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Concept of Stress & Strain
1. Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston,Jr, John T. Dewolf, David F. Mazurek “ Mechanics of Materials” 5th Edition in SI units
2. R.C.Hibbeler “ Mechanics of Materials “ Seventh Edition
Introduction
► This subject also involves the deformations and stability of a body when
subjected to external forces or in other words; the behavior of materials and
structures under load. The way in which they react to applied forces, the
deflections resulting and the stresses and strains set up in the bodies will
be the main concern in this scope of study.
External Forces
External Forces
Reactions
Surface forces developed at the supports/points of contact between bodies.
Equation of Equilibrium
⇒ the algebraic sum of all forces (or components of forces) in any direction
must equal to zero or ∑ F = 0
⇒ the algebraic sum of the moments of the forces about any axis or point must
equal to zero or ∑ M = 0.
∑F x =0 ∑F y =0 ∑ M( at any point ) =0
Objective of FBD is to determine the resultant force and moment acting within a
body.
Normal force, N
Shear force, V
Torsional moment or torque, T
Bending moment, M
Example 1.1
2m 1m 3m
540 N VA
∑ F = 0; V = 540 N
2m 1m 3m
y
∑ F = 0;x
=0
∑ M = 0; A
− 540 ( 2 ) − M A = 0
M A = −1080 Nm
Example 1.1
540 N
540 N
MC
1080 Nm A C NC
2m 1m
VC
∑ F = 0; = 0 Ans.
x
Example 1.2
MC
270 N/m
NC
C B
2m 4m
VC
A C B
⇒ Distributed loading at C is found by
3m 6m proportion,
w 270
= ⇒ w = 180 N m
6 9
⇒ Magnitude of the resultant of the
distributed load,
F= 1
2
(180)(6) = 540 N
⇒ which acts 1
3
(6) = 2m from C
MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 1 - 9
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Engineering Mechanics Centre of Studies
Example 1.2
⇒ Free Body Diagram
540 N
180 N/m
MC
NC
C B
2m 4m
VC
∑ M = 0; 540 ( 2 ) − M
C c
= 0; M c = 1080 Nm Ans.
∑ F = 0; V − 540 = 0;
y
V = 540 N Ans.
∑ F = 0; = 0 Ans.
x
What is Stress ?
Stress (Cont.)
Normal Stress , σ
• Force per unit area acting normal to ∆A
∆Fz F
σ z = lim ; σ =
∆A→0 ∆A A
Shear Stress ,τ
• Force per unit area acting tangent to ∆A
∆Fx
τ zx = lim
∆A→0 ∆A V
τ =
∆Fy A
τ zy = lim
∆A→0 ∆A
Example 1.3
Example 1.3
∑M C = 0; ( )
0.04 FBD − (0.025 + 0.04 ) 20 *103 = 0
FBD = 32.5 ×103 N [Tension]
∑ M B = 0; ( )
− 0.04 FCE − 0.025 20 *103 = 0
FCE = −12.5 ×103 N [Compression]
Example 1.3
The average shear stress distributed over each sectioned area that develops a
shear force.
V
τ avg =
A
Example 1.4
Example 1.4
+ → ∑ Fx = 0; V = 1800 N
1800
σ AB = = 1.80 N/mm 2 Ans.
( 25)( 40 )
2400
σ BC = = 1.20 N/mm 2 Ans.
( 50 )( 40 )
⇒ Average shear stress acting on the BD plane is
1800
τ avg = = 0.60 N/mm 2 Ans.
( 75 )( 40 )
What is Strain ?
Normal Strain
• The elongation / contraction of a line segment per unit of length is referred to as
normal strain.
∆s '−∆s
ε avg =
∆s
• If the normal strain is known, then the approximate final length is:
∆s ' ≈ (1 + ε )∆s
+ε line elongate
-ε line contracts
Strain (Cont.)
Units
Normal strain is a dimensionless quantity since it is a ratio of two lengths.
Shear Strain
Change in angle between 2 line segments that were perpendicular to one another
refers to shear strain.
π
γ nt = − lim θ'
2 B → A along n
C → A along t
Example 1.5
300 mm
length, determine (a) the average
normal strain along the side AB, and (b)
x
the average shear strain in the plate A
300 mm
C
Example 1.5
Example 1.4
−1 3
γ xy = tan = 0.121 rad (Ans)
250 − 2
When a force is applied to a body, it will change the body’s shape and size.
Change of length on
horizontal and vertical
lines as well as change
Before
After
of angle for inclined line
proves that deformation
occurs.
P
Schematics arrangement for P
tensile test
Factor of Safety
The factor of safety (F.S.) is a ratio of the failure load divided by the allowable
load.
Example 1.6
Example 1.6
L = 2l + c τU 2.8 ×106
F .S = = = 3.22 Ans.
1 τ all 0.87 ×10 6
l= (L − c ) = 1 (0.2 − 0.008) = 0.096 m
2 2
l = length of glue ; c = clearance.
Area of glue
Stress-strain Relation
τ = Gγ
εy
σ = Eε ν=
εx
Linear
Elastic
Material
Behavior
1.2 m 0.8 m
C
3. The two-member frame is subjected to the
a
distributed load w = 8 kN/m. The cross-section
b
OCT2009/MEC411/KJM454
In the hanger shown in Figure Q3(b) the upper portion of link ABC is 10 mm thick and the
lower portions are each 6 mm thick. Epoxy resin is used to bond the upper and lower
portions together at B. The pins at A and C are 10 mm and 6 mm diameter respectively.
Determine:
a) the shearing stress in pin A and C. [42.5 MPa; 59.02 MPa]
b) the shearing stress on the epoxy bonded area B. [1.24 MPa]
c) the largest normal stress in link ABC. [16.69 MPa]
APR2010/MEC411/KJM454
A steel rod, 10 mm diameter is 2.2 m long elongates under a 8.5 kN load applied to it.
Determine the Young’s modulus of this steel rod and the corresponding diametral
contraction. Use Poisson’s ratio, ν = 1/3. [a) 198.4 GPa; b) 0.00182 mm]
APR2011/MEC411/KJM454
The steel truss shown in Figure Q1(b) is subjected to
load P = 50 kN at joint C.
Determine;
i. the support reactions at joints A and E, [75 kN, 75 kN, 50 kN]
ii. the stress in member AD if the area of its cross
section is 220 mm2, and [284.1 MPa]
iii. factor of safety of member AD if the failure stress of
Figure Q1(b)
this member is 400 MPa. [1.41]
JUN2011/MEC411/KJM454
A brass tube 50 mm outside diameter and 40 mm bore, 0.3 m long is compressed between
two ends by a load of 25kN. The reduction in length measured is 0.2 mm. Assuming Hooke’s
law to apply, determine the Young’s Modulus of the hollow tube. [53.05 GPa]
JAN2012/MEC411/KJM454
The hanger assembly is used to support a distributed
B
loading of w = 15 kN/m. Determine the average shear
stress in the 10-mm diameter bolt at A and the
average tensile stress in rod AB, which has a diameter 0.9 m