| and SECOND EDITION Tac CMT ML Ly ee ai » ai Pee ‘G po FE To) A fo} bor aE 4) ay EDITION ///// 1a ra recy nag Wess 7 Tue) aeSYMBOLS, PREFIXES, AND ABBREVIATIONS ‘See Appendixes A-1 (Units) and A-2 (constants and conversions) for more detailed information ampere angstrom =10-"° vector potential, We m~* a area, m? R axial ratio U_ astronomical unit atto = 10 unit vector , B-magnetic flux density, T= Wb m=? B susceptance, B __susceptance/unit length, U m-* WEN beam width, first nulls C coulomb C capacitance, F CC —_capacitance/unit length, F m=" C,e aconstant, ¢ = velocity of light cubic centimeter °C degree Celcius D, D_ electric flux density, C m= distance, m deg degree, angle dB decibel = 10 log(P2/P:) dBi decibels over isotropic dl element of length (scalar), m dl element of length (vector), m ds clement of surface (scalar), m? ds clement of surface (vector), m? dv element of volume (scalar), m? E,E electric field intensity, V m-* emf electromotive force, V e electric charge, C F:; farad FF force, N £) femto = 10-"* {force per volume, Nm=* J frequency, Hz fu flux unit GG giga=10° G conductance, 0 G —_conductance/unit length, 8 m=" g gram H henry H, H_ magnetic field, A m~! HPBW half-power beam width Hz hertz= 1 cycle per second Thi current, A J" joule 3, J current density, A m=* K kelvin K k Sng s 3 g & We woveSPvywy we 7272538 S > Pers 83 98 rad? sheetcurrent density, A m=" a constant kilo ~ 10° kilogram inductance, H inductancelunit length, H m=" length (scalar), m length (vector), m left circularly polarized left elliptcally polarized natural Jogarithm (base ¢) common logarithm (base 10) mega ~ 10° magnetization, A m=" polarization state = Mt, =) magnetic (dipole) moment, A m? meter rill minute newton number (integer) neper nano ~ 10-* tnt vector normal to a surface Polarization of dielectric, C m=? electric dipole moment, C m-* polarization state ~ PCy, 8) power, W power per solid angle, W rad~# power pattern, dimensionless permeance, H radiation pressure, N m-? pico = 10"? charge, C resistance, 2 resistance/unit length, m=! reluctance, H~* right circular polarization right elliptical polarization revolution radius, m: also coordinate direction Unit vector in r direction 10° Poynting vector, W m=? resistivity, 2m distance, m; also surface area, m? second (of time) steradian = square radian = rad? Yr T T Tr 1 u v v v w w Wb x x y y g ¥ Zz Zz Z tesla = Wb m=? tera = 10"? torque, Nm time, s magnetostatic potential, A volt voltage (also emf), V emf (electromotive force), V velocity, m s~* watt energy, J weber — 10* gauss energy density, J m=* reactance, 2 Feactance/unit length, © m=" unit vector in x direction coordinate direction admittance, admittance/unit length, @ m=" unit vector in y direction coordinate direction impedance, impedance/unit length, 0 m=" intrinsic impedance, conductor, per square intrinsic impedance, dielectric, © per square toad impedance, 2 transverse impedance, rectangular waveguide, O transverse impedance, cylindrical waveguide, 2 intrinsic impedance, space, 2 per square characteristic impedance, transmis- sion line, 2 unit vector in z direction coordinate direction, also red shift (alpha) angle (deg or rad) (beta) angle, deg or rad; also phase pOREX ees & constant = 2x/A (gamma) angle, deg or rad (delta) angle, deg or rad (epsilon) permittivity, F m=* permittivity of vacuum, F m=! (epsilon) tensor permittivity, F m=" (eta) index of refraction (theta) angle, deg or rad . (theta) unit vector in @ direction (kappa) (capital lambda) flux linkage, Wb turn (lambda) wavelength, m (mu) permeability, H m=" permeability of vacuum, H m=! (mu) mobility, m? s-* V~* (mu) micro ='10-* (nu) (xi) (pi) = 3.14 (tho) electric charge density, C m=; also mass density, kg m=? reflection coefficient, dimensionless surface charge density, C m=? linear charge density, C m=" (sigma) conductivity, 2 m (cau) tilt angle, polarization ellipse, deg or rad transmission coefficient, deg or rad (phi) angle, deg or rad (phi) unit vector in ¢ direction (chi) susceptibility, dimensionless (psi) angle, deg or rad magnetic flux, Wb (capital omega) ohm (capital omega) solid angle, st or deg* (upsidedown capital omega) mho (0 = 1/0, siemens) (omega) angular frequency (= 2zf), rads“!Na. McGRAW-HILL ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING SERIES FREDERICK EMMONS TERMAN, Consulting Editor W. W. Harman, J. G. TRUXAL, AND R. A. Rowrer, Associate Consulting Editors ANGELAKOS AND EVERHART: Microwave Communications ANceto: Electronic Circuits ANGELO: Electronics: BITs, FETs, and Microcircuits ‘AseuTiNe: Transform Method in Linear System Analysis Atwater: Introduction to Microwave Theory BrLovr, SCHACHTER, and SCHILLING: Digital and Analog Systems, Circuits, and Devi Introduction. BENNETT: Introduction to Signal Transmission. Beranex: Acoustics BRAcEWELL: The Fourier Transform and Its Application BRENNER AND Javip: Analysis of Electric Circuits CARLSON: Communication Systems: An Introduction to Signals and Noise in Electrical ‘Communication CuEN: The Analysis of Linear Systems Chen: Linear Network Design and Synthesis Chintian: Analysis and Design of Electronic Circ CriRtian: Basic Network Theory CHiRLIAN: Electronic Circuits: Physical Principles, Analysis, and Design CCHIRLIAN AND ZEMANIAN: Electronics CLemeNT AND JoHNSON: Electrical Engineering Science CUNNINGHAM: Introduction to Nonlinear Analysis D‘Azzo AND Houris: Feedback Control System Analysis and Synthesis ELGeRD: Control Systems Theory Excerp: Electric Energy Systems Theory: An Introduction EvrteiGn: Adaptive Control and Optimization Techniques EveteiGH: Introduction to Control Systems Design Feinstein: Foundations of Information Theory FITZGERALD, HIGGINBOTHAM, and GRaBeL: Basic Electrical Engineering. FitZceRaLD, KINGSLEY, and Kusko: Electric Machinery Frank: Electrical Measurement Analysis FRIEDLAND, Wina, and Ast: Principles of Linear Networks Genmuicn and HaMMoND: Electromechanical Systems Gfaust: Principles and Design of Linear Active Circuits Guose: Microwave Circuit Theory and Analysis G.asrorD: Fundamentals of Television Engineering Greiner: Semiconductor Devices and Applications HamMonp and GenmLici: Electrical Engineering Hancock: An Introduction to the Principles of Communication Theory HaRMan: Fundamentals of Electronic Motion HARMAN: Principles of the Statistical Theory of Communication HaRMAn and LyTLe: Electrical and Mechanical Networks Hayastit: Nonlinear Oscillations in Physical Systems Hayr: Engineering Electromagnetics Hayr and KewMercy: Engineering Circuit Analysis Hit: Electronics in Engineering Javip and Brown: Field Analysis and Electromagnetics JouNSON: Transmission Lines and Networks KOENIG, ToKAD, and Kesavan: Analysis of Discrete Physical Systems Kraus: Antennas Kraus and Carver: Electromagnetics Kun and Peperson: Principles of Circuit Synthesis Kuo: Linear Networks and Systems Lrpey: Digital Computer and Control Engineering LrPace: Complex Variables and the Laplace Transform for Engineering, LePace and Stety: General Network Analysis Levi and Panzer: Electromechanical Power Conversion Ley, Lutz, and ReHaero: Linear Circuit Analysis LINVILL and Gieuoxs: Transistors and Active Circuits Lirtaver: Pulse Electronics Lyncit and TRUxAL: Introductory System Analysis LyNc# and Tauxat: Principles of Electronic Instrumentation Lyncu and TRuxat: Signals and Systems in Electrical Engineering McCuskty: Introduction to the Theory of Switching Circuits MANNING: Electrical Circuits MutstL: Principles of Electromechanical-energy Conversion MILLMAN and HaLkiss: Electronic Devices and Circuits Mitiman und Hatktas: Integrated Electronics: Analog and Digital Circuits and Systems Mituman and Taus: Pulse, Digital, and Switching Waveforms Minors: Theory of Nonlinear Control Systems Misty and Braun: Adaptive Control Systems Moore: Travelling-wave Engineering Murbocu: Network Theory OntawaN: Disciplines in Combinational and Sequential Circuit Design Perit and McWxorter: Electronic Amplifier Circuits Permit and McWxorrer: Electronic Switching, Timing, and Pulse Circuits Reza: An Introduction to Information Theory Reza and Srey: Modem Network Analysis Rustow and BoRDOGNA: Electric Networks: Functions, Filters, Analysis, Ryper: Engineering Electronics SCHILLING and BeLove: Electronic Circuits: Discrete and Integrated Schwarz: Information Transmission, Modulation, and Noise ScHwarrz and FRIEDLAND: Linear Systems Seetev: Electromechanical Energy Conversion StireRt and SreeG: Control Systems Engineering ‘Suooman: Probabilistic Reliability: An Engineering Approach SKIND: Direct-current Machinery + Electric Transmission Lines STEVENSON: Elements of Power System Analysis Stewanr: Fundamentals of Signal Theory Strauss: Wave Generation and Shaping Su: Active Network Synthesis Tau and ScHiLLiNG: Principles of Communi TeRMAN: Electronic and Radio Engineering ‘Terwan and Pettit: Electronic Measurements THALER and PasteL: Analysis and Design of Nonlinear Feedback Control Systems Tou: Digital and Sampled-data Control Systems Tou: Modern Control Theory Truxat: Automatic Feedback Control System Synthesis, Turtue: Electric Networks: Analysis and Synthesis Vavpes: The Physical Theory of Transistors Weexs: Antenna Engineering WeInsero: Network Analysis and Synthesis