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INFLUENCING
EDUCATION AND THE SCHOOL
DEFINITION
• Parties, personalities, pressure groups that strongly
POLITICAL FORCES influence the economic and political stability of a
country through their actions and pronouncements.
Education has been regarded as the main agent for the political
socialization of the young into the national political culture.
Education and the preservation of the status Quo : National
integration and stability.
Education is the primary agent for the selection and training of
political elites.
Education and the preservation of the elite’s power: controlling,
organizing and regulating education.
Political influence on education
Overview of multiculturalism
(unity), pluralism and dualism
NEW ECONOMY POLICY
program launched by the Malaysian government in 1971 under the Prime
Minister Tun Abdul Razak.
special rights for the Malays and indigenous tribes in Sabah and Sarawak.
Malay and indigenous tribes Other races
• Islam as a official religion • National
• Bahasa melayu as a official
language
• The power of sultan in the
constitution of Malaysia
• Special right for malay
including
~scholarship
~quota for university
~quota in civil service
~permit
Bumiputera held only 2.4% of the economy, with the rest in Chinese and foreign
hands.
• Each school will have an enrolment of 1200 students, predominantly from the
rural areas.
• Selection will be made on the basis of Standard Five Assessment Test.
• The main subjects will be emphasis on science, mathematics, and other technical
subjects.
• The programmes will be kept flexible and the curriculum will be adjusted to suit
its objectives and requirements
4. The Improvement of Rural School
PRIMARY EDUCATION
SECONDARY EDUCATION
Higher Education
Public Policy
In the case of USA and Japan, their education systems are highly
decentralized, and are often based on the democratic influence and
the capitalistic political philosophy of these countries.
There is also a close relationship between the national character and the
national system of education.
1) Democratic
The national character of USA is democratic as such its education system is
democratic in most of its aspects
2) Dictatorship
Education in Mexico, Bulgaria and Cuba. The common features of their
education system include monopoly of the state control on education,
secularism, physical and military training political indoctrination in and out of
school
3) Nationalism
Nationalism could be defined as a psychological feeling within a group which
believes they have common outlook and traditions based on myth of common
ancestry. Eg: Malaysia and Singapore
RACIAL HARMONY AND INTEGRATION
In a multi-racial and multi-cultural landscape, one of the key aims of character
and citizenship education is to educate students to instill racial harmony and
integration. This is realized through :
•Study the history and incidents related to racial integration in the past
•Expose and educate the students on the history of achieving both events
Campaigns
•1 Malaysia concept introduced by the Malaysia’s 6th Prime Minister, Datuk Seri
Najib Tun Razak
National School
•Aims to build social cohesion and provide opportunities for interaction between
students
•Standardized syllabus
MULTICULTURALISM
multi = many/more than one
culture = customs, belief, way of life, groups
Multicultural (adj) : including people of different races, religions, languages and
traditions.
(oxford advanced learner’s dictionary 7th ed.)
“the social characteristics and problems of governance posed by any society in which
different cultural communities live together and attempt to build a common life while
retaining something of their original identity” (Hall, 2000).
Multiculturalism (noun) :
1. the practice of giving importance to all cultures in a society
(oxford advanced learner’s dictionary 7th ed.)
2. the recognition of different cultural identities within a unified society (multiple
group identities in a society).
the lack of interaction between these different ethnic groups lead to each
ethnic group’s lack of knowledge of each other.
also caused each ethnic group to identify itself more with its motherland
rather than Malaysia.