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Abstract—In this paper, a new method is proposed for ampacity • In case of large tunnels, additional circuits may be installed
calculations of deeply installed cables. Two factors make these without a loss of existing rating capabilities by the intro-
types of installations different from more common situations of duction of forced air circulation.
cables located up to five meters underground. On the one hand,
the time constant of the soil layer above the cable trench is very • An advantageous thermal environment is created, permit-
large, resulting in a very slow conductor temperature rise when ting improved heat dissipation.
the cable is first loaded, and, on the other hand, the weekly and The last bullet is of particular interest in the context of cable
yearly load-cycle variations can be taken into account to take the rating calculations and will be explored in this paper.
advantage of the greater laying depth. Both issues are explored An advantageous thermal environment for deeply buried ca-
in this paper. This paper introduces the concept of the equivalent
laying depth which makes it possible to use the rating rules appli- bles is a result of several factors. On the one hand, the soil tends
cable to the steady-state conditions and avoid transient analysis. to have higher moisture content at large depth due to the pene-
tration of ground waters. On the other hand, daily, weekly, and
Index Terms—Ampacities, cable rating, direct drilling, load cy-
cling, power cables. even yearly load variations have a profound effect on the ratings
of deeply buried cables. This effect is not so pronounced for ca-
bles buried at the usual depths. In addition, the large amount of
I. INTRODUCTION soil above the cable trench results in the very large time constant
I Pr E
NSTALLATION of new cable lines in large metropolitan
areas in industrialized countries becomes more and more
difficult. Obtaining necessary permissions is only one of the
problems. From a technical point of view, most of the avail-
E
able right-of-ways are already occupied either by other power
or communication circuits or by other infrastructures such as
of the thermal circuit and a slow heating of cable conductor.
These facts, even though well recognized by the cable ex-
perts, have not been harnessed in practical mathematical for-
mulae that could be included in the cable rating standards. Even
though there are several publications dealing with ratings of
cables in tunnels, a literature search conducted by the authors
revealed that only one article has recently been published ad-
f
dressing the advantages of the deeply buried tunnels. The paper
heating, sewage, and water pipes or underground transportation by Matsumura et al., [14] suggests the use of transient calcula-
corridors. oo tions to account for the very large thermal capacitance of the soil
Therefore, burying cables at great depths is more and more surrounding deep tunnels. This approach has been used success-
frequent and, in spite of fairly high costs, laying of cables in fully in the past by specialists in the field but it is cumbersome
IE
deep tunnels become attractive; for instance, such tunnels were and requires significant skills and knowledge.
recently built in Toronto, Berlin or London, and several projects The aim of this paper is to introduce a new simple method of
are under consideration in major European and North American cable ampacity calculations specifically taking advantage of the
cities. The most important are as follows. special heating regime of deeply buried cables, which could be
• The civil engineering work does not have to distract pedes- incorporated into the next revision of the IEC standard dedicated
trian or vehicular traffic. to the calculation of the continuous current rating of cables [1].
• The length of the cable route can be minimized. The paper brings forward the definition of an equivalent depth,
• Cables can be laid independently of the structure of the which allows using the rating rules applicable to the steady-state
buildings above the right-of-way. conditions, thus avoiding transient analysis. As the equivalent
• Access to the circuits is facilitated if they are laid in large depth depends upon a limited number of parameters, charts may
tunnels. be developed to determine the value to be taken into account in
• The influence of electromagnetic fields at the earth surface an actual case.
is considerably diminished in comparison with the stan- We will start by presenting mathematical formulae which take
dard installations. advantage of the high thermal constant of such installations as
well as daily, weekly, and yearly load variations, and conclude
Manuscript received May 12, 2009. by considering several practical examples.
[Author: Please pro-
E. Dorison is with Electricité de France
vide city and postal code] (e-mail: eric.dorison@edf.fr).
G.J. Anders is with the Technical University of Lodz [Author: II. TEMPERATURE CHANGES FOR DEEPLY BURIED CABLES
Please provide city and postal code], (e-mail:
george.anders@kinectrics.com). The time constants for deeply buried cables are very large.
F. Lesur is with RTE, the French TSO, Paris [Author: Please This can be illustrated using standard computational procedures
provide postal code], (e-mail: frederic.lesur@rte-france.com). for the steady state [1] and transient ratings [2], [3]. Table I
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2009.2033961 summarizes the results of such analysis for a typical XLPE cable
0885-8977/$26.00 © 2009 IEEE
2 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY
TABLE I (1)
EXAMPLE OF AMPACITIES AND TEMPERATURES OF DEEPLY BURIED CABLES
where:
(2)
(3)
f
circuit laid 10, 20, and 40 m deep with a step current applied at
For large , the first exponential integral in (3) can be approx-
.
imated by [4]
oo
As can be seen, after 40 years, the cable conductor has not
reached its maximum allowable temperature of 90 C when the
(4)
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cable is buried at the depth greater than 20 m. This point is
illustrated further in Fig. 1 by the temperature profiles of the
same installations over a period of time. Combining (2)–(4), we have
The temperature is computed with a standard equation for the
external thermal resistance using an exponential integral [3].
In Fig. 1 the temperature rises quickly at first but then the
growth is very slow. (5)
Analysis of these results suggests that applying the standard
steady-state calculation algorithm would yield ampacities that Let be the external thermal resistance for the same cable,
are too small. A more appropriate approach would be to use the but with the depth smaller than . Let be the maximum
transient analysis algorithm and iteratively find out what value permissible current for a continuous load, corresponding to the
of the current would give the desired temperature at the end of maximum conductor temperature rise above ambient .
the study period. This suggests that one can define an equivalent This temperature rise is obtained from the standard equation
depth of the cable circuit that with the application of the steady-
state algorithm would give the same value of current as obtained (6)
from the transient analysis. This approach is presented in the
next section. If after time , the steady-state allowable temperature is
reached
III. EQUIVALENT DEPTH OF DEEPLY BURIED CABLES (7)
A. A Single Cable Substituting (1) and (6) into (7), results in the following equa-
Let be the conductor temperature rise at time due to tion:
a current step , [3]:
(8)
DORISON et al.: AMPACITY CALCULATIONS FOR DEEPLY INSTALLED CABLES 3
Fig. 3. Relationship between the actual depth and an equivalent depth as a func-
=
tion of the soil thermal diffusivity for t 40 years.
Pr E
Substituting (5) for the left-hand side in (9) and using (2) for
with replacing , we finally obtain
E (9)
case for cables buried at a normal depth.
Considering a group of equally loaded cables (each with the
joule losses ), the external thermal resistance of the hottest
cable may be expressed as
(11)
f
where is the spacing between cables and and is the
oo (10) spacing between cable and the image of cable .
The transient temperature rise of the outer surface is
The equivalent depth is a function of the time and the soil
IE
shown in (12) at the bottom of the page.
thermal diffusivity . Fig. 2 illustrates the relation between the Since for deeply buried cables, we can assume for every cable
equivalent and actual depth for a typical value of soil thermal
diffusivity of m /s.
Fig. 2 indicates that the longer the study period the higher an (13)
equivalent depth will be. However, in all cases, the equivalent
depth is much lower than the actual depth if the cable is laid at we have
large depth.
The equivalent depth is a function of the soil diffusivity as
(14)
well. Fig. 3 shows this dependence for a typical value of the
time horizon, 40 years.
We can observe that the value of soil thermal diffusivity plays and using an approximation of the exponential integral as in (4)
an important role in the definition of the equivalent depth. The with the assumption of low values of , shown in (15) at
equivalent depth more than doubles when we move for a soil the bottom of the page.
with diffusivity of m /s to the value that is four times This gives the same equivalent depth as in the case of a single
higher. cable.
(12)
4 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY
(20)
f
A question arises of when to use (10) and when to use the
oo more complex equations (18)–(20). Fig. 4 shows that the ap-
proximation given by (10) is very good, even for deep tunnels.
The exact formula for the external thermal resistance of the However, the approximation would not work for low values of
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round tunnel is given by the duration of the transient, because the equivalent depth would
be smaller than the radius of the tunnel.
(16) We observe that the approximate value of is lower than
the accurate one, which means that the value of the thermal re-
where sistance of the external environment is not on the safe side
when this approximation is used. However, investigations by the
(17) authors have shown that the error decreases rapidly with a de-
crease of the tunnel diameter and an increase of the depth of
laying.
When the value of exceeds 10, a good approximation (with
the error smaller than 0.1%) is given by (2). However, as men-
tioned before, for large tunnels, (16) should be used. V. DAILY, WEEKLY, AND YEARLY LOAD VARIATIONS
Using (16) in (9), we obtain
When the cable circuit is located at large depths, for example,
in a deeply buried tunnel, the heating time constant is very large,
and in addition to daily load variations, the load changes over
a week or a year could be considered. Representation of daily,
(18)
weekly, and yearly load cycles is discussed next.
(15)
DORISON et al.: AMPACITY CALCULATIONS FOR DEEPLY INSTALLED CABLES 5
Pr E
where is the apparent internal thermal resistance of the cable,
defined as
E (21)
100 mm. Hence, the IEC and Neher–McGrath approach can be
considered to be equivalent in this case. For larger diameters
(ducts and tunnels), the value of increases with the heating
source diameter and is given by (see Appendix B)
(26)
f
Alternative expressions for (in millimeters) are given by
Heinhold [8]
where is the external thermal resistance with constant load,
oo
is the effective transient thermal resistance in the earth, and (27)
is the temperature rise due to dielectric losses (we will omit
IE
them from now on).
(28)
Further, Neher [7] assumed that the last thermal resistance in
(21) may be represented with sufficient accuracy by an expres-
sion of the general form (29)
TABLE II
CABLE DIMENSIONS
TABLE III
RESULTS ARE SUMMARIZED
f
oo with
Fig. 5. Characteristic diameter for cables in tunnel: the rows correspond to
=
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daily, weekly and yearly load cycles, respectively, and the columns to
The right-hand column “steps” in Table III is the result of 1-h 0:4; 1:0 and 2.5 K1m/W, respectively. D is the tunnel diameter.
steps superposition until convergence is reached.
Hence, we can see that the approaches are really equivalent.
Equations (27) to (29) are independent of the cable diameter. The external thermal resistance of the cable or tunnel located
Investigations by Brakelmann [13] have shown that these equa- at large depth can be obtained from the following expression
tions are valid for cables with diameters between 5 and 150 mm. [8]–[11]:
For larger ducts and tunnels, the expressions developed in Ap-
pendix B or discussed in the next section should be used.
The temperature at depth as a function of the time can be Fig. 7. Installation of cables in tunnel.
expressed as [12]
tunnel,
height and width of the
depth of soil above the tunnel plus the thickness of
the tunnel wall (it is assumed that the tunnel wall has the same
f
thermal resistivity as the soil).
VII. EFFECT ON CABLE AMPACITY
oo This gives K m/W and the ampacity of 258 A.
The various approaches described in the previous chapters B. Equivalent Depth Scenario
IE
will be used to illustrate the effect of the depth of the cable
on its rating. We will compute the ratings of six circuits, each Let us assume that the time horizon of interest is 40 years
in trefoil formation located in a horizontal tunnel as shown in and soil thermal diffusivity equals to m /s. For the
Fig. 7. The 15-kV XLPE cables with concentric neutral wires cable system considered here, the equivalent depth of the tunnel
bonded at both ends have the following parameters: can be obtained by applying the approximation given by (10),
yielding the equation shown at the bottom of the page.
The external thermal resistance of the tunnel is equal to 0.607
K m/W, and the resulting ampacity is 267A.
Assuming rectilinear load shapes, the following characteristic measure of the equivalent square current between
diameters correspond to these values (see Fig. 5): and h prior to the expected time of
maximum conductor temperature;
iratio of the core temperature at time hours to the
core temperature at steady state and is equal to [4]
The external thermal resistances between characteristic diam-
eters and the earth surface are equal, respectively to
for
(33)
and
(34)
Considering now daily, weekly, and yearly load cycles, from
(30), we have with the subscripts and corresponding to the
core and the external cable surface, respectively.
are the conductor losses and represents
the total joule losses of the cable;
cable attainment factors. For the long durations
and considered here, we can assume and
is computed from (3).
Pr E
The cable rating corresponding to this value of the external
thermal resistance of the tunnel is equal to 313 A, a 21% increase
compared with the standard calculations.
E
VIII. CONCLUSION
Remembering that
approximated by
and , (32) can be
(35)
f
The effect of laying cables at great depth has a profound in-
fluence on its rating. The influence depends to a large extent on
oo Introducing a notation and substituting (33)
the ratio of the depth of laying to the cable/duct/tunnel diameter into (35), we obtain
and on the time horizon being considered. This paper presents
IE
several new developments on ampacity calculations of such ca-
bles. (36)
Fictitious diameters computed according to Heinhold’s or
Brakelmann’s formulae for nonsinusoidal shapes are slightly Because , (36) has the same form as (21) with
higher than diameters resulting from the IEC formula. recom- (6) representing and thus can be approximated by
mended for unknown load shape.
The numerical examples presented in the paper show that the (37)
effect can be particularly significant if cyclic load variations
over the week and the year are considered. Using approximation with an exponential integral (valid for
an infinite thin wire), may also be written as
APPENDIX A (38)
CHARACTERISTIC DIAMETER—IEC STANDARD
Following the IEC approach and taking the six-hour-load Comparing the right-hand-sides of (37) and (38), we obtain
variation before the maximum conductor temperature is ob- (25). More generally, for a cycle of length hours,
tained, the maximum cable temperature may be written as (see
(5.25) in [4]): (39)
(32)
APPENDIX B
CHARACTERISTIC DIAMETER FOR SINUSOIDAL LOAD AND
where LARGE TUNNEL DIAMETER
DORISON et al.: AMPACITY CALCULATIONS FOR DEEPLY INSTALLED CABLES 9
Pr E
The approximations considered above assumed that a cable is
represented by an infinitely small wire. In the developments pre-
sented below, this assumption is dropped and, as a consequence,
the cable diameter influences the diameter of the area affected
E
by load variations. This is particularly important for cables in
Fig. 9. Relationship between fictitious and tunnel diameters for three values of
soil diffusivity.
TABLE IV
VALUE OF K
f
tunnels, where the tunnel diameter replaces the diameter of the
cable. oo
For a sinusoidal load (with magnitude and period ), the
temperature around the cable/tunnel may be expressed, with the
IE
complex notation, as
(40)
with
where
cable/tunnel radius; Figs. 8 and 9 show the relationships between fictitious diam-
eter and the cable/tunnel diameters. The relationships are almost
is the soil thermal resistivity, is the soil
linear with the fitting equations shown in the graphs. The fol-
diffusivity;
lowing relationship can be applied to all curves:
and are modified Bessel functions.
The maximum cable/tunnel surface temperature can be (42)
written as
For cables directly buried, can be approximated with [14] M. Matsumura, K. Fukuda, E. Fujiwara, T. Shiro, M. Watanabe, Y.
Sakaguchi, and T. Ooimo, “Transmission capacity design of under-
ground power cables installed in deep tunnel,” presented at the Power
Eng. Soc. General Meeting, Jun. 18–22, 2006.
(43)
Eric Dorison is Design Engineer in the field of un-
derground cables, within the Research and Develop-
The is given in Table IV and is not far from the value of 1.02 ment Department Electricité de France, where he has
given by Neher. been since 1978.
For several years, he has been Project Manager for
technoeconomical optimization of bulk power trans-
REFERENCES mission underground lines, using VHV synthetic ca-
bles. He is currently involved in cable thermal rating
[1] Calculation of the Continuous Current Rating of Cables (100% Load matters and development of a health index dedicated
Factor), IEC Std. 60287 (1969, 1982, 1994), First edition 1969, Second to underground links as an asset management tool.
edition 1982, Third edition 1994–1995. Mr. Dorison is a member of several IEC and
[2] Calculation of the Cyclic and Emergency Current Ratings of Cables. CIGRE working groups.
Part 1: Cyclic Rating Factor for Cables up to and Including 18/30 (36)
kV, IEC Std., (1985), Publication 853-1.
[3] Calculation of the Cyclic and Emergency Current Ratings of Cables.
Part 2: Cyclic Rating Factor of Cables Greater Than 18/30 (36) kV and George J. Anders (M’74–SM’84–F’99) received
Emergency Ratings for Cables of All Voltages, IEC Std., (1989), Publ. the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from
853-2. the Technical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland,
[4] G. J. Anders, Rating of Electric Power Cables. Ampacity Computations in 1973, and the M.Sc. degree in mathematics and
for Transmission, Distributions and Industrial Applications, ser. IEEE Ph.D. degree in power system reliability from the
Press Power Eng. Ser.. New York: IEEE Press, , 1997. University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, in 1977
[5] Calculation of Temperatures in Ventilated Cable Tunnels CIGRÉ WG and 1980, respectively.
Rep. 21.08, Aug. 1992, Electra No. 143. Since 1975, he has been with Ontario Hydro as a
Pr E
[6] J. H. Neher and M. H. McGrath, “The calculation of the temperature
rise and load capability of cable systems,” AIEE Trans., vol. 76, pt. 3,
pp. 752–772, Oct. 1957, (1957).
[7] J. H. Neher, “Procedures for calculating the temperature rise of pipe
cable and buried cables for sinusoidal and rectangular loss cycles,”
AIEE Trans., vol. 72, pt. III, pp. 541–545, June 1953, (1953).
[8] L. Heinhold, Power Cables and Their Application. Part 1, 3rd ed.
[Please provide lo-
E
: Siemens Aktiengesellschaft, 1990
cation of publisher].
System Design Engineer in the Transmission System
Design Department of the System Planning Division
and as a Principal Engineer in Kinectrics, Inc., (a suc-
cessor company to Ontario Hydro Technologies).
Dr. Anders is the author of two books on power cables “Rating of Electric
Power Cables,” (IEEE Press, 1997 and McGraw-Hill, 1998) and Rating of Elec-
tric Power Cables in Unfavorable Thermal Environment (IEEE Press/Wiley).
He is a registered Professional Engineer in the Province of Ontario.
f
[9] H. Brakelmann, “Kabelbelastbarkeit bei Berücksichtigung von Tages
und Wochenlastzyklen,” Elektrizitästwirtschaft, pp. 368–372, 1995a,
Jg. 94, Heft 7. oo Frederic Lesur was a Research Engineer with Silec
[10] H. Brakelmann, “Kabelbelastbarkeit im Unbelüfteten Tunnel,” Elek- and was involved in the development of 400 kV un-
trizitästwirtschaft, pp. 368–372, 1995b, Jg. 94, Heft 26. derground lines in modeling and engineering tools
[11] G. J. Anders, Rating of Electric Power Cables in Unfavourable design. He moved to EDF utility in 1999, and was re-
IE
Thermal Environment, ser. IEEE Press Power Eng. Ser.. New York: sponsible for the cable system testing facility of Les
Wiley, 2005. Renardières. He has been working in he engineering
[12] H. S. Carslaw and J. C. Jaeger, Conduction of Heat in Solids, 2nd ed. branch of RTE, the French Transmission System Op-
Oxford, U.K.: Oxford . erator, since 2007.
[13] H. Brakelmann, Balastbarkeiten der Energiekabel—Berechnungsme- Mr. Lesur is the Secretary of the technical com-
toden und Parameteranalysen. Berlin/Offenburg: VDE-Verlag, mittee of Jicable conference and is involved in var-
1989. ious CIGRÉ activities.