THE ART OF GROUTING IN TUNNELLING

W.F. HEINZ
ABSTRACT
The paper presents a short review of standard grouting techniques with particular reference to
cement grouting. Cement grouting is mainly done for three reasons.
1. To improve strength characteristics of a rock or soil formation.
2. To control water flow.
3. To fill voids and contact cavities.
Certain grouting techniques have been applied successfully for many years, nevertheless a lack of knowledge
and understanding of even the most basic grouting principles is unfortunately still quite common. Also the process
of hydration of cement as well as the properties of a cement suspension are often little understood. The author
endeavours to present some of these principles in a simplified and easily understandable manner.
Possibly the most important principle in grouting is the continual adaptation of a certain technique and even
change of technique according to the quality and characteristics of the formation encountered on site. As a result
of this required flexibility on site, grouting procedures even today are very much an "artisan orientated" technique.
The experienced artisan is still one of the key persons in the success of any grouting programme.
The paper also touches on the more controversial issues of grouting techniques, specifically relating to grout
penetration, grout mixing and the question of high and low pressure grouting. The paper also addresses problems
of grouting at very high pressures as very little is available in the relevant literature.
Finally, examples of recent successes in tunnel grouting, rock treatment and reinforcement are
shown.

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