Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
html
Module 5 : VISCOUS INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW
For a horizontal pipe at low Reynolds number, the head loss due to friction can be obtained from
pressure drop as shown below;
(5.5.11)
Simplifying Eq. (5.4.11), the pressure drop in a turbulent pipe flow may be expressed in terms of
average velocity or flow rate;
(5.5.12)
For a given pipe, the pressure drop increases with average velocity power of 1.75 (Fig. 5.5.1) and
varies slightly with the viscosity which is the characteristics of a turbulent flow. Again for a given
flow rate, the turbulent pressure drop decreases with diameter more sharply than the laminar flow
formula. Hence, the simplest way to reduce the pumping pressure is to increase the size of the pipe
although the larger pipe is more expensive.
Moody Chart
The surface roughness is one of the important parameter for initiating transition in a flow. However,
its effect is negligible if the flow is laminar but a turbulent flow is strongly affected by roughness.
The surface roughness is related to frictional resistance by a parameter called as roughness ratio
, where ε is the roughness height and d is the diameter of the pipe. The experimental
evidence show that friction factor becomes constant at high Reynolds number for any given
roughness ratio (Fig. 5.5.3). Since a turbulent boundary layer has three distinct regions, the friction
factor becomes more dominant at low/moderate Reynolds numbers. So another dimensionless
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/101103004/module5/lec5/4.html 1/1