Title

To observe the kinematics and dynamics of Scotch-Yoke mechanism experiment.

Problem Statement
We have to understand the scotch yoke mechanism to understand the (Scotch-Yoke)
mechanism inside the combustion engines.

Objectives
 To demonstrate the action of a simple crank-driven Scotch Yoke mechanism.
 To determine graphically the relationship between the linear displacement of the
scotch yoke and the angular displacement of the crank.
 To observe phenomenon the graphs of the ⍬-d ,v-⍬ and a-⍬.

 To observe their behavior of displacement, velocity and acceleration in software.

Apparatus
 A simple crank-driven Scotch Yoke

Software
 Virtual Lab

Theory
The Scotch yoke (also known as slotted link mechanism) is a reciprocating motion
mechanism, converting the linear motion of a slider into rotational motion, or vice versa.
The piston or other reciprocating part is directly coupled to a sliding yoke with a slot that
engages a pin on the rotating part. The location of the piston versus time is a sine wave of
constant amplitude, and constant frequency given a constant rotational speed.
 Kinematic Diagram

Rotational speed
Rotational speed or speed of revolution of an object rotating around an axis is the number
of turns of the object divided by time, specified as revolutions per minute (rpm),
revolutions per second (rev/s), or radians per second (rad/s).

The symbol for rotational speed is and radial distance r, are related by the following
equation.

An algebraic rearrangement of this equation allows us to solve for rotational speed:

Thus, the tangential speed will be directly proportional to r when all parts of a system
simultaneously have the same ω, as for a wheel, disk, or rigid wand. It is important to note
that the direct proportionality of v to r is not valid for the planets, because the planets have
different rotational speeds (ω).Thus, the tangential speed will be directly proportional
to r when all parts of a system simultaneously have the same ω, as for a wheel, disk, or
rigid wand. It is important to note that the direct proportionality of v to r is not valid for
the planets, because the planets have different rotational speeds (ω).

Reciprocating motion
It is also called reciprocation, is a repetitive up-and-down or back-and-forth linear motion.
It is found in a wide range of mechanisms, including reciprocating engines and pumps.
The two opposite motions that comprise a single reciprocation cycle are called strokes.

For example, inside an internal combustion engine (a type of reciprocating engine), the
expansion of burning fuel in the cylinders periodically pushes the piston down, which,
through the connecting rod, turns the crankshaft. The continuing rotation of the crankshaft
drives the piston back up, ready for the next cycle. The piston moves in a reciprocating
motion, which is converted into circular motion of the crankshaft, which ultimately propels
the vehicle or does other useful work.

Applications

 This setup is most commonly used in control valve actuators in high-pressure oil
and gas pipelines.
 Although not a common metalworking machine nowadays, crude shapers can use
Scotch yokes. Almost all those use a Whitworth linkage, which gives a slow speed
forward cutting stroke and a faster return.
 It has been used in various internal combustion engines, such as the Bourke
engine, SyTech engine, and many hot air engines and steam engines.
 The term scotch yoke continues to be used when the slot in the yoke is shorter
than the diameter of the circle made by the crank pin. For example, the side rods
of a locomotive may have scotch yokes to permit vertical motion of intermediate
driving axles.
 What is essentially a Scotch yoke, is used in the Tide-Predicting Machine No. 2 to
generate a sinusoidal motion.
 This configuration is most commonly used in control valve actuators in high
pressure pipelines and pipelines. Although not a common metal machine today,
crude formers can use Scotch yokes. Almost all who use a Whitworth link, which
gives a slow forward speed race and a faster return.
  It has been used in various internal combustion engines, such as the Bourke
engine, the SyTech engine, and many hot air engines and steam engines.
 The term Scotch yoke is still used when the slot in the yoke is shorter than the
diameter of the circle formed by the crank pin. For example, the side bars of a
locomotive may have flake yokes to allow vertical movement of the intermediate
drive shafts.

Procedure
1) Take proper instructions from teacher or instructor.
2) Place the apparatus on the proper place.
3) Set the apparatus to zero on both linear and circular scale.
4) Now rotate the circular disk by 20 degree and note the reading on the linear
scale.
5) Repeat the step 4 until the disk moves completely at the angle of 360 degrees.
6) Take another reading of the whole process.
7) Make a graph of s-t, v-t and a-t graphs from the readings.
8) Analyze the mechanism on any software.

Observation & Calculation

Sr.no angle Displacement

Sr.no. ⍬(degrees) S1 S2 Sav

1 0 0 0 0

2 20 1.5 1.5 1.5

3 40 7 6.5 6.75

4 60 15.5 16 15.75

5 80 27.5 28 27.75

6 100 40 40 40

7 120 51.5 51.5 51.5

8 140 61 60.5 60.25

9 160 67 66.5 66.75

10 180 69.5 69.5 69.5

11 200 68 67.5 67.75

12 220 62 62.5 62.25

13 240 53 53 53

14 260 41 41.5 41.25

15 280 28.5 28.5 28.5

16 300 17.5 17 17.25

17 320 8 8 8

18 340 2 2 2

19 360 0 0 0
Results
S-⍬ graph
80

70

60

50
Linear distance

40

30

20

10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Angular displacement

As in Graph shown as angle increases the linear distance increases with speed and
maximum at 180 degree the linear displacement becomes 69.5 and then start to decrease according
to its mechanism with same behavior as it increases.
V-⍬ graph
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
velocity

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8
⍬

As we took here the velocity is derivative of displacement with respect to ⍬. So in graph it

is shown that until 180 degree the change in displacement is positive so velocity is positive but
when displacement start to decrease its velocity becomes negative.
A-⍬ graph

Acceleration and angle graph

0.015

0.01

0.005
Acceleration

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

-0.005

-0.01

-0.015
Angle

As we took here the acceleration is derivative of velocity with respect to ⍬ interval so in

start the slope is positive of graph so acceleration gives high value but when it slows down so
acceleration graph becomes negative or below the line and the moves upward at the end it goes
down due to again decrease in velocity.
Graph from Software

Displacement Curve
Displacement graph of link that moves on the linear scale with respect to time. It shows that in
displacement is nearly equal with equal interval of time. It forms a sinusoidal wave. Blue curve
shows that displacement is changing as time passes.
Velocity Curve
Velocity graph of link that moves on the linear scale with respect to time. It shows that in starting
velocity (change in displacement) is nearly equal with equal interval of time. It forms a sinusoidal
wave, so when displacement continuously changes with time the velocity also changes with time.
Green curve shows that velocity is changing with respect to the time.
Acceleration Curve
Acceleration graph of link that moves on the linear scale with respect to time. It shows that in
starting displacement is nearly equal with equal interval of time. As displacement and velocity
form a sinusoidal wave so acceleration is also sinusoidal wave because acceleration is also
derivative of velocity. As velocity changes continuously, acceleration also changes. Red curve
shows that acceleration is changing with respect to the time.

Difference
 The difference in displacement graph is that in first we plot with distance and in software
is plot on displacement.
 The difference in the velocity is due to when we use apparatus practically due to friction
and other things we can’t obtain proper sinusoidal. That is difference between the graph
of velocities.
 The difference of acceleration is same as velocity difference plus effect of difference of
the velocity graph.

Comments
 The scale in this apparatus is in the millimeter and so convenient to count.
 The experiment is the so interesting and difficult to specially to draw graph.
 It helps a lot to understand the phenomenon in the engine of piston.
 It tell us to conversion of reciprocating motion and rotating motion into each
other.

Conclusion
From the graph attained, we can determine graphically the relationship between the linear
displacement of the sliding block and angular displacement of the input crank for a Scotch
Yoke mechanism. This setup is most commonly used in control valve actuators in high
pressure oil and gas pipelines. It has been used in various internal combustion engines,
such as the Bourke engine, Syn Tech engine, and many hot air engines and steam engines.
We are also able to demonstrate the action of a Scotch Yoke mechanism.
Precautions
The driving the mechanism enough to cause serious injury if you get in its way. Keep
long hair and loose clothing well away from all the mechanism and its area. If you need to
modify the mechanism for some reason, first review may be any visual or understanding
mistake and if not then inform the instructor. Make sure your lab partner knows what you

are doing.

References

1. "The SyTech Scotch Yoke Engine". AutoSpeed. Retrieved 2008-07-08.

2. General Construction, Baldwin Gasoline Industrial Locomotives Baldwin
Locomotive Works Record, No. 74, 1913; pages 7-9. The use of the scotch yoke is
explained page 8.
3. Norman W. Storer, Electric Locomotive, U.S. Patent 991,038, granted May 2, 1911.
The use of the scotch yoke is discussed on page 2 of the text.
4. "Science Links Japan | Effect of Piston Speed around Top Dead Centre on Thermal
Efficiency". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
5. Bourke Engine Documentary, Published 1968, p50, "Appraising Engine Efficiency"
para2
6. Bourke Engine Documentary, Published 1968, p51, "Important Factors in Engine
Design"
7. "Effect of the Ratio Between Connecting-rod Length and Crank Radius on
Thermal Efficiency". Science Links Japan. Retrieved2008-07-08.