Basic Research Vs Applied Research

Based on utility, research is divided into two categories, i.e. basic research and
applied research, wherein basic research is one that adds further knowledge to
the actual knowledge.

On the contrary, applied research implies the research that is put to practical
use and is beneficial to solve practical problems. This article might help you in
understanding the difference between basic and applied research.

Content: Basic Research Vs Applied Research

1. Comparison Chart 3. Key Differences
2. Definition 4. Conclusion

Comparison Chart

BASIS FOR
BASIC RESEARCH APPLIED RESEARCH
COMPARISON

Meaning Basic Research refers to the Applied Research is the

study that is aimed at research that is designed to
expanding the existing base solve specific practical
of scientific knowledge. problems or answer certain
questions.

Nature Theoretical Practical

Utility Universal Limited

Concerned with Developing scientific Development of technology

knowledge and predictions and technique

Goal To add some knowledge to To find out solution for the

the existing one. problem at hand.

Definition of Basic Research

Basic Research or otherwise called as pure or fundamental research, is one that

focuses on advancing scientific knowledge for the complete understanding of a
topic or certain natural phenomenon, primarily in natural sciences. In a
nutshell, when knowledge is acquired for the sake of knowledge it is called basic
research.

Basic Research is completely theoretical, that focuses on basic principles and

testing theories. It tends to understand the basic law.
Basic Research deals with generalization and formulation of theory about
human behaviour. It is aligned towards collecting information that has
universal applicability. Therefore, basic research helps in adding new
knowledge to the already existing knowledge.

Definition of Applied Research

Applied Research can be defined as research that encompasses real life

application of the natural science. It is directed towards providing a solution to
the specific practical problems and develop innovative technology.

In finer terms, it is the research that can be applied to real-life situations. It

studies a particular set of circumstances, so as to relate the results to its
corresponding circumstances.

Applied research includes research that focuses on certain conclusions

experiencing a business problem. Moreover, research that is aligned towards
ascertaining social, economic or political trends are also termed as applied
research.

Key Differences Between Basic and Applied Research

The points given below explain the differences between basic and applied
research:

1. Basic Research can be explained as research that tries to expand the

already existing scientific knowledge base. On the contrary, applied
research is used to mean the scientific study that is helpful in solving real-
life problems.
2. While basic research is purely theoretical, applied research has a practical
approach.
3. The applicability of basic research is greater than the applied research, in
the sense that the former is universally applicable whereas the latter can
be applied only to the specific problem, for which it was carried out.
4. The primary concern of the basic research is to develop scientific
knowledge and predictions. On the other hand, applied research stresses
on the development of technology and technique with the help of basic
science.
5. The fundamental goal of the basic research is to add some knowledge to
the already existing one. Conversely, applied research is directed towards
finding a solution to the problem under consideration.

Conclusion

The type of research may vary on the basis of the level at which research is
carried out and its purpose. One can choose basic research over applied
research when the purpose is to add certain scientific knowledge, whereas when
it is important to identify a proper solution to the problem under study, applied
research is preferable.
SALIENT FEATURES OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1. Empirical

Scientific method is concerned with the realities that are observable through “sensory
experiences.” It generates knowledge which is verifiable by experience or observation. Some
of the realities could be directly observed, like the number of students present in the class and
how many of them are male and how many female. The same students have attitudes, values,
motivations, aspirations, and commitments. These are also realities which cannot be observed
directly, but the researchers have designed ways to observe these indirectly. Any reality that
cannot be put to “sensory experience” directly or indirectly (existence of heaven, the Day of
Judgment, life hereafter, God’s rewards for good deeds) does not fall within the domain of
scientific method.

1. Verifiable

Observations made through scientific method are to be verified again by using the senses to
confirm or refute the previous findings. Such confirmations may have to be made by the same
researcher or others. We will place more faith and credence in those findings and conclusions
if similar findings emerge on the basis of data collected by other researchers using the same
methods. To the extent that it does happen (i.e. the results are replicated or repeated) we will
gain confidence in the scientific nature of our research. Replicability, in this way, is an
important characteristic of scientific method. Hence revelations and intuitions are out of the
domain of scientific method.

1. Cumulative

Prior to the start of any study the researchers try to scan through the literature and see that their
study is not a repetition in ignorance. Instead of reinventing the wheel the researchers take
stock of the existing body of knowledge and try to build on it. Also the researchers do not leave
their research findings into scattered bits and pieces. Facts and figures are to be provided with
language and thereby inferences drawn. The results are to be organized and systematized.
Nevertheless, we don’t want to leave our studies as stand alone. A linkage between the present
and the previous body of knowledge has to be established, and that is how the knowledge
accumulates. Every new crop of babies does not have to start from a scratch; the existing body
of knowledge provides a huge foundation on which the researchers build on and hence the
knowledge keeps on growing.

1. Deterministic

Science is based on the assumption that all events have antecedent causes that are subject to
identification and logical understanding. For the scientist, nothing “just happens” – it happens
for a reason. The scientific researchers try to explain the emerging phenomenon by identifying
its causes. Of the identified causes which ones can be the most important? For example, in the
2006 BA/BS examination of the Punjab University 67 percent of the students failed. What
could be the determinants of such a mass failure of students? The researcher may try to explain
this phenomenon and come up with variety of reasons which may pertain to students, teachers,
administration, curriculum, books, examination system, and so on. Looking into such a large
number of reasons may be highly cumbersome model for problem solution. It might be
appropriate to tell, of all these factors which one is the most important, the second most
important, the third most important, which two in combination are the most important. The
researcher tries to narrow down the number of reasons in such a way that some action could be
taken. Therefore, the achievement of a meaningful, rather than an elaborate and cumbersome,
model for problem solution becomes a critical issue in research. That is parsimony which
implies the explanation with the minimum number of variables that are responsible for an
undesirable situation.

1. Ethical and Ideological Neutrality

The conclusions drawn through interpretation of the results of data analysis should be
objective; that is, they should be based on the facts of the findings derived from actual data,
and not on our own subjective or emotional values. For instance, if we had a hypothesis that
stated that greater participation in decision making will increase organizational commitment,
and this was not supported by the results, it makes no sense if the researcher continues to argue
that increased opportunities for employee participation would still help. Such an argument
would be based, not on the factual, data based research findings, but on the subjective opinion
of the researcher. If this was the conviction of the researcher all along, then there was no need
to do the research in the first place.

Researchers are human beings, having individual ideologies, religious affiliations, cultural
differences which can influence the research findings. Any interference of their personal likings
and dis-likings in their research can contaminate the purity of the data, which ultimately can
affect the predictions made by the researcher. Therefore, one of the important characteristics
of scientific method is to follow the principle of objectivity, uphold neutrality, and present the
results in an unbiased manner.

1. Statistical Generalization

Generalisability refers to the scope of the research findings in one organizational setting to
other settings. Obviously, the wider the range of applicability of the solutions generated by
research, the more useful the research is to users. For instance, if a researcher’s findings that
participation in decision making enhances organizational commitment are found to be true in
a variety of manufacturing, industrial, and service organizations, and not merely in the
particular organization studied by the researcher, the generalisability of the findings to other
organizational settings is enhanced. The more generalizable is the research, the greater its
usefulness and value.

For wider generalisability, the research sampling design has to be logically developed and a
number of other details in the data collection methods need to be meticulously followed. Here
the use of statistics is very helpful. Statistics is device for comparing what is observed and what
is logically expected. The use of statistics becomes helpful in making generalizations, which is
one of the goals of scientific method.

1. Rationalism

Science is fundamentally a rational activity, and the scientific explanation must make sense.
Religion may rest on revelations, custom, or traditions, gambling on faith, but science must
rest on logical reason.

There are two distinct logical systems important to the scientific quest, referred to as deductive
logic and inductive logic. They can be described as follows:

Logicians distinguish between inductive reasoning (from particular instances to

general principles, from facts to theories) and deductive reasoning (from the general
to the particular, applying a theory to a particular case). In induction one starts from
observed data and develops a generalization which explains the relationships
between the objects observed. On the other hand, in deductive reasoning one starts
from some general law and applies it to a particular instance.

In practice, scientific research involves both inductive and deductive reasoning as the scientist
shifts endlessly back and forth between theory and empirical observations. There could be
some other aspects of scientific method (e.g. self-correcting) but what is important is that all
features are interrelated. Scientists may not adhere to all these characteristics. For
example, objectivity is often violated especially in the study of human behaviour, particularly
when human beings are studied by the human beings. Personal biases of the researchers do
contaminate the findings. Looking at the important features of scientific method one might say
that there are two power bases of scientific knowledge:

• Empiricism i.e. sensory experiences or observation, and

• Rationalism i.e. the logical explanations for regularity and then
consequential argumentation for making generalizations (theory).
Finally, it may be said that anybody who is following the scientific procedure of doing research
is doing a scientific research; and the knowledge generated by such research is scientific
knowledge. Depending upon the subject matter, we try to divide the sciences into physical or
natural sciences and the social sciences. Due to the nature of the subject matter of the social
sciences, it is rather very difficult to apply the scientific method of research rigorously and that
is why the predictions made by the social researchers are not as dependable as the predictions
made by the natural scientists.

Five key descriptors for the scientific method are: Empirical,

Replicable, Provisional, Objective and Systematic.

Empirical Observation

The scientific method is empirical. That is, it relies on direct observation of the world,
and disdains hypotheses that run counter to observable fact. This contrasts with
methods that rely on pure reason (including that proposed by Plato) and with methods
that rely on emotional or other subjective factors.

Replicable Experiments

Scientific experiments are replicable. That is, if another person duplicates the
experiment, he or she will get the same results. Scientists are supposed to publish
enough of their method so that another person, with appropriate training, could
replicate the results. This contrasts with methods that rely on experiences that are
unique to a particular individual or a small group of individuals.

Provisional Results

Results obtained through the scientific method are provisional; they are (or ought to
be) open to question and debate. If new data arise that contradict a theory, that theory
must be modified. For example, the phlogiston theory of fire and combustion was
rejected when evidence against it arose.

Objective Approach

The scientific method is objective. It relies on facts and on the world as it is, rather
than on beliefs, wishes or desires. Scientists attempt (with varying degrees of success)
to remove their biases when making observations.

Systematic Observation

Strictly speaking, the scientific method is systematic; that is, it relies on carefully
planned studies rather than on random or haphazard observation. Nevertheless,
science can begin from some random observation. Isaac Asimov said that the most
exciting phrase to hear in science is not "Eureka!" but "That's funny." After the scientist
notices something funny, he or she proceeds to investigate it systematically.