GERSONIDES'

GERSONIDES' COMMENTARY
COMMENTARY
ON
ON AVERROES'
AVERROES' EPITOME OF PAR
EPITOME OF VA NATURALIA,
PARVA II. 3
NATURALIA, II. 3
ANNOTATED
ANNOTATED CRITICAL
CRITICAL EDITION
EDITION

By ALEXANDER
By ALEXANDER ALTMANN
ALTMANN

The
The hitherto unpublished text
hitherto unpublished presented here
text presented here in critical edition
in aa critical edition
forms section on
the section
forms the on "the nature of
"the nature of dreams
dreams and kindred divine
and kindred divine
apprehensions"
apprehensions" (i.e. divinationand prophecy)in Gersonides'
(i.e. divination and prophecy) in Gersonides'
Commentary on
Commentary on Averroes' Epitome of
Averroes' Epitome of Parva
Parva Naturalia (Be'iir
Naturalia (Be!)ur
Sefer
Seier Ha-lfush We-Ha-Mubash Qi$$ur Le-Ibn Rushd). This
Le-Ibn Rushd). This section
section
Ha-HifshWe-Ha-MuhashQiisfir
ultimately
ultimately corresponds,
corresponds, as
as far
far as
as the
the text
text commented
commented upon is
upon is
to
to Aristotle's two
concerned, Aristotle's smalltreatises
concerned, two small treatises De
De Insomniis
Insomniis and
and
De
De Divinatione per Somnum
Divinatione per Somnum which figure as
which figure Nos. 4
as Nos. and 5
4 and 5 in
in the
the
Latin
Latin Parva
Parva Naturalial and which,
Naturalia 1 and accordingto
which, according to aa number
number of of
testimonies,2
testimonies,2 were
were contained
contained in
in the
the second
second treatise
treatise (maqdla)
(maqala) of
of
the Arabic Parva
(lost) Arabic
the (lost) Parva Naturalia
Naturalia known
known by by the
the name
name Kitdb
Kitab
al-Hisswal-Mahsiis.3
al-lfiss Our text
wal-Mabsus.3 Our text may therefore be
may therefore described
be described as aa
as

1 See
1 See Paul Siweked.,
Paul Siwek ed., Aristotelis Parva Naturalia
Aristotelis Parva Graeceet
Naturalia Graece et Latine (Rome,
Latine (Rome,
1963),p.
1963), The name
ix. The
p. ix. "ParvaNaturalia"
name"Parva Naturalia"was was first
first towardthe
appliedtoward
applied theend
end of
of
the 13thcentury
the13th century byAegidius
by Romanus(Giles
AegidiusRomanus ofRome).
(Gilesof Rome).
See al-Risala
2 See
2 al-Risdlaal-Manamiyya
al-Mandmiyya (attributed
(attributed to Avicenna);
to Avicenna);MosheMoshe ibn ibn Ezra,
Ezra,
Kitcb al-Mu/:lat/ara
Kitab al-MubhadIara wal-Mudhakara;
wal-Mudhakara; Ibn Bajja,
Ibn Tadbiral-Mutawabbid;
Baijja, Tadbir al-Mutawahbid; see
see
S. Pines,
S. Pines, "The
"The Arabic
Arabic Recension
Recension of
of Parva
Parva Naturalia
Naturalia and
and the
the philosophical
philosophical
doctrineconcerning
doctrine concerning veridical dreamsaccording
veridicaldreams accordingto to al-Risala
al-Risa-laal-Manamiyya
al-Mandmiyya
and othersources,"
and other sources,"Israel OrientalStudies,
IsraelOriental Studies,IVIV (1974), 138.The
120,138.
(1974),120, The relevant
relevant
Mosheibn
Moshe ibnEzra
Ezra passage
passage(notspecifically
(not specifically referred
referred to
to by
by Pines)
Pines) was
was pointedout
pointed out
byM.
by M. Steinschneider,
Steinschneider, "Die Parva
"Die ParvaNaturalia
Naturaliades Aristoteles
des Aristoteles bei denArabern,"
bei den Arabern,"
Zeitschrift
Zeitschrift derDeutschen-Morgenliindischen
der Deutschen-Morgenldndischen Gesellschaft,
Gesellschaft, 37 (1883),
37 490. It
(1883),490. is
It is
foundon
found on p.
p. 120,
120, lines
lines 12-13
12-13 of
of A.
A. S.
S. Halkin's
Halkin's edition
edition (Jerusalem,
(Jerusalem, 1975).
1975).
The Arabic
33 The Arabicrecension
recensionof of Parva
ParvaNaturalia
Naturaliacomprised
comprised onlythe
only firstEix
thefirst of
six of
the nineAristotelian
thenine Aristotelian treatises
treatises whichfigure
which figure in the
in theLatin text.It
Latintext. It took
tookits name
itsname
fromNo.1
from No. 1(De Sensuet
(De Sensu etSensibile).
Sensibile). Thesix
The sixtexts werearranged
textswere arranged inthree
in threemaqalat,
maqilfit,
and the
and thesection
sectionrepresenting
representing De Insomniis
De Insomniis and De
and De Divinatione
Divinatione Somnum
per Somnum
per
appearedas
appeared thelast
as the last(the ofmaqdlaII.
third)ofmaqala
(thethird) No ms.
II. No ms.ofofthe
theArabic
Arabicrecension
recension or,
or,
for thatmatter,
forthat matter, ofany
of Hebrewor
anyHebrew or Latin
Latinversion
versionofofitithas
has survived.
survived. In Hebrew
In Hebrew
2
2 ALTMANN
ALTMANN [2]
[2]
kind ofpalimpsest
kind of ofvarious
palimpsest of layers,
various layers, (viz. the
(viz. original Aristotelian
the original Aristotelian
text of De
text of De Insomniis and De
Insomniis and De Divinatione
Divinatione per Somnum;
per Somnum; the
the Arabic
Arabic
version or,rather,
version or, rather,paraphrase of
paraphrase of these treatises; Averroes'
these treatises; Averroes' Epitome
Epitome
of
of the Arabic
theArabic version inMoses
version in Moses ibn
ibn Tibbon's
Tibbon's Hebrew
Hebrew translation;4
translation;4
and Gersonides'
and Gersonides'Commentary
Commentary (Be'iir).A
(Be~ur). A few
fewobservations
observations con-
con-
cerning these
cerning layers
these layers will
will be
be in
in place.
place.
Littleneed
Little needbe saidabout
be said aboutthe theAristotelian
Aristotelian textand
text andits itsauthenticity
authenticity
whichhas beenestablished
which has been established beyonddoubt.sAs forthelost
beyond doubt. s As for the lostArabic
Arabic
versionof
version ofthethetwo
twotreatises,6
treatises,6 it bore
it remoteresemblance
onlyremote
bore only resemblance to
to
Greektext,
theGreek
the as Pines
text,as Pineshashasshown.
shown.7 Thecrucial
7 The crucialpoint
point of difference
of difference
relates
relates to Aristotle's
to Aristotle's explanation
explanation ofveridical
of dreams
veridical dreams as owing
as owing to
to
either mere"coincidences"
eithermere "coincidences" or
(sympt6mata)physiological
(symptomata) or physiological and
and
psychological causes.The
psychological causes. Arabicversion
TheArabic version rejected
rejected theassumption
the assumption
ofaccidental
of accidental causation
causation attributed
andattributed
and theoccurrence
the occurrence ofveridical
of veridical
dreamsto
dreams to aa solicitous
solicitousProvidence
Providence operating
operating through Agent
through the
the Agent
Intellect,
Intellect, a
a view
view that
that is
is of
of decidedly
decidedly Stoic
Stoic origin.
origin. It
It is
is this
this Stoically
Stoically
inspired
inspired doctrine
doctrine ofdivination,
of divination, Pineshas
Pines haspointed
pointed out, thatwas
out,that was
responsible
responsible for forthe
therise
riseofofthe
thetheories
theories ofof dream-vision
dream-vision and
and pro-
pro-
references
references thethephrase wal-mahsas
phrase al-/.liss wal-ma/.lsus is rendered
is rendered ha-/.lush we-ha-mu/:lash
we-ha-muhash and,
and,
occasionally,
occasionally, al-.biss
ha-margish
ha-margish we-ha-murgash.
we-ha-murgash. See ha-.hsh loco
See Steinschneider,
Steinschneider, loc. cit.,
cit., pp.
pp. 478,
478,
481 f.,
481 ff.
484 fT.
f.,484
44 Qi$$ur
QissyrSeier We-Ha-Muhash
SeferHa-lfush We-Ha-Mu/:lash Le-Ibn
Le-Ibn Rushd, ed. by
Rushd, ed. Henry($evi)
by Henry (~evi)
Blumbergas
Blumberg Ha-.Hfish
as Publication
Publication No.
No. 62 62 of the Med~aeval
of the Mediaeval Academy
Academy of
of America
America
(Cambridge,
(Cambridge, Mass. 1954);
Mass. henceforth
1954); henceforth to be
to referred
be referred to as
to as Blumbergl. Blum-
Blumberg 1. Blum-
berg's
berg's edition
edition of
of the
the Arabic
Arabic text(TalkhtsKitdbal-Ifisswal-Mabsas)-- hence-
text (Talkhi$ Kitiib al-lfiss wal-Ma/:lsus) hence-
forthcalled
forth called Blumberg
Blumberg2 -- appearedas
2 - appeared as Publication
PublicationNo. No. 8080 (1972)
(1972) of of the
the
Academy.
Academy. TheLatin
The version
Latinversion (Compendium
(Compendium Libri Aristotelis
Libri Aristotelis De Sensuet
De Sensu etSensato)
Sensato)
wasedited
was editedby EmilyL.
by Emily L. Shields
Shieldswith withthe
theassistance
assistance ofHenry
of HenryBlumberg
Blumberg (Publica-
(Publica-
tionNo.
tion 54; 1949).
No. 54; 1949).
In the
In theArabic
Arabictext thesection
textthe sectionon on dreams, divination
dreams,divination and prophecy
and prophecy is is marked
marked
offas
off as chapter (facl) 33 of
chapter(la$l) of treatise
treatise(maqala)
(maqdla)II II (pp. 66.1-92.9).In
(pp. 66.1-92.9). theHebrew
In the Hebrew
versionthere
version thereis is no
no formal
formalsubdivision
subdivisionof of any treatise(ma'amar),
any treatise (ma'amar),and and our
our
sectionis
section is found
foundon on pp. 43.7-60.8.In
pp. 43.7-60.8. In the
the Latin
Latin vulgate versionthe
vulgateversion the section
section
formsthe
forms thefinal
finalpart ofthe
part of the"book"
"book" De Somnoet
De Somno et Vigilia
Vigilia(pp.
(pp. 94.20-125.65).
94.20-125.65).
5 See
5 See Siwek, loc. cit.,
Siwek,loco cit.,p. xi f.f.
p. xi
66 It
It should
shouldbe pointed out
be pointed that the
out that the text
text of Averroes'Epitome
of Averroes' incorporates
Epitome incorporates
onlyaa few
only fewelements
elementsof of De Insomniis, and
De Insomniis, and this suggeststhat
this suggests the underlying
that the underlying
Arabic
Arabic recension was similarly
recension was similarly structured.
structured.
7 See
7 See Pines, loc. cit.,
Pines,loco cit.,passim.
passim.
[3]
[3] GERSONIDES' COMMENTARY
GERSONIDES' COMMENTARY ON
ON AVERROES
AVERROES 33

phecy within
phecy within Islamic
Islamic andand Jewish
Jewish medieval philosophy. A
medieval philosophy. A re-
re-
construction of
construction of the lost text's
the lost outline of
text's outline the Arabic
of the version or
Arabic version or
paraphrase
paraphrase should
should be
be possible
possible on
on the
the basis
basis of
of Averroes'
Averroes' Epitome
Epitome
and
and with
with the help of
the help of the references to
the references to it
it in
in pre-Averroian
pre-Averroian writings.8
writings. 8
The accomplishment of
The accomplishment of this task, which
this task, which cannot
cannot be attempted here,9
be attempted here,9
will enable us
will enable us to provide an
to provide answer to
an answer to the
the question posed in
question posed in aa
different sense
different Blumberg: "What
by Blumberg:
sense by "What isis new
new or different in
or different in Averroes'
Averroes'
Epitome of
Epitome the Parva
of the Naturalia?" Some
Parva Naturalia?" Some of of the aspects of
the aspects of the
the
Epitome merely seemed
Epitome merely seemed newnew because
because of
of their being at
their being variance with
at variance with
Aristotle
Aristotle while they, in
while they, fact, derive
in fact, derive from
from the
the Arabic
Arabic version.
version.
Averroes'
Averroes' Epitome
Epitome of of Parva
Parva Naturalia (completed in
Naturalia (completed 1170 C.E.)
in 1170 C.E.)
seems to
seems to have achieved such
have achieved among Jewish
popularity among
such popularity Jewish philosophers
philosophers
that
that it ousted, as
it ousted, as it the Arabic
were, the
it were, version. For
Arabic version. For it appears that
it appears that
references to
references to thethe Kitdb
Kitab al-Hiss wal-Ma/:zsus in
al-lfiss wal-Mahsiis in post-Averroian
post-Averroian
Hebrew writings are
Hebrew writings invariably to
are invariably to Averroes' Epitome of
Averroes' Epitome of it.10
it. IO
The influence
The influence this work
this exercisedon
work exercised on the Jewishdiscussion
the Jewish discussionof of
veridicaldreams
veridical dreams and
and prophecy
prophecy was
was considerable.11
considerable. I I Moses
Moses of
of
Narbonne incorporated
Narbonne incorporated longpassages
long fromthe
passages from the relevant section
relevant section
(II, 3)
(II, 3) in
in his
his Commentary
Commentary on
on the
the Guide
Guide (II,
(II" 36)
36) in
in order,
order, as he
as he
explained,
explained, to
to do
do justice
justice to
to the
the epistemological
epistemological problem
problem of
of veridical
veridical
dreamsand
dreams and prophecy
prophecy thathad
that beenignored
had been ignored Maimonides.12
byMaimonides.
by 12

Gersonides'Be~iirI3
Gersonides' incorporates
Be'ifrl3 incorporates aa substantial
substantialportion portionof of
88 Ibid., 145.
p. 145.
Ibid., p.
99 Some notesto
Somenotes to the
thetext willindicate,
textwill indicate,though, whichconcepts
though,which conceptsderive from
derivefrom
theArabic
the recension.
Arabicrecen£ion.
10So
10 So obviously
obviouslyin in Joseph 'AmudeyKesef
Kaspi, eAmudey
JosephKaspi, U-MaskiyotKesel,
Kesef U-Maskiyot ed.
Kesef,ed.
Werbluner,
Werbluner, 44 (for
p. 44
p. thequotation
(forthe seeBlumberg
quotationsee Blumbergl, 1, 58.10-11); MosheNarboni,
58.10-11);Moshe Narboni,
Be'ur Le-Sefer
Be'ur Moreh Nebhukhim,
Le-SeferMoreh Nebhukhim, ed. Goldenthal,
ed. Goldenthal,II, II, 3636 (43a-b), where
(43a-b), where
quotationsare
quotations areindiscrirninately
indiscriminately introduced
introduced in the
in nameof
thename ofeither Ibn Rushd
eitherIbn Rushdor or
Aristotle's
Aristotle's U-Mubash.For
lJush U-Mu/:tash. For the
thetexts see Blumberg
textssee BlumbergI, 54.11;
43.15-44.3;54.11;.
1, 43.15-44.3;

.Hush
46.11-48.5;
45.1-46.7;46.11-48.5;
45.1-46.7; 48.7-53.3.
48.7-53.3.
11 Cf.
11 Cf.Blumberg
Blumbergl, x-xi.
pp. x-xi.
1, pp.
12 Ed.
12 Ed. Goldenthal,
Goldenthal,43b 43b lines Cf. Colette
45-47. Cf.
lines45-47. ColetteSirat,
Sirat,LesLes Theories des
Theoriesdes
VisionsSurnaturelles
Visions Surnaturelles dansla
dans PenseeJuive
fa Pensee Juivedudu Moyen
MoyenAgeAge (Leiden, 1969),pp.
(Leiden,1969), pp.
155-158.
155-158.
13See
13 See M.M. Steinschneider,
Steinschneider, HebrdischeObersetzungen,
Hebriiische (Obersetzungen, p. 155;
p. 155; Blumberg
BlumbergI,1,
pp.
pp. ix-x.
ix-x. Another
Another (fragmentary)
(fragmentary) Commentary
Commentary on
on Averroes'
Averroes' Epitome
Epitome of
of Parva
Parva
Naturalia(Be'ur
Naturalia (Be'uirHa-Ifush
Ha-HfishWe-Ha-Mu/:zash)
We-Ha-Muhash) is extant
is in aa Paris
extantin ParisMs.
Ms. (see Stein-
(see Stein-
4
4 ALTMANN
ALTMANN [4]
[4]
Averroes'
Averroes' textbut
text omitsnumerous
but omits numerous largeand
large smallpassages
and small passages that
that
failedto
failed to elicit hiscomment.
elicithis comment. As customary
As customary in
in other
other of
of his
his commen-
commen-
tarieson
taries Averroes'writings
on Averroes' writings of of the
theepitome
epitometype,
type,he he offers
offers both
both
glosses interspersed
glosses interspersed withthe
with thetext as aa sort
textas sortofofrunning
running commentary
commentary
and separate
and thematicnotes
separatethematic notesor or excursuses
excursuses introduced
introduced by the
by the
stereotyped
stereotyped formula
formula 'Amar
!JAmar Levi.
Levi. The
The glosses,
glosses, though
though explanatory
explanatory
in intent,
in intent,occasionally
occasionally allow his personal
allow his viewpoint
personal viewpoint to obtrude
to obtrude
itself.
itself. The
The excursuses
excursuses give
give him
him an
an opportunity
opportunity to
to state
state his
his opposi-
opposi-
tionto
tion to theories
theories expressed
expressed by Averroes
by Averroes ormerely
or merely to make
to make aa supple-
supple-
mentary
mentary point.
point.
Gersonides
Gersonides wrote wrotehishis Be'iir as the
Be!Jur as thelast
last of
of aa number
number of of com-
com-
mentaries
mentaries on Averroian
on Averroian epitomes
epitomes of
of Aristotle's
Aristotle's physical
physical writings,
writings,
such as
such as Physics;
Physics; De Coelo; De
De Coelo; Generatione
De Generatione et Corruptione;
et Corruptione; Me-
Me-
teora; De
teora; De Partibus
Partibus Animalium
Animalium and and De GenerationeAnimalium;
De Generatione Animalium;
De Anima; Parva
De Anima; Parva Naturalia (includingaa commentary
Naturalia (including commentary on Averroes'
on Averroes'
Middle
Middle Commentary on
Commentary Physics).14All
on Physics).14 All these
these works
works by Averroes
by Averroes
wereavailableto himin Moses ibn Tibbon'sHebrewversions,
were available to him in Moses ibn Tibbon's Hebrew versions,
exceptfor
except for thethe last-mentioned
last-mentioned whichhad
which had been translatedby
been translated by
Jacob
Jacob ben Makhir.15
ben Makhir. He commenced
15 He commenced writing thesecommentaries
writing these commentaries
in 1321, and
in 1321, and the
the last, the Be'ifr
last, the Sefer Ha-Hi~ish
Be!Jur Seier We-Ha-Mubash
Ha-lfush We-Ha-Mubash
Qiisfir
Qi$$ur Le-Ibn
Le-Ibn Rushd, was
Rushd, completed,
was completed, according
according to
to the
the colophon of
colophon of
two
two ofofthe
theextant
extantmanuscripts
manuscripts below), on
(seebelow),
(see on the first
the first of
of Adar II,
Adar II,
5084(February
5084 (February 27, 1324).
27, 1324).The sectionon
The section on dream, divination
dream,divination and
and
prophecy, appearsclose
whichappears
prophecy, which to the
close to end,was
the end, wastherefore
therefore written
written inin
the earlypart
the early part of
of 1324.
1324. By
By that
that time
time Gersonides
Gersonides had
had already
already
finished
finished aa first draftof
firstdraft his major
of his philosophical work,
major philosophical work, the Sefer
the Seier

schneider,
schneider, loc. cit.,
loco cit.,p. 156; Blumberg
p. 156; BlumbergI, 1, p. x), fols.
p. x), 316v-321v.It
fols.316v-321v. It covers
coversthe
the
preface and almost
preface and almostthe theentire
entirefirst
firsttreatise
treatise(Blumberg
(Blumbergl, The author,
1-22.5).The
1, 1-22.5). author,
whosename
whose nameis is given
givenas as MHR
MHR (moren;;'
(morniiha-rabh) mightbe
Vital,might
ha-rabh)Vital, identical,
be identical, as
as
Steinschneider
Steinschneider (ibid.)suggested,
(ibid.) suggested, withMoshe
with MosheNarboni (surnamed,
Narboni (surnamed, accordingto
according to
some, MaestroVidal).
some, Maestro Vidal). This conjecture
This conjecture has
has some plausibility in
some plausibility in view
view of
of the
the
excellence of the
excellence of the Commentary
Commentary and Narboni's
and knowninterest
Narboni's known interest in the
in the work.
work.
My sincerethanks
My sincere thanksarearedue
dueto
to Professor
Professor Colette Siratfor
ColetteSirat forkindly
kindly havingsupplied
having supplied
me with
me withaa photostatic copyof
photostatic copy ofthis
thisms.
ms.
14See
14 See Steinschneider"
Steinschneider, Hebr. Obers.,pp.
Hebr. Obers., 119,127"
pp. 119, 127,130, 145,147,
137,145.
130,137, 155.
147,155.
15Ibid.
15 Ibid.
[5]
[5] GERSONIDES' COMMENTARY ON
GERSONIDES' COMMENTARY ON AVERROES
AVERROES 55

Milbamot Adonai
Milhamot (1321).16 Yet
Adonai (1321).16 Yet itit can hardly be
can hardly be assumed
assumed that that that
that
first included what
attempt included
first attempt what is now the
is now second treatise
the second treatise (ma'amar)
(ma!tamar)
which deals with
which deals with "dream, divination and
"dream, divination prophecy." For
and prophecy." For all all
indications are
indications are to
to the
the effect
effect that Milbamot, II (Chs.
that Miliamot, 1-8) is
(Chs. 1-8) is making
making
use of
use the Be'fir.
of the Be'iir. In Chapter 7
In Chapter there is
7 there is aa distinct reference to
distinct reference it. 17
to it. I?
Chapter 2
Chapter 2 was
was obviously written in
obviously written fulfillment of
in fulfillment of the
the intention
intention
expressed in
expressed in Excursus
Excursus III III of
of the Be'ur to
the Be'i~r to treat
treat the problem of
the problem of
determinism and
determinism and free
free choice posed by
choice posed by the veracity of
the veracity of dreams,
dreams,
within aa more
within congenial, i.e.,
more congenial, i.e., theological context. The
theological context. The Be'[ir
Be'iir
must therefore be
must therefore be viewed
viewed as as the trailblazer of
the trailblazer Milbamot, II.
of Milhamot, II.
This assumption is
This assumption is further
further corroborated
corroborated by by the
the numerous
numerous points points
of that obtain
contact that
of contact obtain between
between the the two texts, as
two texts, many of
as many of the
the notes
notes
to
to the text will
the text indicate. The
will indicate. opening statement
The opening statement in Milbanlot, II
in Milhamot, II
reflectsthe criticalattitudetoward
reflects the critical attitude toward Averroes
Averroes which
which is
is also
also found
found
in some of
in some excursuses of
the excursuses
of the the Be'ir.
of the Be'ur. ItIt reads:
reads:
Sincethis
Since this topic is one
topic is oneof ofthe
the very
very precious onesboth
precious ones both onon account
accountof of
itself and because
itselfand because ofofthe factthat
the fact that many otherprecious
many other topics to
precious topics to bebe
exploredin
explored in this book will
this book will be clarified
be clarified by dintof
by dint of its
its clarification;
clarification;
yet this
yet topic being
this topic being one bristling with
one bristling difficulties;
with difficulties; we thought that,
we thought that,
with regard to
with regard it, we
to it, shouldnot
we should not rely
rely onon what
what isis mentioned
mentioned in in
Averroes'
Averroes' Epitome ofParvaNaturalia;
Epitome ofParva Naturalia; forforthe
theinvestigation
investigation thereis
there is
notas
not as complete
completeas it ought
as it oughtto to have
havebeen;
been;and, moreover,
and,moreover, thetext
the text
containsstatements
contains statements thatare
that not true,
are not true,asas will
willbebe explained
explainedin in this
this
ma'amar.18
ma'amar. 18

As aa rule,
As the theories
rule, the theoriesdeveloped
developed by Gersonidesby
by Gersonides by way of
way of
criticism
criticism ofAverroes
of Averroesin in the
theBe'ur
Be'firare
are restated
restated in
in Milbamot
Milhamot without
without
distinctpolemical
distinct reference.An
polemical reference. An exception
exceptionis is the
the explicit repu-
explicitrepu-
diationof Averroes'thesislimitingprophetic
diation of Averroes' thesis limiting prophetic forecasts
forecasts to causally
to causally
strictlydeterminated
strictly events (95.3-5).
determinatedevents Gersonides argues
(95.3-5). Gersonides that
argues that
biblicalprophecy
biblical prophecy also
also announced
announced happenings
happenings that
that from
from the
the aspect
aspect
of natural
of natural causality could be
causality could accidental. He
termed accidental.
be termed He admits,
admits,
however,that
however, that in
in terms
terms of
of the
the causality
causality of
of the
the celestial
celestial bodies
bodies all
all
happeningsare
happenings are determined,
determined, the exercise
the exerciseofof reason
reason and free will
and free will
16 See
16 CharlesTouati,
See Charles La Pensee
Touati,La Philosophique
PensdePhilosophique et Theologique
et Thdologique de Gersonide
de Gersonide
(Paris, 1973), pp.
(Paris, 1973), pp. 49
49 ff.
ff.
17Levi
17 Levi ben
benGershom,
Gershom, SeferMilbamot
Seier MilbhamotAdonai(Leipzig,
Adonai (Leipzig,1866), 115.14.
1866),115.14.
18 Milbamot,
18 Milbhamot, 92.1-6.
92.1-6.
66 ALTMANN
ALTMANN [6]
[6]

being
being thethe only meansof
onlymeans of deflecting
deflecting them. Anotherinstance
them. Another instance of of
criticism
criticism ofAverroes
of Averroes (Milhamot,
(Milbamot, 106.5-8)
106.5-8) has
has no
no precedent
precedent in
in the
the
Be'ifr. The most
Be".Jur. The mostglaring,
glaring, though tacit,departure
though tacit, departure fromAverroes
from Averroes
in both
in bothplaces
places is
is the
the superimposition of
of the
superimposition astrological
the astrological viewpoint
viewpoint
uponan
upon an otherwise
otherwise Aristotelian
Aristotelian system
system in whichastral
in which astralcausality
causality is
is
considered
considered to be aa mere
tobe merefunction
function ofcelestial
ofcelestial motions
motions unrelated tothe
unrelated to the
nativity
nativity principle. Gersonides
principle. Gersonides obviously
obviously understands
understands by theoften-
by the often-
quotedhakhmey
quoted bakhmey mishpetey
mishpetey ha-kokhabhim
ha-kokhabhim the
the astrologers, in
astrologers, and
and in
Milhamot (105.30-32)he
Milbamot (105.30-32) makes aa distinct
he makes distinct reference
reference to nativity
to nativity
(the horoscope).
(the Generally
horoscope).Generally speaking,one
speaking, one might
mightsay thatwhen
say that when
writingMilfhamot,
writing Milbamot, II,
II, Gersonides
Gersonides recast
recast and
and developed
developed ideas
ideas
alreadyexpressed,
already expressed, for
for the
the most
most part,
part, in
in the
the Commentary.
Commentary. The
The
notes
notes to
to the
the text
text will
will enable
enable the
the reader
reader to
to form
form some
some insight
insight into
into
thethought
the thought processes
processes thatled
that from
ledfrom theCommentary
the Commentary toMilbhamot,
to Milbamot, II.
II.

Gersonides'
Gersonides' Commentary
Commentary onAverroes'
on Averroes' Epitome
Epitome of Parva Naturalia
ofParva Naturalia
is extantin
is extant fourmanuscripts:
infour manuscripts:19 19
BodleianMs.
1) Bodleian
1) Ms. Opp.
Opp. Add. Add. 4°, 38.5 (fols.
40, 38.5 267r-299r);see
(fols. 267r-299r); see
Ad.Neubauer,
Ad. Catalogue
Neubauer, Catalogue oftheHebrew
oj'the Hebrew Manuscripts
Manuscripts in inthe
theBodleian
Bodleian
Library
Library (Oxford, 1886),No.
(Oxford,1886), 1373(pp.
No. 1373 491-492).The
(pp. 491-492). The colophon
colophon
gives
gives the
the first
first of
of Adar
Adar II,
II, 5084
5084 (February
(February 27, 1324)as
27, 1324) as the dateof
thedate of
completion.
completion. The manuscript
The manuscript is written
is written in beautiful
in beautiful Spanish rab-
Spanishrab-
binic characters.
binic characters. The excursuses
The excursuses are neatly
are set off
neatlyset offfrom thetext.
fromthe text.
The section
The sectionpublished
published herehereis is found
foundon fols.288v,
on fols. line26-295r,
288v,line 26-295r,
line8.
line 8. It
It forms
forms thefinal
the finalpart
part ofofthe
thesubchapter
subchapter entitled
entitled Ha-Shinah
Ha-Shenah
We-Ha-
We-Ha- Yeqisah(De
Yeqi$ah Somnoet
(De Somno et Vigilia) of the
Vigilia)of thesecond ma'amar.20
secondma".Jamar.20
2) BerlinMs.
2) Berlin Ms. Or.
Or. 1055.6
1055.6(folios
(foliosunnumbered
unnumbered and, and,partly, in
partly, in
incorrect
incorrect sequence).The
sequence). dategiven
The date giveninin the
thecolophon with
agreeswith
colophonagrees
thatof
that ofNo.
No.1. 1.The
Thewriting
writing is in
is in Rashi
Rashiscript
script andit
and itis
is faded
fadedinin some
some
places.
places. The
The excursuses
excursuses do
do not
not stand
stand out.
out. They
They are
are introduced
introduced by
by
theabbreviation
the abbreviation ~"N.
,.
Ms. Jews'
3) Ms.
3) Jews'College, London43.6
College,London 43.6 (fols. 172-195).The
(fols.172-195). date
The date
statedin
stated thecolophon
in the colophon is
is Tebhet,
Tebhet, 1084
1084 (November,
(November, 1323),
1323), which
which
19 Steinschneider,
19 Steinschneider, Hebr. Obers., p.
Hebr. Ubers., 155lists
p. 155 and 2;
lists11 and l , p.
Blumberg',
2; Blumberg p. x, men-
x,men-
tionsI,
tions 1, 2
2 and
and 4.
4.
Thisfollows
20 This
20 theprecedent
followsthe ofthe
precedent of theLatin
Latinvulgate version(see
vulgateversion note4).
(see note 4).
[7]
[7] COMMENTARY ON
GERSONIDES' COMMENTARY
GERSONIDES' ON AVERROES
AVERROES 77
is obviouslyaa mistake
is obviously mistakeof of the
the copyist
copyistwhowho substituted
substituted the date
the of
date of
the completionof
the completion the Commentary
of the Commentaryon on the Epitomeof
the Epitome of DeDe Anima
Anima
(see Steinschneider,Hebraiische
(see Steinschneider, Ubersetzungen, p.
Hebriiische Ubersetzungen, 147). It
p. 147). It is
is
written
written inin Rashi
Rashi script
script and
and smudged in
smudged manyplaces.
in many places. The
The volume,
volume,
which containssix
which contains six commentaries
commentaries by Gersonides,was
by Gersonides, was presented
presented by by
Moses Mendelssohnto
Moses Mendelssohn to Chief
Chief Rabbi
Rabbi Hirschel Lewin of
Hirschel Lewin of Berlin
Berlin
(later London) on
(later London) on Purim,
Purim,5533 5533 (1773).
(1773). SeeSee Charles
Charles Duschinsky,
Duschinsky,
The Rabbinate
The Rabbinate of of the
the Great
Great Synagogue
Synagogue London
London 1756-1852
from 1756-1852
from
(Oxford,1921),
(Oxford, 1921),p. 38, n.
p. 38, 38. The
n. 38. dedicationis
The dedication is written
written inin Mendels-
Mendels-
sohn's own
sohn's hand.
own hand.
The sectionpublished
The section published here hereisis found
foundon fols. 187v,
on fols. 187v,line
line 27-182r,
27-182r,
bottom line,
bottom line, and
and it
it is
is the
the final
final part
part of
of the
the sub-chapterentitled
sub-chapter entitled
Ha-Shinah We-Ha-Yeqisahin the
Ha-Shenah We-Ha- Yeqi~ah in the second
second ma'amar.
ma!Jamar.
4) Ms. Elkan
4) Ms. Elkan Adler
Adler 1744 1744 (fols. 150v-186v),now
(fols. 150v-186v), designated as
now designated as
Ms. 2457
Ms. 2457 in the Jewish
in the JewishTheological
Theological Seminary
Seminaryof of America
America (here-
(here-
after called JTS).
after called It has
JTS). It has no no colophon
colophon and and isis written
writtenin in Rashi
Rashi
script.
script. The
The section
section published
published here
here is
is found
found only partially this
only partially in
in this
manuscript
manuscript sincesinceaa number
numberof of folios
foliosare
are missing
missingat at the
the beginning.
beginning.
The textbegins
The text withthe
begins with the words hinehyiqsheh
wordshineh lanu on
yiqsheh lanu on line
line 197 of
197 of
our edition(fo1.
our edition (fol. 179r,
179r, line
line 1)
1) and
and continues
continues to
to the
the end
end (fol.
(fo1. 182v,
182v,
line 24).
line 24). It is the
It is the final
finalpart of the
part of the sub-chapter
sub-chapter Ha-Shinah
Ha-Shenah We-Ha-We-Ha-
Yeqi~ah in
Yeqisah the second
in the secondma!Jamar.
ma'amar.

In the edition
In the thatfollows,
editionthat the Averroes
follows,the textcommented
Averroestext commentedupon upon
and Gersonides'
and Gersonides' thematic
thematicexcurses
excurses (which
(which are
are set
set off
off from
from the
the
text) are printed
text) are printed inin regular
regulaitype, whileGersonides'
type,while Gersonides'running com-
runningcom-
mentary(the
mentary (the glosses)
glosses)appear
appear inin spaced characters.In
spaced characters. thisway
In this the
way the
reader willsee
reader will at aa glance
see at glancewhat is Averroes'
what is and what
Averroes' and whatGersonides'.
Gersonides'.
A moredifficult
A more difficult problem presented
problem itselfby
presented itself virtueof
by virtue of the factthat
the fact that
Gersonides oftenbreaks
Gersonides often offthe
breaks off the quotation
quotation of
of the
the Averroes
Averroes text,
text,
indicating the,
indicating in many
the, in instances,very
manyinstances, extensiveareas
veryextensive of omission
areas of omission
by the use
by the of the
use of theabbreviation
abbreviation -',i. To delete
',~,. To deletethe latterand
the latter and insert
insert
the missingpassages
the missing passages would
would have
have altered
altered the
the specific
specific character
character of
of
the Be'iir,
the and merely
Be!Jur, and merely to
to advise
advise the
the reader
reader to
to look
look them
them up in
up in
Blumberg's
Blumberg's edition
edition of
of Averroes'
Averroes' Epitomewould, obviously,
Epitome would, obviously, not
not
have been
have been an ideal solution.
an ideal solution.WeWe therefore
thereforedecided
decided toto reproduce
reproduce
8 ALTMANN
ALTMANN [8]
[8]
themissing
the missing passages
passages in in anan Appendix.
Appendix.The The text
text we used is
we used is not
not
Blumberg's
Blumberg's critical
critical textbuttheone foundin theJTS Ms. 2302,
text but the one found in the JTS Ms. 2302,
(Adler, 1853),
(Adler, fols. 165r-174r,
1853), fo1s. 165r-174r,which, thoughmentioned
which, though mentioned by by
Blumberg,
Blumberg, waswasnotnotincorporated
incorporated by himinto
by him into the critical
thecritical apparatus.
apparatus.
We
We found thistext
foundthis texttoto contain
containsome somesuperior
superior readings.
readings.. Themissing
The missing
passages areindicated,
passages are indicated, though,
though, alsowith
also withreference
reference totheir
to location
theirlocation
in the
in theBlumberg
Blumberg edition,
edition, to which
to whichthe thereader
readeris is in
in any
anycasecase con-
con-
stantly
stantly alertedby
alerted marginal
by marginal references.
references.
In critical
thecritical
In the apparatus
apparatus thefour
the fourmanuscripts
manuscripts are
are designated
designated by by
thesigla
the siglaa (Oxford),
N (Oxford), n (Berlin), (London)
:l (Berlin), , , (London) and
and -wj(New
.,"~ (NewYork).
York).
The symbols
The symbols adoptedare
adopted are those
thoseusedused in in the
theBlumberg editionsof
Blumberg editions of
the standsfor
Epitome: [[ ]] stands
the Epitome: omission;<
for omission; < > > for addition; x1
foraddition; for
xl for
corrections
corrections by thescribe;
by the scribe;xx2 forcorrections
2 for corrections by aa later
by laterhand.
hand.
It remains
It remains forme
for metoto express
express thanks
thanks to
to the
the libraries
libraries that
that kindly
kindly
gave
gave me me permission
permission to to use
use thethe manuscripts
manuscripts indicatedabove.
indicated above.
sincerethanks
My sincere
My thanksare are therefore
therefore renderedto
rendered to the curatorsof
the curators of
the BodleianLibrary,
the Bodleian Library, Oxford;
Oxford; the
the Deutsche
Deutsche Staatsbibliothek,
Staatsbibliothek,
Berlin/DDR;
Berlin/DDR; the Montefiore
theMontefiore Endowment, Jews'
Endowment, CollegeLibrary,
Jews' College Library,
London; and the Library of
London; and the Library the JewishTheological
of the Jewish Theological Seminary,
Seminary,
New York.II also
New York. also wish
wishto to thank
thankProfessor
Professor Alfred
Alfred L. L. Ivry
Ivry for
for put-
put-
tingat
ting at my disposalmicrofilms
mydisposal microfilms of of the
the Berlin and London
Berlin and Londonmanu- manu-
scripts.
scripts.
[9]
[9] GERSONIDES' COMMENTARY ON
GERSONIDES' COMMENTARY ON AVERROES
AVERROES 99

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"tD'iI K'tD iI~ n"tDiI "~:I Cit ,~ tD,tDit n'''tDitit "K n'it~:I
':I'~ P'DO~ C'P"~it n,~"nil n'il~:I ":I'iI iI'iI' itT" tD,n:l
ilT' .ciI'n':10 ,,,, :1,:1, ~31~:I 'D,nn~ C~~K Cit ,~ 9 n'''tDiIiI 'KtD:3
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,Tln- ".Iw
: 1 I'nl' nxini ; l::nt t1,
11 See
See Blumberg
Blumbergl, 34.8-43.6.
1, 34.8-43.6.
2 Cf.
2 Cf.Pines, "The Arabic
Pines,"The ArabicRecension,"
Recension,"pp. 111-117.
pp. 111-117.
33 Blumberg
Blumberg2, 66.4: ru~yti.
2, 66.4:
ru'yd.
Ibid.: kihtina.
44 Ibid.: TouficFahd,
kihana.Toufic Fahd, LaLa Divination
DivinationArabe
Arabe(Leiden, 1966), p.
(Leiden,1966), 41
p. 41
defines
defines kihdnaas
kihtina as aa form
formof of divination
divination effected
effected incantation
byincantation
by and invocation
and invocation
ofthe
of thestars. It is
stars.It is aa branch
branchof ofmagic.
magic.
55 Cf.Cf.Gersonides,
Gersonides, Milbamot,
Milf.zamot, 104.27-28.
92.10-11;104.27-28.
92.10-11;
66 Blumberg
Blumberg2, 66.5:
2 , 66.5:
wahy.
waf.zy.
Cf. Aristotle,
77 Cf. Aristotle, De Divinatione
De Divinatione per Somnum,
per Somnum, 462b28;463b1;
I, 462b28;
I, 463bl; II, 464a5.
II, 464aS.
The Arabic
The Arabicversion
versionopposed thisview,
opposedthis view,asas Pines, loc. cit.,
Pines,loc. cit.,137,
137,147 has shown.
147has shown.
88 Aristotle,
Aristotle, Physics,
Physics, 11,5, 196b10ff.;
II, 5, 196b10 cf.Milf.zamot,
ff.;cf. Milhamot, 92.7-10.
92.7-10.
99 Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing Averroes' sentence
Averroes'sentence (44.3).
(44.3).
10
10 ALTMANN
ALTMANN [10]
[10]

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pw ~D
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it~'''' 12C"~"Pit
12lCUSUS
cursus
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it~ ,,,"tD", J1,,,~,,~!)it M,n~it ,,~nM" TN' it~"tD~ iI~" 1"~~ CiI' 37""" COpil
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5
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10 Cf. Milliamot,
10 Cf. 92.11-13;113.23-24;
Mil/:lamot, 92.11-13; 114.24-27.
113.23-24;114.24-27.
11 Blumberg
11 Blumberg2, 67.7:al-jinn.
2 , 67.7: al-jinn.For thedistinction
For the distinction between angelically
between angelically mediated
mediated
veridical dreamsand
veridical dreams and demonically
demonically aided
aided sorcery,
sorcery, see
see Franz
Franz Rosenthal
Rosenthal (tr.),
(tr.),
Ibn
Ibn Khaldan
Khaldun The The Muqaddimah
Muqaddimah (New(New York,
York, 1958),
1958),11j", 157. On
III, 157. On thethe much-
much-
debated questionwhether
debated question sorcery
whether sorcery was made
was maderedundant
redundant by
by prophecy,
prophecy, seesee ibid.,
ibid.,
I, p.
I, 205 f.f.
p. 205
12 Cf.the
12 Cf. therabbinic
rabbinicpassages quotedby
passages quoted Maimonides,
by Maimonides, 11I,36.
Guide,II,
Guide, 36.
13 See
13 See below, lines258-269.
below, lines 258-269.
14 Cf.
14 Cf.Maimonides,
Maimonides, Guide,II,
Guide, 6.
II, 6.
15 Gersonides'
15 Gersonides'outspoken denialof
outspokendenial of the
theexistence
existence of demons
of demons(shedim)
(shedim) -- "a"a
rarephenomenon
rare phenomenon in in the
theMiddle Ages"-- follows
MiddleAges" followsthe
theprecedent
precedent of of Averroes
Averroes
Steinschneider,
(see Steinschneider,
(see Hebr. Ubers.,p.
Hebr. Obers., p. 155, note353b).
155,note For the
353b).For the views of other
views of other
medievalJewish
medieval Jewishphilosophers, cf. Maimonides,
philosophers, cf. Maimonides,Guide,
Guide,I,I, 7; Isaac Albalag,
7; Isaac Albalag,
Tiqqun Ha-De'ot
Tiqqan Ha-Deeot (ed. G. Vajda,
(ed. G. Jerusalem,
Vajda,Jerusalem, 1973),49.17-50.16;I:Iasdai Crescas,
1973),49.17-50.16; Crescas,
Or
Or Adonai,
Adonai, IV.IV. 6. 6. Nalhmanides,
Nabmanides, Derashat Torat Adonai
Derashat Torat .Iasdai (Kitvey
Temimah
Adonai Temimah (Kitvey
Ramban,
Ramban, ed. ed. H.
H. D.D. Cheval,
Cheval,I,I, pp. 147,149)
pp. 147, 149) linked
linked the
the denial
denial of
of shedim
shedim to
to the
the
heresyof
heresy ofAristotelianism.
Aristotelianism.
[11]GERSONIDES'
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16 Cf.
16 Cf. Charles Touati,La
CharlesTouati, Pensee philosophique
La Pensde philosophique et et theologique
theologique de Gersonide
de Gersonide
(Paris,1973),
(Paris, 1973),p. 406.
p. 406.
17 Cf.
17 Cf. Milhamot, 114.25-34.
Mill)amot, 114.25-34.
18 Cf.
18 Cf. Milhamot, 111.24-35.
96.20-23;111.24-35.
Mill)amot, 96.20-23;
19 Cf.
19 Cf. A.
A. S.
S. Halkin,
Halkin,ed., Moshe ben
ed., Moshe ben Ya'akov ibnEzra,
Ya~akov ibn Ezra, Kitab al-Mubadara
Kitiib al-Mul)iidara
wal-Mudhakara
wal-Mudhiikard (Jerusalem,
(Jerusalem, 1975), 122.23ff.
1975),122.23 ff.
20 Cf.
20 Cf.Aristotle,
Aristotle, De
De Insomniis, 462a30.
III, 462a30.
Insomniis, III,
21 See
21 See Blumberg
Blumbergt, 47.8-10(Appendix,
1 , 47.8-10
(Appendix, No. line980.
6); line
No.6); 980.
22 Cf.
22 Cf. Pines,
Pines, loc. cit.,PP.
loco cit., 114 f.f. ("clear"
pp. 114 ("clear" and "hidden"dream-visions);
and "hidden" dream-visions);
Milhamot, 108.30-32.
Mill)amot, 108.30-32.
23 Cf.
23 Cf.Aristotle,
Aristotle, De Divinatione
De Divinatione per Somnum,
per Somnum, 464b6-15.
II, 464b6-15.
II,
24 Cf.
24 F. Rahman
Cf.F. Rahman, s ed., Avicenna's De
ed., Avicenna's De Anima 172.12-173.1.
1959),172.12-173.1.
(London,1959),
Anima (London,
12
12 ALTMANN
ALTMANN [12]
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25 Blumbergl,
25 Blumberg 46.8 (Appendix,
1 , 46.8
(Appendix, No.
No.5). 5).
26 Blumberg2,
26 Blumberg 2 , 70.11: ribat.Cf.
70.11: ribat. Cf. 55.11
55.11 (Blumberg
(Blumberg1, Aristotle, De
36.16); Aristotle,
1, 36.16); De
Somno
Somno et et Vigilia,
Vigilia,I, I, 454b11,
454b11,27. 27.
27 Aristotle,
27 Aristotle, Analytica Posteriora,
Analytica Posteriora, I, I, i,i, 71a1, 11-17.See
71al, 11-17. See W.W. D.D. Ross,
Ross, Aris-
Aris-
totle'sPrior
totle's andPosterior
Prior and Posterior Analytics (Oxford,1949),
Analytics (Oxford, 1949),pp. 503-505(11,17).
pp. 503-505 (11,17).
28 Blumberg2,
28 Blumberg 71.8: al-maf!rifa
2 , 71.8: al-ma'rifaal-ta$diqiyya
al-tasdiqiyya wal-tasawwuriyya.
wal-ta$awwuriyya. Averroes
Averroes
relates thedistinction
relates the distinction between affirmation
between affirmation (tasdlq)and
(ta$diq) and formation
formation of concept
of concept
(ta$awwur) to
(tasawwur) to Aristotle's
Aristotle's distinction
distinction between
between the thatand
thethat thewhat
and the whatof of aa thing
thing
(Anal.Post.,
(Anal. 71all). The
Post., 71a11). The use
use hehe makes
makesherehereof of this
thisepistemological
epistemological distinction
distinction
is anticipated
is anticipated in the
in theArabic versionof
Arabic version of De Divinatione. For
De Divinatione. Ibn Bajja
For Ibn Baijjareports
reports
something
something to this
to thiseffect;
effect; see Pines,
see Pines,Ope cit.,p.
op. cit., 138.
p. 138.
29 The
29 The terms
termspo'el and em$af!i
pof!el and emsa'[are are explained
explainedin in Averroes'
Averroes'Epitome
Epitome of of Aris-
Aris-
totle's Organon;see
totle's Organon; see Jacob
Jacobben Makhir'sHebrew
ben Makhir's Hebrewversion entitled
version entitled Kol
Kol Melekhet
Melekhet
Higgayon (Riva di
Higgayon (Riva di Trento,
Trento,1559), 2r-v,13v
1559),2r-v, 13v and
and passim.
passim. (The passage from
(The passage from
ShemtobFalaqera's
Shemtob Falaqera's De'otDef!ot Ha-Pilosofim
Ha-Pilosofim quoted quotedin in Blumberg
Blumberg2, 2 , p.
p. 154, 16
n. 16
154, n.
represents
represents thesame
the sameAverroes
Averroes text withbut
textwith but aa slightly
slightly different
different Hebrewtermino-
Hebrew termino-
logy.) As Averroes
logy.) As Averroespoints out,ta$diq
points out, tavsdiq (immat;ha$daqah)
(immiU; hasdaqah)and and ta$awwur
tasawwur (siyyfr)
($iyyur)
proceed each from
proceed each fromtwo kindsof
two kinds of prior knowledge,
prior knowledge, viz. "preparatory"
viz. "preparatory" (the
(the
nominal definition
nominal definition preparatory
preparatory to to the
the concept; contraries
concept;contraries or contradictories
or contradictories
preparatory
preparatory to theaffirmation)
to the affirmation) and "active,"
and "active,"i.e. i.e. causative
causative(the
(theparts of the
parts of the
real definition
real definition are productive
are productive of of the
the concept;
concept;the the syllogism
syllogismproduces
produce~ the the
affirmation).
affirmation).
Thereis
There issome
someconfusion
confusion inthe
in thetexts inrespect
textsin respectof ofthe
theterminology.
terminology. Blumberg1,
Blumberg 1,
47.1 reads: ma$(a
47.1 reads: we-nose'
mast'awe-nose' po'el we-emsa'i
pof!el we-em$af!i (which
(which corresponds
corresponds to
to one
one of
of the
the
Arabicreadings
Arabic readingsof ofBlumberg
Blumberg2, All mss.
71.9). All
2 , 71.9). mss.of ofGersonides'
Gersonides'Commentary
Commentary on
on
the text
the textand
and the
the JTSJTS ms.
ms. ofof the
theEpitome
Epitome read readsimply:
simply:po'el we-emsa't.
pof!el we-em$af!i. Ger-
Ger-
sonides' commentary
sonides' commentary testifies
testifies to this
to this reading.
reading.In In place
place ofof em$af!i
emsa't (in the
(in the
Epitomeof
Epitome of Organon)
Organon)Jacob Jacobben Makhirhas
ben Makhir has haysharah,
haysharah, whileFalaqera
while uses
Falaqera uses
mast'a,both
ma$(a, Hebrewterms
both Hebrew termsrendering
rendering Arabicmaute,
Arabic mauti',as as does
does the Latin term
theLatin term
preparans (Shields,100.28).
preparans (Shields, 100.28). TheThe reading
readingem$af!i could be
emsa'i could be aa corruption
corruption of
of
[131GERSONIDES'
COMMENTARY
ON 13
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[13] GERSONIDES' COMMENTARY ON AVERROES 13

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nm
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in1Lnl nvx rriv
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MNT "N~M~ l"NW "~~N 'N':J~ N'il ilT~' "~,~n:J "M"N' 'WN l!)'N:J ,~~~
"M~:J ;'''il ilN~n~ ilT il"il CNW "31~~Nil l"~il O"~!) ~~ ~31 il~ O'p"W il31"''';'
foryedi'ah
mast'a,for
ma$(a, masa'at(Blumberg
yedtah ma$aeat (Blumbergl, is reproduced
53.2-3) is
1, 53.2-3) reproduced in our
in our text
textas
as
yedi'ah (Appendix, No.
emrsa'it(Appendix,
yedtah em$aeit 15). Narboni,
No. 15). whose Commentary
Narboni, whose Commentaryon on the
the
Guide(II,
Guide 36) contains
(II, 36) extensive
containsextensive fromAverroes'
quotationsfrom
quotations Averroes'Epitome,
Epitome, seemsseemstoto
have understood as the "middle term" of the
the
e
have emsa'i
understood em$aei as the "middle term" (ha-gebhul
(ha-gebhul ha-emrsa't)of
ha-eln$a i)
syllogism
syllogism (Goldenthal,
(Goldenthal, Ope cit.,43a,
op. cit., 43a, bottom).
bottom).
Averroes' Middle Commentary
Averroes'Middle Commentary on Anal.
on Anal. Post. 1-2 of
(pericopae1-2
Post. (pericopae of book
book 1)1)
with the
operates with
operates the terms
terms ta$awwur
tasawwur(Jormatio)
(formatio)andand ta$diq (verificatio)but
tasdiq (verificatio) does
but does
not mention
not mentionfc'il and mautf
Jeri! and mauti' (see L. Minio-Paluello,
(see L. ed., Aristoteles
Minio-Paluello, ed., Aristoteles Latinus,
Latinus,
IV 33 [Bruges-Paris,
IV [Bruges-Paris, 1954],Appendix
1954], AppendixII, II, pp. 114f).
pp. 114 f).
30 Cf.
30 Aristotle,Anal.
Cf. Aristotle, Anal. Post., I, ii,
Post., I, ii, 71
71b19.
b19.
31 Ibid.,
31 II, xix,
Ibid., II, See Ross,
100a4-5. See
xix, 100a4-5. Ross, Ope cit., pp.
op. cit., 676 f.
pp. 676 f.
32 Blumberg
32 Blumbergt, 48.15-49.2(Appendix,
1 , 48.15--49.2 (Appendix, No.
No.9); 52.11-53.3(Appendix,
9); 52.11-53.3 (Appendix, No. 15).
No. 15).
33 Averroes
33 Averroesinsists thatthough
insiststhat thoughthethe"active"
"active"cause
causein in divination
divination theAgent
is the
is Agent
Intellect(the
Intellect revealedknowledge
(therevealed knowledgebeingbeinganalogous
analogousto to the
the primary, indemon-
primary, indemon-
strableprenlises
strable premisesin in normal cognition),aa prior
normalcognition), prior "preparatory"
"preparatory"knowledge,
knowledge,
i.e. acquaintance
i.e. acquaintancewith withthe
the person(s) affected
person(s)affected the revealed
by the
by revealedinformation
information is
is
indispensable
indispensable (such knowledgebeing
(such knowledge analogousto
being analogous to the
the nominal
nominaldefinition
definition
preparatory
preparatory to to the the real
real one). Here Gersonides
one). Here Gersonidesdisputes thiscondition
disputesthis conditionon on
groundsof
grounds ofhis
hisown
ownpersonal experience
personal experience as related
as relatedin inthe
theexcursus.
excursus. In Milhamot
In Mil/:lamot
(105.12-17; 107.18-33)he
(105.12-17; 107.18-33) he seems
seemsto to revert
revertto to Averroes'
Averroes'position also
(see also
position (see
Commentaryon
Commentary on the
the Torah,
Torah,Balaq,
Balaq, 196d).
196d).
14 ALTMANN
[14]
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34
34 Cf. Milbamot, 93.12-18.
Cf. Milhamot, 93.12-18.
35 Blumberg!, 47.13:
35 Blumbergi, 47.13: meqom
meqampeliah; Blumberg 2, 72.11:
peliah;Blumberg2, 72.11: maudi'
mau4f ta'jib.
tajib.
36 Blumberg!, 58.4-59.9
36 Blumbergl, (lines 336
58.4-59.9 (lines 336 ff.; Appendix, Nos.
ff.; Appendix, Nos. 21,
21, 22).
22).
37 The
37 problems listed
The problems by Averroes
listed by (see also
Averroes (see Appendix, No.
also Appendix, No.9)9) are
are elaborated
elaborated
[15]
[15] GERSONIDES' COMMENTARY
GERSONIDES'COMMENTARY ON AVERROES
ON AVERROES 15
15
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50.6

uponin
upon in Milhamot,
Mill;amot, 104.21 ff.;Narboni
104.21fT.; Guide,II,
(Comm.Guide,
Narboni (Comm. II, 36) findsfault
36) finds with
faultwith
Maimonidesfor
Maimonides forhaving
havingignored them.
ignoredthem.
38 In
38 In Milhamot, 93.22fT.
Mill;amot, 93.22 ff.Gersonides
Gersonidesstipulate~
stipulates thatdivination
that divination is concerned
is concerned
withhuman
with humanbeings onlyand
beings only and refers to other
refersto otherthings
thingssolely
solelyinin as
as much
muchas as they
they
arerelated
are to humans.
related to humans.
39 Cf.
39 Cf.Milhamot, 96.26-29.
Mill;amot, 96.26-29.
40 See
40 See Blumberg
Blumbergl, (Appendix,No.
49.15 (Appendix,
1 , 49.15 wherereference
11) where
No. 11) reference is made
is to
made to
Aristotle,De
Aristotle, Generatione
De Generatione et Corruptione
et Corruptione x, 336b10-13;
(II, x,
(II, 336b10-13;cf. Averroes'
cf. Averroes'
Epitome
Epitome of of De Gen. et
De Gen. et Corr., HebrewVersion,
Corr.,Hebrew Version,ed. Samuel Kurland
ed. Samuel Kurland [Cam-
[Cam-
Mass.], 123.91-92).
bridge,Mass.],
bridge, 123.91-92).For the present
For the reference,
present reference, see Kurland,
see Kurland,123.5 ff.
123.5fT.
(I1I,xi).
(II, xi).
41 Blumberg
41 Blumberg2, 76.10-11:al-ijsam
2 , 76.10-11: al-mutashahiba
al-ijsamal-mutashahiba al-ajza' consisting
(bodiesconsisting
al-ajza' (bodies
of uniform
of uniform See Aristotle,
parts).See
parts). Aristotle, De Generatione
De Generatione Animalium, 724b23fT.
Animalium, 724b23 "Uni-
ff."Uni-
formparts"
form (homoiomeri
parts" (homoiomere moria)are
moria) are exemplified
exemplified by blood,
by serum,marrow,
blood, serum, marrow,
semen,bile,
semen, fleshas
bile,flesh as distinct from"organs"
distinctfrom like face,
"organs"like foot.Cf.
hand,foot.
face,hand, Cf. A.
A. L.
L.
Peck,ed.,
Peck, ed., Aristotle, Generation
Aristotle, Generation ofAnimals
of (Cambridge,
Animals (Cambridge, Mass., 1953),
Mass., xlviiif.f.
1953),xlviii
42 See
42 Averroes'Epitome
See Averroes' Epitome of of De Gen.et
De Gen. et Corr., ed. Kurland,
Corr.,ed. 123.5-124.1;
Kurland,123.5-124.1;
 16
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125.42-126.45.According
125.42-126.45. Accordingto to Aristotle,
Aristotle, the heat
the of the
heat of the sun
sun is
is the
the ultimate
ultimate
efficient cause of
efficient cause of the
thegenesis
genesisofof animals,
animals,whilewhilein thecase
in the case of manthe
of man the Agent
Agent
Intellect's
Intellect's participation
participation is is also
also required.
required. See
See Aristotle,
Aristotle, Generation
Generation of Animals,
of Animals,
II, iii,
II, 736b28-30;737a3;
iii, 736b28-30; 737a3; cf. cf. Peck,
Peck,Ope cit.,Appendix
op. cit., AppendixA, A, p. 570; Averroes,
p. 570; Averroes,
Epitome
Epitome of of De
De Anima
Anima in in Moses
Moses ibn
ibnTibbon's
Tibbon'sHebrew
Hebrewtranslation,
translation, Ms. Canon
Ms. Canon
Or.·63
Or. 63 (Bodleian
(BodleianLibrary),
Library), 93r-v.
93r-v.
43 See Gersonides'
43 See Gersonides'Commentary
Commentary on Averroes'
on Averroes' Epitome
Epitome of of De
De Anima (Be'ir
Anima (Be'iir
Le-Sefer
Le-Sefer Ha-Nefesh),
Ha-Nefesh), Ms. BerlinOr.
Ms. Berlin Or. 1055.5, cols. 7,
1055.5,cols. 7, 11; Ms. Jews'
11; Ms. Jews'College,
College,
London,42.2,
London, 42.2,121v, 123r.
121v,123r.
44 See Aristotle,
44 See Aristotle, De Gen.Anim.,
De Gen. I, i,i, 715a25;
Anim., I, 515b5.
715a25;515b5.
45 Ibid.,
45 I, xxii,
Ibid., I, 730b13-31.
xxii,730b13-31.
46 Blumberg2,
46 Blumberg 78.3: /l
2 , 78.3: Ms. JTS
tahsulu;Ms.
Iii tabsulu; JTS2302, 169v:16
2302,169v: 10tagi'a.
lagra.
47 Blumberg2,
47 Blumberg 78.4: bi-qiyiis.
2 , 78.4:
bi-qiyds.
48 Cf.
48 Cf.Milbamot, 95.23-33.
Milbamot, 95.23-33.
[17] GERSONIDES" COMMENTARYONAVERROES 17
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Kurland,121.65-66.
See note
50 See
50 45.
note45.
51 Lines
51 111-119.
Lines111-119.
52
52 Thisgloss
This impliesaa mild
glossimplies mildrebuke
rebuketo to political theoriesof
political theories of prophecy
prophecy and is
and is
in tunewith
in tune with Milbhamot, 97.14-30which
MilJ;zamot, 97.14-30 whichascribes
ascribesthe
the proper functioning
proper functioning of
of the
the
socialorganism
social organism to thediversified
to the diversifiedchoiceof
choice ofoccupations
occupations effected
effected by the
by causality
the causality
of thecelestial
of the celestialbodies. The latter
bodies. The latteris
is said to be
said to superior
be superior to Plato's
to legislation
Plato's legislation for
for
the ideal state.
the ideal Gersonidesmay
state.Gersonides have known
may have knownAverroes'
Averroes' Epitome
Epitome ofof Plato's
Plato's
Republic whichhad
Republic which had been translated
been translated intoHebrew
into Hebrewjust shortly
just shortly before
before (1320-22);
(1320-22);
see Steinschneider,
see Steinschneider, Hebr. Ubers.,p.
Hebr. Obers., 221.
p. 221.
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53 Aristotle, De Interpretatione, IX, 18b6-19b4.
Interpretatione, IX, 18b6-19b4.
54
54 See Mill)amot, II, 2;
See Milhamot, 2; Touati,
Touati, op.
op. cit., p. 379.
cit., p.
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See Aristotle,
55 See
55 Aristotle, De Gen.et
De Gen. et Corr.,
Corr.,II,
II, xi, 338al ff.
xi,338al Aristotle
ff.Aristotle seemsto
seems to refer
referto
to
the doctrineof
the doctrine of Heraclitus
Heraclitusand and thethe Pythagoreans
Pythagoreans whom the
(from\vhom
(from the Stoics
Stoics
adoptedit).
adopted it).See Zeller,Die
EduardZeller,
See Eduard Die Philosophie derGriechen
Philosophie der Griechen inihrer
in ihrergeschicht-
geschicht-
lichenEntwicklung,
lichen (reprint
II.1 (reprint
Entwicklung, 111.1 ed., Hildesheim,
ed., Hildesheim, 1963), 157-160.
1963),157-160.
56 See
56 See Zeller,
Zeller,ibid.,
ibid.,p. 157,n.
p. 157, 1.
n. 1.
note 48.
57 See note
57 48.
58 Cf.Averroes,
58 Cf. Averroes, Epitome
Epitome of of De Gen.et
De Gen. et Corr., ed. Kurland,
Corr.,ed. 126.45-51.
Kurland,126.45-51.
59 Aristotle,
59 Aristotle, De
De Anima,
Anima, Ill, 428a25-429a9.
III, 428a25-429a9. In Milbiamot,
In 106.5-17Gersonides
Milbamot, 106.5-17 Gersonides
criticizes
criticizes Averroes' theory.
Averroe~' theory. In his
In hisview, theparticularization
view,the ofthe
particularization of theuniversal
universal is
is
achievedby
achieved simplyapplying
by simply applyingthe thegeneral
generalto to the
the individual
individualcase in hand.
case in Cf.
hand. Cf.
JuliusGuttmann,
Julius Guttmann, Die
Die Philosophie
Philosophie desdesJudentums 1933),p.
(Munich,1933),
Judentums (Munich, 229.
p. 229.
60 Aristotle,
60 Aristotle, De
De Anima,
Anima, II, 417a22-30.
v, 417a22-30.
II, v,
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61 See Blumbergi, 1" 35.6-8; 36.9-12(De
35.6-8; 36.9-12 Somnoet
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Vigilia).
62 Ibid.,
62 Ibid." 42.6; cf.39.17-40.1;
42.6; cf. 39.17-40.1;41.4;
41.4; Milbhamot, 113.12-16.
Mill;lamot" 113.12-16.
63 See
63 See Milbiamot, 113.20-24(referring
Mill;lamot" 113.20-24 (referringto our
to ourpassage).
passage).
[21]
[21] GERSONIDES' COMMENTARY
GERSONIDES' COMMENTARY ON
ON AVERROES
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64 Ibid.,
64 115.15-16(see
Ibid., 115.15-16 (see also 117 f.)
also 117 Gersonidesrefers
f.) Gersonides to the
refersto thepersonal
personalex- ex-
periencesrecounted
periences here (as
recountedhere (as well as to
well as to similar
similarexperiences
experiences by others),
by and
others),and
reiterates
reiterates histheory
his theorythatonly
that impending
onlyimpending eventsmay
events maybe be sensed
sensedby
bypremonition.
premonition.
65 The
65 The doctrine
doctrine theprovidential
ofthe
of providential nature ofveridical
natureof veridicaldreams
dreamsasas stated here
statedhere
derives fromthe
derivesfrom Arabicversion
theArabic of De
versionof De Divinatione. It is
Divinatione. It is found
foundalso in al-Risiila
also in al-Risala
al-Mandmiyya(see
al-Maniimiyya Pines, op.
(see Pines, cit., pp.
op. cit., 120 if.
pp. 120 and passim).
ff.and passim). For the the Stoic
Stoic back-
back-
groundof
ground thisnotion,
ofthis see Pines,
notion,see Pines,ibid.,
ibid.,p. 124and
p. 124 andpassim.
passim.
The reference
66 The
66 reference is to aa widely
is to widelyquoted whichappears
hadithwhich
quoted/:zadith appearsin in many varia-
manyvaria-
tions. See M. J.
tions. J. Kister, "The Interpretation
Kister, "The Interpretationof of Dreams
Dreams ... ...,"
," Israel Oriental
Israel Oriental
Studies,IV
Studies, IV (1974),
(1974),p.p. 71; FranzRosenthal,
71; Franz Rosenthal,op. cit.,I,
op. cit., 208 f.f. Cf.
I, 208 Cf. Moshe
Moshe ibn ibn
Kitab al-Mu/:ziitfara,
Ezra, Kitiib
Ezra, al-Muhadara,ed. ed. Halkin,
Halkin,p. Maimonides,Guide,
128; Maimonides,
p. 128; Guide,II, 36,
11, 36,
quotingBT
quoting BT Berakhot 57b.
Berakhot57b.
67 Averroes
67 Averroesmentions dream(Gen.
Pharao'sdream
mentionsPharao's 41; Qur~an,
(Gen. 41; Qur'an,SuraSura XII).
XII). InIn aa
subsequent
subsequent passage(Blumberg
passage (Blumbergl, 56.5-8;Appendix,
1, 56.5-8;
Appendix, No. 19)
No. herecalls
19) he recallsHercules'
Hercules'
dreamwhich,
dream which,as as Pines has shown,
Pines has shown,figured
figuredin in the
the (lost) Arabicversion
(lost) Arabic versionof of
De Divinatione.
De Divinatione. To the
To thesources
sourcestestifying
testifying to this
to motifmay
thismotif maybe be added: Avicen-
added: Avicen-
De Anima,
na's De
na's Anima,ed.ed. Rahman, 177.11-14.
Rahman,177.11-14.
68 AI-Risiila
68 (Pines, Ope
al-Manlmiyya (Pines,
Al-Risala al-Maniimiyya cit., pp.
op. cit., 106 if.)
pp. 106 also states
ff.)also states that an
that an
interpreter
interpreter ofdreams
of dreamsmust
mustbe versedin
be versed inboth universal
bothuniversal andethnically
and ethnically particular
particular
wellas
(as well
(as as individual)
individual) customsand
customs and opinions.
opinions.See See also
also Kister,
Kister,op. cit.,p.
op. cit., 75.
p. 75.
22
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58.3

69 Moshe
69 Moshe ibn ibn Ezra,
Ezra, Kitab al-Mubddara,
Kitab a/-Mubodara, ed.
ed. Halkin,
Halkin, p. 128, quotes
p. 128, "the
quotes "the
poet"
poet" as as having
havingsaid: "Dreamsbring
said: "Dreams closewhat
bring close whatis is remote."
remote."
70 Aristotle,
70 Aristotle, De
De Divinatione,
Divinatione, II, 464b6-7merely
II, 464b6-7 merelysays thatof
says that of "the
"the most
most
skilful
skilful judge ofdreams"
judge of dreams"is is required "theability
required"the abilitytoto detect
detectlikenesses."
likenesses."
71 According
71 Accordingto Aristotle'sDe
to Aristotle's De Divinatione
Divinatione per Somnum(463bI7-19;
per Somnum (463b17-19;
464a32-464b1),"melancholics"
464a32-464bl),"melancholies" (i.e. thoseendowed
(i.e. those endowedwith withaa preponderance
preponderance of of
black
black bile) are predisposed
bile) are predisposed to to receive
receiveveridical
veridical dreams.This
dreams. Thisnaturalistic
naturalistic theory
theory
is retainedin
is retained in the
the Arabic versionand
Arabicversion and adopted
adoptedby Averroesand
by Averroes and Gersonides
Gersonides
(Mi/bamot,
(Milkamot, 93.3-4),
93.3-4), notwithstanding
notwithstanding the
the attribution
attribution of
of divination
divination to the
to the
causalityof
causality ofthe
theAgent Intellect.
AgentIntellect. On theconnection
On the connection between "melancholy"
between "melancholy" and
and
intellectual excellence
intellectual excellence in the
in theGreek
Greektradition, see Pines,
tradition, see Pines,Ope cit.,p.
op. cit., 139,n.
p. 139, n. 229.
229.
72 For
72 thetapas
For the of medical
toposof medicalrevelation
revelation in dreams,see
in dreams, see Arthur
ArthurStanley Pease,
StanleyPease,
ed., M.
ed., TulliCiceronis
M. Tulli CiceronisDe De Divinatione
Divinatione (The University of
(The University of Illinois, 1920-23),
Illinois, 1920-23),
572.
II, 572.
II,
73 In
73 In Milkamot, Gersonides
101.13,Gersonides
Milbamot, 101.13, refers
refers to the"many
to the stories"concerning
"manystories" concerning
[23]
[23] GERSONIDES' COMMENTARY ON
GERSONIDES' COMMENTARY ON AVERROES
AVERROES 23

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medicaldreams
medical dreamstold toldabout Galen and
about Galen and Avenzoar
Avenzoar(Ben Zohar),adding
(Ben Zohar), stories
addingstories
ofhis
of own(101.13-17;
hisown 103.34-104.12).
(101.13-17;103.34-104.12). He interprets
He interprets Maimonides'
(102.16-22)Maimonides'
(102.16-22)
psychological explanationof
psychological ex:planation of allegedly
allegedlyprophetic claims(Guide,
prophetic claims (Guide,II, II, 38) as aa
38) as
veiled attackagainst
veiledattack Galen(cf.
againstGalen Shemtob'sComm.;
(cf.Shemtob's Comm.;Touati,
Touati,Ope cit.,p.
op. cit., p. 367).
36/).
74 In
74 In Milhamot, Gersonidesfurther
103.22-32,Gersonides
Mil/:lamot, 103.22-32, further thatrevelations
explainsthat
explains revelations of
of
curesin
cures in dreams
dreamsinvariably
invariably happento
happen to sick
sick people or their
people or theirphysicians whose
physicians whose
mindsare
minds concentrated
are concentrated on the
on case in
thecase in hand.
hand.Hence
Hence they are in
theyare in the
thenature
natureof of
particulars relatedto
particulars related to the
the future, i.e. providentially
future,i.e. bestowedthrough
providentially bestowed throughthe the
agencyof
agency ofthe
thecelestial movements.
celestialmovements. whensubsequently
Onlywhen
Only subsequently tested andgenerally
testedand generally
applied,do
applied, do they
theybecome theoretical
become theoretical knowledge.
knowledge.
75 Blumberg
75 Blumberg2, 89.4-5:ft
2 , 89.4-5: mdlutira
Ii ma futira'alayhi.
ealayhi.
76 See
76 See above, lines72-73;
above,lines note29.
72-73; note 29.
The problems
77 The
77 listedin
problems listed in the
theAverroes
Averroestext text(Blumberg!,
(Blumbergi, 58.4-59.3;Appen-
58.4-59.3; Appen-
dix,Nos.
dix, Nos. 21, are spelled
22) are
21, 22) spelledout in Milhamot,
out in 101.31-102.6.
Mil/:lamot, 101.31-102.6.
78 Cf.
78 Cf.Aristotle,
Aristotle, Anal.
Anal. Post., I, ii,
Post., I, ii,71bl0,
71b10,30. 30.
79 Literally
79 Literally quotedin
quoted in Milbamot, 101.31-102.1.
Mil/:lamot, 101.31-102.1.
24
24 ALTMANN
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Mill)amot, 102.5-6. thedifference
On the difference between knowledge
between knowledge (epistimi)
(episteme)
and opinion
and opinion(doxa), see Aristotle,
(doxa),see Aristotle, Anal.
Anal. Post., I, xxxiii,
Post., I, 88b30ff.
xxxiii,88b30 ff.
81 Cf.
81 Cf.Aristotle,
Aristotle,De
De Anima, III, vii,
Anima, III, vii,431a14-18; 431b3-5.
431a14-18;431b3-5.
82 Restated
82 Restatedinin Milbhamot, 103.3-6.
Mill)amot, 103.3-6.
83 See
83 See the
thefuller
fullerstatement
statement in Milghamot,
in 103.7-17.
Mill)amot, 103.7-17.
84 See
84 See Touati,
Touati,Ope
op. cit.,
cit.,p. 453 f.,
p. 453 f.,n. 11.
n. 11.
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 [27]
[27] GERSONIDES'COMMENTARY
GERSONIDES' COMMENTARYON
ON AVERROES
AVERROES 27
27

APPENDIX:
ApPENDIX:

Passages of the
Passages of Averroes Text
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recorded
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in Gersonides' Commentary

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