Week-3

Environmental Engineering – II

Design of Sanitary Sewers

Dr.Amir Farooq

PhD. Environment Management

MSc. Environmental Engineering
BSc. Civil Engineering
 STEPS FOR DESIGN OF SEWER SYSTEMS

1. Preliminary Investigations
2. Design consideration/Formulation of design criteria
3. Design Calculations
4. Preparation of drawings and BOQ
5. Subsequent modifications.
 1. Preliminary Investigations

These consist of the following activities:

i. Obtain MAPS and DRAWINGS that furnish the following

information about the area;

 Population Density, water Consumption, Soil Characteristics,

Natural Slopes, Disposal Points, Groundwater Table, Rocks,
Underground Structure, Rainfall Data, Location of Water and
Gas Pipes, Electric Conduits, Cellars,

 MAPS should also show the location of Streets, Railways,

Parks, Buildings, Ponds, Streams etc

 Generally MAPs are available with sufficient details.

ii. No previous information/ maps, carry out a
DETAILED SURVEY of the area.
iii. An aerial strip photography is also a probably least
expensive method
iv. Establish BENCH MARKS through out the area
and make contour profiles with contour intervals
ranging from 250 mm to 3 m.
v. Mark surface elevations at street intersections.
vi. Make profile of the street through which sewer has
to run
 2. Design Criteria Considerations:

i. Design Flow:
Find out the average sewage flow on the basis of Water
Consumption and the Population at the end of design
period.
a) Sanitary Sewers:
Qdesign = Peak Sewage Flow + Infiltration
b) Partially Combined Sewers:
Qdesign = (2 x Peak Sewage Flow ) + Infiltration
ii. Design Equation:
 MANNING’S FORMULA is used for sewers (flowing
under gravity)

V = 1/ R2/3 S1/2
n
Where;
V= velocity, m/sec
R= hydraulic mean depth = D/4, when pipe is
flowing full or half full
S= slope of sewer
n= Co-efficient of roughness for pipe (0.013 for
R.C.C pipes)
Design Criteria Considerations (Cont…
iii. Minimum (Self Cleansing) Velocity:

 Flow in sewer is due to gravity

 Self cleansing velocities must be maintained in sewers, at all

times, to avoid deposition of suspended solids and subsequent
choking of sewers.

“Self Cleansing Velocity is the minimum velocity that ensures non-

settlement of suspended matter in sewers”.

 Following self cleansing velocities are generally employed.

 Sanitary Sewer = 0.6 m/s [Org. particles, sp. gr =1.61]

 Storm Sewer = 1 m/s [Inorg. Particles, sp. gr = 2.65]

 Partially Combined
Sewer = 0.7 m/s

2. Design Criteria Considerations (Cont…

iv. Maximum Velocity:
Maximum velocity of flow in sanitary sewer should
not be greater than 2.4 m/s.
v. Minimum Sewer Size:
Minimum sever size is 225 mm. [WASA, PHED]
vi. Minimum Sewer Cover:
At least 1 m soil cover to avoid damage from live
loads.
2. Design Criteria Considerations (Cont…
vii. Manholes:
 Purpose
 Cleaning and Flushing
 Inspection
 House connections
 Serve as ventilators for sewer(perforated man-hole covers
 Facilitate laying of sewers in convenient length
 House connections
 Where provided
 At every change in direction
 Where two pipes having different sizes or slopes are to be
connected.
Sewer Size (mm) Spacing b/w Manholes (m)
 Spacing
255 -350 100
460-760 120
>760 150
NOTE: For plots, one manhole be provided for 2 - 4 plots
2. Design Criteria Considerations (Cont…)
 2. Design Criteria Considerations (Cont…)

viii. Qd/Qf Ratios:

 WASA recommends the Qd/Qf ratios in order to provide
air space in the upper portion of sewers for ventilation
purpose.
 WASA recommended minimum size to be used is 9”
 There is no limit of maximum size.

Sewer Size (mm) Qd/Qf Ratio

225-380 0.7
460 – 1220 0.75
1370 & Larger 0.8

Qd represents design flow & Qf is discharge when sewer

is flowing full.
ix Minimum Slope

The slope of the sewer line depends on the size of the sewers.
WASA suggests following slopes for different sizes of sewers

Size of Slope Size of Sewer Slope

Sewer (inches)
(inches)
9 0.0028 30 0.0006
12 0.002 36 0.00045
15 0.0015 42 0.00037
18 0.0012 48 0.00031
21 0.001 54 0.00026
24 0.0008 60 0.00023
27 0.0007 66 0.00020
72 0.00018
 3. Design Calculations

 By design of sewer, we mean the following two things

 The size of sewer &

 Slope of Sewer

 Equation of continuity is used to find size (diameter).

 Manning’s equation is used to find slope/grade.

 Nomograms are available for sizing the pipes by using

manning’s equation
Problem: Calculate the size and slope of a sanitary sewer system
serving a population of 5000 persons. How many extra persons it can
serve if slope is doubled. Per Capita water consumption is 400 lpcd.
Sol:

Population = 5000
Water = 400 lpcd
consumption
Wastewater Flow = 0.7 x 400 = 280 lpcd
Ave. Wastewater = 5000 X 280 = 1400 000 l/day
Flow
= 1400 m3/day
Peak Flow = 4x1400 = 5600 m3/day
Q= 0.065 m3/Sec
Velocity = 0.6 m/sec Minimum self-Cleansing
V Velocity
Q= AV

d= [(4 x0.065)/(3.14x0.6)]1/2
= 0.3708 m = 370.8 mm
= 380 mm
Contd..
For Slope
V = 1/ R2/3 S1/2
n
Where n= 0.013 (new sewer)
And R= d/4
0.6 = 1/0.013(0.380/4)2/3 x S1/2
Thus S= 0.0014
Now if we doubled the slope i.e
S= 2x 0.0014 = 0.0028
V= 1/ R2/3 S1/2
n
V= 1/0.013(0.380/4)2/3 x (0.0028)1/2
Q= AV
Q=
3.14/4 X (0.38)2 x0.85 =
= 8328.94 m3/day =
Qave = 8328940.2 /4 =
Additional = 2082235 – 1400000 =
Discharge
Extra person = 682235.04 / 280 =
Prob: A sewer is discharging 3.5 m3/min under a grade of 3m /1000m. At what
grade its discharge will be doubled
Sol:
Wastewater Flow Q = 3.5 m3/min = 0.058 m3/Sec
S = 3 / 1000 = 0.003
Velocity V = 0.6 m/sec (Minimum self-Cleansing Velocity
Q = AV

d = [(4 x0.058)/(3.14x0.6)]1/2
= 0.352 m = 380 mm
Now Q = 2 x 0.058 = 0.116 m3/Sec
V = (4Q)/3.14 d2 =
= (4 x 0.116) / [3.14 (0.352)2
= 1.192 m/Sec
For Slope
V = 1/ R2/3 S1/2
n
Where n = 0.015 (Existing Sewer)
And R = d/4
1.192 = 1/0.013(0.352/4)2/3 x S1/2
Thus S = 0.0082
4. Preparation of Drawings and BOQs

Typical drawings include;

 Sewer joints
 Manholes
 Disposal station
 Sewer profiles or L - sections

5. Subsequent Modifications

 Mostly done due to some unforeseen incident, to

accommodate some additional demand/requirement of the
client.