENCES: [21] I. Kerszenbaum, C. F. Landy: THE EXISTENCE OF LARGE
INTER-BAR CURRENTS IN THE THREE-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE
[ l ] M. Jufer, M. Abdelaziz: INFLUENCE DUNE ROFTIJRE DE MOTORS WITH ROTOR BAR AND/OR END RING FAULTS. IEEE
BARRE OU DUN ANNEAU SUR LES CARACTERISTIQUES Trans. on Power App. and Systems, Vol. PAS-103, n.7, pp.1854-1862,
EXTERNES D UN MOTEUR ASYNCHRONE A CAGE. Bull. Assoc. 1984.
Suisse Electr. 1978 -169 pp. 921-925. [22] C. Argis, B. G. Gaydon, K. Kamash: THE DETECTION OF ROTOR
[2] S. Williamson and A. C. Smith: STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF DEFECTS IN INDUCTION MOTORS. Proc. IEE Conf. on Electrical
THREE PHASE CAGE MOTORS WITH ROTOR BAR AND END RING Machines, pp.216-220, London, Sept. 1982.
FAULTS. IEE Proc., Vol. 129 Pt.B, No 3, pp. 93-100, May 1982. [23] W. T. Thornson, D. Rankin: CASE HISTORIES OF ON LINE
[3] P. Vas: STEADY STATE AND TRANSIENT PERFORMANCE OF ROTOR CAGE FAULT DIAGNOSIS. Journal Condition Monitoring, n.2,
INDUCTION MOTORS WITH ROTORS ASYMMETRY. IEEE Trans. pp.2546, 1988.
on Power Apparatus and Systems Vol. PAS 101, No 9, pp. 3246-3251, [24] C. Tassoni et al.:AN EXPERT SYSTEM TO DIAGNOSE ROTOR
Sept 1982, ELECTRICAL FAULTS OF INDUCTION MOTORS. 27th Univ. Power.
[4] W. Deleroi: BROKEN BAR IN SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR OF AN Eng. Conf., Bath, England, Sept. 1992.
INDUCTION MOTOR DESCRIKIlON BY SUPERIMPOSED FAULT [25] C. Tassoni: PROBLEMS IN IMPLEMENTATION OF AN EXPERT
CURRENTS. Arch. fur Elektrotechnik, Vol. 67, pp. 91-99, 1984. SYSTEM FOR FAILURE DIAGNOSIS IN ELECTRIC SYSTEMS. Int.
[5] F. C. Trutt: STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF WOUND ROTOR Symp. on Electric Energy Conversion in Power Systems, Capri, pp. W-
INDUCTION MACHINES WITH SIMULTANEOUS STATOR AND-OR R.5 1-4, May'89.
ROTOR FAULTS. Electric Machines and Power Systems 16, pp. 35-48. [26] NEXPERT OBJECT FUNDAMENTALS. Neuron Data Inc., 1990.
1989.
[6] A. C: Smith: HARMONIC FIELD ANALYSIS FOR SLIP- RING
MOTORS INCLUDING GENERAL ROTOR ASYMMETRY. IEEE
Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 26, No 5, pp. 857-865, Sept/Oct
1990. 5