Quenya-English Dictionary

Helge K. Fauskanger http://www.uib.
no/People/hnohf/
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Quenya – English
(last updated December 25th. 2008)
by Helge K. Fauskanger
http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/
Wordlist last updated December 25th, 2008 1 Presented by http://www.ambar-eldaron.com

Helge K. Fauskanger http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/
Quettaparma Quenyallo
† = poetic or archaic word (e.g. †él "star", elen being the ordinary word) or a poetic or archaic meaning of an ordinary word (e.g. russë
"corruscation, †swordblade"),
* = unattested form,
** = wrong form,
# = word that is only attested in a compound or as an inflected form (e.g. #ahya-),
LotR = The Lord of the Rings,
Silm = The Silmarillion ,
MC = The Monsters and the Critics and other Essays,
MR = Morgoth's Ring,
LR = The Lost Road,
Etym = The Etymologies (in LR : 347-400),
FS = Fíriel's Song (in LR : 72),
RGEO = The Road Goes Ever On (Second Edition),
WJ = The War of the Jewels,
PM = The Peoples of Middle-earth,
Letters = The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien,
LT1 = The Book of Lost Tales 1,
LT2 = The Book of Lost Tales 2, 2am = 2amárië (in LotR : 398),
CO = Cirion's Oath and its commentary in UT : 305, 317,
Arct = "Arctic" sentence (in The Father Christmas Letters),
Markirya = the Markirya Poem and its commentary in MC : 221-223;
GL = Gnomish Lexicon (in Parma Eldalamberon #11),
QL = Qenya Lexicon (in Parma Eldalamberon #12),
PE = Parma Eldalamberon,
VT = Vinyar Tengwar (PE and VT being journals publishing Tolkien material edited by C. Gilson, C.F. Hostetter, A.R. Smith, W. Welden and
P. Wynne; please refer to the individual journals here referenced to determine which editors are involved in any given case),
vb = verb,
adj = adjective,
interj = interjection,
pa.t. = past tense,
fut = future tense,
perf = perfect tense,
freq = frequentative form,
inf = infinitive,
gen = genitive,
pl = plural form,
sg = singular form.
The spelling used in this wordlist is regularized (c for k except in a few names, x for ks, long vowels marked with accents rather than macrons or
circumflexes; the diaeresis is used as in most of LotR). The spelling used in the source is usually indicated; for instance, ("k") following a word
indicates that the word is spelt with a k instead of a c in Tolkien's text. When s in a word represents earlier Þ (th as in "thing") and it should be
spelt with the letter súlë instead of silmë in Tengwar writing (though Tolkien himself sometimes ignored or forgot this), this is indicated by (Þ)
immediately following the word in question (see for instance asëa aranion). When n in a word represents earlier ñ (ng as in "thing") and should
be spelt with the letter noldo rather than númen in Tengwar writing, this is indicated by (ñ) immediately following the word in question (see for
instance oldomar). When the word is actually spelt with ñ instead of n in the source, this is indicated by ("ñ") immediately following the word
in question (see for instance nandë #2).

Wordlist last updated December 25th, 2008
a (1) vocative particle "O" in a vanimar

A an uninflected aorist stem. This aorist can be
"O beautiful ones" (LotR3 : VI ch. 6, translated in plural to indicate a 3rd person pl. subject : á
Letters : 308); also attested repeatedly in VT44 : ricir! “let them try!” (PE17 : 93). Alyë (VT43 : 17,
12 (cf. 15) : A Hrísto *"o Christ", A Eruion *"o VT44 : 9) seems to be the imperative particle a
God the son / son of God", a Aina Fairë *"o Holy with the pronominal suffix -lyë "you, thou"
Spirit", a aina Maria *"o holy Mary". suffixed to indicate the subject who is to carry
a (2) conj. "and", a variant of ar out the command; attested in the phrase alyë
occurring in Fíriel's Song (that also has ar; a anta *"give thou" (elided aly' in VT43 : 11, since
seems to be used before words in f-, but contrast the next word begins in e- : aly' eterúna me,
ar formenna *”and northwards” in a late text, *"do thou deliver us"); presumably other
VT49 : 26). According to PE17 : 41, “Old pronominal suffixes could likewise be added.
Quenya” could have the conjunction a (as a The particle a is also present in the negative
variant of ar) before n, ñ, m, h, hy, hw (f is not imperatives ala, #ála or áva, q.v.
mentioned), PE17 : 71 adding ty, ny, hr, hl, ñ, l, a- (1) prefix occurring in the word
r, þ, s. See ar #1. It may be that the a or the Atalante, said to denote "complete". Probably
sentence nornë a lintieryanen “he ran with his just a prefixed stemvowel; cf. a root like ANÁR,
speed” (i.e. as quickly as he could) is to be said to be derived from NAR. (TALÁT)
understood as this conjunction, if the literal a- (2) a prefix occurring in the Markirya
meaning is *“he ran and [did so] with his speed” poem (Tolkien first used na-, then changed it). It
(PE17 : 58). may be prefixed to verbal stems following a noun
a (3), also á, imperative particle. An that is the object of sense-verbs like "see" and
imperative with “immediate time reference” is "hear" when the verb it is prefixed to describes
expressed by á in front of the verb (or what happens to this noun, as in man cenuva
“occasionally after it, sometimes before and after lumbor ahosta[?] (changed from na-hosta),
for emphasis”), with the verb following in “the "who shall see the clouds gather?" (hosta =
simplest form also used for the uninflected "gather").
‘aorist’ without specific time reference past or acas (“k”) noun “neck” (the bony part of
present or future” (PE17 : 93). Cf. a laita te, laita the neck, not including throat), pl. axi (“ks”) (and
te! "[o] bless them, bless them!", á vala Manwë! so perhaps general stem-form ax-). Also sg. axë
"may Manwë order it!", literally *"o rule Manwë!" (said to be a “later” form apparently replacing
(see laita, vala for reference); cf. also á carë acas). The word is also used geographically of
*“do[!]”, á ricë “try!”, á lirë “sing[!]”, á menë rock ridges. (PE17 : 92)
“proceed[!]”, a norë “run[!]” (PE17 : 92-93, notice acca ("k") adv. "too" (= excessively, as
short a here), á tula *"come!" (VT43 : 14). In the in "too big") (PE13 : 108)
last example, the verb tul- “come” receives an accar- vb. “do back; react; requite,
ending -a that probably represents the suffixed avenge” (PE17 : 166). Also ahtar-. (The note
form of the imperative particle, this apparently containing this form was struck out, but the
being an example of the imperative element related Sindarin word acharn “vengeance”
occurring both “before and after” the verbal stem appears in the narratives.)
“for emphasis” (PE17 : 93). This ending may also Acairis ("k") fem. name, "bride" (LT1 :
appear on its own with no preceding a / á, as in 252; in Tolkien's later Quenya, "bride" is rather
the command queta “speak!” (PE17 : 138). indis)
Other examples of imperatives with suffixed -a acúna ("k") see cúna
include cena and tira (VT47 : 31, see cen-, tir-); Ae (Quenya?) noun "day" (LEP / LEPEN
the imperatives of these same verbs are / LEPEK - ae was written over ar [# 2] in the
however also attested as á tirë, á cenë (PE17 : names of the Valinorean week, but ar was not
94) with the imperative particle remaining struck out.)
independent and the following verb appearing as

aha noun "rage", also name of tengwa aina (2) adj "holy" (AYAN), derived from
#11, earlier called harma (Appendix E) Ainu. Adopted and adapted from Valarin.
ahosta see hosta According to VT43 : 32, the word is "obsolete,
ahtar- “do back; react; requite, avenge” except in Ainur", apparently suggesting that airë
(PE17 : 166). Also accar-. (The note containing or airëa (q.v.) was the normal term for "holy" in
this form was struck out, but the related Sindarin later Quenya. However, Tolkien repeatedly used
word acharn “vengeance” appears in the aina in his translation of the Litany of Loreto :
narratives.) Aina Fairë "Holy Spirit", Aina Neldië "Holy
#ahya- vb. "change" (intransitive), only Trinity", Aina Maria "Holy Mary", Aina Wendë
attested in the past tense : ahyanë (PM : 395) "Holy Virgin". He also used Aina Eruontari for
ai! interjection "Ah!", "Alas!" (Nam, "holy Mother" in his rendering of the Sub Tuum
RGEO : 66; also twice in Narqelion, Praesidium (WJ : 399, FS, SA, VT43 : 32, VT44 :
untranslated.) In one (abandoned) version of the 5, 12, 17-18)
Quenya Lord's Prayer, Tolkien may seem to use ainas noun “a hallow, a fane” (PE17 :
ai as a vocative particle : ai Ataremma ?"o our 149). Compare yána #2.
Father" (VT43 : 10, 13) Aini noun feminine form of Ainu (AYAN,
aia interjection "hail", variant of aiya LT1 : 248); see Ainu.
(VT43 : 28) ainima adj. “blessed, holy (of things)”
aian noun “a holy thing or object or (PE17 : 149)
place”, later form of áyan (PE17 : 149) Aino noun "god", within Tolkien's
aica (1) ("k") adj. "sharp" (AYAK) or "fell, mythos a synonym of Ainu (but since Aino is
terrible, dire" (PM : 347; according to PM : 363 basically only a personalized form of aina "holy",
seldom applied to evil things). In Aicanáro, q.v. hence "holy one", it could be used as a general
aica (2) ("k") adj. "broad, vast" (LT2 : word for "god") (PE15 : 72)
338 - this early "Qenya" form is probably Ainu noun "holy one, angelic spirit"; fem.
obsoleted by # 1 above) Aini (AYAN, LT1 : 248); "one of the 'order' of the
aicalë ("k") noun "a peak" (AYAK) Valar and Maiar, made before Eä"; pl. Ainur is
Aicanáro ("k") masc. name "Sharp attested. Adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ
Flame, Fell Fire"; Sindarized as Aegnor. (So in : 399). In the early "Qenya Lexicon", ainu was
SA : nár and PM : 345; MR : 323 has Aicanár. glossed "a pagan god", and aini was similarly "a
VT41 : 14, 19 instead gives Ecyanáro as the Q pagan goddess", but as Christopher Tolkien
form of Aegnor.) notes, "Of course no one within the context of
aicassë ("k") (1) noun "mountain peak" the mythology can call the Ainur 'pagan' " (LT1 :
(AYAK) 248). Ainulindalë noun "Music of the Ainur" (SA
aicassë ("k") (2) noun "pinetree" (GL : : lin #2), the First History (WJ : 406), the Song of
17; this "Qenya" word is evidently obsoleted by Creation (AYAN)
#1 above.) aipio noun "plum tree, cherry tree" (GL :
ailin ("g.sg. ailinen", in Tolkien's later 18)
1
Quenya dat.sg.) "pool, lake" (AY, LIN , LT2 : aiqua ("q") adj. "steep" (AYAK). Not to
339). Fem. name Ailinel (likely *Ailinell-), be confused with the pronoun *aiqua “if
perhaps ailin + the feminine ending -el (as in anything, whatever” that post-Tolkien writers
aranel "princess"), hence *"Lake-woman" or have extrapolated from aiquen (q.v.) on the
similar (UT : 210). basis of such pairs as ilquen vs. ilqua (q.v.)
#ailinë (nominative uncertain) noun aiqualin ("q") adj. "tall", plural form (???)
"shore, beach" (in Tolkien's later Quenya rather (MC : 216; this is "Qenya" - but cf. aiqua above.)
hresta). Only attested in inflected forms : sg. aiquen pron. "if anybody, whoever" (WJ
ablative ailinello "shore-from" (MC : 213), sg. : 372)
locative ailinisse "on shore" (MC : 221), pl. aira (1) adj. "red, copper-coloured,
locative ailissen "on beaches" (for *ailinissen?) ruddy" (GAY)
(MC : 221) aira (2) adj. "holy"; see airë #1
ailo noun "lake, pool" (LT2 : 339; aira (3) adj. "old" (MC : 214; this is
Tolkien's later Quenya has ailin) "Qenya")
aimenal, aimenel - see lirulin [aira (4) adj. "eternal" (EY, VT45 : 13).
aina- (1) vb. “to hallow, bless, treat as Changed by Tolkien to oira.]
holy” (PE17 : 149) airë (1) adj. "holy", #Airefëa "the Holy
Spirit" (VT43 : 37, dative airefëan on the

previous page), airetári or Airë Tári "holy VT43 : 10, 22, VT44 : 8) and 1st person pl.
queen" (a title of Varda, PM : 363), genitive aire- object suffix -më (alamë and álamë, "do not [do
tário "holy-queen's" (Nam, RGEO : 67). something to] us", as in álamë tulya, "do not
However, according to PM : 363, airë is the noun lead us", VT43 : 12, 22). In the essay Quendi
"sanctity", while aira is the adjective "holy". VT43 and Eldar, negative imperatives are rather
: 14 refers to an etymological note of "Sept.-Oct. indicated by áva, q.v., but this form can well
1957" where airë is said to be a noun "sanctity, coexist with ala, #ála.
holiness", and the adjective "holy" is given as ala- (2) negative prefix "not", "un-",
airëa. However, the verb #airita- "hallow" seems reduced to al- before a vowel (VT42 : 33, GALA,
to be formed from an adjective airë, airi- "holy". VT45 : 25), though the example Alcorin would
Evidently airë can function as both adjective suggest that al- can sometimes appear before a
("holy") and noun ("holiness"); if so airë as adj. consonant as well. In a deleted entry in Etym,
could represent a primitive adjective *gaisi, al(a)- was defined as "not" and said to be a "pure
whereas airë as noun may descend from negative" (VT45 : 5). In alahasta, Alamanyar,
*gaisē. The former but not the latter would have alasaila, Alcorin.
the stem airi- (as observed in the derived verb ala- (3), also al-, a prefix expressing
#airita-), and compounds like airetári (rather “good” or “well” (PE17 : 146), as in alaquenta
than *airitári) would seem to contain properly (q.v.) Whether Tolkien imagined this ending to
the noun "holiness". coexist with the negative prefix of the same form
airë (2) noun "sea" (the form airen is (#2 above) is unclear and perhaps dubious.
given, intended as a genitive singular when ala- (4) vb. “plant, grow” (the first gloss
Tolkien wrote this; in LotR-style Quenya it would would suggest that the following one is transitive
rather be a dative sg.) (AYAR / AIR; cf. airon) : to “grow” plants) (PE17 : 100)
[airë (3) noun "eternity" (EY, VT45 : 13)] ala (4) prep. "after, beyond" (MC : 221,
airëa adj. "holy"; see airë. 214; however, LotR-style Quenya has han and
#airita- vb. "hallow" (only pa.t. airitánë pella "beyond" and apa "after")
is attested) (VT32 : 7) [ala (5) (also alar! or alla!) interjection
airon noun “ocean” (PE17 : 27). Also "hail, blessed be (thou)". (VT45 : 5,14)]
ëaron, q.v. [ala (6) noun "day", also alan "daytime".
aista (1) adj. "holy" (VT43 : 37) The forms allen, alanen listed after these words
#aista- (2) vb. "to bless", verbal stem could be inflected forms of them : genitive "of
isolated from the passive participle aistana day" and instrumental "by day"? However,
"blessed" (VT43 : 30) Tolkien struck out all of this (VT45 : 13).]
aista- (3) vb. "to dread" (GÁYAS, VT45 : alaco ("k") noun "rush, rushing flight,
14; possibly obsoleted by #2 above) wild wind" (VT45 : 5 cf. ÁLAK)
aiwë noun "(small) bird" (AIWĒ, SA : lin alahasta adj. "unmarred" (MR : 254)
#1); Aiwendil "Lover of Birds" (UT : 401) alaië, see lá #1
Aiwenor, Aiwenorë (read *Aiwenórë?) #alála- vb *"to continually grow" (VT27 :
place-name "Birdland" = lower air (AIWĒ) 20, 25), maybe the frequentative form of a
aiya interjection "hail", as greeting simpler verb al- or ala- "to grow". Cf. 'al- "thrive".
(LotR2 : IV ch. 9, see Letters : 385 for alalmë (1) noun “inflorescence” (PE17 :
translation), or a call “for help and attention” 153), cf. alma #2.
(PE17 : 89), “only addressed to great or holy alalmë (2) noun "elm, elm-tree" (ÁLAM,
persons as the Valar, or to Earendil” (PE17 : LÁLAM, LT1 : 249). Cf. alvë in a post-LotR
149). Variant aia (VT43 : 28) source.
'al- (1) vb. "thrive" (GALA; the ' simply alalmino noun? "Elm"-something?
indicates that the original initial G has (Narqelion)
disappeared and needs not normally be alalvëa adj. “having many elms” (PE17 :
included, PE17 : 100) Compare #alála-. 146). Cf. alalvinorë.
al (2) an assimilated form of the alalvinorë noun “land of many Elms”
conjunction ar before l (PE17 : 41, 175); see ar (PE17 : 153), read apparently -nórë as in the
#1. alternate form alalbinórë (late pronunciation with
ala, #ála (1) imperative particle á, a lb for lv)
combined with the negation lá, -la "not" to #Alamanya pl. Alamanyar noun, name
express a prohibition (VT43 : 22; see lá #1). Also of the Elves who started on the march from
with 1st person suffix -lyë (alalyë and álalyë,

Cuiviénen but did not reach Aman; = Úmanyar / planet (SA : aglar - there spelt "Alkarinquë", but
(MR : 163) the Silmarillion Index has "Alcarinquë". The
álamë, see me celestial body in question seems to be Jupiter,
[alan, alanen – see ala #5] MR : 435). Cf. also Alcarin, q.v.
alanessë, see alenessë alcarain ("k") adj.? "shining" (pl - sg
alaquenta adj. “well (happily) said” *alcara?) (MC : 221; this is "Qenya")
(PE17 : 146) alcarissen ("k") noun "in light-rays" (a
[alar! (also ala and alla!) interjection "Qenya" form from MC : 221; alcar means
"hail, blessed be (thou)". (VT45 : 5,14, 26)] "glory" in Tolkien's later Quenya)
[Aláriel, masc. name = "Eadwine", friend Alcorin ("k") adj. variant of Ilcorin, q.v.
of fortune (but this name is elsewhere rendered (VT45 : 5, 25)
into Quenya as Herendil, q.v.) (VT45 : 26)] alda noun "tree" (GALAD, GÁLAD, SA,
2
alarca ("k") adj. "swift, rapid" (LAK ) Nam, RGEO : 66, LR : 41, SD : 302, LT1 : 249,
alas (alast-) noun "marble" (QL : 30, GL LT2 : 340, VT39 : 7), also name of tengwa #28
: 39). (Appendix E). Pl. aldar in Narqelion; gen. pl.
alasaila adj. "unwise" (VT41 : 13, 18; aldaron "of trees" in Namárië. Etymology of
VT42 : 33) alda, see Letters : 426 and UT : 266-7. The latter
alassë (1) noun "joy, merriment" source states that primitive ¤galadā, whence
(GALÁS) [VT42 : 32; a gloss "mirth" was deleted, Quenya alda, originally applied to stouter and
VT45 : 14] more spreading trees such as oaks or beeches,
[alassë (2) interjection "hail" or "bless", while straighter and more slender trees such as
evidently a synonym of the greeting alar!, q.v. birches were called ¤ornē, Quenya ornë - but
(VT45 : 26)] this distinction was not always observed in
alat- prefix "large, great in size". (ÁLAT, Quenya, and it seems that alda became the
cf. VT45 : 5). In Alatairë. general word. According to PE17 : 25, primitive
Alatairë place-name "Great Sea", name galada (sic) referred to “a plant (large) and was a
of the Western Ocean between Beleriand and general term”. Place-name Aldalómë “”tree-
Valinor, called Belegaer in Sindarin (ÁLAT, night” or “tree-shade-night” (LotR2 : III ch. 4,
AYAR / AIR) translated in PE17 : 82); Aldarion masc. name,
[alatúlië ?noun / ?interjection “welcome” *"Son of (the) Trees" (Appendix A), Tar-Aldarion
(PE17 : 172)] a Númenorean King (UT : 210). Aldaron a name
[alatulya adj. / interjection “welcome” of Oromë (Silm); aldinga "tree-top" (VT47 : 28),
(PE17 : 172)] aldarembina (pl. aldarembinë attested) adj.
albë, see alvë “tree-tangled”, the cognate of Sindarin
alca ("k") noun "ray of light" (AKLA-R) galadhremmin (PM : 17 : 26). Aldúya fourth day
alcantaméren ("k") vb. "made it shine" of the Eldarin six-day week, dedicated to the
(with a fem.pl. subject; the ending -ren probably Trees (Appendix D). The word seems to include
means "they" of women, but the ending does not *Aldu, a dual form referring to the Two Trees.
have to be translated here) (MC : 216; this is The Númenóreans altered the name to Aldëa
"Qenya") (presumably < *aldajā), referring to one tree (the
alcar (so spelt in CO, VT43 : 37-38, and White) only. The dual Aldu seems to occur also
VT44 : 32 / 34; otherwise "alkar") noun "glory, in Aldudénië "Lament for the Two Trees" (a
radiance, brilliance, splendour" (WJ : 369, CO, strange word, since Quenya does not permit
VT43 : 37-38, VT47 : 13, AKLA-R; the latter intervocalic d as in this word – perhaps the
source also lists an alternative longer form Vanyarin dialect of Quenya did) (Silm)
alcarë, also occurring in VT44 : 7 / 10) – Aldalemnar noun "week of the Trees,
Compare Alcarin, Atanalcar. Midyear week" (LEP / LEPEN / LEPEK (GÁLAD,
alcarin adj. “glorious, brilliant” (shorter YEN) )
form of alcarinqua, q.v.) (PE17 : 24), hence Aldaron noun, a name of Oromë
Alcarin masc. name (or title) "the Glorious", title (GÁLAD)
taken by Atanatar II of Gondor, also name of one aldarwa adj "having trees, tree-grown"
of the Kings of Númenor (Appendix A). (3AR). See -arwa.
alcarinqua adj. "radiant, glorious" Aldëa noun, what the Númenóreans
(AKLA-R [there spelt "alkarinqa"], WJ : 412, called the fourth day of the Eldarin six-day week,
VT44 : 7 / 10), “glorious, brilliant” (PE17 : 24), dedicated to Telperion, the White Tree
noun Alcarinquë, "The Glorious", name of a star (Appendix D). The day was originally called

Aldúya, referring to both of the Two Trees, but Almiel fem. name, perhaps *"daughter
Númenóreans altered the name to Aldëa of blessedness" : almië + -iel with contraction /
(presumably < *aldajā), referring to one tree (the haplology.
White) only. (Appendix D) – Early "Qenya" also alqua noun "swan" (ÁLAK [there spelt
has an adjective aldëa "tree-shadowed" (LT1 : alqa, as in LT1 : 249 / LT2 : 335], SA : alqua, UT
249). : 265, VT42 : 7). The alternative form alquë ("q")
aldëon noun "avenue of trees" (LT1 : mentioned in early material (LT1 : 249) may or
249) may not be valid in LotR-style Quenya.
alenessë, also alanessë, noun Alqualondë place-name "Swan-road,
“nicotiana, pipeweed” (tobacco) (PE17 : 100) Swan-haven", capital of the Teleri (ÁLAK, LOD,
aldinga noun "treetop" (VT47 : 28) KHOP [there spelt Alqalonde], Silm).
alima adj. “fair, good” (also alya) (PE17 Alquarámë ("q") noun "Swan-wing" (LT2
: 146) : 335)
[alla! (also alar! or ala) interjection "hail, alta (1) adj. *"large, great in size" (root
blessed be (thou)". (VT45 : 5, 14)] PE17 : 146 meaning) (ÁLAT). Alat- in Alatairë, q.v.
cites alla “hail, welcome” as a variant (occurring alta (2) noun "radiance" (VT42 : 32,
within the imaginary world) of aiya. PE17 : 50). Cf. variant ñalta.
allë prep. with pron. suffix *”beside you” [alta- (3) vb. "grow" (VT45 : 13) or "make
(formal) (VT49 : 25); see ara grow" (VT45 : 14)]
[allen – see ala #5.] Altariel fem. name "Galadriel", "maiden
alma (1) noun "good fortune, weal, crowned with a radiant garland" (SA : kal; the
wealth". In a deleted entry in Etym, the glosses form Alatáriel is Telerin; see PM : 347) Stem
were "riches, (good) fortune, blessedness"; in Altariell- seen in the genitive Altariello,
another deleted entry, Tolkien provided the occurring in the superscript of the Tengwar
glosses "growth" and maybe "increase" (reading transcription of Namárië in RGEO.
uncertain), also "good fortune, riches" (GALA alu noun "dressed leather" (QL : 30)
[ALAM], VT45 : 5, 13, 14) alvë noun “elm” (PE17 : 146), also
alma (2) “flower” (PE17 : 153), said to pronounced albë. In an earlier source, the word
be the “usual Quenya word” or “general Quenya for “elm” is given as alalmë, lalmë.
word” (i.e. for flower?), but its coexistence with [alwa adj. "healthy, strong, flourishing"
#1 is problematic. Compare lós, lótë, lotsë, (+ one gloss not certainly legible : ?"well
indil. grown") (VT45 : 14)]
almarë noun "blessedness, 'blessings', alya (1) adj. “fair, good” (PE17 : 146),
good fortune, bliss". In deleted entries in Etym, "prosperous, rich, abundant, blessed" (GALA). In
the glosses provided were "blessedness, a deleted entry in Etym, the glosses provided
prosperity, bliss" (GALA, VT45 : 5, 14) were "rich, blessed"; another deleted entry
almárëa adj. "blessed". In a deleted defined alya as "rich, prosperous, blessed".
entry in Etym, the gloss provided was "bless", (GALA, [ÁLAM], VT42 : 32, 45 : 5, 14)
but this would seem to be a mistake, since the alya- (2) vb. “to cause to prosper, bless
word does not look like a verb. Another deleted (a work), help one” (PE17 : 146)
entry agrees with the retained entry GALA that alyë imperative particle with ending -lyë
almárëa means "blessed" (GALA, VT45 : 5, 14) "you"; see a #3.
2
Almaren place-name, the first abode of am- (1) prefix "up" (AM )
the Valar in Arda, apparently related to almarë am- (2) prefix used in comparison,
"blessedness" (Silm, LR : 357) “signifying addition, increase” (PE17 : 90), or
Almáriel fem. name, apparently with genitive superlative : elenion ancalima
containing almarë "blessedness" (GALA, VT45 : “brightest of stars” (PE17 : 91). Originally
5, 14) identical with #1 above. The form am- as such is
almë noun “a good thing, a ‘blessing’, a in late Quenya only used before p and
piece of good fortune” (PE17 : 146). Cf. alma, (presumably) before vowels; the longer form
almië. ama- came to be preferred before r and l; before
almië noun "blessedness, 'blessings', other consonants, the prefix assumes the form
good fortune, bliss". In deleted entries in Etym, an- (pronounced, but not in Romanized Quenya
the glosses were "blessedness, prosperity, bliss" orthography written, añ- before c). (PE17 : 90-
(GALA, VT45 : 5, 14) 92). Phonologically we would expect am- before
y- (since my is an acceptable Quenya

combination); however, Tolkien used an- in the ambalë noun "yellow bird, 'yellow
word anyára (q.v.) See an- #2 and compare ar- hammer' " (SMAL)
#2. *ambalotsë noun "uprising-flower",
ama adv.? element not glossed, referring to "the flower or floreate device used as
evidently meaning "up" like the prefix am-, or an a crest fixed to point of a tall [illegible word :
alternative form of amba (UNU) ?archaic] helmet". Curiously, the word is
amal noun “mother”; also emel (VT48 : asterisked as unattested (WJ : 319)
22, 49 : 22); the form amil (emil) seems more amban noun "upward slope, hill-side"
2
usual. (AM )
amaldar ??? (Narqelion; may include ambapenda adj. "uphill". Also
2
aldar "trees") ampenda. (AM )
aman adj. "blessed, free from evil". ambar (1) ("a-mbar") noun "oikumenē
Adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ : 399), [Greek : the earth as the human habitation],
though in other versions Tolkien cited an Elvish Earth, world" (MBAR), stem ambar- (PE17 : 66),
etymology (cf. VT49 : 26-27). Place-name Aman related to and associated with mar "home,
the Blessed Realm, from the stem mān- "good, dwelling" (VT45 : 33); in VT46 : 13 the latter
blessed, unmarred" (SA : mān), translated glosses are possibly also ascribed to the word
“Unmarred State” (VT49 : 26). Allative Amanna ambar itself (the wording is not clear). The form
(VT49 : 26). Adj. amanya "of Aman, *Amanian" ambaren also listed in the Etymologies was
(WJ : 411), nominal pl. Amanyar "those of presumably intended as the genitive singular at
Aman", Elves dwelling there (with negations the time of writing (in LotR-style Quenya it would
Úamanyar, Alamanyar "those not of Aman"). rather be the dative singular); in the printed
Also fuller Amaneldi noun *"Aman-elves" (WJ : version in LR, the misreading "ambaron"
373). Masc. name Amandil *"Aman-friend" appears (see VT45 : 33). Ambar-metta noun
(Appendix A, SA : mān), the father of Elendil; "the end of the world" (EO); spelt ambarmetta in
also name of the Númenorean king Tar-Amandil VT44 : 36. The element #umbar in Tarumbar
(UT : 210). "King of the World" (q.v.) would seem to be a
?amandi pl. of óman, q.v. (amandi is variant of ambar, just like ambar #2 "doom" also
evidently a misreading for *omandi, VT46 : 7) alternates with umbar (see below).
(OM) ambar (2) noun "fate, doom" (variant of
amanya adj. “blessed” (VT49 : 39, 41) umbar?) in Turambar (SA : amarth); stem
Amarië fem. name; perhaps derived ambart- (PE17 : 66), instrumental ambartanen
from mára "good" with prefixing of the stem- "by doom" (Silm ch. 21, UT : 138, PE17 : 66).
vowel and the feminine ending -ië (Silm) The early "Qenya" lexicon has ambar "Fate",
amarto noun "Fate" (also ambar) (LT2 : also amarto (LT2 : 348)
348; in LotR-style Quenya rather umbar, ambar (3) noun "”breast” (chest), with
umbart-) stem in -s- or -r- (QL : 30). The form ambar,
amatixë ("ks") noun dot or point placed translated “in bosom”, occurs in MC : 213 (this is
above the line of writing (TIK). Tolkien rejected "Qenya"). Note : if this word were to be adapted
the variant amatexë ("ks") (VT46 : 20) to LotR-style Quenya, we should probably have
[amatúlië noun “blessed arrival” (PE17 : to read *ambas with stem ambar-; compare
172), replaced by alatúlië, q.v.] olos, olor- “dream” from a late source. However,
[amatulya adj. / ?interjection “welcome the form ambos (q.v.) is less ambiguous and
(of something blessed)” (PE17 : 172), replaced may be preferred.
by alatulya, q.v.] Ambarenya, older [MET] Ambarendya
†amaurëa noun "dawn, early day" place-name "Middle-earth" (but the more usual
(Markirya) word is Endor, Endórë) (MBAR)
2
amba 1) adv. "up, upwards" (AM , PE17 ambaron (ambarón- as in "g.sg.
: 157). Apparently also ama (UNU). ambarónen", in LotR-style Quenya this would be
amba 2) adj. and noun “more”, “used of a dative singular) noun "uprising, sunrise, Orient"
2
any kind of measurement spatial, temporal, or (AM ). - In the Etymologies as printed in LR, the
quantitative” (PE : 17 : 91). Cf. adverb ambë. form ambaron also appears in the entry MBAR,
ambal noun "shaped stone, flag" but according to VT45 : 33 this is an error for
(MBAL) ambaren, apparently intended as the genitive
Ambalar noun "East" (MC : 221; this is singular of ambar (in LotR-style Quenya it would
"Qenya") rather be the dative singular).

Ambaróna place-name “Eastern (land)”, amna adv. “nearer to (to a further point
possibly basically an adjectival form Ambarónë in the motion) towards an object” (PE17 : 91).
"uprising, sunrise, Orient" (LotR2 : III ch. 4; PE17 Also ambena.
2
: 82, compare the Etymologies, entry AM ) #amorta- vb. "heave" (literally "up-rise,
Ambarónë noun "uprising, sunrise, rise up", cf. orta-; the prefix am- means "up").
2
Orient" (AM ) Only attested as a participle amortala "heaving"
Ambarto masc. name *"upwards- in Markirya.
exalted", mother-name (never used in narrative) ampa noun "hook", also name of tengwa
of Pityafinwë = Amrod (PM : 353, 354) #14 (GAP, Appendix E, VT47 : 20)
*ambas, see ambar # 3 ampano noun "building" (especially of
ambassë noun “breast-plate, hauberk” wood), "wooden hall" (PAN; alternative form
Ambarussa masc. name "top-russet", umpano, VT45 : 36, which Tolkien in one case
alternation of Umbarto, mother-name (never altered to ampano, VT46 : 8). In the pre-
used in narrative) of Telufinwë = Amras (PM : classical Tengwar system presupposed in the
353-354) Etymologies, ampano was also the name of
ambë adv. “more”, “used of any kind of tengwa #6 (VT46 : 8), which letter Tolkien would
measurement spatial, temporal, or quantitative” later call umbar instead (changing its value from
(PE : 17 : 91). As noun or adjective, amba. mp to mb).
ambela adv. “further still beyond, far ampenda adj. "uphill". Also
2
away beyond” (PE17 : 91) ambapenda. (AM )
ambena adv. “nearer to (to a further ampendë noun "upward slope" (PEN /
point in the motion) towards an object” (PE17 : PÉNED)
91). Also amna. amu adv. "up, upwards" (LT2 : 335; in
ambo noun "hill, rising ground” Tolkien's later Quenya amba)
(Markirya, PE17 : 92), “mount” (PE17 : 157), amu- vb. "raise" (LT2 : 335; LotR-style
allative pl. ambonnar "upon hills" in Markirya Quenya has orta-)
(ruxal' ambonnar "upon crumbling hills") amun (amund-) noun "hill" (LT2 : 335; in
According to VT45 : 5, ambo was added to the Tolkien's later Quenya ambo)
Etymologies as a marginal note. amuntë noun "sunrise" (LT2 : 335;
ambos (ambost-) noun “breast” (chest). Tolkien's later Quenya has anarórë)
–PE16 : 82 amya (1) noun “my mother”, form used
ambuna adj. “of flat ground dotted with in address (PE17 : 170), cf. emya
hills etc.” (PE17 : 93) amya- (2) evidently a prefix
ámen, see me corresponding to mai- (q.v.) in meaning (PE17 :
1
amil noun "mother" (AM ), also emil 163, 172)
(q.v.) Longer variant amillë (VT44 : 18-19), an (1) conj. and prep. "for" (Nam, RGEO
compounded Eruamillë "Mother of God" in : 66), an cé mo quernë\ “for if one turned\”
Tolkien's translation of the Hail Mary (VT43 : 32). (VT49 : 8), also used adverbially in the formula
If amil is a shortened form of amillë, it should an + a noun to express “one more” (of the thing
probably have the stem-form amill-. Also concerned : an quetta “a word more”, PE17 :
compare amilyë, amya, emya. Compounded 91). The an of the phrase es sorni heruion an!
amil- in amilessë noun "mothername" (cf. essë "the Eagles of the Lords are at hand" (SD : 290)
"name"), name given to a child by its mother, however seems to denote motion towards (the
sometimes with prophetic implications (amilessi speaker) : the Eagles are coming. Etym has an,
1
tercenyë "mother-names of insight"). (MR : 217). ana "to, towards" (NĀ ). The phrase an i falmalī
Amillion noun "February" (LT1 : 249; (PE17 : 127) is not clearly translated but seems
LotR-style Quenya has Nénimë) to be a paraphrase of the word falmalinnar
amilyë or milyë (cited as (a)milyë), “upon the foaming waves” (Nam), suggesting
noun "mummy", also used as a play-name of the that an can be used as a paraphrase of the
index finger, but Tolkien emended it to emmë, allative ending (and if falmalī is seen as a Book
emya. (VT48 : 4) In its basic sense, (a)milyë Quenya accusative form because of the long
would be a variant of amil, amillë "mother", q.v. final vowel, this is evidence that an governs the
ammalë noun "yellow bird, 'yellow accusative case). In the "Arctic" sentence, an is
hammer' " (SMAL) translated "until". Regarding an as used in
1
ammë noun "mother" (AM ) Namárië, various sources indicate that it means
an “moreover, further(more), to proceed” (VT49 :

18-19) or (“properly”) “further, plus, in addition” an- (3) prefix "re" in antúlien, q.v. (LotR-
(PE17 : 69, 90). According to one late source style Quenya shows en- instead.)
(ca. 1966 or later), an “is very frequently used ana (1) prep. “to” (VT49 : 35), “as
after a ‘full stop’, when an account or description preposition ana is used when purely dative
is confirmed after a pause. So in Galadriel’s formula is required” (PE17 : 147), perhaps
Elvish lament [\] : An sí Tintallë, etc. [= For meaning that the preposition ana can be used
now the Kindler, etc\] This is translated by me instead of the dative ending -n (#1, q.v.) Also as
1
‘for’, side an is (as here) often in fact used when prefix : ana- "to, towards" (NĀ ); an (q.v.) is
the additional matter provides an explanation of used with this meaning in one source (PE17 :
or reason for what has already been said”. 127)
Related is the use of an + noun to express “one ana (2) vb., apparently the imperative
more”; here an is presumably accented, "give!", but Tolkien rewrote the text in question
something the word would not normally be when (VT44 : 13). See anta #1.
used as a conjunction or preposition. anaië vb. “has been”; see ná #1.
an- (2) intensive or superlative prefix Anamo noun in genitive "of doom" in
carrying the idea of "very" or "most", seen in Rithil-Anamo "Ring of Doom" (q.v.) Since the
ancalima "most bright" (cf. calima "bright"), reference is to a place (a circle) where
antara "very high, very lofty" and #anyára *"very judgement was passed, this seems to be "doom"
old" or *"oldest" (the latter form occurring in the in the sense of "juridical decision" or "(legal)
so-called Elaine inscription [VT49 : 40], there justice". The nominative "doom" may be *anan,
with the dative ending -n). Assimilated to am- with stem anam- (since the root would be NAM
before p-, as in amparca ("k") "very dry", and to as in nam- "to judge", námo noun "judge").
al-, ar-, as- before words in l-, r-, s- (though Alternatively, but less probably, the nominative
Tolkien seems to indicate that before words in l- may be *anama.
derived from earlier d, the original quality of the #anan (anam-), reconstructed
consonant would be preserved so that forms in nominative of Anamo, q.v.
and- rather than all- would result). See also un-. ananta, a-nanta conj. "and yet, but yet"
(Letters : 279, VT45 : 5, 36) Regarding the form (FS, NDAN)
1
of the superlative prefix before certain Anar noun "Sun" (ANÁR, NAR , SA :
consonants, another, partially discrepant system nár; UT : 22 cf. 51); anar "a sun" (Markirya);
was also set down in the Etymologies and first Anarinya "my Sun" (FS). See also ceuranar,
published in VT45 : 36. The prefix was to appear Úr-anar. (According to VT45 : 6, Tolkien in the
as um- or un- before labialized consonants like Etymologies mentioned anar "sun" as the name
p-, qu-, v- (the consonant v preserving its of the short vowel carrier of the Tengwar writing
ancient pronunciation b- following the prefix, thus system; it would be the first letter if anar is
producing a word in umb-), as in- (technically iñ- written in Quenya mode Tengwar.) Compounded
) before c- and g- (the latter presumably referring in the masc. name Anárion *"Sun-son" (Isildur's
to words that originally had initial g-, later lost in brother, also the Númenorean king Tar-Anárion,
Quenya but evidently preserved following this UT : 210); also in Anardil *"Sun-friend"
prefix), and as an- otherwise. However, this (Appendix A), a name also occurring in the form
system would contradict the canonical example Anardilya with a suffix of endearment (UT : 174,
ancalima, which would have been *incalima if 418). Anarya noun second day of the Eldarin
Tolkien had maintained this idea. – In a post- six-day week, dedicated to the Sun (Appendix
LotR source, the basic form of the prefix is given D). Anarríma name of a constellation : *"Sun-
as am- instead (see am- #2). In this late border"??? (Silm; cf. ríma)
conception, the prefix still appears as an- before #anarcandë noun "petition" (isolated
most consonants, but as ama- before r, l, and from anarcandemman, "our petitions", possibly
the form an- is used even before s- (whether an error for *anarcandemmar) (VT44 : 8);
original or from þ), not the assimilated variant Tolkien seems to have abandoned this word in
as- described above. General principles would favour of #arcandë, q.v.
suggest that the form am- should also appear anat conj. "but" (VT43 : 23; possibly an
before y- (so the form #anyára probably ephemeral form)
presupposes an- rather than am- as the basic anarórë noun "sunrise" (ORO)
form of the prefix, Tolkien revisiting the earlier anca noun "jaws, row of teeth" (ÁNAK
concept). (PE17 : 92) [there spelt anca in Etym as printed in LR, but
according to VT45 : 5, Tolkien's own spelling in

the Etym manuscript was anka], NAK [there spelt the Etymologies gave Ando Lómen, evidently
anka], Appendix E, SA - despite what "Door of Night" (VT45 : 28; notice "Qenya"
Christopher Tolkien says in the entry anca in SA, genitive in -n rather than -o as in LotR-style
the Quenya word anca as such does NOT Quenya)
appear in the Sindarin dragon-name Ancalagon, ando (2) adv. "long"; maybe replaced by
but its Sindarin cognate anc does. See ÁNAK in andavë; see anda (VT14 : 5)
the Etymologies.) Also name of tengwa #15 -ando masculine agentive suffix, deleted
(Appendix E). Despite its English gloss, anca is in the Etymologies (VT45 : 16), but occurring in
a singular word (in Etym the gloss is indeed words Tolkien used later, like #runando
"jaw", not "jaws"). "redeemer".
Ancalë noun ("k") "radiant one" or Andolat place-name (name of a hill; = S
"radiance" = Sun (KAL, VT45 : 5, 18). In the pre- Dolad) (NDOL)
classical Tengwar system presupposed in the andon noun "great gate" (andond-, as
Etymologies, Ancalë was the name of letter #7 in pl. andondi) (AD)
(VT45 : 18), which tengwa Tolkien would later Andórë noun full form of Andor, "land of
call anga instead – changing its Quenya value gift", name of Númenor (SD : 247)
from nc to ng. - Another source (VT45 : 36) cites andú-, nú- “going down, setting (of sun),
the word for "radiance, Sun" as incalë ("k"), but west” (PE17 : 18), element underlying words like
the form Ancalë is probably to be preferred. the following, and also núna (q.v.)
ancalima adj. "most bright, brightest", andúna adj. “western” (PE17 : 18)
sc. calima "bright" with a superlative or intensive andúnë noun "sunset, west, evening"
prefix (LotR2 : IV ch. 9; see Letters : 385 for (NDŪ, Markirya, SA), also in Namárië : Andúnë
translation). Ancalima imbi eleni "brightest "West" (but the standard Quenya translation of
among stars", also [ancalima] imb' illi "brightest "west" is Númen) (Nam, RGEO : 66) Cf. andu-
among all" (VT47 : 30). Fem. name Ancalimë, in Andúnië, Andúril.
*"Most Bright One", also masc. Ancalimon Anduinë place-name = Sindarin Anduin,
(Appendix A). Tar-Ancalimë, a Númenorean Long River (PE17 : 40)
Queen (UT : 210) Andúnië (apparently a variant form of
anda adj. "long" (ÁNAD / ANDA), “far” andúnë) place-name, a city and port on the
(PE17 : 90). In Andafangar noun "Longbeards", western coast of Númenor, said to mean
one of the tribes of the Dwarves (= Khuzdul "sunset". (Appendix A, Silm, UT : 166, NDŪ /
Sigin-tarâg and Sindarin Anfangrim) (PM : 320). VT45 : 38)
Compare Andafalassë, #andamacil, Andúril noun "Flame of the West",
andamunda, andanéya, andatehta, Anduinë. – sword-name (LotR1 : II ch. 3)
Apparently derived from the adj. anda is andavë Andustar place-name, the "Westlands"
"long" as adverb (“at great length”, PE17 : 102), of Númenor (UT : 165)
suggesting that the ending -vë can be used to †ánë, see anta-
derive adverbs from adjectives (LotR3 : VI ch. 4, #ane-, form of copula “was” when
translated in Letters : 308) pronominal endings follow : anen “I was”, anel
Andafalassë place-name “Langstrand” “you were”, anes “(s)he / it was” (VT49 : 28, 29);
(long shore / beach) (PE17 : 135) see ná #1.
#andamacil noun “long sword” (anda + anel noun “daughter” (PE17 : 170),
macil), attested with the possessive ending -wa possibly intended by Tolkien as a replacement
(andamacilwa, PE17 : 147) for seldë (q.v.). Compare anon.
andamunda noun "elephant" ("long- anessë noun "given (or added) name"
mouth", anda + munda) (MBUD) (encompassing both epessi and amilessi) (MR :
andanéya adv. “long ago, once upon a 217)
time” (also anda né) (VT49 : 31) anga noun "iron", also name of tengwa
andatehta noun "long-mark" (TEK, #7 (ANGĀ, Appendix E, SA, PM : 347, LT1 : 249,
PE17 : 123), indicated to be an accent-like 268). In the pre-classical Tengwar system
symbol ´ used to mark long vowels (VT46 : 17). presupposed in the Etymologies, anga was the
Compare anda, tehta. name of letter #19, which tengwa Tolkien would
andavë adv. "long, at great length" later call noldo instead (VT45 : 6). Masc. names
(PE17 : 102); see anda Angamaitë "Iron-handed" (Letters : 347),
ando (1) noun "gate", also name of Angaráto "Iron-champion", Sindarin Angrod (SA
tengwa #5 (AD, Appendix E). A deleted entry in : ar(a) ). See also Angamando, tornanga and

cf. Angainor as the name of the chain with strangely, no past tense marker seems to be
which Melkor was bound (Silm) present (see -lto for the ending); antar a pl. verb
angaina adj. "of iron" (ANGĀ) translated "they gave", though in LotR-style
angaitya noun "torment" (LT1 : 249); Quenya it would rather be the present tense
rather nwalmë in Tolkien's later Quenya "give" (pl.); antaróta "he gave it" (anta-ró-ta
Angamando place-name "Iron-gaol", "gave-he-it"), another verb occurring in Fíriel's
Sindarin Angband (MR : 350). The Etymologies Song, once again with no past tense marker.
gives Angamanda "Angband, Hell", lit. "Iron- Also antáva "will give", future tense of anta-
prison" (MBAD, VT45 : 33). In deleted material in "give"; read perhaps *antuva in LotR-style
the Etymologies, the Quenya name of Angband Quenya; similarly antaváro "he will give" (LR :
was Angavanda (VT45 : 6); cf. vanda #2. Older 63) might later have appeared as *antuvas (with
"Qenya" has Angamandu "Hells of Iron" (or pl. the ending -s rather than “Qenya” -ro for “he”).
Angamandi) (LT1 : 249). Antalë imperative "give thou" (VT43 : 17), sc.
angayanda adj. “miserable” (QL : 34) anta "give" + the element le "thou", but this was
angayassë noun "misery" (LT1 : 249, a form Tolkien abandoned. Apparently ana was
QL : 34) at one point considered as another imperative
ango noun "snake"; stem angu- as in “give”, but Tolkien rewrote the text in question
angulócë (q.v.); pl. angwi (ANGWA / ANGU) (VT44 : 13), and the normal patterns would
angulócë noun ("k") "dragon" (LOK) suggest *á anta with an independent imperative
ánië, see anta- particle.
1 1
anna noun "gift" (ANA , SA), “a thing anta (2) noun "face" (ANA , VT45 : 5).
handed, brought or sent to a person” (PE17 : Cf. cendelë.
125), also name of tengwa #23 (Appendix E); pl. antara adj. "very high, very lofty", the
annar "gifts" in Fíriel's Song. Masc. name adjective tára "lofty" with the superlative prefix
Annatar "Lord of Gifts, *Gift-lord", name an- (q.v.) We might have expected *antára. Also
assumed by Sauron when he tried to seduce the place-name Antaro (VT45 : 5, 36), said to be the
Eldar in the Second Age (SA : tar). Eruanna "name of a mountain in Valinor south of
noun "God-gift", gift of God, i.e. "grace" (VT43 : Taniq[u]etil" (VT46 : 17)
1
38) antë noun "giver" (f.) (ANA )
anni > arni prep. with pron. suffix [antil noun "middle finger" (VT47 : 26)]
*”beside me” (VT49 : 25); see ara anto (1) noun "mouth", also name of
aññol- (sic, read angol-?) noun "strong tengwa #13 (Appendix E)
1
smell" (VT45 : 5, cf. ÑOL) anto (2) noun "giver" (masc.) (ANA )
anon noun “son” (PE17 : 170), possibly antoryamë noun "strengthening", used
intended by Tolkien as a replacement for yondo. of various manipulations of a stem, such as
anqualë noun "agony, death" (form lengthening vowels or consonants or turning a
Tolkien seems to have intended as a consonant or a vowel into a "blend" (see ostimë)
replacement for unqualë of similar meaning, (VT39 : 9)
VT45 : 24, 36) antúlien vb. "hath returned" in the
1 .
anta- (1) vb. "give" (ANA , MC : 215, phrase I cal' antúlien ("k") "Light hath returned"
221), pa.t. antanë (antanen “I gave”, VT49 : 14) (LT1 : 270); note the "Qenya" third person
or †ánë, perfect ánië (PE17 : 147, cf. QL : 31). ending -n. In LotR-style Quenya this would
According to VT49 : 14, Tolkien noted that anta- perhaps read *i cál' enutúlië or *i cala enutúlië.
was sometimes often with an “ironic tone” to #anyára (attested with dative ending :
refer to missiles, so that antanen hatal sena “I anyáran), see an-, yára
2
gave him a spear (as a present)” was often used anwa adj. "real, actual, true" (ANA )
with the real sense of “I cast a spear at him”. †anwë (1) vb. archaic past tense of
Usually the recipient of the thing given is auta-, q.v. (WJ : 366)
mentioned in the dative or allative case (like anwë (2) prep. with pron. suffix *”beside
sena in this example), but there is also a us”, changed to armë (VT49 : 25); see ara.
construction similar to English “present someone anwet prep. with pron. suffix *”beside
with something” in which the recipient is the us” (dual), changed to armet (VT49 : 25); see
object and the gift appears in the instrumental ara.
case : antanenyes parmanen, “I presented him #ap- (cited in the form apë, evidently the
with a book” (PE17 : 91). – The verb occurs 3rd person aorist) vb. "touch (one)" in the
several times in FS : antalto "they gave"; figurative sense; "concern, affect" (VT44 : 26)

apa (1) prep. "after" (VT44 : 36), person(s) forgiven in the dative (ámen apsenë
attested as a prefix in apacenyë and Apanónar, "forgive us", literally "for us"), whereas the matter
q.v. Variant ep- in epessë, q.v.; see epë for that is forgiven appears as a direct object (VT43
futher discussion. (According to VT44 : 36, apa : 12). Compare avatyar-.
was glossed “after” and also “before” in one late aqua adv. "fully, completely, altogether,
manuscript, but both meanings were rejected.) wholly" (WJ : 392)
See also apa # 2 below. For Neo-Quenya aquapahtië noun "privacy" (literally
purposes, apa should probably be ascribed the *"fully-closedness", of a mind that closes itself
meaning "after", as in our most widely-published against telepathic transfers) (VT39 : 23)
sources. Variants pa, pá (VT44 : 36), but like [aquet noun? vb? ”answer” (PE17 :
apa these are also ascribed other meanings 166)]
2
elsewhere; see separate entry. Apo (VT44 : 36) ar (1) conj. "and" (AR , SA, FS, Nam,
may be yet another variant of the word for RGEO : 67, CO, LR : 47, 56, MC : 216, VT43 :
"after". 31, VT44 : 10, 34; see VT47 : 31 for etymology,
apa (2) prep. denoting "on" with cf. also VT49 : 25, 40). The older form of the
reference to contact of surfaces, especially conjunction was az (PE17 : 41). Ar is often
vertical surface (in the sense in which a picture assimilated to al, as before l, s (PE17 : 41, 71),
hangs on a wall). Apa is said to have this but “in written Quenya ar was usually written in
meaning in various Tolkien manuscripts (VT44 : all cases” (PE17 : 71). In one case, Tolkien
26), but apa is also used for "after" (see apa #1 altered the phrase ar larmar “and garments” to
above), and the two were probably never meant al larmar; the former may then be seen as
to coexist in a single variant of Quenya. The representing the spelling, whereas the latter
clash may be avoided by consistently using the represents the pronunciation (PE17 : 175). More
variants pá, pa (q.v.) mentioned by Tolkien in the complex schemes of assimilation are suggested
sense of apa #2. Another variant gives apa, pá to have existed in “Old Quenya”, the conjunction
“on (above but touching)” (VT49 : 18). varying between ar, a and as depending on the
apa (3) conj. “but” : melinyes apa la hé following consonant (PE17 : 41, 71). An
“I love him but not him” (another) (VT49 : 15) alternative longer form of the conjunction, arë, is
apacenyë is translated "foresight" in MR said to occur "occasionally in Tolkien's later
: 216; yet the context and the form of the word writings" (VT43 : 31, cf. VT48 : 14). In the
itself clearly indicates that it is not a noun but Etymologies, the word for "and" was first written
actually the pl. form of an adjective *apacenya as ar(a) (VT45 : 6). – In one source, Tolkien
"of foresight". The noun "foresight" is almost notes that Quenya used ar “as preposition
certainly *apacen; cf. tercen "insight". (MR : beside, next, or as adverb = and” (PE17 : 145);
216) The literal meaning of *apacen is compare ara.
*"aftersight", sc. knowledge of that which comes ar (2) noun "day" (PE17 : 148),
after. [Essi] apacenyë "[names] of foresight", apparently short for árë, occurring in the names
prophetic names given to a child by its mother of the Valinorean week listed below. Tolkien
(MR : 216) indicated that ar in these names could also be
apairë noun "victory" (GL : 17) arë when the following element begins in a
Apanónar noun "the After-born", an consonant (VT45 : 27). Usually the word for
Elvish name of Mortal Men as the Second-born "day" in LotR-style Quenya is rather aurë (or ré),
of Ilúvatar (WJ : 387) q.v.
aparuivë, also just ruivë, noun “wild fire Ar Fanturion noun *"Day of the Fanturi
– fire as conflagration” (PE17 : 183) (Mandos and Lorien)" (LEP / LEPEN / LEPEK).
apo prep. ?"after" (see apa #1) (VT44 : Also Arë Fanturion (VT45 : 27).
36) Ar Manwen noun *"Day of Manwe" (LEP
appa- vb. "touch" (in the literal sense; / LEPEN / LEPEK; this is "Qenya" with genitive
contrast #ap-, q.v.) (VT44 : 26) in -n.) Also Arë Manwen (VT45 : 27).
apsa noun "cooked food, meat" (AP) Ar Ulmon noun *"Day of Ulmo" (LEP /
apsene- vb. "remit, release, forgive" LEPEN / LEPEK; this is "Qenya" with genitive in
(VT43 : 18, 20; it is unclear whether the final -e is -n.)
somehow part of the verbal stem or is just the Ar Veruen noun *"Day of the Spouses"
final form of the ending -i associated with the (Aule and Yavanna) (LEP / LEPEN / LEPEK; this
aorist, so that "I forgive" would be *apsenin). is "Qenya" with genitive in -n.) Also Arë Veruen
Where Tolkien used apsene-, he cited the (VT45 : 27).

2
ar- (1) prefix "outside" (AR ), element in PE17 : 28 (elsewhere Arnanórë, q.v.) Other
meaning "beside" (VT42 : 17), “by” (PE17 : 169; compounds ingaran, Noldóran, Núaran, q.v.
in the same source the glosses “near, by, aranel noun "princess" (likely *aranell-)
beside” were rejected). Cf. ara. (UT : 434)
ar- (2), also ari-, prefix for superlative #aranië noun "kingdom" (aranielya "thy
(compare arya #1, 2), hence arcalima kingdom") (VT43 : 15). Cf. #aranyë in
“brightest”, arimelda *”dearest” (PE17 : 56-57). Ardaranyë “the Kingdom of Arda” (PE17 : 105)
In the grammar described in the source, this aranus (#aranuss-), also aranussë,
prefix was to express superlative as the highest noun “kingship” (PE17 : 155)
degree (in actual comparison), whereas the Aranwë masc. name *"Kingly Person"
alternative prefix an- rather expressed “very” or (Silm); Aranwion patronymic "son of Aranwë"
“exceedingly” with a more purely augmentative (UT : 50 cf. 32)
or adverbial force, but these distinctions do not aranya, also ranya, adj. "free". Another
seem to have been clearly present at all stages gloss was not certainly legible, but the editors
of Tolkien’s work. See an- #2, am- #2. suggest "uncontrolling" (VT46 : 10)
1
ára noun "dawn" (AR ). According to #aranyë noun “kingdom”, isolated from
VT45 : 6, ára is also the name of the long vowel Ardaranyë “the Kingdom of Arda” (PE17 : 105)
carrier of the Tengwar system; it would be the Aratan masc. name *"Noble Adan"
first letter of the word ára if spelt in Tengwar. (Silm)
ara prep.(and adv.?) "outside, beside, arata adj. “high, lofty, noble” (PE17 : 49,
2
besides" (AR , VT49 : 57). According to VT45 : 186). Also used as a a noun with nominal pl.
6, the original glosses were "without, outside, form Aratar "the Supreme", the chief Valar,
beside", but Tolkien emended this. Arsë “he is translation of the foreign word Máhani adopted
out”, VT49 : 23, 35, 36. As for ar(a), see ar #1. – and adapted from Valarin (WJ : 402). Aratarya
VT49 : 25 lists what seems to be ar(a) combined "her sublimity"; Varda Aratarya "Varda the lofty,
with various pronominal suffixes : Singular anni Varda in her sublimity" (WJ : 369). In one
> arni *”beside me”, astyë *“beside you” source, Aratar is translated as a singular : “High
(informal), allë *“besides you” (formal), arsë One” (PE17 : 186)
*”beside him / her”, plural anwë > armë *“beside arato noun “a noble” (PE17 : 147), in
us” (exclusive), arwë *“beside us” (inclusive), PE17 : 118 given as aratō and there glossed
astë > ardë *“beside you” (plural), astë > artë “lord” (often = “king”). Cf. aráto. The form cited in
*“beside them”; dual anwet > armet *“beside us the latter source, aratō with a long final vowel, is
(two)”. (Here Tolkien presupposes that ara evidently very archaic (compare Enderō under
represents original ada-.) The same source lists Ender); later the vowel would become short.
the unglossed forms ari, arin that may combine (PE17 : 118)
the preposition with the article, hence *“beside aráto noun "champion, eminent man"
the” (VT49 : 24-25) (SA : ar(a) )
Ara-, ar- a prefixed form of the stem arauca ("k") adj. "swift, rushing" (LT2 :
Ara- "noble" (PM : 344). In the masc. names 347). Compare arauco.
Aracáno "high chieftain", mothername arauco ("k") noun "a powerful, hostile,
(amilessë, q.v.) of Fingolfin (PM : 360, cf. 344), and terrible creature; demon" (variant of rauco).
Arafinwë "Finarfin" (MR : 230) Tolkien's earlier "Qenya" has araucë "demon"
Araman place-name "outside Aman", (WJ : 415, LT1 : 250)
name of a region (SA : ar, mān) arca (1) adj. “narrow” (AK)
aran noun "king"; pl. arani (WJ : 369, arca- (2) vb. "pray" (VT43 : 23, cf. VT44
VT45 : 16, PE17 : 186); gen.pl. aranion "of : 8, 18); evidently this basically means "to
kings" in asëa aranion, q.v.; aranya *"my king" petition" or “to ask for”, compare arcandë below.
(aran + nya) (UT : 193). Aran Meletyalda "king #arcandë noun "petition" (isolated from
your mighty" = "your majesty" (WJ : 369); aran arcandemmar "our petitions") (VT44 : 8)
Ondórëo, “a king of Gondor” (VT49 : 27). Also in Arciryas masc. name (evidently derived
arandil "king's friend, royalist", arandur "king's from *arcirya "royal ship") (Appendix A)
servant, minister" (Letters : 386); Arantar masc. arda noun "realm" (GAR under 3AR). It
name, *"King-Lord" (Appendix A); Arandor is said that arda, when used as a common noun,
"Kingsland" region in Númenor (UT : 165); the "meant any more or less bounded or defined
long form Arandórë appears as a name of Arnor place, a region" (WJ : 402), or "a particular land
or region" (WJ : 413). Capitalized Arda "the

Realm", name of the Earth as the kingdom of Arnanórë, Arnanor place-name "Arnor",
Manwë (Silm), "the name given to our world or Royal Land (so #arna = "royal"?) (Letters : 428).
earth...within the immensity of Eä" (Letters : Cf. Arandórë.
283), once translated "Earth" (SD : 246). Also arni < anni prep. with pron. suffix
name of tengwa #26 (Appendix E). Masc. name *”beside me” (VT49 : 25); see ara
Ardamírë "Jewel of the World" (PM : 348), arquen noun "a noble" (WJ : 372),
shorter form Ardamir (UT : 210) Ardaranyë “the “knight” (PE17 : 147)
Kingdom of Arda” (PE17 : 105) arsë prep. with pron. suffix *”beside him
ardë prep. with pron. suffix *”beside you” / her” (informal) (VT49 : 25); see ara. Arsë “he is
(pl), changed from astë (VT49 : 25). See ara. out” (VT49 : 23, 35, 36)
arë conj. "and", longer form of ar, q.v. arta (1) adj. "exalted, lofty" (PM : 354),
(VT43 : 31) “high, noble” (PE17 : 118, 147); cf. names like
árë noun "day" (PM : 127) or "sunlight" Artaher, Artanis.
(SA : arien). Stem ári- (PE17 : 126, where the arta (2) noun "fort, fortress" (GARAT
word is further defined as “warmth, especially of under 3AR)
the sun, sunlight”). Also name of tengwa #31; cf. arta (3) adv. ”etcetera” (PE17 : 71); see
also ar # 2. Originally pronounced ázë; when / z ta #4.
/ merged with / r / , the letter became arta (4) prep. "across, athwart" (LT2 :
superfluous and was given the new value ss, 335), perhaps rather olla in Tolkien’s later
hence it was re-named essë (Appendix E). Also Quenya.
árë nuquerna *"árë reversed", name of tengwa Artaher (Artahér-) masc. name "noble
#32, similar to normal árë but turned upside lord" (Sindarin Arothir) (PM : 346)
down (Appendix E). See also ilyázëa, ilyárëa Artamir masc. name *"Noble jewel"
under ilya. – In the Etymologies, this word has a (Appendix A); cf. mírë.
1
short initial vowel : arë pl. ari (AR ) Artanis fem. name ”noble woman” (PM :
Arfanyaras, Arfanyarassë place-name, 347)
a "variant or close equivalent" of Taniquetil (WJ artarindo noun “bystander” (one
: 403) standing beside another as a supporter) (PE17 :
1
arië noun "daytime" (AR ) 71). Also astarindo.
Arien fem. name "the Sun-maiden", the artaurë noun “realm” (PE17 : 28). Cf.
1
Maia of the Sun (AR ; Silm); cf. árë "sunlight" turmen.
ari, arin prep. *”beside the”? See ara. artë prep. with pron. suffix *”beside
1
arin noun "morning" (AR ) them”, changed from astë (VT49 : 25). See ara.
arinya adj. "morning" in the adjectival artuilë noun "dayspring, early morn"
sense (e.g. *arinya árë "morning sun") and (TUY)
1
hence "early" (AR , VT45 : 6) Arvalin place-name, "outside Valinor"
2
arma (1) noun “a ray of sunlight” (PE17 : (AR )
148) Arvernien place-name, “(the land)
[arma (2) noun "possessions, goods, beside the Verna” (PE17 : 19). It is unclear what
property" (VT45 : 14), "a piece of goods or “Verna” refers to.
property" (VT45 : 16)] Arveruen noun third day of the
armar noun "goods" (pl.) (3AR). Valinorian week of 5 days, dedicated to Aule and
Compare the sg. arma "a piece of goods or Yavanna (BES)
property" mentioned above, though Tolkien arwa (1) adj. "in control of, possessing"
struck out that text. (followed by genitive, e.g. *arwa collo, "having a
armaro noun "neighbour"; also cloak [colla]"). Also suffix -arwa "having", as in
asambar, asambaro (VT48 : 20, VT49 : 25) aldarwa "having trees, tree-grown" (3AR). In a
armë prep. with pron. suffix *”beside us” deleted entry in the Etymologies, -arwa was
(exclusive), changed from anwë (VT49 : 25); see glossed "having, possessing, holding,
ara. controlling" (VT45 : 14)
armet prep. with pron. suffix *”beside us” [arwa (2) noun "possessions,
(dual), changed from arwet (VT49 : 25); see ara. belongings, wealth (VT45 : 14)]
Armenelos place-name, City of the arwë (1) prep. with pron. suffix *”beside
Kings in Númenor (ar-menel-os(to) "royal- us” (inclusive) (VT49 : 25); see ara.
heaven-city"???) The stem should possibly be [arwë (2) noun "possessions, wealth;
*Armenelost- (compare Mandos, Mandost-). treasure" (VT45 : 14, 16)]

arya (1) adj. “excelling”, used as the ascenë, ascénima (þ) adj. “visible,
comparative form of mára “good”, hence easily seen” (PE17 : 148)
*“better” (PE17 : 57). The superlative (*“best”) is asëa (þ) 1) adj. “beneficial, helpful,
i arya with the article, with genitive to express kindly” (so according to a late note where the
*“the best of\” Cf. mára. word is derived from *ATHAYA); hence also : 2)
arya- (2) vb. “to excel” (PE17 : 56). Cf. asëa (þ) noun, name of the healing plant called
#1 above. in Sindarin athelas (PE17 : 148), in English
1
arya (3) noun "twelve hours, day" (AR ; (representing Westron) called “kingsfoil”, cf.
compare aurë). In deleted notes this word was longer Quenya name asëa aranion (þ) "asëa of
also used as an adjective : "of the day, light" kings" (LotR3 : V ch. 8). Cf. aran.
(VT45 : 6). Still according to VT45 : 6, arya is asië (þ) noun “ease, comfort” (PE17 :
also the name of Tengwa #26 in the pre-classical 148)
Tengwar system presupposed in the #ascat- vb. "break asunder", only
Etymologies, but Tolkien would later call #26 attested in the past tense : ascantë (SD : 310)
arda instead (indeed arya was changed from assa "hole, perforation, opening, mouth"
arda in the source; Tolkien would later change (GAS)
his mind back again). The abandoned name assari noun "bones" (?) (MC : 214; this
arya suggests that the letter was to have the is "Qenya")
value ry (rather than rd as in the classical asya- (þ) vb. “to ease, assist, comfort”
system outlined in LotR Appendix E). – Since the (PE17 : 148)
word for “day” (daylight period) is given as aurë asta (1) noun "month", a division of the
in later sources, and arya is assigned other year (VT42 : 20). Pl. astar is attested (Appendix
meanings in late material (see #1, 2 above), the D). According to VT48 : 11, the basic meaning of
conceptual validity of arya “day” is questionable. % asta is "division, a part", especially one of other
[arya- (4) vb. "to possess" (VT45 : 14)] equal parts : "of the year, a month or period".
1 1
Aryantë noun "Daybringer" (AR , ANA ) According to VT48 : 19, asta is also used in
aryon noun "heir" (GAR under 3AR). In Quenya as a group suffix (see quentasta).
a deleted entry in the Etymologies, the word was asta- (2) vb. “to heat, bake (by exposure
given as aryo, aryon and defined as "son of to sun)” (PE17 : 148)
property = heir" (VT45 : 14), whereas in VT45 : astar noun “faith, loyalty (not belief)”
16 (reproducing deleted material from the (PE17 : 183). Not to be confused with the pl.
Etymologies), the word is defined as "heir, form of asta #1.
prince". Alternative form haryon. astarindo noun “bystander” (one
as prep. "with" (together with), also standing beside another as a supporter) (PE17 :
attested with a pronominal suffix : aselyë "with 71). Also artarindo.
thee" (VT47 : 31, VT43 : 29). The conjunction ar astarmo noun “bystander”, mainly used
“and” may also appear in assimilated form as in the sense of “witness” (PE17 : 71)
before s; see ar #1. astë prep. with pron. suffix (1) *”beside
asa (þ) prefix denoting easiness in you”, in this sense changed to ardë; (2) *”beside
doing, cf. asalastë. The prefix often appears in them”, in this sense changed to artë (VT49 : 25).
reduced form as- before p, t, c, q, s (PE17 : See ara.
148), cf. ascenë. Astaldo noun "the Valiant", a title of
asalastë (*aþa-) adj. “easily heard” Tulkas (Silm, MR : 438); replaced Poldórëa.
(PE17 : 148) asto noun "dust" (ÁS-AT). According to
asambar, asambaro noun "neighbour"; VT45 : 6, asto was the name of tengwa #13 in
also armaro (VT48 : 20). Since the ending -o is the pre-classical system presupposed in the
associated with the masculine gender, the form Etymologies, but Tolkien would later change the
asambar may be gender-neutral whereas the name of this letter to anto (its Quenya value
other forms are gender-marked as masculine. changing from st to nt).
[asanótë] (þ) ?adj. (not glossed, astyë prep. with pron. suffix *”beside
perhaps *”easily counted” (PE17 : 172) you” (informal) (VT49 : 25); see ara
asar (þ) (Vanyarin athar) noun "fixed ata adv. "again", also prefix ata-, at-
time, festival". Adopted and adapted from "back, again, re-; second time, double" (AT(AT),
Valarin. (WJ : 399) Pl. asari is attested (VT39 : PE17 : 166) or “two” (PE17 : 166), also “ambi-“
31) as in ataformaitë, q.v.

ataformaitë adj. “ambidextrous” (VT49 : addressing his or her father, also reduced to
9, 10, 42), pl. ataformaiti (VT49 : 9, 11). Spelling atya (VT47 : 26). Diminutive masc. name
was changed from attaformaitë in one case Atarincë ("k") "Little father", amilessë (never
(VT49 : 9). Cf. #ataformo. used in narrative) of Curufinwë = Curufin (PM :
#ataformo (pl. ataformor is attested), 353). Átaremma, Ataremma "our Father" as the
noun “ambidexter”. Spelling changed from first word of the Quenya translation of the Lord's
attaformor. Cf. adj. ataformaitë (VT49 : 9, 32)
F
Prayer, written before Tolkien changed -mm- as
atalantë noun "downfall, overthrow, the marker of 1st person pl. exclusive to -lm-;
especially as name [Atalantë] of the [downfallen] notice -e- as a connecting vowel before the
land of Númenor" (DAT / DANT, TALÁT, ending -mma "our". In some versions of the
Akallabêth, SD : 247, 310; also LR : 47, VT45 : Lord's Prayer, including the final version, the
26). Variant atalantië "Downfall", said to be a initial a of atar "father" is lengthened, producing
normal noun-formation in Quenya (Letters : 347, #átar. This may be a contraction of *a atar "o
footnote). Also common noun atalantë "collapse, Father", or the vowel may be lengthened to give
downfall", from which noun is derived the adj. special emphasis to #Átar "Father" as a religious
atalantëa "ruinous, downfallen", pl. atalantië in title (VT43 : 13). However, in VT44 : 12 Atar is
Markirya (changed to sg. atalantëa – this also a vocative form referring to God, and yet the
change does not make immediate sense, since initial vowel remains short.
the adjective undoubtedly modifies a plural noun, atarmë dative (?) pron. "for us" (VT44 :
but Tolkien does not always let adjectives agree 18; Tolkien apparently considered dropping this
in number). curious form, which in another text was replaced
atalantëa adj. "ruinous, downfallen"; see by rá men, rámen; see rá #1)
atalantë ataryo, also taryo (cited as (a)taryo),
atalta- vb. "collapse, fall in" (TALÁT), noun "daddy", also used as a name for the
pa.t. ataltanë "down-fell, fell down" in LR : 47 thumb in children's play, but Tolkien emended it
and SD : 247; atalantë "down-fell" in LR : 56 to atto / atya (VT48 : 4). Compare atar "father".
Atan pl. Atani noun "the Second Folk", atatya vb? adj.? "double" (VT42 : 26)
an Elvish name of Mortal Men, the Second-born atendëa noun "double-middle", name of
of Ilúvatar. Cf. also Núnatani (WJ : 386), the two enderi or middle-days that occurred in
Hróatani (PE17 : 18), q.v. Atanalcar masc. leap-years according to the calendar of Imladris
name, *"Man-glory" (UT : 210, cf. alcar). (Appendix D, first edition of LotR)
Atanamir masc.name, *"Edain-jewel"? atsa noun "catch, hook, claw" (GAT)
(Appendix A). Atanatar masc. name, "Father of atta (1) cardinal "two" (AT(AT), Letters :
Men" (Appendix A), also common noun 427, VT42 : 26, 27, VT48 : 6, 19). Elen atta “two
atanatar, pl. Atanatári, "Fathers of Men", a title stars” (VT49 : 44); notice how a noun is
that "properly belonged only to the leaders and indeclinable before this numeral, and any case
chieftains of the peoples at the time of their entry endings are “singular” and added to the numeral
into Beleriand" (PM : 324, SA : atar) rather than the noun, e.g. genitive elen atto “of
ataquanta- vb. “refall, fall second time, two stars” (VT49 : 45). Attalyar "Bipeds" (sg.
double fall” (sic in PE17 : 166). The correct gloss *Attalya) = Petty-dwarves (from Sindarin Tad-
must be “refill, fill second time, double fill”, which dail) (WJ : 389). – A word atta "again" was
would connect with the verb quanta- “fill” and struck out; see the entry TAT in Etym and cf. ata
also make rather better sense. in this list.
ataquë ("q") noun "construction, [atta- (prefix) (2) "back again, re-" (TAT)]
building" (TAK) [atta, (3) variant of atto (VT48 : 19). The
ataquetië noun (or gerund of verb) dual form attat was retained.]
“saying again, repetition” (PE17 : 166). Cited as atta (ata-) (4) prep. “across, over, lying
at(a)quetië, implying an alternative form from side to side” (VT49 : 32; it is not quite clear
atquetië. whether this is a Quenya word or not)
atar noun "father" (SA; WJ : 402, UT : attaformaitë, see ataformaitë
193, LT1 : 255, VT43 : 37, VT44 : 12). According #attaformo, see #ataformo
to the Etymologies (ATA) the pl. is atari, but attalaitë adj. “biped” (having two feet)
contrast #atári in Atanatári "Fathers of Men" (VT49 : 42, PE12 : 88)
(q.v.); possibly the word behaves differently attëa ordinal "second", replacing the
when compounded. Atarinya "my father" (LR : archaic form tatya (VT42 : 25)
70), atar(inya) the form a child would use

atto noun "father, daddy" (hypocoristic) ausa (þ) noun "a dim shape, spectral or
(ATA, LR : 49), supposedly a word in "actual vague apparition" (VT42 : 10, cf. 9). Compare
'family' use" (VT47 : 26), also used in children's fairë.
play for "thumb" and "big toe" (VT47 : 10, 26, ausië noun "wealth" (LT2 : 336; rather
VT48 : 4, 6). The dual form attat listed in VT48 : alma in Tolkien’s later Quenya)
19 seems to be formed from the alternative form auta- (1) vb. "go away, leave" (leave the
atta, though attat was changed by Tolkien from point of the speaker's thought); old "strong" past
attot. - Compare atya. tense anwë, usually replaced by vánë, perfect
atquetië, see ataquetië avánië – but when the meaning is purely
#atya (1) adj. "second" in Atyarussa physical "went away (to another place)" rather
"Second russa" (VT41 : 10) than "disappear", the past tense oantë, perfect
atya (2) noun "daddy", supposedly a oantië was used. Past participle vanwa "gone,
word in "actual 'family' use" (VT47 : 26, PE17 : lost, no longer to be had, vanished, departed,
170), also used in children's play for "thumb" and dead, past and over" (WJ : 366)
"big toe" (VT47 : 10, 26, VT48 : 4, 6); reduction auta- (2) vb. "invent, originate, devise"
of at(an)ya "my father" (or, as explained in VT48 (GAWA / GOWO) This could be obsoleted by # 1
: 19, reduction of at-nya of similar meaning). above; on the other hand, the verbs would be
Compare atto. quite distinct in the past tense, where auta- #2
atwa adj. "double" (AT(AT) ) would likely have the straightforward form
au- (1) a verbal prefix "off, *away", as in *autanë.
auciri ("k") "cut off" (so as to get rid of or lose a autë noun "prosperity, wealth", also adj.
portion); contrast hóciri (WJ : 366, 368). "rich" (LT2 : 336; rather alma, and as adj. alya or
Compare au as a variant of the stem awa “away lárëa, in Tolkien’s later Quenya)
from” (VT49 : 24) and the adverb au (see #2 Auzel pl. Auzeldi noun Vanyarin form
below). (and original form) of Aureldi (WJ : 374); see
au (2) adv. “away”, of position rather Aurel
than movement (compare oa). –PE17 : 148 #av- vb. "depart" (cited in the form avin
au- (2) privative prefix, = "without" "he departs", read "I depart" in LotR-style
(AWA) Quenya), pa.t. ambë (QL : 33). The word may
aulë (1) noun "invention" (GAWA / perhaps be used to translate "leave" with a direct
GOWO); evidently connected to or associated object, since "depart" is at least vaguely
with Aulë, name of the Vala of craft (GAWA / transitive in English.
GOWO, TAN), spouse of Yavanna; the name is áva, avá (the latter stressed on the final
adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ : 399) syllable) "Don't!", negative imperative particle
aulë (2) adj. "shaggy" (LT1 : 249; this (compare ala, #ála). Cf. ávan "I won't" (also ván,
"Qenya" word may have been obsoleted by # 1 ványë); áva carë! ("k") "don't do it!" (WJ : 371)
above) ava (1) adv.? noun? prep.? "outside,
Aulendil masc. name *"Friend of Aulë" beyond" (AWA, VT45 : 6)
(UT : 210) ava- (2) prefix indicating something
Aulendur masc. name "Servant of forbidden : avaquétima "not to be said, that
Aulë", applied especially to those persons, or must not be said", avanyárima "not to be told or
families, among the Noldor who actually entered related" (WJ : 370)
2
Aulë's service and in return received instruction ava- (3) prefix "without" (AR , AWA). In
from him (PM : 366) some cases apparently used as a mere negation
Aulëonnar (sg. #Aulëonna) noun prefix : The form avalerya in VT41 : 6 is
"Children of Aulë", a name of the Dwarves (PM : seemingly a negated form of the verb lerya-
391). See onna. "release, set free"; the verb avalerya- is
aurë noun "sunlight, day" (SA : ur), “day suggested to have the same meaning as the root
(of light), a day of special meaning or festival” KHAP = "bind, make fast, restrain, deprive of
(VT49 : 45). locative auressë "in (the) morning" liberty". Likewise, the verb avalatya- from the
in Markirya, allative aurenna *”on the day” (VT49 same source seems to mean "to close, shut",
: 43-45). Also compare amaurëa. this being a negated form of a verb *latya-
Aurel (Aureld-, e.g. pl. Aureldi) noun "open" (q.v.)
"Elf who departed from Beleriand to Aman" ava- (4) vb with pa.t. avanë. This verb is
(while the Sindar stayed there) (WJ : 363). Also not clearly glossed; apparently meaning refuse
Oarel, q.v. Earlier Auzel. or prohibit (WJ : 370). Cf. áva, Avamanyar.

What is seems to be more or less the same verb that it is "ancient Quenya" and offers the
has its principal tenses listed (with the ending -n interpretation "The Shadows". Whatever the
“I”) in VT49 : 13 : aorist avan, present ávan case, it must have become *Avasar in Exilic
(ávëan), future auvan for older avuvan, past Quenya.
avanen or auvan, perfect avávien. In one #avatyar- vb. "forgive" (VT43 : 18); the
version of the paradigm, the present tense form ávatyara (VT43 : 10) seems to include the
ávëan and past avanen are marked as archaic / imperative particle á (the two-word phrase *á
poetic forms. One text seemingly uses the pa.t. avatyara "forgive!" merging into ávatyara).
aunë in the sense “was not”, as a negative verb, Plural aorist avatyarir (VT43 : 20). Where
but this may have been a short-lived idea of Tolkien used avatyar-, he cited the person(s)
Tolkien’s (the text was revised). forgiven in the ablative (ávatyara mello "forgive
Avacúma place-name, "Exterior Void us", literally "from us"), whereas the matter that
beyond the World" (AWA, (OY) ) is forgiven appears as a direct object (VT43 :
avahaira adj. "remote, far" (KHAYA) 11). Compare apsenë.
Avallónë place-name; haven and city on avestalis noun "January" (LT1 : 252;
Tol Eressëa. In the Akallabêth the city is said to LotR-style Quenya has Narvinyë)
be so named because it is "of all cities the awalda adj. “move[d], stirred, exited”
nearest to Valinor", but the etymology is not (PE17 : 189); perhaps archaic Quenya for later
further explained. The Etymologies gives *oalda.
Avalóna "the outer isle" = Tol Eressëa (LONO, axa ("ks") (1) noun "narrow path, ravine"
(AWA), VT45 : 28) (AK)
Avamanyar noun Elves that refused to axa ("ks") (2) noun "waterfall" (LT1 :
go to Aman (= Avari) (WJ : 370). Sg. Avamanya 249, 255 - this "Qenya" word may have been
(PE17 : 143) obsoleted by # 1 above)
avánië, pl. avánier, perfect tense of axan noun "law, rule, commandment".
auta-, q.v. (WJ : 366) Adopted and adapted from Valarin. (WJ : 399)
avanir noun "unwill" (VT39 : 23) Pl. axani is attested (VT39 : 23, defined as
avanótë adj. "without number, "laws, rules, as primarily proceeding from Eru" in
2
numberless" (AWA, AR , VT49 : 36) VT39 : 30). Apparently compounded in the name
avanwa adj. “refused, forbidden, Axantur *"Commandment-lord" (= lord who
banned” (PE17 : 143), blended in meaning with respects and / or rules in accordance with God-
vanwa, q.v. given commandments?) (UT : 210)
avanyárima adj. "not to be told or axë (“ks”) noun “neck” (the bony part of
related" (WJ : 370), “unspeakable, wahat one the neck, not including throat), pl. axi given. Also
must not tell” (PE17 : 143) sg. acas (the alternative form axë is said to be
avaquet- ("q") vb. "refuse, forbid" “later” and seems to be an analogical back-
(KWET) formation from the pl. axi). The word is also used
avaquétima adj. "not to be said, that geographically of rock ridges. (PE17 : 92)
must not be said" (WJ : 370) axo noun "bone"; pl. axor in Markirya
avar noun "recusant, one who refuses to áya noun "awe" (PM : 363)
act as advised or commanded"; pl. Avari Elves áyan (later form aian) noun “a holy thing
that refused to join in the westward march to or object or place” (PE17 : 149)
Aman (WJ : 371, singular Avar in WJ : 377 and az, archaic form of the conjunction ar
VT47 : 13, 24). The Etymologies gives Avar or “and”; see ar #1.
Avaro, pl. Avari "Elves who never left Middle- ázë see árë
earth or began the march" (AB / ABAR)
Avathar place-name denoting the land
between the southern Pelóri and the Sea, where
Ungoliant dwelt; said to be "not Elvish" in WJ :
404 and must be thought of as an adaptation
from Valarin; on the other hand, MR : 284 states

ca, cata, cana prep? "behind, at back of

C geographical feature that “lies” in a certain place.
place" (VT43 : 30) According to PE17 : 72 and VT48 : 12-13, the
cá ("kâ") "jaw" noun (GL : 37; later pa.t. is cainë or cëantë rather than **caitanë.
sources give anca) The "Qenya" form kakainen, translated "were
caila ("k") adj. (and noun???) "lying in lying", may seem to be related (VT27 : 7, 21)
bed, bedridden, sickness" (KAY, VT45 : 19). It caivo ("k") noun "corpse" (MC : 221;
may be that the gloss "sickness" applies only to Tolkien's later Quenya has loico or quelet)
the "Noldorin" / Sindarin form cael listed before caivo-calma ("k") noun "corpse-light" =
Quenya caila, since cael could be both an corpsecandle (MC : 214; this is "Qenya" :
adjective and a noun (the ancient adjective *kailā Tolkien's later Quenya has loicolícuma)
"bedridden" merging with the noun *kailē #cal- vb. "shine", future tense caluva
"sickness"). In Quenya the form caila < *kailā ("k") "shall shine" (UT : 22 cf. 51). Compare also
would probably be an adjective only. early "Qenya" cala- ("k") "shine" (LT1 : 254). It is
caima ("k") noun "bed" (KAY) possible that the verbal stem should have a final
caimasan ("k") noun "bedchamber" -a in later Quenya as well, since this vowel would
(caimasamb-, as in pl. caimasambi) (STAB) not appear in the future tense caluva (compare
caimassë ("k") noun "lying in bed, valuvar as the pl. future tense of vala-, WJ :
sickness" (KAY) 404).
caimassëa ("k") adj. "bedridden, sick" cala ("k") noun "light" (KAL). Concerning
(KAY) the "Qenya" verb cala-, see #cal- above.
[caina, see cëa, cëan] Calacilya ("k") place-name "Pass of
cainë "lay", pa.t. of caita- "lie", q.v. Light", in which Kôr was built (KIL, KAL).
[cainen] ("k") cardinal "ten" (KAYAN / Evidently a variant of Calacirya.
KAYAR). According to VT48 : 12, Tolkien Calacirya place-name "Light-cleft",
eventually rejected this word (cainen would only Calacirya, the great ravine in the mountains of
mean "I lay", sc. the pa.t. cainë with the ending - Valinor, the passage leading from Valmar to the
n "I"). See quain, quëan. region where the Teleri lived. Genitive Calaciryo
cairë ("k") vb. "lay" (pa.t. of "lie") (MC : in Namárië (Nam, RGEO : 67)
221; this is "Qenya" - in LotR-style Quenya Calaciryan ("k") place-name "the Cleft
cainë pa.t. of caita?) An word cairë with no of Light", the pass in the Pelóri, apparently a
clear definition appears in PE17 : 101; see cëa, variant of Calacirya (WJ : 403, SA : kal-, kir-).
cairë. Calaciryan, Calaciryandë, "the region of
[caista] ("k"), fraction "one tenth" (1 / Eldamar (Elvenhome) in and near the entrance
10), also cast, an unusual Quenya form since to the ravine, where the Light was brighter and
the language does not normally tolerate two the land more beautiful" (RGEO : 70)
consonants finally (VT48 : 11). Compound Calainis ("k") noun "May" (LT1 : 252,
caistanótië ("k") "decimal system" (in counting) 254; in Tolkien's later Quenya Lótessë)
(ibid.) However, Tolkien later rejected the root Calamando ("k") masc. name "Light
KAYAN "ten" in favour of KWAYA(M), changing Mando" = Manwë (MBAD, (KAL, MANAD), VT45
the cardinal "ten" from cainen to quain, quëan : 18, 33)
(VT48 : 13). Apparently we must therefore read calambar (“k”) adj.? *”light-fated” (VT49
*quaista as the new fraction "one tenth". : 41, 42)
caita- vb. "lie" (= lie down, not "tell Calamor ("k") (Q? - not Sindarin!) pl.
something untrue"), aorist tense "lies" in the noun *"Light-Ones" = Light-Elves? Sg. *Calamo
sentences sindanóriello caita mornië "out of a (KAL)
grey land darkness lies" (Nam, RGEO : 67), calassë ("k") noun "clarity, brilliance"
caitas lá / palla i sír “it is [lit. lies] (far) beyond (GL : 39)
the river” (PE17 : 65); the latter example Calaquendi pl. noun "Elves of the Light,
demonstrates that caita can also be used of a Light-elves" (SA : kal-, SA : quen- / quet-, WJ :

361, WJ : 373); spelt Kalaqendi in Etym (KAL). calta- ("k") vb. "shine" (KAL)
Sg. *Calaquendë. calwa ("k") adj. "beautiful" (LT1 : 254)
calar noun "lamp" (VT47 : 13) calya- ("k") vb. "illuminate" (KAL, VT45 :
calarus (calarust-) noun "polished 18)
copper" (VT41 : 10) #cam- vb. "receive" (attested in the past
Calavénë ("k") noun "Sun" (lit. *"light- tense #camnë with pronominal endings added :
vessel", *"light-dish") (LT1 : 254) camnelyes "you received it") (VT47 : 21)
Calaventë ("k") noun "Sun" (LT1 : 254) cáma noun “guilt, responsibility” (QL :
calca noun "glass" (VT47 : 35); compare 43)
hyellë, cilin. camba noun "the whole hand, but as
cálë ("k") noun "light" (Markirya; in early flexed, with fingers more or less closed, cupped,
"Qenya", cálë meant "morning", LT1 : 254) in the attitude of receiving or holding" (VT47 : 7)
calima adj. "bright" (VT42 : 32); cf. cambë noun ("k") "hollow (of hand)"
ancalima; in PE17 : 56, arcalima appears as (KAB). In the deleted first version of the entry
another superlative “brightest” (see ar- #2). KAB, this word was glossed "closed hand" (VT45
Calimehtar masc.name, *"Bright : 18). Cambeya (“k”) colloquial Quenya for “his
Swordsman" (Appendix A) hand” (the formally correct form being
Calimmacil masc. name, *"Bright *camberya) (VT49 : 17)
Sword" (for *Calimamacil?) (Appendix A) camta- ("k") vb. "to (make) fit; to fit,
calina ("k") adj. "light" (KAL), "bright" accommodate" (VT44 : 14; the cluster mt seems
(VT42 : 32) “(literally illumined) sunny, light” unusual for Quenya, and it is not explicitly stated
(PE17 : 153)– but apparently a noun "light" in in the source that this is a Quenya word. Cf.
coacalina, q.v. PE17 : 91, where mt is shown to become nt in
Calion, Tar-Calion, masc. name, the Quenya words.)
Quenya name of King Ar-Pharazôn "the Golden". can- (1) (prefix) ("k") "four" (KÁNAT)
Calion would seem to be connected to cal- *can- (2) vb. "command, order" (give an
"shine", cálë "light". (Silm) order) or (with things as object) "demand" (PM :
Caliondo, masc. name, maybe a longer 361-362; where various derivatives of the stem
form of Calion above (unless Caliondo contains KAN- are listed; the verb *can- is not directly
ondo "rock") (UT : 210) cited, but seems implied by the statement "in
calliérë pa.t. vb. "shone" ("k") (MC : 220; Quenya the sense command had become the
this is "Qenya" - in LotR-style Quenya *callë, usual one". The undefined verb canya- listed
*caltanë.) elsewhere [PE17 : 113] may also be taken as the
callo ("k") noun "noble man, hero" (KAL) actual verbal derivative that Tolkien here refers
calma noun "lamp, a light, device for to.)
shining light” (Appendix E, KAL, PE17 : 123, cana, see ca
180), also name of tengwa #3 (cf. calmatéma), Canafinwë masc. name "strong-voiced
which was also already its name in the mostly or ?commanding Finwë"; his Sindarin name was
pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in Maglor (see Macalaurë). Short Quenya name
the Etymologies (VT45 : 18, there spelt "kalma"). Cáno. (PM : 352)
In early "Qenya", calma ("k") meant "daylight" canaquë ("k, kw") cardinal "fourteen"
(LT1 : 254; in MC : 213, the word is translated (VT48 : 21).The spelling "kanakwe" occurring in
"light"). Plural instrumental calmainen ("k") the primary source could suggest that this is
"lights-by", by lights (MC : 216) really a Common Eldarin form; if so, one could
Calmacil masc. name, *"Light-sword" or theorize that the Quenya form would be *canquë
possibly (if haplology of *Calmamacil) *"Lamp- with syncope of the middle vowel (the same
sword" (Appendix A). Cf. cálë, cala, calma, source lists "minikwe" as a word for 11, and the
macil. Quenya form is known to be minque rather than
calmatan noun “lampwright” (PE17 : 96) **miniquë). On the other hand, in the same
calmatéma noun "k-series", velar series source "tolokwe" as a word for 18 is listed
: the third column of the Tengwar system together with definite Quenya forms and is
(Appendix E) apparently an unorthodox spelling of *toloquë
calpa ("k") (1) noun "water-vessel" (as observed by the editor) : Here no syncope
(KALPA), "bucket, vessel" (QL : 47) producing *tolquë occurs.
calpa- ("k") (2) vb. "draw water, scoop canasta ("k") fraction "one fourth" (1 / 4).
out, bale out" (KALPA) Also cansat, casta (VT48 : 11)

cánë ("k") noun "valour" (KAN) and VT49 : 17 quotes the sg. “kas” from a post-
cáno ("k") noun "commander", usually LotR source). Compare other forms found in late
as the title of a lesser chief, especially one acting sources : hlas “ear” with stem hlar- (PE17 : 62)
as the deputy of one higher in rank (PM : 345, and olos “dream”, pl. olori, in a late source (UT :
SA : káno – PM : 362 indicates that cáno 396) In Tolkien’s early “Qenya”, post-vocalic -s
originially meant "crier, herald"); "ruler, governor, became -r at the end of words but was
chieftain" (UT : 400), “leader” (PE17 : 113). preserved when another vowel followed. His
Masc. name Cáno, see Canafinwë. The word later scheme either lets -r appear in both
cáno ("k") also occurred in the Etymologies with positions, or reverses the scenario altogether
the gloss "chief", but Tolkien changed it to cánë (hence olos, olor-). It would seem that the forms
"valour" (VT45 : 19). cár, cas- were distractedly carried over into the
cansat ("k") fraction "one fourth" (1 / 4). Etymologies from the Qenya Lexicon (kar, kas-,
Also canasta, casta (VT48 : 11) QL : 45) even though they presuppose an earlier
canta (1) ("k") cardinal "four" (KÁNAT, version of the phonology. An apparent variant
VT42 : 24, VT48 : 6). In the Etymologies as form in late material, cára from earlier cáza (“k”),
printed in LR, this word was cited with a final however fits the later phonology since
hyphen (as if it were a verb), but the hyphen intervocalic s would become z > r (PE17 : 188).
does not actually appear in Tolkien's manuscript car- (1) vb. "make, do, build, form" (1st
(VT45 : 19). Ordinal cantëa ("k") "fourth" (VT42 : pers. aorist carin "I make, build"; the aorist is
25) Compare cantil. listed with all pronominal endings in VT49 : 16,
canta (2) ("k") noun “shape” (PE17 : also in pl. and dual forms carir, carit). Regarding
175), also used as adj. "shaped", also as quasi- the form carize- (PE17 : 128), see -s #1. Pa.t.
suffix -canta ("k") "-shaped" (KAT) carnë (KAR, PE17 : 74, 144). The infinitival
canta- (3) an undefined verb (?) cited in aorist stem carë ("k") (by Patrick Wynne called a
PE17 : 113. See canya- #2. “general aorist infinitive” in VT49 : 34) occurs in
cantëa ("k") ordinal "fourth" (VT42 : 25) ecë nin carë sa “I can do it” (VT49 : 34), also in
[cantil ("k") noun "fourth finger" (VT47 : áva carë "don't do it" (WJ : 371) and uin carë
26)] (PE17 : 68); in the last example Tolkien calls
canuva ("k") "leaden" (LT1 : 268; if this carë an example of the “simplest aorist
"Qenya" word is used in a LotR-style Quenya infinitive”, the same source referring to carië as
context, it must not be confused with the future the “general infinitive” of the same verb. Pl. aorist
tense of can-) carir "form" in the phrase i carir quettar (“k”)
canwa (1) noun "announcement, order" "those who form words" (WJ : 391, cf. VT49 :
(PM : 362) 16), continuative cára, future caruva (PE17 :
#canwa (2) noun “face”, isolated from 144), carita ("k"), infinitive / gerund "to do" or
canwarya (“k”) *”his face”, evidently an "doing" (VT42 : 33), with suffixes caritas "to do
ephemeral form Tolkien abandoned in favour of it" or "doing it", caritalya(s) "your doing (it)" in
cendelë, q.v. (VT49 : 21; see VT49 : 34 VT41 : 13,17, VT42 : 33. Past participle #carna,
regarding uncertainties as to the manuscript q.v.; VT43 : 15 also gives the long form carina
reading) ("k"), read perhaps *cárina. (Carima as a
*canwë, see #caw- passive participle may be a mistake, VT43 : 15.)
canya (1) ("k") adj. "bold" (KAN). PE17 : 68 refers to a “simple past passive
canya- (2) verb (pa.t. canyanë given), participle” of the form carinwa (“kari-nwa”).
undefined form occurring in PE17 : 113 (together “Rare” past participle active (?) cárienwa (“k”)
with the seeming variant canta-). See *can- #2 *”having done” (PE17 : 68), unless this is also a
for a conjecture regarding its meaning. kind of passive participle (the wording of the
cap- (“k”) vb. “jump, leap”, pa.t. campë source is unclear). Some alternative forms in
(QL : 45, PE16 : 134) Fíriel's Song : past tense cárë ("káre") "made";
capalinda ("k") noun "spring of water" this may still be an alternative to the better-
(LT1 : 257; ehtelë may be preferred in LotR-style attested form carnë (LR : 362) even in LotR-
Quenya) style Quenya. Cf. ohtacárë “war-made”, made
cár (cas-) ("k") noun "head" (KAS). The war (see #ohtacar-). Also *cárië with various
given stem-form appears doubtful within the suffixes : cárier ("kárier") is translated "they
phonological framework of LotR-style Quenya. made"; in LotR-style Quenya this could be seen
Probably we should read cas with stem car- as an augmentless perfect, hence *"they have
(PE14 : 69 indeed reads “kas ‘head’, pl. kari”, made", "they" being simply the plural ending -r.

The literal meaning of cárielto ("k") must also be 172). Carna would seem to be the passive
*"they made" (cf. -lto). – Derived adjectives participle of car-, though a longer form carina
urcárima and urcarnë “hard to make / do”, (read *cárina?) is also attested (VT43 : 15).
urucarin “made with difficulty” (PE17 : 154), carnë adj. "red", “scarlet, red” (SA :
saucarya “evil-doing” (PE17 : 68). caran, PE17 : 154, MC : 214, KARÁN - spelt with
#car- (2) prep. "with" (carelyë "with a k in the two latter sources), not to be confused
thee"), prepositional element (evidently an with the past tense of car- "do, make". Stem
ephemeral form abandoned by Tolkien) (VT43 : carni- as in Carnimírië, Carnistir.
29) carneambarai ("k") "red-???"
car (card-) (3) ("k") noun "deed" (Narqelion; very early "Qenya")
(rewritten >) "building, house" (KAR). Cf. carda. carnevaitë ("k") noun "red sky" (MC :
carampë, pa.t. of carpa-, q.v. 221; this is "Qenya")
carassë noun “a built fort or dwelling carnevalinar ("k") "red-???" (Narqelion;
surrounded by bulwarks” (PE17 : 84) very early "Qenya")
carasta- vb. “build” (PE17 : 84) Carnil ("k") name of a star (or planet),
cari pl. noun “heads”; see cár identified with Mars (MR : 435)
caraxë ("k, ks") noun "jagged hedge of †carni-mírëa adj. “red-jewelled” (PE17 :
spikes"; compare Helcaraxë (KARAK) 83), whence the name Carnimírië "[one] having
carca noun "tooth" (KARAK) or "fang" red gems, Red-jewelled", the rowan-tree in
(SA : carak-). In a deleted version of the entry in Quickbeam's song (LotR2 : III ch. 4, SA : caran,
question, the glosses were "tooth, spike, peak" PE17 : 83), also translated "with adornment of
(VT45 : 19). When referring to a normal tooth, red jewels" (Letters : 224; where the reading
not necessarily sharp, the word nelet is probably "carnemírie" occurs)
to be preferred. – Cf. also pl. carcar ("karkar") in Carnistir masc. name "red-face",
Markirya, there translated "rocks", evidently mother-name (never used in narrative) of
referring to sharp rocks. Already the early Morifinwë = Caranthir (PM : 353)
"Qenya Lexicon" has carca ("k") "fang, tooth, [cáro] ("k") noun "doer, actor, agent"
tusk" (LT2 : 344). Collective carcanë, q.v. (KAR; replaced by tyaro). In the Etymologies as
carcanë ("k") noun "row of teeth" printed in LR, the accent of the word cáro was
(KARAK; this may be a misreading for *carcarë). omitted (VT45 : 19).
In early "Qenya", carcanë meant "snarling", adj. carpa (“k”) (1) noun “mouth”, including
(MC : 213) lips, teeth, tongue etc. (PE17 : 126); also used
carcaras, carcassë ("k") noun "row of for “language”, in particular the phonetic system.
spikes or teeth" (LT2 : 344 - Tolkien's later Cf. náva and páva.
Quenya has carcanë [read ?carcarë], but these carpa- (“k”) (2) intransitive vb. “talk,
words, especially carcassë, may still be valid) speak, use tongue” (pa.t. carampë given).
[carco ("k") noun "crow" (KARKA)] (PE17 : 126)
(Changed to corco.) carpassë (“k”) noun ”mouth-system”, i.e.
carda noun “deed” (PE17 : 51). Cf. car ”full organized language, including system,
#3. The word may contain the ending -da (q.v.) vocabulary, metre etc.” (PE17 : 126); probably
denoting the result of the corresponding verbal replaced by pahta (2), q.v.
action. carrëa (for cas-raya) noun "tressure"
carma (1) noun “tool, weapon” (PE17 : (net for confining the hair). (VT42 : 12)
114) #carva noun "womb" (isolated from
carma (2) noun "helm" (helmet) in carvalyo "of thy womb") (VT43 : 31; Tolkien
Carma-cundo ("k") "Helm-guardian" (PM : 260). seems to have abandoned this form in favour of
Note that in PE17 : 114, Tolkien indicated that he #móna, q.v.)
rather wanted carma to mean “tool” or “weapon”, cas (“k”) “head” (VT49 : 17), cf. also
leaving the status of carma “helmet” uncertain. deleted [cas] ("k") noun "top, summit" (VT45 :
Possibly shortened to -car in the names Eldacar 19). This noun should evidently have the stem-
(Elfhelm?), Hallacar (Tall-helm?) Cf. also cassa form car-. See cár.
in Etym. Casar ("k") noun "Dwarf", pl. Casari or
Carmë ("k") noun "art" (UT : 459) Casári, partitive plural Casalli. Adapted from
carna passive participle *"built, made" in Dwarvish Khazâd. Casarrondo place-name
Vincarna "newly-made" (MR : 408), also struck- "Khazad-dûm", Moria (WJ : 388, 389; pl. Casári
out alacarna “well-done, well-made” (PE17 : also in WJ : 402)

cassa ("k") noun "helmet" (KAS; though abnormal for Quenya, at least as far as spelling
spelt cassa also in the Etymologies as printed in is concerned.) In another conceptual phase, cé
LR, VT45 : 19 indicates that Tolkien's own was also used = “if” (VT49 : 19), but this
spelling was kassa). Cf. carma in a later source. conjunction appears as qui elsewhere.
[cast] ("k"), fraction "one tenth", but the Examples of cé, ce meaning “if” (said to be
form is apparently obsolete; see caista. (VT48 : “usually [used] with aorist”) include cé mo quetë
11) ulca (“k”, “q”) *”if one speaks evil”, cé tulis,
casta (1) ("k") fraction "one fourth" (1 / nauvan tanomë (“k”) *”if (s)he comes, I will be
4). Also canasta, cansat (VT48 : 11) there” (VT49 : 19), cé mo\ *“if one\”, ce
casta (2) noun "cause" (reason) (QL : formenna *“if northwards” (VT49 : 26)
43) [cëa, cëan ("k") cardinal "ten", forms
Castamir masc. name, "casta[?]-jewel" Tolkien later abandoned in favour of quain or
(Appendix A) quëan. An adjectival form caina ("k") was also
castol noun “helmet”, synonyms tholon listed, but must likewise be considered obsolete.
(q.v.), sól (q.v), also variant castolo (“k”) (PE17 : (VT48 : 12-13, VT49 : 54)]
186, 188) cëa (k”), cairë noun ?“fence” (PE17 :
cata, see ca 101); or numeral “ten”? The source is obscure;
cauca ("k") adj. "crooked" (LT1 : 257; cf. cf. cëa above.
#caw-) cectelë ("k") noun "fountain" (LT1 : 257,
cauco ("k") noun "humpback" (LT1 : LT2 : 338. In LotR-style Quenya rather ehtelë.)
257) Celec-orna noun “Swift-tall”, Quenya
cauma (”k”) noun ”protection or shelter form of Celegorn (PE17 : 112)
natural or otherwise, sc. against sun, or rain, or celma ("k") noun "channel" (KEL)
wind – or against darts; shield” (PE17 : 108) celu ("k") noun "stream" (LT1 : 257;
caurë ("k") noun "fear" (LT1 : 257) rather celumë in LotR-style Quenya)
caurëa ("k") adj. "timid" (LT1 : 257) celumë ("k") noun "stream, flow" (KEL,
cautáron ("k") adj.? "bent" (MC : 216; LT1 : 257); locative pl. celumessen ("k") in
this is "Qenya") Markirya (ëar-celumessen is translated "in the
*cav-, see #caw- flowing sea", lit. *"in sea-streams").
#caw- vb. "bow" ("k") (1st pers aorist celusindi ("k") noun "river" (LT1 : 257;
cawin "I bow") (LT1 : 257; cf. cauca, cauco). In hardly a valid word in Tolkien's later Quenya,
Tolkien's later Quenya, a verbal stem with w in where the terms sírë and sirya appear instead)
this position does not seem to fit the general celussë ("k") noun "freshet, water falling
phonology well; intervocalic w would become v. out swiftly from a rocky spring" (UT : 426, VT49 :
We should perhaps read *cav- whereever the 30)
second consonant of the root follows a vowel, celvar (sg. #celva) ("k") noun "animals,
but the nasal-infixed past tense could be *canwë living things that move" (Silm)
with the original quality of the consonant cemen (cén) (spelt "kemen" in some
preserved. (Compare such a past tense form as sources, "cemen" in others) noun "earth" (VT44 :
anwë, q.v.) However, Tolkien’s later verb luhta- 34), Cemenyë ("k") "and Earth" (VT47 : 11).
may be preferred for intransitive “bow”. Cemen refers to the earth as a flat floor beneath
[-cca (“k”) ?“your”, apparently an menel, the heavens (SA : kemen); "soil, earth"
abandoned 2nd person plural or dual possessive (KEM, LT1 : 257). At one stage, Tolkien intended
(VT49 : 49). Compare -lca.] cemen to be the genitive of cén; later cemen
cé ("k"), also ce (“k”) “may be” (VT49 : became the nominative, and the status of cén is
19, 27), particle indicating uncertainty (VT42 : uncertain. See Kementári. Locative cemessë,
34; ce in Bill Welden's note is a misspelling, cemenzë (really spelt with c rather than k in one
VT44 : 38, but the short form ce does occur in version, but also kemenze) in the Quenya Lord's
other texts, cf. VT49 : 18-19). In VT42, Welden Prayer; later changed to kemendë, cemendë
wrote that Tolkien altered ké to kwí (or kwíta, (VT43 : 17)
q.v.), but Welden later noted that "it does not [cemenáro, see cemnaro]
follow that because the form was changed in Cemendur masc. name *"Earth-servant"
another sentence it would necessarily have been (i.e. farmer?) (Appendix A, UT : 210)
corrected in the examples cited" (VT44 : 38). So cemi noun "earth, soil, land"; Cémi ("k")
cé / ké may still be a conceptually valid form. "Mother Earth" (LT1 : 257; the "Qenya" word
(The forms in kw- rather than qu- seem

cemi would correspond to cemen in LotR-style *parmassë, despite the translation). Past tense
Quenya) cense (Þ) given, replacing the phonologically
**cemina ("k"), see cemna expected form centë (also cited). (PE17 : 156)
cemna ("k") adj. "of earth, earthen" (In cesta- (“k”) vb. “to seek, search for”
Etym as printed in LR : 363 s.v. KEM, this word (PE17 : 156)
is cited as cemina, but according to VT45 : 19 ceula, see quëa
Tolkien's manuscript actually reads cemna.) ceulë (k), probably noun *"renewal"
cemnaro ("k") noun "potter" (TAN). First (VT48 : 8)
written as cemenáro (VT45 : 19). ceura ("k"), probably adj. "renewed"
cén (cem-) ("k") noun "soil, earth"; see (VT48 : 8). Also in the form ceurë (VT48 : 7), but
cemen (KEM) ceura seems to be the form that would fit
cen- ("k") vb. "see, behold", future tense Tolkien's general principles best : there are
cenuva ("kenuva") "shall see" in Markirya. many adjectives in -ra, whereas forms in -rë
Imperative cena ("k"), VT47 : 31. Also #cen = would normally be taken to be the plural form of
noun "sight" as the final element of some nouns such adjectives.
(*apacen, tercen, q.v.) Compare the root KHEN- ceuran- ("k") noun "new moon"
, KEN-, KYEN- "look at, see, observe, direct (compare Rána "moon"). The word is cited with
gaze" (VT45 : 21) a final hyphen, as if some final element is
cenai (“k”) conj. “if it be that” (VT49 : missing, but Rána could very well be reduced to
19). This word presupposes ce = “if”; other -ran at the end of a compound. (VT48 : 7)
sources rather make qui the word for “if”, ceuranar ("k") noun "new sun after
whereas ce or cé is used = “maybe”. solstice" (VT48 : 7), apparently a compound
cenasit, canasta (“k”) adv. “if it be so, ceura or ceurë + anar, q.v.
may be, perhaps” (VT49 : 19). Compare cenai. ceurë ("k") adj. "renewed" (emended
cenda- vb. "watch" (not "guard", but from a noun ceura "renewal") (VT48 : 7). See
observe to gain information), also used = "read". ceura and compare ceuranar.
Cenda = also noun "reading", as in ceuta- ("k") vb. "renew, refresh" (VT48 :
sanwecenda "thought-inspection, thought- 7, 8)
reading". (VT41 : 5, PE17 : 156) céva ("k") adj. "fresh, new" (VT48 : 7, 8)
cendë noun ”point” (PE16 : 96) cildë ("k") pa.t. vb.? *"saw" (???) The
cendelë noun “face” (VT49 : 21) phrase úri kilde hísen níe nienaite is translated
cenima (“k”) adj. “visible” (PE17 : 175); "the Sun with wet eyes dropped tears of mist",
cf. cen- “see”. Read possibly *cénima; see -ima literally perhaps something like *"the Sun saw
and cf. hraicénima “scarcely visible” (PE17 : (through) misty tears tearfully"??? (MC : 221;
154). this is "Qenya"; cf. cildo)
centa noun "communication, enquiry, cildo ("k") vb. "one saw" (MC : 220; this
*essay"; Ósanwë-centa ("k") "Communication of is "Qenya"; cf. cildë, ciluva)
Thought", an appendix to Pengolodh's Lammas cilin noun “glass” (“often used as in
or "Account of Tongues" (VT39 : 23, MR : 415); English (“often used as in English for any thing
cf. also essecenta, q.v. or implement made of glass”) (PE17 : 37).
centano ("k") noun "potter" (TAN, VT45 Compare calca, hyellë.
: 19) cilintilla or cilintír noun “looking-glass”
Cermië noun seventh month of the year, (i.e. mirror?) –PE17 : 37
"July" (Appendix D) cilinyul noun “drinking-vessel” (made of
certa noun "rune" (pl. certar given), glass) –PE17 : 37
adapted from Sindarin certh (a "true" or inherited #cilmë noun "choosing" (isolated from
Quenya form of primitive ¤kirtē would have been Essecilmë "name-choosing", q.v.) (MR : 214);
*cirtë, but this word did not occur). (WJ : 396) also in #cilmessë pl. cilmessi ("k") "self-
ces- (Þ) (“k”), “to search (for something), names", literally names of personal choice (PM :
to examine (something) in order to find 339) (cilmë + essi, hence *"choice-names").
(something)”; the root meaning is given as ciluva ("k") vb. "shall see" (MC : 213,
“enquire of, question, examine” (something). 214; this is "Qenya")
Cesë parma “to look in a book” (for a passage or cilya noun "chasm", allative cilyanna
information required); here the aorist stem cesë ("k") "in-Chasm" (sc. "into [the] chasm") (LR : 47,
is used as infinitive. Notice that ces- here takes 56). In MR : 471, cilya is defined as "cleft,
a simple direct object parma (not locative

gorge". Spelt kilya in Etym, there defined as here used metaphorically = “body”, as also in the
"cleft, pass between hills, gorge" (KIL) compound coacalina "light of the house" (a
cim- vb. "heed" (GL : 39) metaphor for the soul [fëa] dwelling inside the
cinta adj. “small” (PE17 : 157) body [hroa]) (MR : 250)
#cir-, see círa coi ("k") "life" (LT1 : 257; in Tolkien's
círa ("k") vb. "sail" (apparently the later Quenya cuilë)
continuative stem of #cir-) (Markirya) [coacë, see quácë]
circa ("k") noun "sickle" (KIRIK) coimas noun "life-bread" = Sindarin
círier ("k") pa.t. vb. "clove" (MC : 216; lembas (SA : cuivië, PM : 395); coimas Eldaron
this is "Qenya") "the coimas of the Eldar" (PM : 395)
cirinci ("k"), sg. *cirincë, noun : a coina ("k") adj. "alive" (LT1 : 257;
species of birds, "no bigger than wrens, but all Tolkien's later Quenya also has cuina, though
scarlet, with piping voices on the edge of human coina may still be a valid word : properly, the
hearing" (UT : 169). The word seems to root of words for “life” is coi- rather than cui-, the
incorporate the diminutive ending -incë. latter referring to “awakening” instead)
ciris ("k") noun "cleft, crack" (LT2 : 337 - coirë noun "stirring", in the calendar of
obsoleted by cirissë?) Imladris a precisely defined period of 54 days
cirissë ("k") noun "slash, gash" (KIRIS; (Appendix D), but translated "the first day of
the glosses "cleft" and maybe ?"crevasse" Spring" in the Silmarillion Appendix (SA : cuivië).
occurred in deleted material, VT45 : 23) Early "Qenya" has coirë ("k") "life" (LT1 : 257; in
*cirtë see certa Tolkien's later Quenya, the word for "life" is cuilë
cirya ("k") noun "ship" (MC : 213, 214, or coivië; however, cf. the adj. coirëa from a late
220, 221), "(sharp-prowed) ship" (SA : kir-, source).
where the word is misspelt círya with a long í; coirëa adj. "living" (glossed "alive" in
Christopher Tolkien probably confused it with the LT1 : 257); coirëa quenya "living speech" (PM :
first element of the Sindarin name Círdan. It 399, VT49 : 42)
seems that Círyon, the name of Isildur's son, is coitë ("k") noun "living being" (LT1 :
likewise misspelt; read Ciryon as in the index 257)
and the main text of the Silmarillion. Cf. also coiva ("k") adj. "awake" (LT1 : 257 -
kirya in Etym, stem KIR.) Also in Markirya. In the read *cuiva in LotR-style Quenya? Cf. coivië
Plotz letter, cirya is inflected for all cases except becoming cuivië. On the other hand, the
plural possessive (*ciryaiva). The curious dual elements cui- and coi- having to do with life and
form ciriat occurs in Letters : 427, whereas Plotz awakening cannot be wholly separated.
gives the expected form ciryat. Locative coivië ("k") noun “life” (coivierya, *“his /
ciryasse "upon a ship" (MC : 216). Compounded her life”, VT49 : 41, 42). In early material, the
in ciryaquen "shipman, sailor" (WJ : 372), also word is glossed “awakening" instead (LT1 : 257;
ciryando (PE17 : 58), cf. also ciryamo “mariner” in LotR-style Quenya cuivië, as in Cuiviénen)
(UT : 8). Masc. names Ciryaher *"Ship-lord" #Coivienéni place-name, "Qenya" form
(Appendix A), Ciryandil *"Ship-friend" (Appendix of Cuiviénen, the Waters of Awakening (VT14 :
A), Ciryatan *"Ship-builder" (Appendix A), also 5)
Tar-Ciryatan, name of a Númenórean king, #col- vb. "bear, carry", not attested by
"King Shipbuilder" (SA : kir-) itself by suggested by colindo and colla, q.v.;
ciryamo noun "mariner", nominative and also compare Tancol.
genitive are identical since the noun already colca ("k") noun "box" (QL : 47)
ends in -o, cf. Indis i-Ciryamo "the Mariner's #colindo noun "bearer", pl. #colindor in
Wife" (UT : 8) cormacolindor “ring-bearers” (q.v.)
ciryando (“k”) noun “sailor” (PE17 : 58). colla passive participle "borne, worn"
ciryaquen (“k”) “shipman, sailor” (WJ : (compare #col- "bear"); also used as a noun =
372) "vestment, cloak" (MR : 385). Variant form collo
#cíta- (“k”) vb. “suppose”, cited in the 1st "cloak" (SA : thin(d) ) in the name Sindicollo
pers. aorist : cítan “I suppose” (VT49 : 19) (q.v.), sc. colla with a masculine ending.
coa ("köa") noun "house" (VT47 : 35, [colma ("k") noun "ring (on finger)"
with etymology); coarya "his house" (WJ : 369), (VT45 : 23). See corma.]
allative coaryanna (“k”) “to / at his house” (VT49 cólo ("k") noun "burden" (VT39 : 10)
: 23, 35), quenderinwë coar (“koar”) “Elvish
bodies” (PE17 : 175). Notice how coa “house” is

combë (“k”) noun “gathering, assembly, (MR : 107); both are spelt with an initial k in the
assemblage, collection”. Also ocombë (PE17 : sources.
158) coron (2) ("k") (corn-, as in dat. sg.
comya- (“k”) vb. “gather, assemble” cornen) noun "globe, ball" (KOR)
(transitive) (PE17 : 158) Cosmoco ("k") masc. name "Gothmog"
condo (“k”) noun “prince, leader; lord” (LT2 : 344)
(PE17 : 113,117); possibly replaces cundu, q.v. costa- ("k") vb. "quarrel" (KOT > KOTH)
[cópa] ("k") noun "harbour, bay" (KOP; #cotto (“k”) noun “enemy”, isolated from
changed to hópa, KHOP). Early "Qenya" Moricotto “Dark Enemy”, a Quenya form of
likewise has cópa (also cópas) ("k") "harbour" Morgoth (VT49 : 25). Compare *notto.
(LT1 : 257). cotumo ("k") noun "enemy" (KOT >
coranar noun "sun-round", solar year KOTH)
(Appendix D; pl. coranári in PM : 126) cotya ("k") adj. "hostile" (KOT > KOTH)
corco ("k") noun "crow" (KORKA, see cú ("k") noun "arch, crescent" (KU3);
KARKA) "crescent Moon" (LT1 : 271; the long vowel was
corda ("k") noun "temple" (LT1 : 257) denoted by a circumflex rather than an accent in
cordon ("k") noun "idol" (LT1 : 257) the early "Qenya" lexicon). In Sindarin, the same
corima ("k") adj. "round" (LT1 : 257; word can be used for a “bow” as used to shoot
rather corna in Tolkien's later Quenya) arrows (but possibly this is only quinga in
corin ("k") noun "circular enclosure" Quenya).
(KOR). In the early "Qenya Lexicon", this word cua, see cucua
was defined as "a circular enclosure, especially cucua ("k") noun "dove" (KŪ; in the
on a hill-top" (LT1 : 257). (Con-)alcorin ("k") Etymologies as printed in LR, Tolkien's
*"blessed garth (in the centre)" (VT27 : 20, 23, manuscript was misread as two distinct words
24) **cu and **cua; see VT45 : 24. According to the
Corlairë ("k"), place-name, apparently same source, an ephemeral word for "dove" was
shortened from Corollairë, Coron Oiolairë (MR indeed cua, but Tolkien changed it to cucua.)
: 107) cuilë ("k") noun "life, being alive" (KUY)
#corma noun "ring", isolated from cuina ("k") adj. "alive" (KUY). See
#cormacolindo "Ring-bearer", pl. coina.
cormacolindor (LotR3 : VI ch. 4, translated in *cuiva, see coiva
Letters : 308); Cormarë "Ringday", a festival cuivë ("k") noun "awakening" (KUY)
held on Yavannië 30 in honour of Frodo Baggins cuivëa ("k") adj. "wakening" (KUY).
(Appendix D) cuivië noun "awakening" (early "Qenya"
cormë ("k") noun *"circular enclosure, coivië, q.v., but this word Tolkien later used =
garth", or possibly *mound" (VT27 : 20, 24, 25) *“life”). In Cuiviénen, "Water of Awakening" (SA
cormen ("k") noun literally *"a round(ed) : cuivië, SA : nen, KUY; spelt with a k in the
place" = *"circular enclosure" or *"mound" (VT27 Etymologies). Somewhat surprisingly, cuivië is
: 20, 24, 25) used to mean "life" in cuivie-lancassë ("k"),
corna ("k") adj. "round, globed" (KOR) literally 'on the brink of life' ("of a perilous
cornë ("k") noun "loaf" (LT1 : 257) situation in which one is likely to fall into death")
[Coroloisi] ("k"), noun : possibly an (VT42 : 8) The form coivië is used for “life”
empheral name of the Elves "not of Kor" in the elsewhere.
Blessed Realm. Tolkien changed this plural from culda ("k") adj. "flame-coloured, golden-
Coroloiti (VT45 : 29). It is not quite clear what red" (KUL); maybe it can also be translated
the intended singular is. “scarlet”, since this gloss was listed for the
Corollairë ("Korollairë"), place-name; possible “Noldorin” / Sindarin cognate coll (VT45
see Coron Oiolairë. : 24), though it was struck out
[Corolóra] ("k"), possibly a synonym of culina ("k") adj. "flame-coloured, golden-
Ilcorin, q.v. (VT45 : 29) red" (KUL; cullina ("k") in VT45 : 24 would seem
coromindo ("k") noun "cupola, dome" to be a variant)
(KOR) †cullo ("k") noun "red gold" (KUL, VT45
coron (1) noun "mound" (SA); Coron : 24)
Oiolairë ("Koron"), place-name : the "Mound of [culo, culu ("k") noun "gold"
Eversummer" where the Two Trees grew. Also (substance)] (KUL, VT49 : 47; the word culu
contracted Corollairë (WJ : 401) and Corlairë also occurred in early "Qenya" [LT1 : 258], but in

the Etymologies it was struck out; the regular cundo noun "guardian" (PM : 260),
Quenya word for "gold" is apparently malta. In “lord” (PE17 : 117)
another version, culo meant "flame" [VT45 : 24], †cundu ("k") noun "prince" (KUNDŪ; the
but this is apparently also a word Tolkien "†" indicating that this word is poetic or archaic
abandoned.) was omitted in the Etymologies as printed in LR;
culucalmalínen ("k") noun in see VT45 : 24). Cf. condo.
instrumental case : "with golden lights" (MC : cúnë ("k") noun "crescent, bow" (LT1 :
220; this is "Qenya") 271). Cf. cú.
culuina ("k") (1) adj. "orange" (colour cunta, also cunya, vb. (or less likely
not fruit) (KUL) noun) “rule” (PE17 : 117)
[culuina ("k") (2) (misread as **culuinn curo (curu-) noun "a skillful [?device -
in the Etymologies as printed in LR; see VT45 : Tolkien's handwriting was illegible]". (VT41 : 10)
24)] adj. "of gold" (KUL; this word was struck out, curu noun "skill" in names like
and culuina became the adjective "orange" Curufinwë (q.v.) and Sindarin Curufin, Curunir.
instead.) (SA; possibly the same as curo, curu- above –
culuma ("k") noun "orange" (fruit not but there was a word curu ["k"] in Tolkien's early
colour) (KUL) "Qenya", glossed "magic, wizardry" [LT1 : 269]).
culumalda noun : a kind of tree Curufinwë (so spelt in Silm; "Kurufinwë"
(evidently orange-tree, culuma + alda) (SA : in PM), masc. name *"Skillful Finwë", a name of
mal-) Fëanor (PM : 343); also the origin of the Sindarin
Culúrien another name of Laurelin; name Curufin; Fëanor named his favourite son
apparently derived from the stem KUL- "golden- after himself. Short Quenya name Curvo. (PM :
red" (Silm; LR : 365) 352)
culuvai ("k") ??? (Narqelion) Curumo masc. name *"Cunning One",
cúma ("k") noun "the Void" (KUM, "Saruman" (UT : 401)
(GAS)) curuni ("k") noun "witch" (of the good
cumbë ("k") noun "mound, heap" (KUB) magic) (LT1 : 269)
cumna ("k") adj. "empty" (KUM) curuvar ("k") noun "wizard" (LT1 : 269 –
cúna ("k") 1) adj. "bent, curved", from but Gandalf, Saruman etc. were istari)
which is derived 2) cúna- vb. "bend", occurring Curvo, see Curufinwë
with a- prefix (changed by Tolkien from a na- curwë ("k") noun "craft" (KUR), "skill of
prefix) in Markirya. Here cúna- is intransitive; we the hand" (VT41 : 10), Curwë ("K") "technical
do not know whether it can also be transitive skill and invention" (PM : 360 cf. 344)
"bend".
-da suffix used to derive nouns denoting

D names, e.g. Elendil, Eärendil (NIL / NDIL); see
the result of an action, like yulda “draught, the the entry -ndil. Also long -dildo (VT46 : 4), and
amount drunk” (the stem YUL is here given the possibly -(n)dilmë as the corresponding
meaning “drink”). (PE17 : 68) Cf. also carda feminine form (see Vardilmë).
“deed” (q.v.) vs. the verb car- “do”. -duinë, see nuinë, Nunduinë
-dil, -ndil, ending that Tolkien likened to -dur see -ndur
Old English "-wine", sc. "-friend" as part of

E
é adverbial particle "indeed" that may be Eämbar noun ”dispositions and will of
prefixed to a sentence (VT45 : 11). Short e in the Eru, with regard to Creation as a whole” (PE17 :
sentence e man antaváro? "what will he give 105)
indeed?" (LR : 63). ëar noun "sea" (AYAR / AIR [gives also
ëa (1) (sometimes "eä") vb. "is" (CO), in dat. sg. ëaren], WJ : 413; see Letters : 386 for
a more absolute sense ("exists", VT39 : 7 / VT49 etymology). Not to be confused with the pl. form
: 28-29) than the copula ná. Eä "it is" (VT39 : 6) of the verb ëa “be, exist”. Pl. ëari "seas" (FS, LR
or "let it be". The verb is also used in connection : 47); Eär "the Great Sea" (cf. ëaron “ocean”),
with prepositional phrases denoting a position, ablative Eärello "from the Great Sea", et Eärello
as in the relative sentences i or ilyë mahalmar "out of the Great Sea" (EO). Eärë noun "the
ëa “who is above all thrones” (CO) and i ëa han open sea" (SD : 305). Compound ëaruilë noun
ëa *“who is beyond [the universe of] Eä” (VT43 : "seaweed" (UY). Found in proper names like
14). Eä is said to the be “pres[ent] & aorist” tense Eärendil "Sea-friend", Eärendur masc. name,
(VT49 : 29). The past tense of ëa is engë (VT43 *"Sea-servant"; in effect a variant of Eärendil
: 38, VT49 : 29; Tolkien struck out the form ëanë, (Appendix A). Eärendur was also used
VT49 : 30), the historically correct perfect should ="(professional) mariner" (Letters : 386). Fem.
be éyë, but the analogical form engië was more name Eärwen "Sea-maiden" (Silm); Eärrámë
common; the future tense is euva (VT49 : 29). "Sea-wing", "Wings of the Sea", name of Tuor's
See also ëala. – Eä is also used as a noun ship (RAM, AYAR / AIR, SA)
denoting "All Creation", the universe (WJ : 402; ëaren noun "eagle" or "eyrie" (LT1 : 251;
Letters : 284, footnote), but this term for the this early "Qenya" word is evidently no more
universe "was not held to include [souls?] and valid than ëa "eagle" in LotR-style Quenya.)
spirits" (VT39 : 20); contrast ilu. One version of Eärendil, masc. name; see ëar.
Tolkien's Quenya Lord's Prayer includes the Eärendilyon noun "son of Eärendel" ("used of
words i ëa han ëa, taken to mean "who is any mariner") (LT1 : 251)
beyond Eä" (VT43 : 14). Tolkien noted that ëa Eärnil masc. name, contraction of
“properly cannot be used of God since ëa refers Eärendil (Appendix A)
only to all things created by Eru directly or Eärnur masc.name, contraction of
mediately”, hence he deleted the example Eru Eärendur (Appendix A)
ëa *”God exists” (VT49 : 28, 36). However, ëa is ëaron noun “ocean” (PE17 : 27), also
indeed used of Eru in CO (i Eru i or ilyë airon. Cf. ëar.
mahalmar ëa “the One who is above all ec- (“k”) verb denoting an opportunity,
thrones”) as well as in various Átaremma with the one having the opportunity in dative :
versions (see VT49 : 36), so such a distinction ecë nin carë sa “I can do it” (it-is-open for-me
may belong to the refined language of the to-do it), ecë nin? “please, may I?”, ecuva nin
“loremasters” rather than to everyday useage. care sa noa “I may do [have a chance of doing]
Eä (2) noun “the universe”, so called do that tomorrow”. This construction is said to
because Ilúvatar used the command “Eä! Let denote “have chance, opportunity or permission”
these things be!” when he gave independent (VT49 : 20, 34)
being to the Music of the Ainur (Ainulindalë). See ecca (“k”) noun “hole”, apparently
ëa #1 for references. associated with Sindarin torech “secret hole, lair”
ëa (3) "eagle" (LT1 : 251, LT2 : 338), a (PE17 : 188)
“Qenya” word apparently superseded by soron, eccaira ("k") adj. "remote, far" (KHAYA)
sornë in Tolkien's later forms of Quenya. ecces- (“k”) (þ) vb. “to find out, bring out
ëala noun "being, spirit" (pl. ëalar is by examining, or eyeing[?]” (PE17 : 156). Pa.t.
attested), spirits whose natural state it is to exist probably *eccensë; compare ces-.
without a physical body, like Balrogs (MR : 165). eces, see exa
The word apparently originates from the ecco ("k") noun "spine". (In the
participle of ëa, q.v. Etymologies as printed in LR, entry EK / EKTE,

the gloss is given as "spear", but according to Eldar (FS); possessive sg. Eldava "Elf's" (WJ :
VT45 : 12 this is a misreading of Tolkien's 407); possessive pl. Eldaiva (WJ : 368), Eldaivë
manuscript.) governing a plural word (WJ : 369). The word
#eccoita- vb. "awake" (VT27 : 10) Eldar properly refers to the non-Avari Elves only,
ecet ("k") noun "short broad-bladed but since Eldar rarely had any contact with the
sword" (UT : 284) Avari, it could be used for "elves" in general (in
ectelë ("k") noun "fountain", also cectelë LT1 : 251, Elda is simply glossed "Elf"). See also
("k") (LT1 : 257, LT2 : 338; in LotR-style Quenya Eldo. – The plural form Eldar should not require
ehtelë) any article when the reference is to the entire
#ecya adj. "sharp" in Ecyanáro ("k") people; i Eldar refers to a limited group, “(all) the
"Sharp Flame", masc. name, Sindarin Aegnor Elves previously named”; nevertheless, Tolkien
(VT41 : 14, 19). The Quenya form of Aegnor is in some sources does use the article even where
elsewhere given as Aicanáro instead. the reference seems to be generic (i Eldar or i-
#effírië noun "death" (isolated from Eldar, VT49 : 8).
effíriemmo "of our death"). A verbal stem *effir- Eldacan ("k") masc. name "Ælfnoth",
"expire, die" seems to be implied. (VT43 : 34) Elf-bold (KAN)
[ehtar] noun "spearman" (EK / EKTE, Eldacar masc. name, *"Elfhelm".
VT45 : 12)] Compare carma "helmet". (Appendix A)
ehtë (stem *ehti-, given the primitive Elda-lambë noun "the language of the
form ekti) noun "spear" (EK / EKTE). Another Eldar" (WJ : 368)
word for “spear” is hatal. Eldalië noun "the Elven-folk" (often used
ehtelë noun "issue of water, spring" (SA vaguely to mean all the race of Elves, though it
: kel-, KEL, ET). Compare “Qenya” ectelë ("k") properly did not include the Avari) (WJ : 374,
"fountain" (LT1 : 257, LT2 : 338; in LotR-style ÉLED; possessive Eldaliéva in the name
Quenya ehtelë). Mindon Eldaliéva, q.v.)
ehtyar noun "spearman" (EK / EKTE). Eldamar place-name "Elvenhome"
According to VT45 : 12, Tolkien at one point also (ÉLED; found already in Narqelion), according to
meant ehtyar to be the name of Tengwa #15 MR : 176 another name of Tirion (see tir-).
with overposed dots to indicate a palatal sound; Eldameldor noun "Elf-lovers" (WJ :
the letter would thus have the value hty. 412), sg. #Eldameldo
However, according to the classical Tengwar Eldandil (pl. Eldandili in WJ : 412) noun
spelling of Quenya as outlined in LotR Appendix "Elf-friend" (by the Edain confused with Elendil,
E, such a letter would rather have the value properly "Star-friend") (WJ : 410)
**ncy (since #15 is there assigned the value nc Eldanor place-name "Elvenland",
in Quenya), but since **ncy is not a possible regions of Valinor where the Elves dwelt and the
Quenya combination, a palatal variant of #15 stars could be seen (MR : 176)
would not occur in the classical Quenya mode. Eldanyárë noun "History of the Elves"
Ekkaia place-name, denoting the outer (LR : 199, there with the definite article :
ocean : for *et-gaya "out-sea"? (Silm) I·Eldanyárë). See nyárë.
†él noun "star", pl. éli given (WJ : 362, Eldarin adj. derived from Elda :
EL) "Eldarin, Elvish" (Silm, ÉLED). Also in the longer
ela! interjection "behold!" (directing sight form Eldarinwa (pl. Eldarinwë in VT47 : 14, in
to an actually visible object) (WJ : 362) the title Eldarinwë leperi ar notessi, "The
Elatan, masc. name *"Star-man", cf. Eldarin fingers and numerals")
atan (UT : 210) Eldarissa, Eldaquet ("q") noun,
elda 1. originally adj. "of the stars", but apparently other names of Qenya (LT2 : 348)
wholly replaced (WJ : 362) by : 2. noun (Elda) = Eldavehtë noun *”Elf-haunt”, description
one of the people of the Stars, (high-)elf, an Elf of Beleriand as “a habitation, haunt or place
(SA : êl, elen, Letters : 281, ELED, ÉLED; notice occupied by Eldar. See vehtë. (PE17 : 189)
that Tolkien abandoned a former etymology with Eldo noun, archaic variant of Elda,
"depart"), chiefly in the pl. Eldar (WJ : 362, cf. properly one of the "Marchers" from Cuiviénen,
GAT(H), TELES). The primitive form Tolkien but the word went out of use (WJ : 363, 374)
variously cited as ¤eledā / elenā (Letters : 281, élë noun "flashing of [?starry] light"
PE17 : 152) and ¤eldā (WJ : 360). Partitive pl. (VT45 : 12; Tolkien's gloss was not certainly
Eldali (VT49 : 8), gen. pl. Eldaron (WJ : 368, legible)
PM : 395, 402); dative pl. eldain "for elves", for

Elemmírë noun *"Star-jewel" (elen + Elenna place-name "Starwards", a

míre, notice assimilation nm > mm), name of a name of Númenor : Elenna-nórë *"Starwards-
star / planet (possibly Mercury, MR : 435, where land", "the land named Starwards", genitive
the spelling used is Elemmirë); also name of an Elenna-nórëo in CO.
Elf. (SA : mîr) Elentári noun "Star-queen", title of
elen noun "star" (SA : êl, elen, EL, VT49 Varda (EL, SA : tar)
: 39); pl. eleni (occasionally in verse : eldi) (WJ Elenwë fem. name *"Star-person" (Silm)
: 362, PE17 : 127); partitive pl. elelli for *elenli elenya adj. *"stellar" (only defined as an
(PE17 : 127), gen. pl. elenion in the phrase adjective referring to stars by Tolkien) (WJ :
Elenion Ancalima "brightest of stars" (LotR2 : 362). Cf. Elenya, name of the first day of the
IV ch. 9; see Letters : 385 for translation); elen Eldarin six-day week, dedicated to the stars
atta “two stars” (VT49 : 44), gentive elen atto (Appendix D).
(VT49 : 45), eleni neldë “three stars”, archaic Elerína adj. used as noun : "star-
elenion neldë = *“of stars three”. Genitive “of 3 crowned", a name of Taniquetil (EL, RIG), spelt
stars” = elenion neldë (for archaic elenion Elerrína in Silm
neldëo) (VT49 : 45). Allative elenna "starwards" *Elerondo masc. name “Star-vault”,
used as name of Númenor (Silm; see Elenna); Sindarin Elrond. Extrapolated from Elerondiel
ablative pl. elenillor "from stars" in Markirya. Nai "daughter of Elrond“, patronym of Arwen (PE17 :
elen siluva *”may a star shine”, VT49 : 38. 56); cf. Elerossë, rondo.
elena adj. "of the stars" (SA : êl, elen); Elerossë masc. name, "star foam",
also elenya starlit foam, Sindarin Elros (PM : 348)
Elenarda place-name "Star-kingdom", Elerrína adj. used as noun : "Crowned
upper sky (3AR). Deleted material in the with Stars" (elen + rína), a name of Taniquetil
Etymologies defined elenarda as "star-realm", (Silm); spelt Elerína in the Etymologies (EL,
"upper air or sky" (VT45 : 16). Compare elen, RIG).
(h)arda. Elessar masc. name "Elf-stone" (Elen +
Elendë (1) place-name "Elvenhome", sar, actually *"Star-stone", cf. Elendil
regions of Valinor where the Elves dwelt and the concerning elen "star" being used to mean "Elf")
stars could be seen (MR : 176, ÉLED). Plural (LotR3 : V ch. 8). Genitive Elesarno (VT49 : 28,
ablative elendellor in the phrase et elendellor, read *Elessarno?) indicates that the stem is -
evidently *"out of the elf-lands" (VT45 : 13). sarn-. As a common noun, elessar or “elf-stone”
elendë (2), pa.t. of lelya- #1 may signify “beryl” (in the chapter Flight to the
Elendil masc. name "Star-friend", "Lover Ford in the LotR, Aragorn finds “a single pale-
or student of stars", applied to those devoted to green jewel” and declares : “It is a beryl, an elf-
astronomical lore. However, when the Edain stone”). Elessar as a name may also be seen as
used this name they intended it to mean "Elf- a pun or variant of Elesser "Elf-friend".
friend", confusing elen "star" and elda "elf" (WJ : Elesser masc. name, = Old English
410). (This idea that the name was misapplied Ælfwine, Elf-friend. (SER)
seems to be late; Tolken earlier interpreted the Ellairë alternative name of June (PM :
name as an ancient compound Eled + ndil so 135); evidently incorporating lairë "summer"; the
that the meaning really was "Elf-friend"; see el- part is probably an assimilated form of er-, an
Letters : 386. See also NIL / NDIL in the element meaning one or first, June being the first
Etymologies, where Elendil is equated with summer month.
"Ælfwine", Elf-friend.) Allative Elendilenna "to ellë vb. "came", pl. eller with a plural
Elendil" (PM : 401); Elendil Vorondo genitive of subject (MC : 215; this is "Qenya"; in later
Elendil Voronda "Elendil the Steadfast" (CO) Pl. Quenya, ellë could be the emphatic pronoun
Elendili the Númenórean Elf-friends (Silm); the "you", pl., corresponding to singular elyë "thou" –
variant Elendilli in SD : 403 would seem to at least in the conceptual phase where -llë was
presuppose a stem-form Elendill- not attested the ending for plural "you".)
elsewhere. Tar-Elendil a Númenorean king, UT : -ello ablative ending (VT45 : 28); see -
210. llo
Elendur masc. name, *"Star-servant", [ello] noun "call, shout of triumph"
probably intended to mean *"Elf-servant"; in (GYEL (< GEL) )
effect a variant of Elendil (Appendix A). The *elmë, see emmë #2
name was also used in Númenor (UT : 210). elmenda noun "wonder" (PE13 : 143)

Elpino noun "Christ", Tolkien's attempt emya noun "mummy", also used in
to render this title into Quenya; the intended children's play for "index finger" and "index toe"
etymology of the Quenya word is uncertain (VT47 : 10, 26, VT48 : 4, 6). Said to be a
(VT44 : 15-16; Tolkien apparently dropped this reduction of emenya *"my mother", seemingly
form and replaced it with a phonological presupposing #emë as a word for "mother" (but
adaptation of "Christ" : Hristo or Hrísto.) this word normally appears as emil or amil,
elvëa adj. "starlike, like stars", pl. elvië incorporating a feminine ending). In VT48 : 19,
in Markirya emya is explained as deriving from em-nya "my
Elwë masc. name, *"Star-person" (PM : mother". Compare emmë # 2.
340, WJ : 369, WEG, VT45 : 12). In the pre- en (1) interjection "there, look! yon
classical Tengwar system presupposed in the (yonder)" (EN, VT45 : 12)
Etymologies, Elwë was also the name of a en (2), also ena, adv. “still”; quetir en
Tengwa similar in form to Roman c, which in a “they still say” (PE17 : 167)
full-vowel mode denoted a (short) e. (VT45 : 17; en (3) particle that may be inserted
in the Sindarin "Mode of Beleriand", exemplified before a past tense form to indicate that it refers
in the LotR itself, this letter has the value a to a remote past (VT45 : 12), apparently twice
instead. Elsewhere in the Etymologies itself, this attested in Fíriel's Song (LR : 72), e.g. en cárë
symbol is called Ossë [q.v.] and is assigned the ("k") "made" (long ago). This particle may have
value o.) been obsoleted by en “still” from a later source.
elwen noun "heart" (LT1 : 255; rather en- (4) prefix "again-", “re-“ (PE17 : 68),
hón or enda in LotR-style Quenya) in enquantuva "shall refill", entuluva, "shall
elyë pron. "even thou", emphatic 2. come again", Envinyatar "Renewer",
person sg. pronoun (Nam, RGEO : 67, VT43 : envinyanta "healed, *renewed", enyalië "to
26, 27, 28, 30) recall" (Nam, RGEO : 67, LotR3 : V ch. 8, VT41 :
emel noun “mother”; also amal (VT48 : 16, MR : 405, UT : 317; as for the etymology of
22, 49 : 22); the form amil (emil) seems more en-, see comments on Common Eldarin base
usual. EN "again, once more" in VT48 : 25)
emenya, see emya -enca suffix “without, -less” (PE17 :
emerwen noun "shepherdess" (UT : 167), cf. nec-, q.v.
209, 434) encë, see enquë
emil noun "mother", emilinya "my enda noun "heart", but not referring to
mother" (also reduced to emya) the terms a child the physical organ; it literally means "centre" (cf.
would use in addressing his or her mother (VT47 endë) and refers to the fëa (soul) or sáma (mind)
: 26). Emil would seem to be a variant of amil. itself. (VT39 : 32)
Also compare emel. Endamar place-name "Middle-earth"
emma noun *“picture” (compounded in (EN, MBAR, NDOR). However, Middle-earth is
indemmar “mind-pictures”) (PE17 : 179) normally called Endor, Endórë.
emmë (1) noun "mummy", hypocoristic endaquet- vb. “answer” (gloss
form of "mother", also used in children's play for uncertain) (PE17 : 167)
"index finger" and "index toe" (VT47 : 10, 26, endë noun "core, centre, middle" (NÉD,
VT48 : 4, 6, 17, 19). Also emya. EN, VT48 : 25)
emmë (2) pron. "we", emphatic pronoun; #endëa adj. "middle" in atendëa, q.v.
dative emmen (VT43 : 12, 20). In the source this Compare enya.
pronoun is intended as the 1st person plural Ender noun "bridegroom", surname of
exclusive; later Tolkien changed the Tulkas (NDER, TULUK, VT45 : 11). The form
corresponding pronominal ending from -mmë to Enderō (VT45 : 11) is defined as "[?virile] young
-lmë, and the plural emphatic pronoun would bridegroom"; Tolkien's gloss was not entirely
likewise change from emmë to *elmë. Since the legible. But this would seem to be an archaic
ending -mmë was redefined as a dual exclusive form, because of the long final -ō (later Quenya
pronoun, the form emmë may still be valid as *Endero).
such, as a dual emphatic pronoun "we" = "(s)he enderi noun "middle-days" (sg.
and I". *enderë), in the calendar of Imladris three days
*empanya- vb. "plant" (deduced from inserted between the months (or seasons) yávië
the "Qenya" pl. past tense empannen, VT27 : and quellë (Appendix D)
20-22) Endien noun, alternative term for
"autumn" (PM : 135). In the Etymologies, the

word Endien was assigned a quite different enquete- vb. “repeat, say again” (PE17 :
meaning : "Midyear, Midyear week", in the 167)
calendar of Valinor a week outside the months, enquië noun, Eldarin six-day week, pl.
between the sixth and seventh months, enquier (Appendix D). Cf. enquë "6". Compare
dedicated to the Trees; also called Aldalemnar lemnar, otsola.
(YEN, LEP / LEPEN / LEPEK) enta demonstrative "that yonder" (EN).
Endor place-name "Middle-earth" (SA : In VT47 : 15, enta is defined as "another, one
dôr, NDOR), "centre of the world" (EN); also long more" (but it may seem that Tolkien also
form Endórë "Middle-earth" (Appendix E); considered the word exë for this meaning).
allative Endorenna "to Middle-earth" in EO. The Entar place-name "Thither Lands,
form Endór in MR : 121 may be seen as archaic, Middle-earth, Outer Lands, East" (seen from
intermediate between Endórë and Endor (since Aman) (EN)
long vowels in a final syllable are normally Entarda place-name "Thither Lands,
shortened : Endór > Endor). Endór functions Middle-earth, Outer Lands, East" (seen from
as an uninflected genitive in the source : Aran Aman) (EN, VT45 : 12)
Endór, "King of Middle-earth". entë (1) conj. "moreover, further,
endya > enya adj. "middle" (ÉNED) furthermore, what is more" (VT47 : 15, VT48 :
enel prep. "between" = "at the central 14). Compare yunquentë as a variant of
position in a row, list, series, etc. but also applied yunquenta, q.v.
to the case of three persons" (VT47 : 11). This entë (2) noun "center" (VT41 : 16; endë
preposition refers to the position of a thing is perhaps to be preferred, see entya)
between others of the same kind; compare ento adv. "next" (Arct)
imbë. entulessë noun "return" (UT : 171)
[eneldë, enellë, enestil noun "middle entya, enetya adj. "central, middle"
finger" (VT47 : 26)] (VT41 : 16; these forms, as well as the noun
enelmo noun "a go-between, intervener, entë "centre", come from a late, somewhat
intermediary [as noun], mediator" (VT47 : 14) confused source; the adjective #endëa and the
enenquë cardinal "sixteen" (VT48 : 21) noun endë from earlier material may fit the
enetya, see entya general system better, and #endëa is even
enga prep. "save" (= except) (FS) found in the LotR itself as part of the word
engë vb. "was", "existed", past tense of atendëa, q.v.)
ëa, q.v. (VT43 : 38, VT49 : 29) Enu masc. name, "the Almighty Creator
engië vb. “has been”, “has existed”, who dwells without the world" (LT2 : 343 - in
perfect tense of ëa, q.v. (VT49 : 29) Tolkien's later Quenya, the divine name appears
engwa adj. "sickly"; nominal pl. Engwar as Eru instead)
"the Sickly", Elvish name of Mortal Men (Silm, Envinyatar noun "the Renewer" (LotR3 :
GENG-WĀ) V ch. 8)
engwë noun "thing" (VT39 : 7, VTV9 : envinyanta passive participle "healed"
28). – Extrapolation may also point to *engwë as (MR : 405), pointing to a verbal stem
an emphatic dual inclusive pronoun “we” (thou #envinyata- "heal", literally "renew"; cf.
and I), corresponding to the ending -ngwë. Aragorn's title Envinyatar "the Renewer" (LotR3
[enna adj. "first" (VT45 : 12)] : V ch. 8).
enquanta- vb. “refill” (PE17 : 167), enwa adv. "tomorrow" (QL : 34)
enquantuva vb. "shall refill" (Nam); cf. see en-, enwina adj. "old" (Markirya)
quat-, quanta- enya < endya adj. "middle" (EN).
enquë ("q") cardinal "six" (ÉNEK, VT48 : Compare #endëa.
4, 6, 9, VT49 : 57); enquëa ordinal "sixth" (VT42 #enyal- vb. "to recall", "to
: 25); see also enquië. According to VT48 : 8, commemorate", gerund / infinitive enyalië with
the word for "six" may have been encë ("k") in infinitival ending -ië; dative enyalien "for the re-
very early Quenya (the form is asterisked by calling", "[in order] to recall" in CO.
Tolkien), but this was altered to enquë under the enyárë adv. "in that day" (pointing to the
influence of yunquë "twelve" (perceived as future) (FS)
meaning "2 times 6", *yú-enquë, with the prefix Eönwë masc. name, a Maia, herald of
yú- "twi-"). Manwë; a name evidently adopted and adapted
enquesta fraction "one sixth" (1 / 6) from Valarin (WJ : 417). In some sources the
(VT48 : 11)

same character is called Fionwë, which would Ercoirë noun, alternative name of
seem to be an Elvish form. February (PM : 135)
epë prep. "before" (“in all relations but erda adj. "solitary, deserted" (LT1 : 269)
time”, VT49 : 32), though the word was glossed erdë (1) noun "seed, germ" (ERÉD,
"after" when first published (VT42 : 32; Bill VT45 : 12)
Welden, the writer of the article in question, later erdë (2) noun "singularity", the person
presented this correction in VT44 : 38). The as a whole (MR : 216)
preposition can indeed express “after” when erdë (3) noun "repose" (marked by
used of time, since the Eldar imagined future Tolkien with an "X", perhaps indicating that he
time (time that comes after the present) as being considered dropping this form to eliminate
“before” them (VT49 : 12, 32); epë is in this homophones) (VT46 : 12)
respect a variant of apa, q.v. (Cf. VT49 : 22.) erë, eren noun "iron" or "steel";
Compare epessë, q.v. Epë "before" may also be Eremandu variant of Angamandu (Angband)
used in comparison, apparently in much the (LT1 : 252; "iron" should be anga in LotR-style
same way as lá #2 (q.v.) (VT42 : 32) Quenya, but erë, eren may still be used for
epessë noun "after-name", nickname, "steel". See also yaisa.)
mostly given as a title of admiration or honour erëa adj.? "one" or *"single", apparently
(PM : 339, UT : 266, VT49 : 12). Cf. essë an adjectival form (see er) (VT44 : 17)
"name" and epë above. Eremandu place-name "Hells of Iron", a
epeta adv. “following that, thereupon, name of Angband (LT1 : 249)
thence, whereupon” (epë + ta #1). Also epta. eressë noun "solitude" (ERE). In early
(VT49 : 12) "Qenya", eressë was an adjective or adverb :
epetai adv. “consequently” (VT49 : 11). "singly, only, alone" (LT1 : 269).
Since this is to contain tai “that which” (epe-ta-i eressëa adj. "lonely" (ERE, LT1 : 269),
“before that which”), a form Tolkien may later “solitary” (cf. Letters : 386). Eressëa place-name
have abandoned, the less problematic synonym "Lonely (One)", often used by itself for Tol
etta should perhaps be preferred. Compare Eressëa, the Lonely Isle (Silm) or Solitary Isle
potai. (Letters : 386, footnote)
epta = epeta, q.v. erinqua adj. "single, alone" (VT42 : 10)
equë vb. "say / says" or "said" (a Erintion noun, second half of the month
tenseless pseudo-verb used to introduce of avestalis (January) (LT1 : 252)
quotations or a "that"-construction); with affixes erma noun "physical matter" (MR : 338,
equen "said I", eques "said he / she" (WJ : 392, 470)
415) Erquellë noun, alternative name of
eques (equess-, as in pl. equessi) noun September (PM : 135)
"a saying, dictum, a quotation from someone's Errívë noun, alternative name of
uttered words, a current or proverbial dictum" November (PM : 135)
(WJ : 392); I Equessi Rúmilo "the Sayings of Ertuilë noun, alternative name of April
Rúmil" (WJ : 398) (PM : 135)
er cardinal "one, alone" (ERE, VT48 : 6, Eru divine name "the One" = God (VT43
VT49 : 54), in an early source also adv. "only, : 32, VT44 : 16-17), "the One God" (Letters :
but, still" (LT1 : 269); Eru er "one God" (VT44 : 387), a name reserved for the most solemn
17; er was here emended by Tolkien from erëa, occasions (WJ : 402). Often in the combination
which seems to be an adjectival form *"one, Eru Ilúvatar, "Eru Allfather" (cf. MR : 112) .
single".) Genitive Eruo (MR : 329, VT43 : 28 / 32), dative

#er- "remain", verb (LT1 : 269; given in Erun (VT44 : 32, 34). The adjectival form Eruva
the form erin and glossed "remains"; erin would "divine" (Eruva lissëo "of divine grace", VT44 :
have to mean "I remain" in Tolkien's later 18) would be identical to the form appearing in
Quenya, if this word is to be adapted. However, the possessive case. Compound nouns :
the later synonym lemya- may be preferred.) Eruhantalë "Thanksgiving to Eru", a
erca ("k") (1) noun "prickle, spine" Númenórean festival (UT : 166, 436), Eruhin pl.
erca- ("k") (2) vb. "to prick" (ERÉK) Eruhíni "Children of Eru", Elves and Men (WJ :
Ercambo ("k") masc. name "one-hand 403; SA : híni), Eruion *"son of God" (or "God
Man" (VT47 : 7), the equivalent of Sindarin the Son"?) (VT44 : 16), Erukyermë "Prayer to
Erchamon, Erchamion as a title of Beren Eru", a Númenórean festival (UT : 166, 436),
ercassë ("k") noun "holly" (ERÉK) Erulaitalë "Praise of Eru", a Númenórean

festival (UT : 166, 436), Eruamillë "Mother of essë (2) pron? “he” (and also “she, it”?),
God" (in Tolkien's translation of the Hail Mary, possible emphatic 3rd sg. emphatic pronoun,
VT43 : 32, see also VT44 : 7), Eruontari, attested in the sentence essë úpa nas “he is
Eruontarië other translations of "Mother dumb” (PE17 : 126)
(Begetter) of God" (VT44 : 7, 18), Erusén "the essë (3) noun "beginning" (ESE /
children of God" (RGEO : 74; this is a strange ESET). This entry was marked by a query in
form with no plural ending; contrast the synonym Etym, and a word in the appendices to LotR
Eruhíni.) #Eruanna and #erulissë, various suggests that it was emended to *YESE /
terms for "grace", literally "God-gift" and "God- YESET; we may therefore read *yessë for essë.
sweetness", respectively (VT43 : 29; these (See esta #2.) However, for the purposes of
words are attested in the genitive and writing the form yesta “beginning” from PE17 :
instrumental case, respectively : Eruanno, 120 may be preferred.
erulissenen). essëa adj. ?"primary" (gloss not
Eruman place-name; this is a word to certainly legible); read probably *yessëa in LotR-
which various meanings are ascribed, but it style Quenya; see esta #2 below (ESE / ESET).
always denotes some region. In the earliest The meaning Tolkien originally assigned to the
phases of Tolkien's mythology, it was a region word essëa in the Etymologies was "in place,
south of Taniquetil (LT1 : 91, 252-253). In the local" (VT45 : 12).
Etymologies, entry ERE, Eruman is a "desert [Esselda], noun? adj.?, deleted form
north-east of Valinor". In the final version of the which Tolkien never clearly glossed : *"first-elf"?
Quenya Lord's Prayer, where the locative form Or an old comparative (in -lda) denoting
Erumandë appears, Tolkien appears to have something like "elder"? The word occurs in a
moved Eruman out of this world entirely, making context where Tolkien is considering terms for
it the abode of God (Eru); Erumandë translates the Elves as the "Firstborn", aka "Elder Kindred"
"in heaven". (VT45 : 12, cf. ESE-, ESET-)
erumë noun "desert" (ERE) esta- (1) vb. "to name" (ES, VT45 : 12).
erúmëa adj. "outer, outermost" (LT1 : In an earlier form of the relevant entry in the
262) Etymologies, Tolkien let esta- mean "to place,
Eruva, see Eru set, plant" (VT45 : 12); a deleted entry SET also
erya adj. "single, sole" (ERE) had esta- "precede" (VT46 : 13)
es unidentified word in the phrase es esta (2) adj. "first" (ESE / ESET); this
sorni heruion an! "the Eagles of the Lords are entry was marked with a query. The word
at hand" (SD : 290); possibly an assimilated form Yestarë (q.v.) *"Beginning-day" in LotR suggests
of en, that may function as a kind of deitic that Tolkien decided to change the stem in
particle here : *"Behold the Eagles..." question to *YESE / YESET. We could then read
[escë] ("k") noun "rustle, noise of leaves" *yesta for esta (but later this became a noun
(EZGE) “beginning” rather than an adj. “first”, PE17 :
essë (1) noun "name", also later name 120) and also prefix a y to the other words
of Tengwa #31, originally (MET) called árë (ázë). derived from ESE / ESET (essë > *yessë,
(Appendix E). With a pronominal ending esselya essëa > *yessëa). Estanossë noun "the
"thy name" (VT43 : 14). Pl. #essi in PM : 339 firstborn", read likewise *Yestanossë
and MR : 470, gen.pl. #esseron "of names" in (*Yestanessi?) – but in a later text, Tolkien used
the compound Nómesseron (q.v.); we would Minnónar (q.v.) for "the Firstborn" as a name of
rather have expected *ession, given the nom.pl. the Elves, and this form may be preferred. (In the
essi; perhaps #esser is a valid alternative plural Etymologies as printed in LR, the word
form. Essecarmë noun "name-making" (MR : Estanossë is cited as "Estanesse", but
214, 470), Eldarin ceremony where the father according to VT45 : 12, the second-to-last vowel
announces the name of his child. Essecenta is actually o in Tolkien's manuscript.)
("k") noun *"Name-essay" (see centa) (MR : estat-, see etsat-
415); Essecilmë noun "name-choosing", an Estë fem. name "Repose, Rest" (WJ :
Eldarin ceremony where a child named him- or 403, EZDĒ, SED), only used as name of a Valië
herself according to personal lámatyávë (q.v.) (WJ : 404)
(MR : 214, 471). – The meaning Tolkien estel noun "trust, hope" (WJ : 318-319,
originally assigned to the word essë in the MR : 320)
Etymologies was "place" rather than "name" esto emphatic pronoun (?), apparently
(VT45 : 12). 3rd person dual, *“even the two of them” (VT49 :

48). The word comes from a conceptual phase etsë noun "outside, exterior", glosses
where Tolkien let dual pronouns end in the vowel changed from ?"issuing" and ?"spring" (VT45 :
-o, an idea that was apparently abandoned; also, 13)
-st- is associated with the second rather than the etsir noun "mouth of a river" (ET)
third person dual in later sources (see -stë). The etta adv. “therefore” (VT49 : 12)
ending may have been conceived as *-sto at an ettë noun (and / or adv.?) "outside" (ET)
earlier stage (VT49 : 49). ettelë noun "outer lands, foreign parts"
et prep. (and adv.?) "out", when followed (ET, VT45 : 13)
by ablative "out of" (VT45 : 13) or literally "out ettelëa adj. "foreign", perhaps also noun
from", as in EO : et Eärello "out of the Great ?"stranger"; the reading of the second gloss is
Sea"; cf. also et sillumello "from this hour" in uncertain. In the Etymologies as printed in LR,
VT44 : 35. Et i pe / péti, untranslated phrase, even the former gloss is presented as an
perhaps *"out of the mouth" (VT47 : 35). Prefix uncertain reading and the Quenya word is given
et- "forth, out" (ET), also in longer form ete- (as as ettelen. According to VT45 : 13, the gloss
in etelehta, eteminya); verb ettuler *"are "foreign" is certain and the Quenya word may
coming forth" (ettul- = et + tul-). (SD : 290; read also be read as ettelëa, which normal Quenya
probably *ettulir or continuative *ettúlar in morphology would also suggest to be the correct
Tolkien's later Quenya). The forms etemmë and reading of Tolkien's manuscript.
etengwë (VT43 : 36) seem to incorporate #ettul- vb. "come forth", attested in the
pronominal suffixes for "us", hence ?"out of us", form ettuler *"are coming forth" (ettul- = et + tul-
inclusive and exclusive respectively. The ). Read probably *ettulir or continuative *ettúlar
pronoun -mmë denoted plural inclusive "we" in Tolkien's later Quenya. (SD : 290)
when this was written, though Tolkien would later #etya adj. initial element of Etyangoldor
make it dual exclusive instead (see -mmë). “Exiled Noldor”, literal meaning likely something
Second person forms are also given : etelyë, like “outer” or “outside” as adjective; compare
etellë ?"out of you", sg. and pl. respectively preposition et.
(Tolkien would later change the ending for pl. Etyangoldi ("ñ") noun "Exiled Noldor"
“you” from -llë to -ldë). (WJ : 374). Sg. probably *Etyangol (with stem
et-henta vb. “read aloud” (PE17 : 77). *Etyangold-).
Compare henta-. euva vb. “will be, will exist”; see ëa
etelehta- vb. "deliver" (= "save") (VT43 : evandilyon noun "gospel" (QL : 36)
23) exa adj.? "other" (apparently as
etelyë, see et adjective) (VT47 : 10, VT49 : 33). Also eces
etellë, see et (“k”), unless this is intended as the stem
eteminya adj. "prominent" (VT42 : 24) underlying exa (the root KES with prefixed stem-
etemmë, see et vowel) rather than a Quenya word (VT49 : 33).
etengwë, see et exë noun "the other, *another" (VT47 :
eterúna- vb. (also etrúna-, though the 40, VT49 : 33). Though Tolkien included the
cluster tr seems unusual for Quenya) "deliver" (= article "the" in his gloss, this may be simply to
"save"). Tolkien may have abandoned this verb indicate that exë is a noun, not to suggest that it
in favour of etelehta-, q.v. (VT43 : 23; VT44 : 9), is inherently definite and does not require the
but the root also appears in #runando definite article i. Used in an indefinite sense,
"redeemer", so maybe eterúna- can stay with without i preceding, exë would likely translate as
the meaning "redeem". *"another".
etsat- vb. "distribute in even portions" éyë, rare perfect of ëa, q.v.
(apparently et- "out" + the base sat "divide, ezel, ezella adj. "green" (in Vanyarin
apportion"). Not cited with a final hyphen in the Quenya only). Adopted and adapted from
source (VT48 : 11), but some ending would Valarin. (WJ : 399)
obviously be required in Quenya; the verb should Ezellohar noun "the Green Mound"
probably be treated as a consonant stem where the Two Trees grew; adopted and
(primary verb). Alternative form estat-, but as adapted from Valarin; also translated as Coron
pointed out in VT48 : 12, the transposition ts > st Oiolairë, Corollairë (WJ : 401). The name must
is not regular in Quenya. have become *Erellohar in Exilic (Noldorin)
Quenya.

F
faica ("k") adj. "contemptible, mean" 15), “foam wave” (PE17 : 127), “a breaker”
(SPAY) (PE17 : 62), partitive pl. falmali “many waves”
faila adj. "fair-minded, just, generous" (PE17 : 73), allative falmalinnar "on the foaming
(PM : 352) waves" in Namárië (Nam, RGEO : 67); the
faina- vb. "emit light" (PHAY) phrase an i falmalī (PE17 : 74) seems to be a
fainu- vb. "release" (LT1 : 250). Rather paraphrase of this with an independent
lerya- or sen- in Tolkien's later Quenya. preposition instead of the allative ending -nna
fairë (1) noun "phantom, disembodied (see an #1). Compounded in Falmari, a name of
spirit, when seen as a pale shape" (pl. fairi in the Teleri, and Mar-nu-Falmar, "Home / Land
Markirya); compare ausa. The noun fairë was under Waves", a name of Númenor after the
also used = "spirit (in general)", as a kind of Downfall. (SA : falas) Falmari "wave-folk", a
being (MR : 349, PE17 : 117). In VT43 : 37 and name of the Teleri (PM : 386). – In earlier
VT44 : 17, fairë refers to the Holy Spirit (fairë "Qenya", falma was glossed "foam" (LT1 : 253,
aista or Aina Fairë) cf. MC : 213). Compare also the early "Qenya"
fairë (2) noun "natural death" (as act) words falmar "wave as it breaks" (LT1 : 253), pl.
(PHIR) falmari "waves" (MC : 216)
fairë (3) noun "radiance" (PHAY) falmar, falmarin (falmarind- or simply
fairë (4) adj. "free" (LT1 : 250) (rather falmarin- as in pl. falmarindi [or falmarini])
léra, lerina or mirima in LotR-style Quenya) noun "sea-spirit, nymph" (PHAL / PHÁLAS)
fairië noun "freedom" (LT1 : 250; since falqua ("q") noun "cleft, mountain pass,
this is an abstract formation based on fairë ravine" (LT2 : 341)
"free", a meaning only ascribed to this word in falquan ("q") noun "large sword" (LT2 :
early "Qenya" whereas fairë has a string of other 341)
meanings in Tolkien's later Quenya, the fána, fánë (1) adj. "white" (Markirya -
conceptual validity of fairië "freedom" may be fánë as a sg. form in may be a misreading).
questioned). Compare fanya.
Falanyel (Falanyeld-, as in pl. fána (2) noun "cloud" (SPAN, VT46 :
Falanyeldi), noun, (in the pl.) a name of the 15). Cf. fana.
Teleri, apparently *"Shore-singers" (PHAL / fana noun term denoting the "veils" or
PHÁLAS) "raiment" in which the Valar presented
falas (falass-), falassë noun "shore, themselves to physical eyes, the bodies in which
beach" (LT1 : 253, LT2 : 339); falassë "shore, they were self-incarnated, usually in the shape of
line of surf" (SA : falas), "shore – especially one the bodies of Elves (and Men) (RGEO : 74,
exposed to great waves and breakers" (VT42 : PE17 : 173-180). According to PE17 : 26, fana
15), "beach" (PHAL / PHÁLAS); Falassë Númëa may be said to mean “shape” with “added notion”
place-name "Western Surf" (LT1 : 253), of light and whiteness, “it is thus often used
Andafalassë “Langstrand” (PE17 : 135) where we might use ‘a vision’ – of something
falasta- vb. "to foam", participle beautiful or sublime”, yet with no connotation of
falastala "foaming, surging" in Markirya “uncertainty or unreality”.
falastanë participle (?) "surging", fánë, strong past tense of fanta, q.v.
falastanéro vb. "was loud with surf" (MC : 213, fanga noun "beard" (SPÁNAG)
220; this is "Qenya" - the participle "surging" is fangë noun "long beard" (GL : 34)
falastala in Tolkien's later Quenya) fanta- vb. "to veil, cloak, mantle" (VT43 :
Falastur masc. name, *"Shore-lord" 22), mainly used of veils cast over things that
(Appendix A) shone, or that were brighter and more vivid
fallë noun "foam" (PHAL / PHÁLAS) (PE17 : 174); according to Tolkien usually the
falma noun "(crested / foaming) wave" strong past tense fánë and perfect afánië were
(PHAL / PHÁLAS), "a wave-crest, wave" (VT42 : used, but later also fantanë in the past tense

(and then perhaps *afantië in the perfect?) "not enough" (FS). Etym has farëa "enough,
(PE17 : 179-180) Cf halya- (q.v.), the stem of sufficient" (PHAR)
which Tolkien contrasted with the stem of this farinyë, a pa.t. of farya-, q.v.
verb (PE17 : 184). farma noun ?"carpet" (reading of gloss
fantarcenya (“k”) adj. “perspicacious, very uncertain; another gloss occurring in the
penetrating of sight or understanding” (PE17 : manuscript cannot be certainly interpreted,
176) though the editors suggest "string" or "stray")
Fantur masc. name "lord of cloud", (VT46 : 15)
surname of Mandos (SPAN, TUR) farmë noun "sufficiency, plenitude, all
fanwa noun “veil, screen” (PE17 : 176, that is wanted" (also fárë) (VT46 : 9)
180) farnë (1) noun "foliage", archaic faznë
fanwos noun “mind-picture of apparition (VT46 : 9). Not to be confused with farnë as the
in dream”, possibly ephemeral variant of pa.t. of the verb farya-, q.v.
indemma (q.v.) (PE17 : 174); normally Quenya #farnë (2) noun "dwelling", in orofarnë
phonology seems to prohibit a combination like (as translated in Letters : 224, but in other notes
wo. of Tolkien’s the word was interpreted “any
fanya noun "(white) cloud" (translated growing thing or plant”, PE17 : 83)
"sky" in FS); pl. fanyar in Namárië (Nam, RGEO farya- vb. "suffice", pa.t. farnë (PHAR).
: 67). ). Used “only of white clouds, sunlit or An additional pa.t. form, farinyë, was published
moonlit, or clouds gilded or silvered at the edges in VT46 : 9; this is a most unusual formation.
by light behind them”, not “of storm clouds or fas (?fats-), fatsë noun "tassel" (GL :
cloud canopies shutting out the light” (PE17 : 34)
174). Cf. lumbo, q.v. According to VT46 : 15, fásë noun "gap, gulf" (GL : 36)
fanya was originally given as an adjective fassë noun "tangled hair, shaggy lock"
"white" in the Etymologies; the printed version in (PHAS)
LR wrongly implies that fanya and fána both fasta- vb. "tangle" (PHAS)
mean "cloud", whereas actually the first was at fatanyu noun "hell" (GL : 51)
this stage meant to be an adjective "white" fatsë, fas (with stem *fats-?) noun
whereas fána is both noun "cloud" and adj. "tassel" (GL : 34)
"white". However, Namárië and later fauca ("k") adj. "thirsty" (PHAU; original
emendations to the entry SPAN in Etym indicate glosses "thirsty, parched; lit. open-mouthed",
that Tolkien would later think of fanya as a noun VT46 : 9)
"cloud", perhaps giving it the same double fauta- vb. *"to snow" (actually glossed
meaning as fána : "cloud" as well as "white". fauta = "it snows") (GL : 35)
According to PE17 : 26, fanya was originally an fáwë vb. "snow" (GL : 35; rather lossë in
adjectival form “white and shining” that was Tolkien's later Quenya)
however often used as a noun “applied to Fayanáro archaic form of Fëanáro, q.v.
various things, notably to white clouds lit by sun (PM : 343)
or moon”. In Namárië, the word is used poetically faznë, archaic form of farnë, q.v.
with reference to the hands of Varda (she lifted fëa noun "spirit" (pl. fëar attested, MR :
her hands ve fanyar “like clouds”). 363). The Incarnates are said to live by
Fanyamar place-name referring to the necessary union of hroa (body) and fëa (WJ :
"upper air" (SPAN), literally *"Cloudland" 405). In Airëfëa noun "the Holy Spirit", Fëanáro
fanyarë noun "the skies" (not heaven or masc. name "Spirit of Fire" (Quenya-Sindarin
firmament - the upper airs and clouds). Note that hybrid form : Fëanor), Fëanturi noun "Masters
despite its English gloss, fanyarë is a singular of Spirits", name of the two Valar Mandos and
word and therefore takes a singular adjective / Lórien (SA : tur), fëafelmë noun "spirit-impulse"
participle, as in fanyarë rúcina "ruined skies" in (impulses originating with the spirit, e.g. love,
Markirya (see MC : 220, note 8 for this pity, anger, hate) (VT41 : 19 cf. 13, VT43 : 37).
translation) In one source it is said to mean specifically a
fára noun "beach, shore" (VT46 : 15) “spirit indwelling a body”, i.e. “soul” (PE17 : 124),
fárë noun "sufficiency, plenitude, all that which contradicts such uses as Airefëa or
is wanted" (also farmë) (PHAR) Fëanturi. Cf. fairë.
faren, adv. "enough" (VT46 : 9) fëalócë ("k") noun "spark-dragon" (LOK)
fárëa adj.? "enough" (presumably Fëanáro masc. name "Spirit of Fire", in
adjective, whereas the adverb is faren); ufárëa Sindarized form Fëanor (SA : nár, PHAY). The

word apparently includes the masculine ending - findë (1) noun "hair" (especially of the
o. Compare fëa, nár. head) (PM : 340), "a tress or plait of hair" (PM :
#fel-, see felmë 345), "tress, braid of hair, lock of hair" (SPIN)
felca, see felco findë (2) noun? (less likely adj.)
felco noun “cave, mine, underground "cunning" (LT1 : 253; this "Qenya" word is
dwelling” (PE17 : 118); also felca, felehta possibly obsoleted by # 1 above)
felehta, see felco Findecáno ("-káno") masc. name *"Hair-
felya noun "cave" (PHÉLEG), “mine, commander"; Sindarized as Fingon (PM : 344)
boring, tunnel, underground dwel[ling]” (PE17 : findel adj. “having beautiful hair” (PE17 :
118) 119); it is possible that this is intended as
felmë noun "impulse, emotion" (VT41 : Sindarin.
19; this suggests a verb #fel- "to feel"). findelë noun “tress, lock” (PE17 : 119);
Compounded in fëafelmë, hroafelmë. apparently a synonym of findë #1, q.v.
felu noun “bad magic” (QL : 38) findessë noun "a head of hair, a
fen (feng-) noun "reed" (QL : 38, stem person's hair as a whole" (PM : 345). Compare
feng- also in GL : 34). findilë.
fenda noun "threshold" (PHEN) findilë noun “a head of hair”. Compare
fenna noun “door” (PE17 : 45, 181) findessë. (PE17 : 17)
fenumë noun "dragon" (LT2 : 341 – but findl noun "lock of hair, tress" (but findil
lócë is the normal word in LotR-style Quenya) elsewhere – in LotR-style Quenya, no word can
feren (stem fern-, as in pl. ferni) noun end in -dl). (LT2 : 341)
"beech, beech-tree". Also fernë. (BERÉTH, finë (1) (stem *fini-, given the primitive
PHER / PHÉREN) form ¤phini) noun "a hair" (PM : 340, PE17 : 17)
férima, also ferina, adj. “ready to hand, or "larch" (SPIN)
(quickly) available” (PE17 : 181) finë (2) noun “dexterity” (PE17 : 119,
ferinya adj. "beechen" (PHER / related to words for skill)
PHÉREN) fínëa adj. “dexterous” (PE17 : 119), also
ferna noun "mast, beechnuts" (PHER / finwa, q.v.
PHÉREN) finië noun? "cunning" (LT1 : 253)
fernë noun "beech-tree" (pl. ferni given). finta- (1) vb. “to make, finish off, or
Also feren. (PHER / PHÉREN) decorate a thing with delicate work” (PE17 : 17)
ferya- vb. “make ready (promptly)” finta (2) vb. “show skill” (PE17 : 119)
(PE17 : 181) #fintalë noun “trick”, given as pl. fintaler
feuya- adj. "feel disgust at, abhor" (PE17 : 119)
(PHEW, VT46 : 9) finwa adj. “dexterous; ‘clever’, fine,
fifíru- vb.; this is evidently the delicate” (PE17 : 119, 181), a similar word is
frequentative (see sisíla-) form of fir-; according glossed "sagacious" in very early material (LT1 :
to MC : 223 it means "slowly fade away"; 253)
participle fifírula in Markirya (translated "fading") Finwë masc. name, apparently
filit (filic- ("k"), as in pl. filici) noun displaying the frequent ending -wë suffixed to a
"small bird" (PHILIK) stem normally having to do with hair, but the
*fimbë (stem fimbi-) adj. “slender” name is obscure (see Tolkien's discussion in PM
(PE17 : 23) : 340-341). Also in Etym (PHIN, WEG).
finca adj. “clever” (in petty ways) (PE17 According to VT46 : 9, Finwë was also the name
: 119). A form finca is also mentioned as the of tengwa #10 in the pre-classical Tengwar
cognate of Sindarin fineg, but neither form is system presupposed in the Etymologies, but
clearly glossed. The word-group under Tolkien would later call #10 formen instead.
consideration has to do with hair (PE17 : 17). finya (1) also leptafinya, adj. “clever(-
finda (1) adj. "having hair, -haired" fingered)” (PE17 : 17)
(Tolkien's gloss "-haired" evidently means that finya- (2) vb. ”to do a thing / make a
finda may be used in compounds, like thing (with fine work)” (PE17 : 181)
*carnifinda "red-haired") (PM : 340) fion (1) (fiond- or simply fion-, as in pl.
finda (2) adj. “fine & delicately made” fiondi or fioni) noun ?"hawk" (reading of gloss
(PE17 : 181) uncertain; according to Christopher Tolkien the
Findaráto masc. name *"Hair- most natural interpretation would be "haste", but
champion", Sindarized as Finrod (SA : ar(a) )

this word would have no plural form) (PHI, VT46 Follondië, see Forolondië
: 9). forma noun "right hand" (VT47 : 6).
fion (2) “bowl, goblet” (LT1 : 253) Compare formaitë, forya.
Fionwë masc. name; a Maia; also called formaitë adj. "righthanded, dexterous"
Eönwë, q.v. (PHI, (WEG) ) (PHOR, VT49 : 9, 31). Compare ataformaitë.
fir- vb. "die, fade" (cf. fifíru-); aorist (?) Formen noun "north" (SA : men), also
fírë "expire"; augmentless perfect fírië, name of tengwa #10 (Appendix E, PHOR, MEN;
translated "she has breathed forth" (but no replacing the rejected form Tormen). In
explicit element meaning "she" seems to be Formenos, place-name "Northern Fortress" (SA
present) (MR : 250, 470, VT43 : 34) : formen). Allative formenna, VT49 : 26.
firië noun "dying, death" (gerund of fir-) formenya adj. "northern" (PHOR)
(VT43 : 34) forna adj. “northern” (PE17 : 18)
firë noun "mortal man" (PHIR), pl. firi Forolondië (also shortened and
given (the latter is not clearly glossed and may assimilated Follondië) place-name “North-
also be the archaic form from which firë is harbourage”, old name for Arnor, in full Turmen
derived, since word-final short *i became e in Follondiéva “Realm of the North-harbourage”
Quenya – but since we would rather expect the (PE17 : 28). Compare Hyaralondië.
spelling *phiri if it were an archaic form, it is best Forostar place-name, the "Northlands"
taken as the pl. of firë.) of Númenor (UT : 165)
Fíriel fem. name "She that sighed" or fortë (stem *forti- given the primitive
"She that died", later name of Míriel (MR : 250) form ¤phoroti) adj. "northern" (PHOR)
fírima adj. "mortal" (PHIR; firima with a forya adj. "right" (PHOR), "dexter"
short i in VT46 : 4); also used as noun : Fírima (VT46 : 10)
pl. Fírimar "those apt to die", "mortals", an Elvish Fui noun "Night" (PHUY) - variant Hui,
name of Mortal Men (WJ : 387). This adj. is also which form is probably to be preferred in light of
the source of an explicit noun, personalized Tolkien's later insight that the related word fuinë
#Fírimo = mortal, mortal man. Pl. Fírimor (VT49 (see below) is actually Telerin, the proper
: 10-11), dative pl. fírimoin "for men" in Fíriel's Quenya form being huinë.
Song; cf. also the pl. allative fírimonnar in VT44 fuinë noun "deep shadow" (PHUY; cf.
: 35. "Qenya" fuin "night" in MC : 221). According to
#Fírimo noun “mortal”, see fírima VT41 : 8, fuinë is not a Quenya form at all, but
firin adj. "dead" (by natural cause) Telerin for Quenya huinë (but unquestionably,
(PHIR). This may obsolete the earlier "Qenya" fuinë is quoted as a Quenya form in certain
word firin "ray of the sun" (LT2 : 341) earlier sources; cf. also Fuinur below - perhaps
firinga noun "carcanet, necklace" (LT2 : we may assume that fuinë was borrowed into
346, GL : 36) Quenya from Telerin and thus came to co-exist
Firya pl. Firyar noun "Mortals", an with huinë?
Elvish name of Mortal Men (WJ : 387). Etym has Fuinur (misprint "Fuinar" in the
firya "human", literally *"mortal" (PHIR) Silmarillion Index) masc. name, evidently derived
Firyanor place-name, other name of from fuinë "shadow" (Silm; cf. the stem PHUY in
Hildórien, the place where mortal men first the Etymologies)
awoke, like the Elves did at Cuiviénen (PHIR) fúmë noun "sleep" (LT1 : 253). Read
fó interjection “nay, no”; the stem √PHŌ perhaps *húmë in a LotR-compatible form of
/ Ū is itself defined as an “interjection of Quenya, since Tolkien later decided that fu-
displeasure / dissent” (PE17 : 181) tended to become hu-.
foa (1) noun "breath, puff of breath" fúmella noun "poppy" (also fúmellot)
(VT47 : 35, 36) (LT1 : 253). Read perhaps *húmella in a LotR-
foa (2) noun "hoard, treasure" (LT2 : compatible form of Quenya, since Tolkien later
340; perhaps obsoleted by #1 above) decided that fu- tended to become hu-.
foalócë ("k") noun "name of a serpent fúmellot noun "poppy" (also fúmella)
that guarded a treasure" (LT2 : 340) (LT1 : 253) Read perhaps *húmellot in a LotR-
foina adj. "hidden" (LT2 : 340) compatible form of Quenya, since Tolkien later
fólë noun "secrecy, a secret" (LT2 : 340; decided that fu- tended to become hu-.
"Qenya" spelling fôlë) #funda- stem of uncertain meaning
fólima adj. "secretive" (LT2 : 340; occurring in a “Qenya” text, but possibly meaning
"Qenya" spelling fôlima) “thunder” (see the comments of the editor in

PE16 : 59). If the word survived (in Tolkien’s Quenya, since Tolkien decided that fu- tended to
conception), it would appear as *hunda- in Third become hu-.
Age Quenya, since Tolkien decided that fu- furin adj. "hidden, concealed" (also
tended to become hu-. This could result in such hurin, which form may be preferred in a LotR-
words as *hunda- vb. “to thunder”, gerund compatible form of Quenya) (LT2 : 340)
*hundië (which could then express “thunder, furu noun "a lie" (LT2 : 340, GL : 36) Read
thundering” as a noun). perhaps *huru in a LotR-compatible form of
fur- vb. "to conceal, to lie" (LT2 : 340) Quenya, since Tolkien decided that fu- tended to
Read perhaps *hurin a LotR-compatible form of become hu-.
H
haca- vb. "squat" (GL : 47) off light and cast shadows over other things”
hácala ("k") participle "yawning" (PE17 : 184), contrasting it with √SPAN, the
occurring in the Markirya poem, derived from an rejected stem of fanta-, q.v.
(otherwise unattested) verb #hac- "yawn". ham- (1) vb. "sit" (KHAM)
Compare yanga-. #ham- (2) vb. "judge", attested in the
hacca noun "buttocks, hams" (GL : 47) aorist form hamil "you judge". (VT42 : 33; notice
hahta noun "pile, mound" (KHAG) the pronominal ending -l "you". See nemë. The
haimë noun "habit" (KHIM) verb #ham- with the meaning "judge" may seem
haira adj. "remote, far" (KHAYA) to be an ephemeral form in Tolkien's
haiya adj. "far" (SD : 247). Also háya. conception.)
1
hala (1) noun "(small) fish" (KHAL , hamma noun "chair" (VT45 : 20)
2
SKAL , VT45 : 20) hampa adj. “restrained, delayed, kept”
hala (2) noun ”a cast shadow” (PE17 : (PE17 : 68)
184) han prep. "beyond" (compare the
halatir (halatirn-, as in dat.sg. postposition pella of similar meaning) (VT43 :
halatirnen), also halatirno, noun "kingsfisher", 14)
2
etymologically "fish-watcher" (TIR, SKAL , [hanaco ("k") noun "giant" (VT45 : 21)]
1
KHAL ) handa (1) adj. "understanding,
halcin ("k") adj. "frozen" (LT1 : 254) intelligent" (KHAN)
halda adj. "veiled, hidden, shadowed, [?handa] (2) noun "chair"; the reading is
shady" (opposed to helda "stripped bare") uncertain and the word was in any case deleted
1
(SKAL , VT46 : 13) (VT45 : 20). In the Etymologies, Tolkien likewise
halla (1) adj. "tall" (Appendix E, abandoned the root KHAD from which this word
footnote) was derived, but he may seem to have restored
[halla (2) adj. "naked" (VT46 : 14), this root later (see har-).
changed by Tolkien to helda] handassë noun "intelligence" (KHAN)
Hallacar masc. name, apparently "tall handë noun "knowledge, understanding,
helmet" : halla + car (cf. Eldacar for the latter intelligence" (KHAN). Note : *handë is
element) (UT : 210) (probably) also the past tense of the verb har-
Hallatan masc. name, apparently "tall "sit".
man" : halla + atan (UT : 210) handelë noun "intellect" (another gloss,
[halma], see helma "intelligence", Tolkien transferred to handassë)
haloisi noun "the sea (in storm)", cf. (KHAN, VT45 : 21)
haloitë (LT1 : 254) [hando] noun "agent" (male; fem.
haloitë adj. "leaping" (LT1 : 254) [yendi]) (VT45 : 16)
halta- vb. "to leap" (LT1 : 254) háno noun "brother", colloquially also
halya- vb. "veil, conceal, screen from hanno (VT47 : 12, 14). It is unclear whether
1
light" (SKAL , VT46 : 13) Tolkien noted that Tolkien, by introducing this form, abandoned the
“√SKAL applied to more opaque things that cut older (TLT) word toron (q.v.)

hanno noun "brother" (a colloquial form, harna- (2) vb. "to wound" (SKAR)
cf. háno), also used in children's play for "middle harna (3) noun "helmet" (VT45 : 21)
finger" (VT47 : 12, 14, VT48 : 4, 6) harpa noun "helmet" (VT45 : 21)
hanquenta vb.? noun? “answer” (PE17 : harwë (1) noun "wound" (SKAR)
176) harwë (2) noun "treasure, treasury"
hantalë noun "thanksgiving", isolated (3AR) (For clarity, harma may be used for
from Eruhantalë (UT : 166; see also VT43 : 14). "treasure")
A verbal stem #hanta- "thank, give thanks" may harya- vb. "possess" (3AR)
apparently be isolated from this word. haryon noun "(heir), prince" (3AR).
hantë, pa.t. of hat-, q.v. (SKAT) Alternative form aryon.
hanu noun "a male (of Men or Elves), #hasta- vb. "mar" (verbal stem isolated
male animal, man" (3AN, VT45 : 16) from the passive participle hastaina "marred").
hanuvoitë adj.? "male" (prob. adj. rather (MR : 254)
than noun; the word as such is not clearly hat- (1) vb. “fling” (cited as hatin “I fling”,
glossed, but connects with hanu "a male") (INI) first person sg. aorist), pa.t. hantë (QL : 39). The
hanwa noun "male" (INI) apparently related noun hatal “spear” occurring
hanya- vb. "understand, know about, be in late material (VT49 : 14) suggests that Tolkien
skilled in dealing with" (KHAN, VT45 : 21) eventually decided to maintain hat- “fling”,
har, harë adj.? adv.? "near" (LT1 : 253) though in the meantime, a distinct verb hat-
har- vb. "sit, stay", pl. present hárar in “break asunder” had occurred in his writings.
CO (i hárar "those who sit, those who are hat- (2) vb. "break asunder", pa.t. hantë
sitting"). Imperative hara in the phrase (hara) (SKAT). Compare ascat-, terhat-. It may be that
máriessë “(stay) in happiness” (PE17 : 162). Tolkien eventually restored the verb hat- “fling”
According to VT45 : 20, har- "sit" is derived from occurring in early material (see above), leaving
a stem KHAD which Tolkien abandoned in the the conceptual status of hat- “break asunder”
Etymologies, but since CO is later than Etym, he uncertain (for “break”, late material has rac-).
may seem to have restored KHAD. If so, the past hatal noun “spear” (VT49 : 14, 33).
tense of har- would be *handë. Another word for “spear” is ehtë.
haran (#harn-, as in pl. harni) noun hatsë noun “headlong movement” (VT49
"king, chieftain" (3AR, TĀ / TA3, VT45 : 17; for : 33, QL : 39)
"king", the word aran is to be preferred in LotR- haura adj. “huge” (PE17 : 115)
style Quenya). In a deleted entry in the hauta- vb. "cease, take a rest, stop"
Etymologies, haran was glossed "chief" (VT45 : (KHAW)
17) háya adj. "far off, far away" (KHAYA).
haranyë noun, last year of a century in Also haiya.
the Númenórean calendar (or possibly the word hé “him (the other, etc.)” in the sentence
for "century" itself; Tolkien's wording is unclear) melin sé apa la hé “I love him but not him”
(Appendix D) (another) (VT49 : 15). It may be that hé covers
harda noun "realm, region" (VT45 : 12, both genders (“her” as well as “him”), like sé (se)
16, 17; the word also occurs, unglossed, in the is known to do.
entry EN in the Etymologies). Changed to arda heca! ("k") vb. in imperative "be gone!
later? stand aside!", also with pronominal suffixes
*harin adj. “marred” (PE17 : 150). The hecat sg. (but see -t #3) and hecal pl. (WJ :
word is given as χarin, where the initial Greek 364)
chi presumably represents [x]; in later [MET] Hecel ("k") (Heceld-, e.g. pl. Heceldi,
pronunciation and spelling, this would become WJ : 371), noun with same meaning as hecil,
*harin. q.v., but reformed to match Oarel, especially
harma (1) noun "treasure, a treasured applied to the Eldar left in Beleriand. Helcelmar
thing" (3AR), also name of tengwa #11, later and Heceldamar *"Land of Forsaken Elves", the
(MET) called aha (Appendix E). name used by the loremasters of Aman for
[harma (2) noun "wolf" (3ARAM). The Beleriand. (WJ : 365)
gloss "hound" was inserted, but then deleted hecil ("k") (masc. hecilo, fem. hecilë)
(VT45 : 17)] noun "one lost or forsaken by friends, waif,
[Harmen] noun "south" (MEN) (Changed outcast, outlaw" (WJ : 365)
to hyarmen.) hehta- (pa.t. hehtanë) vb. "put aside,
harna (1) adj. "wounded" leave out, exclude, abandon, forsake" (WJ : 365)

hela conj. “or”, apparently an ephemeral hequa prep. "leaving aside, not
form, replaced by hya (VT49 : 14-15). The editor counting, excluding, except" (WJ : 365)
theorizes that hela literally meant “other than” hér noun "lord" (VT41 : 9), also heru,
(VT49 : 15) q.v.
helca ("k") adj. "icy, ice-cold" (misprint héra adj. "chief, principal" (KHER)
"helk" in the Etymologies as printed in LR, entry hérë noun "lordship" (LT1 : 272)
KHELEK; both the Silmarillion Appendix and LT1 heren (1) noun "order"; Heren Istarion
: 254 have helka, and VT45 : 21 finally confirmed "Order of Wizards" (UT : 388)
that there is a final -a in Tolkien's Etymologies heren (2) noun "fortune", etymologically
manuscript as well). In Helcar, the Inland Sea in "governance" ("and so what is in store for one
the north-east of Middle-earth, and Helcaraxë, and what one has in store") (KHER). Herendil
the Grinding Ice between Araman and Middle- masc. name *"Fortune-friend" = Eadwine, Edwin,
earth (SA; spelt "Helkarakse" in the Etymologies, Audoin (LR : 52, 56, cf. the Etymologies, stems
stem KARAK) KHER-, NIL / NDIL)
helcë ("k") noun "ice" (KHELEK, LT1 : herenya adj. "fortunate, wealthy,
254) blessed, rich" (KHER)
1
helcelimbë ("k") noun *"ice-drop"? (LIB , heri noun "lady" (KHER, LT1 : 272)
cf. KHELEK) hérincë ("k") noun *"little lady" (UT :
helda (1) adj. "naked, stripped bare" 195). Concerning the diminutive ending, cf.
1
(SKEL, SKAL ) Atarincë, cirinci.
[helda (2) adj. "friendly, having love heru (also hér) noun "lord, master" (PM
(for)" (VT46 : 3)] : 210, KHER, LT1 : 272, VT44 : 12); Letters : 283
[heldo, also helmo, fem. heldë, noun gives hér (heru); the form Héru with a long
"friend" (VT46 : 3)] vowel refers to God in the source where it
[helmë noun "friendship" (VT46 : 3)] appears (i Héru "the Lord", VT43 : 29). In names
helin noun "violet" or "pansy" (LT1 : like Herumor *"Black Lord" and Herunúmen
262) "Lord of the West" (SA : heru). The form heruion
Helinyetillë noun "Eyes of Heartsease", is evidently a gen.pl. of heru "lord" : *"of the
a name of the pansy (LT1 : 262) lords" (SD : 290); herunúmen "Lord-of-West"
hellë noun "sky" (3EL; a distinct word (LR : 47), title of Manwë. Pl. númeheruvi
hellë "frost" was struck out, see KHEL.) "Lords-of-West" (*"West-lords") in SD : 246, a
helma noun "skin, fell" (SKEL), changed title of the Valar; does this form suggest that
by Tolkien from halma (VT46 : 14) #heruvi is the regular plural of heru?
helwa adj. "(pale) blue" (3EL) heru- vb. "to rule" (LT1 : 272; rather tur-
helyanwë noun "rainbow", lit. "sky- in LotR-style Quenya)
bridge" (3EL) Hescin ("k") noun "winter one" (???)
hen (hend-, as in pl. hendi) noun "eye" (LT1 : 255)
(KHEN-D-E); possibly dual #hendu in Hesin noun "winter" (LT1 : 255; LotR-
hendumaica, q.v. Noun henfanwa “eye-screen, style Quenya has hrívë instead)
veil upon eyes” (PE17 : 176), adj. henulca hessa adj. "dead, withered" (LT1 : 255)
"evileyed" (SD : 68; cf. ulca). hesta vb. "wither" (LT1 : 255)
hendumaica ("k") noun? adj.? "sharp- hesto noun "captain" (VT45 : 22; the
eye" (read *"sharp-eyed"?) (WJ : 337) word is not explictly identified as Quenya but can
henfanwa, see hen hardly be any other language)
henta- vb. “to eye, to examine (with the hí adv. “here” (VT49 : 34)
eyes), scan; to read (silently)” (for “read aloud”, hilcin ("k") vb., glossed "it freezes" (LT1
et-henta is used). Forms cited : Aorist henta, : 254); if this word is to be adapted to LotR-style
present continuative hentëa, “aorist past” Quenya, it would have to mean "I freeze", but the
hentanë, perfect ehentanië. Gerund #hentië shape of this word seems somewhat alien to
“reading”, isolated from parmahentië “book Tolkien's later forms of Quenya (verbs with 1st
reading” (PE17 : 77, 156). person aorists in -in never have a consonant
hententa- vb. “spot with eye” (direct the cluster immediately preceding this ending)
eye toward something) (VT49 : 24). Cf. tenta-, hildi, -hildi noun "followers" (used =
leptenta-. mortal men, the Second-born of Ilúvatar) (KHIL)
henulca, see hen- (also Hildor, q.v.). Dat. pl. hildin "for men", a
dative pl. occurring in Fíriel's Song. Cf. hildinyar

"my heirs", evidently *hildë, hildo "follower, heir" histanë pre-classical participle? "fading"
+ -inya "my" + -r plural ending (EO) (MC : 213; this is "Qenya")
Hildor pl. noun "the Followers", an histë noun "dusk" (LT1 : 255)
Elvish name of Mortal Men as the Second-born hiswa (þ) adj. "grey" (KHIS / KHITH,
of Ilúvatar (WJ : 387); sg #Hildo. Hildórien Narqelion)
place-name : the land where Men first awoke, hiswë (þ) noun "fog" (KHIS / KHITH)
like the Elves did at Cuiviénen (Silm, KHIL, hiuta- vb. "wink, hint" (VT46 : 6)
PHIR) hlaiwa, see laiwa
hilya- vb. "to follow" (KHIL) hlapu- noun "blow; fly or stream in the
himba adj. "adhering, sticking" (KHIM) wind", participle hlápula "blowing" in Markirya
himya- vb. "to stick to, adhere, cleave hlar- noun "hear", future tense hlaruva
to, abide by" (KHIM, VT45 : 22) "shall hear" in Markirya
hína noun "child", also hina used in the hlas noun “ear”, stem hlar- as in the
vocative to a (young) child (also hinya "my dual form hlaru (PE17 : 62). Compare lár #2.
child", for hinanya) (WJ : 403). Pl. híni hlínë, see línë
(surprisingly not **hínar) in Híni Ilúvataro hlívë, see lívë
"Children of Ilúvatar" (Silmarillion Index); dative hloa ("hloä"), noun that "would have
hínin in VT44 : 35. In compounds -hin pl. -híni been" the product of primitive ¤sloga (Sindarin
(as in Eruhíni, "Children of Eru", SA : híni). lhô), a word used of rivers that were "variable
According to one source, the word is hín(i) and and liable to overflow their banks at seasons".
solely plural (PE17 : 157), but this is obviously However, the wording "would have been" may
contradicted by some of the sources quoted seem to suggest that this word did not actually
above. occur in Quenya. (VT42 : 9)
hir- vb. "find", future tense hiruva in hlócë ("k") noun "snake, serpent", later
Namárië (hiruvalyë "thou shalt find") (Nam, lócë ("k") (SA : lok-)
RGEO : 67, VT49 : 39); Hirilondë "Haven- hloima noun ”poison”, ”a poisonous
finder", name of a ship (UT : 192) substance” (PE17 : 185)
hir (hird-), pl. hirdi, noun "entrails, hloirë noun “venom, poison,
bowels" (PE13 : 161) poisonousness” (PE17 : 185)
hísë (þ) (stem #hísi- because of the hloirëa adj. “venomous” (PE17 : 185)
primitive form ¤khīthi, cf. hísilanya, Hísilómë) hloita- vb. “to poison, envenom, fill with
(1) noun "mist, fog" (KHIS / KHITH). According to poison” (PE17 : 185)
VT45 : 22, hísë is also the name of Tengwa #11 hlón noun "sound", "a noise" (VT48 :
in the pre-classical Tengwar system 29). Also hlóna. The stem of hlón is apparently
presupposed in the Etymologies, but Tolkien hlon- if hloni "sounds" in WJ : 394 is its plural
would later call #11 harma / aha instead. form.
hísë (2) noun "dusk" (LT1 : 255). A hlóna (1) noun "a noise" (VT48 : 29,
"Qenya" form possibly obsoleted by #1 above. PE17 : 138). Also hlón.
hísë (3) adj.? "blinking" (?) (MC : 214) A [hlóna (2) noun "a river, especially given
"Qenya" form possibly obsoleted by #1 above. to those at all seasons full of water from
hísen noun in pre-classical genitive? "of mountains" (VT48 : 27; the word is marked with
mist" (þ) (MC : 221; this is "Qenya", but it a query and the note containing it rejected; it was
connects with hísë #1.) apparently replaced by lón, q.v.)]
hísië (þ) noun "mist, mistiness" (Nam, hlonitë adj. "phonetic", apparently a
SA : hîth, PE17 : 73), also hísë. close variant of hlónítë below (VT48 : 29, PE17 :
hísilanya (þ noun “mist thread”, warp 138)
(Sindarin hithlain). Cf. hísë. –PE17 : 60 #hlonítë adj. "phonetic", only attested in
Hísilómë (þ) place-name "Hithlum", the pl. in the phrase hloníti tengwi "phonetic
“Land of Mist”, more literally *”Mist-night” (SA : signs" (sg. #hlonítë tengwë) (WJ : 395). The sg.
hîth, LUM, [VT45 : 28]) form hlonitë with a short i occurs in VT48 : 29
Hísilumbë (þ) place-name, variant of and PE17 : 138. The form #hlonítë was changed
Hísilómë (LUM) by Tolkien from hlonaitë, as in hlonaitë
Hísimë (þ) noun, eleventh month of the tengwesta "a tengwesta [q.v.] employing
year, "November" (Appendix D, SA : hîth). The phonetic signs" (VT39 : 4), hlonaiti tengwi
Quenya word seems to mean "Misty One". "phonetic signs" (VT39 : 4).
hlussa-, hlussë; see lussa-, lustë

ho prep. "from" (3O); cf. hó- horro (also orro) interjection "ugh, alas!
hó- verbal prefix; "away, from, from ow!" (said to be an interjection "of horror, pain,
among", the point of view being outside the disgust") (VT45 : 17)
thing, place, or group in thought (WJ : 368) horta- vb. "send flying, speed, urge"
hoa (“höa”) adj. “big, large” (PE17 : 115) (KHOR; originally glossed "urge, encourage",
hóciri- vb. "cut off" (cut of a required VT45 : 22)
portion, so as to have it or use it) (WJ : 366, 368) hortalë noun "speeding, urging" (KHOR)
(Normal aorist probably *hócirë, present / horya- noun "have an impulse, be
continuative tense *hócíra, past tense *hócirnë) compelled to do something, set vigorously out to
[holmë] noun "odour" (ÑOL; according do" (VT45 : 22)
to VT46 : 6, Tolkien struck out the initial h-, thus hos noun "folk" (LT2 : 340)
changing the word to olmë) hossë noun "army, band, troop" (LT2 :
holya, also holta-, vb. “shut, close” 340)
(PE17 : 98) hosta- vb. "gather, collect, assemble"
holwë noun "stink" (or *"stench"), (Markirya), “gather hastily together, pile up”
*holwëa adj. "stinking". PE13 : 162 gives holwë (PE17 : 39), hostainiéva "will be gathered",
"stink", derived from 3olwē; PM13 : 145 however future tense of the stative verb *hostainië,
gives the Q word as olwë and the adj. "stinking" derived from *hostaina "gathered", past
as olwëa, though primitive forms with initial 3- participle of hosta- "gather". Such stative verbs
(the spirant gh) are presupposed also there. are probably not conceptually valid in Tolkien's
Tolkien later used a system where primitive later Quenya; see -ië. (FS)
words in 3- yield Quenya forms in h-, as hosta noun "large number", verb hosta-
demonstrated by relevant entries in the "to collect" (KHOTH)
Etymologies, so we prefer holwë to olwë (which hostar noun "tribe" (LT2 : 340)
would also clash with the later personal name hrá, see rá
Olwë, unlikely to mean "stink"), and we similarly hrai- prefix denoting difficulty (PE17 :
read *holwëa rather than olwëa as the adj. 154, 185), cf. ur(u)-
"stinking". – In Etym, the root ÑOL seems to hraia adj. “awkward, difficult” (PE17 :
represent a later experiment with similar words 154), ephemerally meant “easy” (PE17 : 172)
having to do with smell, and once again we hraicénima adj. “scarcely visible, hard
observe shifting conceptions as to whether the to see” (PE17 : 154). Also hraicenë.
Quenya words should show initial h- or not; in hranga- (1) vb. “thwart” (said to be a
this conception the initial consonant in Primitive weak verb) (PE17 : 154)
Elvish was ñ- rather than 3-. hranga (2) adj. “awkward, hard” (PE17 :
hó noun “spirit, shadow” (PE17 : 86) 154), “stiff, awkward, difficult” (PE17 : 185)
hón noun "heart" (physical) (KHŌ-N); hráva adj. “wild” (PE17 : 78); see ráva
hon-maren "heart of the house", a fire (LR : 63, #1.
73; this is "Qenya" with genitive in -en, not -o as hravan noun “wild beast”; pl. Hravani
in LotR-style Quenya – read *hon-maro?) "the Wild", used as a name of non-Edain Men
hondo-ninya noun "my heart", changed (PE17 : 78, WJ : 219). PE17 : 18 has Hrávani
to indo-ninya (FS, earlier version) with a long á, glossed “Wild-men, Savages”.
hópa noun "haven, harbour, small hrávë noun "flesh" (MR : 349)
landlocked bay" (KHOP) hresta noun "shore, beach", ablative
hopan, see hopassë hrestallo *"from (the) shore" in Markirya
hopassë noun "harbourage", changed *hrir- vb. likely Third Age form of hriz-,
by Tolkien from hopan (KHOP, VT45 : 22) q.v.
hórë noun "impulse" (KHOR), hórëa hrissë noun “fall of snow” (PE17 : 168),
"impulsive" (KHOR; VT45 : 22 confirms that possibly also the past tense of #hriz-, q.v.
"impulsive" is the correct gloss, misread hristil noun “snow [?peak]” (PE17 : 168)
"impulsion" in the Etymologies as printed in LR) Hristo noun "Christ", Tolkien's
horma noun "horde, host" (LT2 : 341) phonological adaptation of this word to Quenya
hormë noun "urgency" (confused with (VT44 : 18; also Hrísto with a long vowel, VT44 :
ormë "rushing") (KHOR; originally glossed 15-16)
"encouragement, comfort", VT45 : 22) [hrisya- < hriþya vb. “it snows”, pa.t.
hrintë or hrisinyë (PE17 : 168). Tolkien
replaced this verb by #hriz-, q.v.]

hrívë noun "winter", in the calendar of Hui noun "Night" (PHUY), in earlier
Imladris a precisely defined period of 72 days, "Qenya" defined as "evening" (MC : 214) or "fog,
but also used without any exact definition dark, murk, night" (LT1 : 253).
(Appendix D). Yá hrívë tenë, ringa ná “when huinë noun "deep shadow" (PHUY),
winter comes (arrives, is with us), it is cold” "gloom" (VT41 : 8), "gloom, darkness" (SA :
(VT49 : 23; Tolkien changed tenë to menë, p. fuin), also used for "shadow" = Sauron (LR : 56).
24). Possessive (adjectival) form huinéva in the
#hriz- vb. “to snow”, impersonal, given in name Taurë Huinéva, q.v. In earlier sources,
the form hríza “it is snowing” (z would turn to r in huinë is quoted as a variant of fuinë, but
Exilic Quenya : *hríra). Past tense hrinsë (with according to VT41 : 8, huinë is the proper
s from the original root SRIS) and another form Quenya form and fuinë is Telerin. With prefix
which the editor tentatively reads as hrissë (the nu- "under" and allative ending -nna in
development ns > ss is regular). nuhuinenna (SD : 246); also unuhuinë "under-
hroa (sometimes spelt "hröa") noun shadow" (LR : 47).
"body" (changed by Tolkien from hrondo, in turn huiva adj. "murky" (LT1 : 253)
changed from hrón). The word hroa comes from [#hum- vb. "not to do" (cited as 1st
earlier ¤srawa (VT47 : 35). Pl. hroar is attested person aorist : humin "I do not"; pa.t. húmë.
(MR : 304, VT39 : 30). In MR : 330, Tolkien (VT45 : 17). See #um-.]
notes that hroa is "roughly but not exactly húmë (1) numeral "thousand" (PE13 :
equivalent to 'body' " (as opposed to "soul"). The 50). Pl. húmi is attested (used in connection with
Incarnates live by necessary union of hroa other numbers, as in "two thousand", i.e. "two
(body) and fëa (soul) (WJ : 405). Hroafelmë thousands").
"body-impulse" (impulses provided by the body, *húmë (2), see fúmë
e.g. physical fear, hunger, thirst, sexual desire) húna 1) adj. “cursed, accursed”. Cf.
(VT41 : 19 cf. 13) húta-. (PE17 : 149)
Hróatani noun *“Eastern Men” (PE17 : [húna- 2) vb. "howl" (VT46 : 6)]
18), as opposed to the Núnatani (Dúnedain, *hund- (*hunda-, *hundië etc.), see
Westmen). fund-
hrómen noun “east”, variant of the more húnen dat. sg. of huan, q.v. (KHUGAN,
common Rómen, q.v. (PE17 : 18) KHUG)
hrón noun “flesh / substance of Arda”, huntë, huntanë, vb., the pa.t. of húta,
“matter” (PE17 : 183), also at one point used = q.v.
hroa “body”, q.v. huo noun "dog" (KHUG, see KHUGAN;
hrondo noun “a corporeal form or body cf. hú, huan). Also roa.
(especially of the Elves)” (PE17 : 183). Tolkien Huorë masc. name "Heart-vigour,
replaced this word by hroa, q.v. courage" (KHŌ-N)
hróna adj. “eastern” (PE17 : 18), *hur-, see fur-
apparently a variant of róna, q.v. (itself not hurin adj. "hidden, concealed" (also
clearly glossed). furin) (LT2 : 340)
hróta noun "dwelling underground, húro noun "storm" (MC : 214; this is
artificial cave or rockhewn hall" (PM : 365) "Qenya")
hróva adj. “dark, dark brown”, used to huru, see furu
refer to hair (PE17 : 154) húta- vb. “curse”, pa.t. huntë or
hru-, hrú, ru- prefix implying wickedness huntanë. It is unclear whether the word húna
or evil, only occasionally used, e.g. hrúcarë, q.v. “cursed, accursed” should be regarded as the
hrúcarë, also rúcarë, noun “evil-doing” passive participle of this verb, or only as an
(PE17 : 170) independent (though obviously related)
hruo noun “troll” (PE17 : 115) adjective. (PE17 : 149)
hú noun “hound” (PE17 : 86), cf. huan, [húvanimor, see úvanimo]
huo hwan (hwand-, e.g. pl. hwandi) noun
[hu- or hú-, negative prefix (VT45 : 17); "sponge, fungus" (SWAD)
Tolkien settled on ú- instead.] hwarin adj. "crooked" (SKWAR)
huan (hún-, as in dat. sg. húnen) noun hwarma noun "crossbar" (SKWAR)
"hound" (KHUGAN, KHUG). Cf. hú, huo. hwermë noun "gesture-code" (WJ : 395,
huë “Qenya” cardinal “nine” (in Tolkien’s VT39 : 5)
later Quenya nertë) (VT49 : 54)

hwesta (1) noun "breeze, breath, puff of Hyarastorni place-name, region in

air" (SWES), also name of tengwa #12 Númenor, apparently including hyar- "south" and
(Appendix E, VT46 : 17); hwesta sindarinwa perhaps orni "trees" (UT : 210)
"Grey-elven hw", name of tengwa #34 (Appendix hyárë noun used as adv. (older hyázë)
E). "this day", a form Tolkien apparently abandoned
hwesta- (2) vb. "to puff" (SWES) in favour of síra, q.v. (VT43 : 18)
hwindë (1) noun “birch” (PE17 : 23) hyarma noun "left hand" (VT47 : 6,
hwindë noun (2) "eddy, whirlpool" VT49 : 12). Compare hyarmaitë, hyarya. Once
(SWIN). In the pre-classical Tengwar system with definite article directly prefixed (ihyarma,
presupposed in the Etymologies, hwindë was VT49 : 22), but i hyarma in other versions of the
also the name of tengwa #34, which letter same text.
Tolkien would later call hwesta sindarinwa hyarmaitë adj. "lefthanded" (KHYAR)
instead. hyarmen, Hyarmen noun "south" (SA,
hwinya- vb. "to swirl, eddy, gyrate" SA : men, KHYAR), literally “lefthand-direction”
(SWIN) (VT49 : 12), since the Elves named the
hya conj. “or” or noun “other thing” directions as they were to a person facing the
(VT49 : 14) Blessed Realm in the West Also name of
hyá adv.? "here by us" (Narqelion, QL : tengwa #33 (Appendix E). In Hyarmendacil
xiv) masc.name, "South-victor" (Appendix A),
hyalin noun “paper” (PE16 : 133) apparently also in the place-name Hyarmentir
Hyallondië, see Hyaralondië (name of a mountain; the element -tir means
hyalma noun "shell, conch, horn of *"watch[ing point]".) (SA) Hyarnustar "the
Ulmo" (SYAL). In the pre-classical Tengwar Southwestlands" of Númenor; Hyarrostar the
system presupposed in the Etymologies, hyalma "Southeastlands" (UT : 165)
was also the name of tengwa #33 (VT46 : 16), hyarmenya adj. "southern" (KHYAR)
which letter Tolkien would later call hyarmen hyarna adj. “southern” (PE17 : 18)
instead. hyarya adj. "left" (opposite of right).
#hyam- vb. "pray" (aorist hyamë (KHYAR). Compare hyarma.
attested, VT43 : 34) hyatsë noun "cleft, gash" (SYAD),
hyan- vb. “to injure” (PE16 : 145) apparently changed by Tolkien from hyassë
hyana adj. “other”, cf. hya (VT49 : 14) (VT46 : 16)
hyanda noun "blade, share" (LT2 : 342) hye noun “other person”, also used as a
*hyandë, see hyar- pronoun of “a 3rd person entering account [who
hyapat noun "shoe" (SKYAP; in the is] not subject of the original verb” (VT49 : 15).
Etymologies as printed in LR the gloss appears This hye may then also be used as subject to in
as "shore", but according to http : / / a following sentence, as in Tolkien’s example “he
www.elvish.org / errata / VT-Errata.pdf this was a [se] struck him [hye] and he [hye] fled” (VT49 :
misreading of Tolkien's manuscript) 15).
hyar noun "plough" (LT2 : 342) hyellë noun "glass" (KHYEL(ES), VT45 :
#hyar- vb. "cleave" (1st pers. aorist 23; the later source also provides the unglossed
hyarin "I cleave") (SYAD). Pa.t. probably form hyelma, which may be a synonym of
*hyandë since the R of hyar- was originally D; hyellë; alternatively hyellë could be "glass" as a
cf. rer- "sow", pa.t. rendë, from the root RED. substance, whereas hyelma rather refers to "a
Hyaralondië (also shortened and glass" as a drinking vessel). In later sources,
assimilated Hyallondië) place-name “South- cilin or calca is given as the word for "glass".
harbourage”, old name for Gondor, in full hyelma, see hyellë
Turmen Hyallondiéva “Realm of the South- hyóla noun "trump" (SD : 419)
harbourage” (PE17 : 28). Compare Forolondië.

I
i (1) "the", indeclinable definite article (I, [ia adv. "ever" (GEY, EY); replaced by
Nam, RGEO : 67, Markirya, WJ : 369, WJ : 398, oia.]
MC : 215, 216, 221). A variant in (q.v.) is also [ialë noun "everlasting age" (GEY; the
attested. Hyphenated i- in i-mar "the earth" (FS), word "age" dropped out in the Etymologies as
i-Ciryamo "the mariner's" (UT : 8), i-aldar *"the printed in LR; see VT45 : 14. Replaced by oialë.]
trees" (Narqelion), attached with a dot in -ië (1) infinitive (or gerundial) ending,
i·yulmar *"the cups" (VT48 : 11), I·Eldanyárë “general infinitive” (PE17 : 68), attested in carië
"the History of the Elves" (LR : 199), i·arya *“the (see car-), enyalië, q.v. (CO)
best” (PE17 : 57), directly prefixed with no -ië (2) abstract ending, often used to
hyphen or dot in icilyanna = i cilyanna in SD : derive abstracts from adjectives, e.g. látië
247, also ihyarma “the left hand” in VT49 : 22 “openness” vs. láta “open”, mornië “darkness”
(but i hyarma in other versions of the same text). vs. morna “black, dark”, vanië (for *vanyië)
i (2) relative pronoun "(the one / they) “beauty” vs. vanya “fair”.
who; (that) which" (both article and relative -ië (3) "is", -ier "are", stative verb suffix
pronoun in CO : i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa : occurring in Fíriel's Song : númessier "they are
the One who is above all thrones", i hárar "(they) in the west", meldielto "they are...beloved",
who are sitting"); cf. also the phrase i hamil talantië "he is fallen", márië "it is good" (<
mára "(that) which you deem good" (VT42 : 33). *númessë "in the west", melda "beloved",
Notice that before a verb, i means "the one *talanta "fallen"); future tense -iéva in
who", or, in the case of a plural verb, "those hostainiéva "will be gathered" (< *hostaina
who"; e.g. i carir quettar ómainen "those who "gathered"). Compare ye "is", yéva "will be",
form words with voices" (WJ : 391). According to verbs that also occur in Fíriel's Song. This suffix
VT47 : 21, i as a relative pronoun is the personal is probably not valid in LotR-style Quenya : -ië is
plural form (corresponding to the personal sg. ye an infinitival or gerundial ending in CO, for ye "is"
and the impersonal sg. ya). This agrees with the Namárië has ná, and the phrase "lost is" is
example i carir..., but as is evident from the vanwa ná, not *vanwië.
other examples listed above, Tolkien in certain -iel patronymic / matronymic ending -
texts also used i as a singular relative pronoun, "daughter" (YEL, VT46 : 22-23) In the
both personal (Eru i...) and impersonal (i hamil). Etymologies, Tolkien struck out this ending and
In the sense of a plural personal relative the corresponding independent word yeldë
pronoun, i is also attested in the genitive (ion) "daughter", changing them to -ien, yendë.
and ablative (illon) cases, demonstrating that However, the ending -iel later turns up in later
unlike the indeclinable article i, the relative forms : Uinéniel "Daughter of Uinen" in UT :
pronoun i can receive case endings. Both are 182 and Elerondiel “daughter of Elrond”
translated "from whom" : ion / illon (Elerondo) in PE17 : 56. Hence it would seem
camnelyes "from whom you received it" that Tolkien changed his mind again and
(referring to several persons) (VT47 : 21). restored this ending, and perhaps the noun
i (3) conj. “that”. Savin Elessar ar i yeldë along with it. – The form Elerondiel (from
nánë aran Ondórëo “I believe that Elessar really Elerondo) demonstrates that a final vowel is
existed and that [he] was a king of Gondor” omitted before -iel.
(VT49 : 27), savinKi E[lesarno] quetië naitë *”I -ien fem. ending in certain names like
believe that Elessar’s speaking [is] true” (VT49 : Yávien, Silmarien (q.v.) At one point -ien
28) Also cf. nai, nái “be it that” (see nai #1), implied "daughter", see -iel above.
which may seem to incorporate this conjunction. ier prep. "as" (VT43 : 16, probably
-i nominative plural ending regularly rejected in favour of sívë, q.v.). In an abandoned
used on nouns ending in a consonant and in -ë; version of the Quenya Lord's Prayer, Tolkien
in the latter case, -ë is displaced (e.g. Quendë used ier...ter for "as...so" (VT43 : 17).
pl. Quendi).

il- (prefix) "no, *un-" (LA); cf. ilfirin Ilmarin noun "mansion of the high airs",
"immortal" (vs. firin "dead"). This prefix "denotes the dwelling of Manwë and Varda upon Oiolossë
the opposite, the reversal, i.e. more than the (SA : ilm-)
mere negation" (VT42 : 32). But il- can also ilmen region above air where stars are
mean "all, every"; see ilaurëa, ilqua, ilquen. (WIL, SA : ilm-); place-name Ilmen-assa
ilaurëa adj. "daily", "of every day" (il- "Chasm of Ilmen" (GAS)
"every" + aurë "day" + -a adjectival ending) *ilpirin (hypothetical form; the word
(VT43 : 18). actually appears in Q as ilfirin) adj. "immortal"
ilca- ("k") vb. "gleam (white)", participle (PHIR)
ilcala with pl. allative ending ilcalannar in ilqua ("ilqa") noun "everything" (IL, VT45
Markirya (axor ilcalannar "on bones gleaming") : 24), "all" (FS); ilquainen ("ilqainen") a word
ilcë (“k”) (1) noun “appearance” occurring in Fíriel's Song, translated "to all". It
(etymologically “glint”; cf. ilca-) (QL : 42) would appear to be ilqua "all" with a dative pl.
ilcë (“k”) (2) *“you”, emphatic pronoun of ending. However, in Tolkien's later Quenya -inen
the 2nd person pl. familiar, apparently a form is the ending for instrumental pl. (FS)
abandoned by Tolkien. An alternative form incë ilquen noun "everybody" (WJ : 372)
was also listed; a query appears between the ilsa noun "(the mystic name of) silver"
forms (VT49 : 48). (LT1 : 255, LT1 : 268)
[-ilco (“k”) *“you (two)”, abandoned [Iltániel, changed by Tolkien to Ilthániel,
promoninal ending for the familiar 2nd person ilsa, deleted Quenya forms of Sindarin Gilthoniel
dual; in later sources the relevant ending is as a name of Varda. (PE17 : 23)]
rather -stë (VT49 : 48). The ending -ilco was #-ilto, dual ablative ending (Plotz), see -
apparently changed from –ilto (VT49 : 49). llo #1.
Compare -illo.] [-lto (2), see -lco]
Ilcorin ("k") noun *"not of Kor", Ilu noun "(the) world" (FS, LR : 47, 56),
describing Elves not of the Blessed Realm; "universe" (IL); ilu "everything, all, the whole" (of
2
variant of Alcorin (LA, AR , VT45 : 5) the universe also including God and all souls and
ílë noun "star" (LT1 : 269; rather elen, él spirits, which are not properly included in the
in LotR-style Quenya.) term Eä; see VT39 : 20, also referenced in VT49
ilfirin adj. "immortal" (PHIR) : 36)
ilin adj. "pale blue" (GLINDI) ilucara ("k") adj. "omnificent" (VT39 : 20)
illi noun "all" (as independent noun, iluisa (þ?) adj. "omniscient" (VT39 : 20)
apparently treated as a plural form). Imb' illi Ilumírë noun *"World-jewel", another
"among all" (VT47 : 30) word for Silmaril (IL)
[-illo “you (two)”, abandoned promoninal iluquinga ("q") noun "rainbow" (LT2 :
ending for the polite 2nd person dual; in later 348)
sources the relevant ending is rather -stë (VT49 Ilurambar place-name "Walls of the
: 48). This -illo was changed from -llo. Compare World" (IL, RAMBĀ)
-ilco.] iluvala adj. "omnipotent" (VT39 : 20)
illon pl. relative pron. in ablative : "from Ilúvatar masc. name "All-father", God
whom", pl. (VT47 : 11). See i #2 (relative (SD : 401, FS, IL; Ilúv-atar, ATA, Iluvatar with a
pronoun). short u, SD : 346). Often in combination with the
Illuin place-name, name of one of the divine name as Eru Ilúvatar, "Eru Allfather", cf.
Lamps of the Valar; apparently incorporating the MR : 112. "Qenya" genitive Ilúvatáren "of
element luin "blue" (Silm) : hence *“all-blue”? Ilúvatar" in Fíriel's Song, LR : 47 and SD : 246,
illumë adv. "always" (VT44 : 9) the genitive ending is -en instead of -o as in
ilm- stem appearing in Ilmen, the region LotR-style Quenya. Cf. the later genitive
above the air where the stars are, in Ilmarë, Ilúvataro in the phrase Híni Ilúvataro (see
name of a Maia, and in Ilmarin "mansion of the "Children of Ilúvatar" in the Silmarillion Index)
high airs", the dwelling of Manwë and Varda ilúvë noun "allness, the all". In Ilúvatar
upon Oiolossë (SA) "All-father". (SA; WJ : 402, MR : 471, IL) In MR :
Ilma noun "starlight" (GIL) 355, ilúvë seems to be equated with Heaven. Cf.
Ilmarë noun "starlight", also fem. name, SD : 401 : Ilúvë Ilu "Heaven, the universe, all
referring to a Maia (GIL, SA : ilm-) that is (with and without the Earth)".
ilvana adj. “perfect”. Also ilvanya.
(PE17 : 150)

ilvanya adj. “perfect”. Also ilvana. "between" before two singular nouns connected
(PE17 : 150) by "and" (as in the example imbi Menel
ilwë noun "sky, heavens" (LT1 : 255), Cemenyë "between heaven and earth"),
"the middle air among the stars" (LT1 : 273). – whereas imbë is used before dual forms, as in
VT49 : 51, 53 also mentions an obscure the examples imbë siryat "between two rivers",
prononominal element ilwë. imbë met "between us". Elided imb' in the
Ilweran, Ilweranta noun "rainbow" (GL : phrase imb' illi "among all" (VT47 : 11, 30). A
74) (The Etymologies gives helyanwë.) dual form imbit is also mentioned, used to
ilya adj. and noun "all" (LR : 47, 56; SD : express "in absolute form the sense 'between
310), "all, the whole" (IL); "each, every, all of a two things' when these are not named"
particular group of things" (VT39 : 20); ilyë (apparently meaning that imbit expresses
before a plural noun, "all" being inflected like an *"between them" referring to two entities, with no
adjective (Nam, RGEO : 67) : ilyë tier "all noun following) (VT47 : 30, PE17 : 92)
paths" (Namárië, VT39 : 20), ilyë mahalmar "all imbë (2) noun "dell, deep vale" (VT45 :
thrones" (CO), ilya raxellor "from all dangers" 18), ”wide ravine (between high mountain sides)”
(VT44 : 9; we might expect *ilyë raxellor here), (PE17 : 92)
ilyárëa (older ilyázëa) "daily, of every day" imbë (3) adv. "in(wards)" (obsoleted by
(evidently ilya "every" + árë, ázë "day" + -a #1 and #2 above?). Changed by Tolkien from
adjectival ending) (VT43 : 18). Tolkien imba (VT45 : 18)
apparently abandoned ilyárëa in favour of imbi, pluralized form of imbë #1, q.v.
ilaurëa, q.v. imbit, dualized form of imbë #1, q.v.
-ima adjectival suffix. Sometimes it is ímen a word occurring in Fíriel's Song,
used to derive simple adjectives, like vanima translated "in them" (ar ilqua ímen "and all [that
"fair" or calima "bright"; it can also take on the is] in them"). Probably not valid in LotR-style
meaning "-able" (PE17 : 68), as in mátima Quenya.
“edible” (mat- “eat”), nótima “countable” (not- imi prep. "in"; see mi (VT43 : 30)
“count”) and (with a negative prefix) úquétima imíca prep. "among" (VT43 : 30)
"unspeakable" (from quet- "speak"). Note that imlë "yourself, thyself", 2nd person
the stem-vowel is normally lengthened in the formal sg. reflexive pronoun, e.g. *tirilyë imlë,
derivatives where -ima means "-able", though "you watch yourself" (but apparently the general
this fails to occur in cenima “visible” (q.v., but reflexive pronoun immo can also be used, and
contrast hraicénima, q.v.) and also before a may even be preferable since the cluster ml
consonant cluster as in úfantima “not seems unusual for Quenya). Compare intyë.
concealable” (PE17 : 176). "X-ima" may mean (VT47 : 37)
"apt to X" (when the ending is added to an imma *"itself", impersonal reflexive
intransitive verbal stem), as in Fírimar "mortals", pronoun referring to the "same thing" (VT47 : 37)
literally "those apt to die" (WJ : 387). The adj. as the subject; compare immo.
úfantima “not concealable” (PE17 : 176) also immo, “same one, self” (VT49 : 33),
appears as úfantuma (PE17 : 180), indicating general singular reflexive pronoun (covering both
the existence of a variant ending -uma (used to the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person sg.), except where
derive adjectives with a “bad” meaning?) the subject is impersonal, in which case imma is
[imba], see imbë #2 used instead (VT47 : 37). Hence *tirin immo "I
Imbar place-name "the Habitation, = watch [my]self", *tirilyë immo "you watch
Earth," also "the principal part of Arda" (= the [your]self", *tiris immo "(s)he watches [him /
Solar System) (MR : 337, also WJ : 419 note 29) her]self" (but apparently *tiris imma "it watches
imbë (1) prep "between" (Nam, RGEO : [it]self").
67, VT47 : 11, PE17 : 92). This is "between" immë (1) *"ourselves", 1st person pl.
referring to a gap, space, barrier, or anything reflexive pronoun, probably the exclusive form,
intervening between two other things, like or e.g. *tirilmë immë "we (excl.) watch ourselves".
unlike one another (compare enel). The Compare inwë. (VT47 : 37)
pluralized form imbi implies "among" of several -immë (2), see -mmë
things (ancalima imbi eleni "brightest among imnë, also imni, *"myself", 1st person
stars"); "in the sense 'among' before plurals sg. reflexive pronoun, e.g. *tirin imnë / imni "I
[imbë] is usually pluralized > imbi even when a watch myself" (but apparently the general
plural noun follows". As pointed out by Patrick reflexive pronoun immo can also be used)
Wynne, imbi may also be used in the sense of (VT47 : 37). In PE17 : 41, imnë is mentioned as

an Old Quenya pronoun meaning “I, I myself” (cf. alternative to ilcë in the source, a query
inyë). appearing between the forms (VT49 : 48, 49).
?imsë, see insë (it is not entirely clear The word could also be read as intë (VT49 : 49)
whether imsë is intended as a Quenya form or indë "yourselves", 2nd person pl..
as the etymological form underlying insë) (VT47 reflexive pronoun, e.g. *tirildë indë, "you watch
: 37) yourselves". Indë is derived from earlier imde
imya adj. "same, identical, selfsame" (VT47 : 37)
(VT47 : 37) indemma noun “mind-picture”, i.e. a
in article, apparently a variant of the vision transferred from one mind to another and
definite article i, observed in the phrase i- perceived as visual (and aural) images, usually
coimas in-Eldaron "the coimas [lembas] of the produced by Elves, though Men were capable of
Eldar" in PM : 403. It looks like the Sindarin receiving them (mostly during sleep) (PE17 :
plural article, but in Quenya i normally covers 174, 179). Compound of indo (#1) + emma.
both sg. and pl. "the", and the word Eldar does Ephemerally Tolkien may have considered the
not need any article at all. The alternative word fanwos (q.v.) for the same phenomenon.
reading i-coimas Eldaron (PM : 395) is probably indi pl. noun, apparently a name of Men,
to be preferred. hardly valid in Tolkien's later Quenya (LT2 :
-ina ending for what Tolkien called 343). Compare, however, the final element of
"general 'passive' participle" (VT43 : 15); Valarindi "Offspring of the Valar", suggesting
compare nótina “counted”, rácina “broken”, that #indi can be used for "offspring" (the
hastaina “marred” (q.v.). The stem-vowel is Quenya word is apparently plural).
usually lengthened when the ending is added to indil noun "lily", or other large single
the stem of a primary verb (as in the two first flower. Adopted and adapted from Valarin. (WJ :
examples above), though the lengthening fails to 399)
occur (or is not denoted) in carina as the indis noun, translated "wife" in UT : 8,
passive participle of car- “make, do” (VT43 : 15). but the form is assigned the meaning "bride" in
A shorter ending -na also occurs, e.g. nahtana other places (the regular translation of "wife" is
“slain” (VT49 : 24); the example hastaina rather veri or vessë). Indis "Bride", name of the
1
“marred” would suggest that *nahtaina is equally goddess Nessa. (NDIS-SĒ / SĀ (NETH, NI ,
possible. In the example aistana "blessed" NDER, I) ); Indis Nessa *"Bride Nessa", title and
(VT43 : 30), -na may be preferred to -ina for name of the Valië (NETH) The stem-form of
euphonic reasons, to avoid creating a second indis "bride" is somewhat obscure; according to
diphthong ai where one already occurs in the VT45 : 37 the stem could be indiss- (pl. indissi
previous syllable (*aistaina). In PE17 : 68, the given), but the alternative form pl. form inderi
ending -ina is said to be “aorist” (unmarked as shows a curious shift from i to e as well as the
regards time and aspect); the same source more regular change from s (via z) to r between
states that the shorter ending -na is “no longer vowels (compare the pl. of olos, q.v.) The stem
part of verbal conjugation”, though it obviously indiss- may be preferred by writers.
survives in many words that are maybe now to indo (1) noun “heart, mood” (ID), “state”
be considered independent adjectives. See -na (perhaps especially state of mind, given the
#4. other glosses) (VT39 : 23), “mind, region / range
-in dative pl. ending, seen in eldain, of thought, mood” (PE17 : 155, 179), “inner
fírimoin, q.v. thought, in fea as exhibited in character or
inca ("k") noun "idea" (VT45 : 18, where [?personality]” (PE17 : 189). In another post-
the word is cited with a final hyphen, though its LotR source, indo is translated “resolve” or “will”,
gloss would indicate that it is a noun not a verb. the state of mind leading directly to action (VT41
Originally, the triple glosses "idea, notion, guess" : 13). Indo is thus “the mind in its purposing
were provided.) faculty, the will” (VT41 : 17). Indo-ninya a word
incáno or incánu (“k”), noun “mind occurring in Fíriel’s Song, translated “my heart”.
master” (PE17 : 155), cf. cáno. In the compound indemma “mind-picture”, the
incánus (*incánuss-), also incánussë, first element would seem to be indo.
noun “mind mastership” (PE17 : 155), associated indo (2) noun “house” (LT2 : 343),
with Incánus as a name of Gandalf. probably obsoleted by #1 above (in Tolkien’s
incë (“k”) *“you”, emphatic pronoun for later Quenya, the word for “house” appears as
2nd person pl. familiar, apparently a form coa).
abandoned by Tolkien. It is listed as an

indómë noun "settled character", also of a symbol used in writing : a short carrier with
used of the "will" of Eru (according to an i-tehta above it, denoting short i (VT45 : 18).
etymological notes written in 1957, referred to in inimeitë adj.? ?"female" (INI)
VT43 : 16, presented in PE17 : 189). Indómelya -inqua adjectival ending, seen in
"thy will" (VT43 : 16). alcarinqua "glorious" (WJ : 412) from alcar
indor noun "master (of house), lord" "glory". Etymologically, -inqua means "-full", like
(LT2 : 343; probably obsoleted together with "glory-full" in this case.
indo "house", q.v.) -inquë pronominal ending (VT49 : 51,
indyalmë noun "clamour" (VT46 : 3) 57), see -ngwë
indyo noun "grandchild, descendant" insa *"itself", 3rd person sg. impersonal
(ÑGYŌ / ÑGYON - read *inyo in Noldorin reflexive pronoun, e.g. *tiris insa "it watches
Quenya, which dialect changed ndy to ny? Cf. itself" (but apparently the general reflexive
Quenya for Quendya.) In the pre-classical pronoun immo may also be used, and it may
Tengwar system presupposed in the even be preferable since the cluster ns seems
Etymologies, indyo was also the name of unusual for Quenya). Compare insë, the
tengwa #17 with overposed dots to indicate corresponding personal form.
following y (VT46 : 4), the whole symbol having #insangarë (allative insangarenna
the value ndy. attested, VT43 : 22) noun "temptation", a form
-inen pl. instrumental ending. In Tolkien apparently abandoned in favour of
ómainen (WJ : 391) #úsahtië. In Quenya, the cluster ns is unusual.
inga (1) noun "top, highest point" (PM : insë *"himself" and *"herself", 3rd
340), "only applied to shapes pointing person sg. personal reflexive pronoun,
upwards...[it] referred primarily to position and apparently covering both genders, e.g. *tiris
could be used of tops relatively broad". insë "(s)he watches him / herself" (but
Compounded in the nouns aldinga "tree-top" apparently the general reflexive pronoun immo
(alda + inga) (VT47 : 28), ingaran “high-king” may also be used, and it may even be preferable
(PM : 340) since the cluster ns seems unusual for Quenya).
inga (2) adj. "first" (ING) Compare insa, the corresponding impersonal
ingaran noun "high-king" (PM : 340), form. Insë is derived from earlier imsë, a form
compounded from inga and aran that was possibly also used in Quenya (unless
Ingoldo masc. name; possessive "imse" in Tolkien's manuscript is intended as an
Ingoldova "Ingoldo's" (VT39 : 16) etymological form only, though it is not
Ingolë noun "Science / Philosophy" as a asterisked) (VT47 : 37)
whole (PM : 360; WJ : 383 has ingolë ["iñgole"], intë *"themselves", 3rd person pl.
glossed "lore". In the Etymologies, stem ÑGOL, reflexive pronoun, e.g. *i neri tirir intë, "the men
the word ingolë was marked as archaic or poetic watch themselves". Intë is derived from earlier
and is glossed "deep lore, magic"). imte (VT47 : 37). Conceivably intë is only used
ingólemo noun "one with very great for "themselves" with reference to persons;
knowledge, a 'wizard' ", applied only to great impersonal "themselves" ought to be *inta or
sages of the Eldar in Valinor, like Rúmil (PM : *intai, compare ta #3, tai #2. A form *intai might
360) however have evolved into *intë by the Third
ingolmo noun "loremaster" (WJ : 383) Age (like pl. adjectives in -ai later came to end in
Ingolondë place-name "Land of the -ë), thus converging with the “personal” form. In
%
Gnomes" (Beleriand, "but before applied to parts an earlier source, Tolkien listed intë as an
of Valinor") (ÑGOLOD) emphatic pronoun *“they”, 3rd person plural
ingor noun "summit of a mountain" (PM (VT49 : 48, 49); compare the pronominal ending
: 340); cf. orotinga. -ntë. The word intë (derived from inde via inze,
Ingwë masc. name, "chief", name of the an unusual development in Quenya) also
"prince of Elves" (PM : 340, ING, WEG, VT45 : appears as a candidate 2nd person singular
18). Pl. Ingwer "Chieftains", what the Vanyar polite form (VT49 : 49).
called themselves (so in PM : 340, but in PM : intya- vb. "guess, suppose" (INK / INIK,
332 the plural has the more regular form Ingwi). VT49 : 33)
Ingwë Ingweron "chief of the chieftains", proper intyë *"yourself, thyself", 2nd person
title of Ingwë as high king (PM : 340). In the intimate sg. reflexive pronoun, e.g. *tirit intyë,
Etymologies, Ingwë is also said to be the name "you watch yourself" (but apparently the general

reflexive pronoun immo can also be used). Taltelepsa (KYELEP / TELEP; Taltelemna in
Compare imlë. (VT47 : 37) the Etymologies as printed in LR is an error for
intyalë noun "imagination" (INK / INIK, Taltyelemna, VT45 : 25). Tolkien seems to have
VT49 : 33) replaced Irildë as the Quenya form of Idril with
inwë *"ourselves", 1st person pl. Itaril, Itarillë, Itarildë, q.v., in which case the
reflexive pronoun, evidently the inclusive form, Sindarin form is definitely Idril and not Idhril.
e.g. *tirilvë inwë "we (incl.) watch ourselves". írima adj. "lovely, beautiful, desirable"
Compare immë. (VT47 : 37) (ID, FS, PE17 : 155), in FS also pl. írimar; in the
inwis noun “change of mind, mood”, "Qenya" of Fíriel's Song, adjectives in -a form
bracketed inwissi is either plural, stem form of a their plurals in -ar instead of -ë as in LotR-style
variant (PE17 : 191); cf. inwisti. Quenya.
inwisti noun "mind-mood" (changed by irin noun "town" (LT2 : 343; hardly a
Tolkien from inwaldi) (MR : 216, 471). The word valid word in Tolkien's later Quenya)
may seem to be plural in form, despite its Írissë fem. name (PM : 345), evidently
singular gloss. Cf. variant inwis (which could be connected to írë "desire".
the singular, if it has the stem inwist-). irmin noun "the world, all the regions
inya (1) adj. "female" (INI) inhabited by Men" (LT2 : 343; hardly a valid word
inya (2) adj. "small" (LT1 : 256; this in Tolkien's later Quenya)
"Qenya" word may be obsoleted by # 1 above) Irmo masc. name "Desirer", name of a
inyë emphatic independent 1st person Vala; normally called Lórien, properly the place
sg. pronoun, "I" with emphasis, translated "I, too" where he dwells (WJ : 402)
in LR : 61 (and, according to one reading of is noun "light snow" (LT1 : 256)
Tolkien’s manuscript, in VT49 : 49). -is ending for the plural form of an
[Iolossë] place-name "Everlasting unidentified case, by some called "respective" or
Snow" = Taniquetil (GEY, EY; changed to "short locative" (Plotz)
Oiolossë) isca ("k") adj. "pale" (LT1 : 256)
ion pl. relative pron. in genitive "from Isil (þ) place-name "Moon" (FS; SA : sil,
whom, *of whom", pl. (VT47 : 21). See i #2 Appendix E, SD : 302, SIL; also defined as "the
(relative pronoun). Sheen" under THIL); Isildur masc. name.,
-ion (patronymic ending) "son (of), *"Moon-servant" (SA : sil, Appendix A, NDŪ)
descendant" (YŌ / YON, LT1 : 271, LT2 : 344). isilmë (þ) noun "moonlight", occurring in
Not to be confused with the genitive ending -on Markirya; free translation "the moon" in MC : 215
when added to words with nominative plurals in - (isilmë ilcalassë, literally "moonlight gleaming-
i, e.g. elenion "of stars" vs. eleni "stars". in" = "in the moon gleaming"). Isilmë also
Ipsin noun “fine thread” (PE17 : 17) appears as the name of a Númenorean woman
[íra adj. "eternal" (GEY, VT45 : 13; (UT : 210).
changed by Tolkien to oira, see OY)] Isilya (þ) noun, third day of the Eldarin
írë (1) noun "desire". (ID). In the pre- six-day week, dedicated to the Moon (Appendix
classical Tengwar system presupposed in the D)
Etymologies, írë was also the name of a long isima (þ?) noun “imagination” (if a
carrier with an i-tehta above it, denoting long í. variant of síma, q.v.; the form isima as such is
(VT45 : 17). not clearly glossed) (VT49 : 16)
írë (2) conj. "when" (subordinate isintë pa.t. vb. "knew", irregular pa.t. of
conjunction, not question-word : írë Anarinya ista- (besides sintë) (VT48 : 25; in VT48 : 32
queluva, "when my sun faileth") (FS). Compare this is analyzed as being the same formation as
yá #2. oantë)
[írë] (3) noun "eternal" (read "eternity", isqua ("q") adj. "wise" (LT2 : 339).
as suggested by Christopher Tolkien, but the issë noun "knowledge, lore" (LT2 : 339;
word was in any case changed to oirë) (GEY, rather ista or istya in Tolkien's later Quenya)
VT45 : 13) -issë a feminine ending, as in Írissë (PM
irícië ("k") see #ric- : 345)
Irildë fem. name "Idhril" (Idril) (LT2 : ista (1) noun "knowledge" (IS). Also
343), #Írildë (J.R.R. Tolkien : Artist & Illustrator istya.
p. 193), Írildë also as name of a Númenorean ista- (2) vb. "know", pa.t. sintë (IS, LT2 :
woman (UT : 210). Irildë Taltyelemna = (later) 339, VT48 : 25). This past tense Tolkien called
Sindarin Idril Celebrindal; replaced Irildë "certainly irregular" (VT48 : 25, where an

alternative pa.t. isintë is also mentioned, but ita- 1) vb. "sparkle" (SA : ril, PM : 363)
sintë is said to be the older form; compare ita, íta adv. 2) “very, extremely” (PE17 :
editorial notes in VT48 : 32. Ista- is also used for 112). Like #1 above, this element emerged as
"can" in the sense of "know how to", as in istan part of Tolkien’s efforts to explain the initial
quetë "I can speak (because I have learned (a) element of the name Idril (Q Itaril), so it is
language)" (VT41 : 6) Passive participle sinwa questionable if #1 and #2 were ever meant to
“known, certain, ascertained” (VT49 : 68) coexist in the “same” version of Quenya.
Istar noun "Wizard", used of Gandalf, ita 3) pron “that which” (VT49 : 12),
Saruman, Radagast etc. Pl. Istari is attested. emended from tai (#1, q.v.) The form ita is
Gen. pl. in the phrase Heren Istarion "Order of compounded from the relative pronoun i + the
Wizards" (UT : 388) pronoun ta “that, it”.
istima adj. "having knowledge" (IS) Itaril (*Itarill-), Itarillë, Itarildë fem.
Istimor pl. noun *"Wise Ones" = name, Sindarized as Idril (PM : 346, 348; SA :
"Gnomes" (Noldor) (IS). Sg. #Istimo. ril). (In earlier sources, Tolkien used Irildë as the
istya noun "knowledge" (IS). Also ista Quenya form of Idril, and the proper Noldorin /
(#1). Sindarin form was then Idhril.)
istyar noun "scholar, learned man" (IS). itila adj. (or participle?) "twinkling,
According to VT45 : 18, Tolkien at one point also glinting" (PM : 363)
meant istyar to be the name of Tengwa #13 with -iva (-ivë) plural possessive ending;
overposed dots to indicate a palatal sound; the seen in Eldaiva, Eldaivë (WJ : 369)
letter would thus have the value sty. However, Íverind-, Íverindor place-name "Ireland"
according to the classical Tengwar spelling of (LT2 : 344) The nominative of Íverind- must be
Quenya as outlined in LotR Appendix E, such a *Íverin, the form Íverind- occurring before
letter would rather have the value *nty (since endings. Compare Íwerin below.
#13 is there assigned the value nt in Quenya). Íwerin place-name "Ireland" (also
iswa adj. "wise" (LT2 : 339) Íverindor, Íverind-, which forms are probably to
-itë adjectival ending, often attached to be preferred in a LotR-compatible form of
nouns with the sense of “having X” or “having the Quenya) (LT2 : 344)
quality of X” (VT49 : 42) †ixal noun “a cast shadow” (PE17 : 184)
íta noun "a flash" (PM : 363)
K (see C-)
kakainen, see caita- Apparently so as to maintain the name

kelvar (sg. #kelva) noun "animals, living Kementári, he turned kemen into the
things that move" (Silm) nominative form; see cemen.
kemen noun "earth"; see cemen. kwí, kwíta, particle indicating uncertainty
Kementári noun "Earth-queen", title of (evidently like English "maybe, perhaps"). We
Yavanna (SA : tar). The Kemen- of this name would expect the spelling quí, quíta (VT42 : 34).
was at one stage intended as the genitive of See cé (which form is perhaps to be preferred)
kén, kem- "earth", so that Kementári meant kyermë noun *"prayer", isolated from
"Earth's Queen", but Tolkien later changed the Erukyermë (UT : 166)
Quenya genitive ending from -(e)n to -o.

L
-l or -lyë (VT49 : 48, 51), pronominal laia, see lá #1
endings for 2nd person sg. polite / formal “you, laica (1) adj. "green" (in older sources
thou” : caril or carilyë *“you do” (VT49 : 16), laiqua) (Letters : 282, PE17 : 159). Laicolassë
hamil “you judge” (VT42 : 33), anel “you were” (laica + #olassë) “green-foliage” (PE17 : 46),
(see ná #1); see -lyë for further examples. Quenya cognate of Sindarin Laegolas (dialectal
These endings may also be added to pronouns form Legolas); compare olassië. Adj. laicalassë
(etel / etelyë or mil, milyë; see et, mi). In one “green as leaves”, literally “green-leaf” (PE17 :
source, -l is rather used as a reduced affix 56).
denoting plural “you”; see heca! (WJ : 364) laica (2) ("k") adj. "keen, sharp, acute,
la negation "no, not" (see lá); also prefix piercing" (LAIK, LT2 : 337 – in the Etymologies
la- as in lacarë, q.v. (VT45 : 25) as printed in LR, the final vowel is misread as -e
lá (1) adv. “no, not" (LA, VT45 : 25) instead of -a, VT45 : 25). Possibly obsoleted by
According to VT42 : 33, lá is the stressed form, #1 above. Compare aica #1.
alternating with la when the negation is laicolassë, see laica #1
unstressed. – In another conceptual phase of laima noun “plant” (PE17 : 159). Cf.
Tolkien's, lá had the opposite meaning "yes" olvar.
(VT42 : 32-33), but this idea is contradicted by laimë noun "shade" (DAY; in an earlier
both earlier and later material : usually lá is version the gloss was "shadow (cast by an
conceived as a negation. – The negation can object or form)"; see VT45 : 8-9. Perhaps Tolkien
receive tense markers and be used as a transferred this meaning to lëo when giving
negative verb “when [another] verb is not laimë the more general meaning "shade".)
expressed” (VT49 : 13), apparently where the laiqua ("q") adj. "green" (LÁYAK, LT1 :
phrase “is not” is followed by a noun or an 267, MC : 214), "Qenya" pl. laiquali ("q") (MC :
adjective as a predicate, or where some verb is 216). Occurs in the phrase laiqua'ondoisen
understood, as in English “I do not” (i.e. “I do not ("q") "green-rocks-upon" (MC : 221; this is
do whatever the context indicates”). With "Qenya"), Laiqualassë ("q") masc. name
pronominal endings la- in the aorist, e.g. lanyë “I "Legolas" (Greenleaf) (LT1 : 267). Used as noun
do not, am not” (etc.) (Tolkien abandoned the in the phrase mi laiqua of somebody clad “in
form lamin.) Excemplified in the sentence melin green” (PE17 : 71). In later material, the word for
sé apa lanyë hé *“I love him but I do not [love] "green" appears as laica, and the cognate of
him” (another person) (VT49 : 15). Present tense Legolas is said to be Laucolassë, q.v. (PE17 :
laia, past lánë, perfect alaië, future lauva. 56)
lá (2) prep. “athwart, over, across, laiquaninwa ("q") adj. *"green-blue"?
beyond” (PE17 : 65), also used in phrases of (cf. ninwa) (Narqelion)
comparison, e.g. "A ná calima lá B", A is bright laiquassë ("q") noun "greenness" (LT1 :
beyond (= brighter than) B (VT42 : 32). 267)
[lá (3) interjection? "please" (reading of laiquë noun “herb” (“anything green, but
gloss uncertain) (VT45 : 25)] especially as used for food”) (PE17 : 159)
lacarë ("k") noun "not-doing, inaction" (in Laiquendi noun "Green-elves", not
general) (VT42 : 33) much used (translated from Sindarin Laegil,
lá umë > laumë negation "no indeed Laegelrim) (WJ : 385, SA : quen- / quet-, LÁYAK;
not, on the contrary" ("also used for asking spelt "Laiqendi" in the latter source)
incredulous questions"). This is a combination of laira adj. "shady" (DAY)
the negation lá "not" and the negative verb umë lairë (1) noun "summer" (Letters : 283,
"is not, does not" (LA) VT45 : 26), in the calendar of Imladris a precisely
lahta- vb. “pass over, cross, surpass, defined period of 72 days, but also used without
excel” (PE17 : 92) any exact definition (Appendix D). Oiolairë
[lai adverbial particle "very" (VT45 : 8)] "Eversummer", name of a tree (UT : 167), see

also Coron Oiolairë. Lairelossë noun lambe, but as noted, this alternative form is
*"Summer-snow", name of a tree (UT : 167), rather used for "tongue" in the sense of
perhaps with white flowers. "language")
lairë (2) noun "poem" (GLIR) lamba (2) noun ?"hammer" (possibly an
lairë (3) noun "meadow" (LT1 : 267, GL : alternative form of namba, q.v., but the source is
39 – perhaps a doubtful word in LotR-style obscure and namba is to be preferred) (VT45 :
Quenya, since lairë already has to carry two 37)
other meanings) lambë noun "tongue, language" (the
lairus (lairust-) noun "verdigris" (VT41 : usual word for 'language' in non-technical use)
10) (WJ : 368, 394, ÑGAL / ÑGALAM), "the
laisi, laito noun "youth, vigour, new life" language or dialect of a particular country or
(LT1 : 267; rather vië or nésë, nessë in people...never used for 'language' in general, but
Tolkien's later Quenya) only for particular forms of speech" (VT39 : 15);
laita- vb. "bless, praise" : a laita, laita also name of tengwa #27 (Appendix E). (In early
te! Andavë laituvalmet! ... Cormacolindor, a "Qenya", lambë was defined as "tongue" of
laita tárienna "bless them, bless them! Long body, but also of land, or even = "speech" [LT2 :
shall we bless them! ... [The] Ring-bearers, 339]. In LotR-style Quenya lambë only means
praise [them] to [the] height!" (lait[a]-uva-lme-t "tongue = speech", whereas the word for a
"bless-shall-we-them) (LotR3 : VI ch. 4, physical tongue is lamba.) Lambë Valarinwa
translated in Letters : 308; the meaning of the "Valarin tongue" (WJ : 397), lambë Quendion
suffix -lmë was revised from inclusive to "the language of the Elves" (PM : 395),
exclusive “we”, VT49 : 55). Verbal noun laitalë Lambengolmor pl. noun "Loremasters of
"praising", isolated from Erulaitalë (UT : 166, Tongues", a school founded by Fëanor (WJ :
436) 396); sg. #Lambengolmo. Spelt
2
laivë noun "ointment" (LIB ) Lambeñgolmor in VT48 : 6.
laiwa adj. "sick, sickly, ill" (SLIW, VT45 : lambelë noun "Language" (especially
28). Since Tolkien eventually decided that roots with reference to phonology), *"phonetics" (VT39
in sl- yield Quenya words in hl- (though this was : 15)
pronounced l- in late Exilic Quenya), it may be #lambetengwë noun "consonant" (as a
that the spelling *hlaiwa is to be preferred. tengwë or phoneme), literally "tongue-signs".
lala- (1) vb. "laugh" (PM : 359), possibly Only pl. lambetengwi ("ñ") is attested (VT39 :
with pa.t. *landë because of the apparent form of 16)
the stem. lambina adj. “of tongue, spoken with
lala- (2) vb. "to deny" (LA) tongue” (PE17 : 46). Cf. lambë.
lala (3) negation "no indeed not, on the lámina adj. "echoing" (LAM)
contrary" ("also used for asking incredulous lamma noun "sound" (LAM)
questions") (LA) lamya- vb. "to sound" (LAM, VT45 : 25)
lalantila ??? (Narqelion) lanat noun "weft" (LAN)
lalmë noun "elm-tree" (ÁLAM). Cf. alvë lanca ("k") noun "sharp edge (not of
in a post-LotR source. tools); sudden end" ("as e.g. a cliff-edge, or the
Lalwendë (also short Lalwen) noun clean edge of things made by hand or built, also
"Laughing Maiden", fem. name (PM : 343) used in transferred senses, as in kuivie-
láma noun "ringing sound, echo" (LAM) lankasse, literally 'on the brink of life', of a
laman (lamn- or simply laman-, as in pl. perilous situation in which one is likely to fall into
lamni or lamani) noun "animal" (usually applied death" - VT42 : 8)
1
to four-footed beasts, and never to reptiles and lanco ("k") noun "throat, swallow" (LAK
birds; a more general word may be #celva) (WJ : , LANK). Since this was changed by Tolkien from
416) lango with stem *langu- and pl. langwi, it may
lámárë noun “flock” (QL : 50) be that lanco should similarly have the stem
lámatyávë (pl. lámatyáver attested) *lancu- and pl. *lanqui.
noun "sound-taste" (láma + tyávë), individual landa (1) noun "boundary" (VT42 : 8)
pleasure in the sounds and forms of words (MR : landa (2) adj. "wide" (LAD). Maybe in
215, 471) landatavárë = *"wide-wood"? (TI : 415)
lamba (1) noun "tongue" (physical lanë (lani-) noun "hem" (VT42 : 8)
tongue, while lambë = "language") (WJ : 394, lánë, see lá #1
LAB; according to VT45 : 25, Tolkien first wrote

langa- vb. “to cross, go over, pass over” lanwë (stem *lanwi-, given primitive
(VT49 : 65) form ¤danmi) noun "ebb-tide" (VT48 : 32).
langë adv. “surpassingly, superlatively, Compare nanwë.
extremely” (PE17 : 92) lanya- (1) vb. "bound, enclose, separate
lango (1) noun "broad sword", also from, mark the limit of" (VT42 : 8)
"prow of a ship" (LAG) lanya- (2) vb. "weave" (LAN)
lango (2) noun “passage”, especially #lanya (3) noun “thread”, isolated from
across or over an obstacle, also “neck” (PE17 : hísilanya “mist thread” (PE17 : 60)
92) lanyë, see lá #1
[lango (3) noun "throat"] (Tolkien also lapattë noun "hare" (GL : 52)
listed the plural form langwi; in the Etymologies lappa noun "hem of robe" (GL : 52)
as printed in LR, Christopher Tolkien improperly lapsa- vb. "to lick" (frequentative) (LAB)
prefixed an asterisk as if it were an primitive or lapsë noun "babe" (LAP)
wrong form; see VT45 : 26. This indicates that [laque[t]-] ("q") vb. ?"deny" (VT45 : 25)
lango has the stem-form *langu-. Compare lár (1) noun "league", a linear measure,
ango "snake", stem #angu-, pl. angwi. But 5000 rangar (q.v.). A ranga was approximately
whatever the case, lango was changed to 38 inches, so a lár was "5277 yards, two feet
lanco.) (LANG, see LANK) and four inches [ca. 4826 m], supposing the
langon noun "throat" (MC : 216; this is equivalence to be exact" - close enough to our
"Qenya", possibly an inflected form of lango #2 league of 5280 yards to justify this translation.
above – but Tolkien changed it to lanco) The basic meaning of lár is "pause"; in marches
langwi - see lango a brief halt was made for each league. (UT : 285)
lanna prep. “athwart” (PE17 : 65) lár (2) noun "ear" (?). Tolkien's wording
lannë noun "tissue, cloth" (LAN) is not clear, but ¤lasū is given as an ancient dual
lanta (1) noun "a fall" (DAT / DANT form "(pair of) ears"; Quenya lár could represent
2
(TALÁT) ), also lantë. the old singular las- (LAS ). In a post-LotR
lanta- (2) "fall" (DAT / DANT (TALÁT), source, Tolkien derives hlas “ear” (dual hlaru)
Narqelion, VT45 : 26, VT49 : 54); lantar aorist from a stem SLAS (PE17 : 62). Initial hl- rather
tense pl. (Nam, RGEO : 66); pl. pa.t. lantaner than l- reflects the revised form of the stem (LAS
"fell" (pl.) (SD : 246); lantier "they fell", a plural becoming SLAS), and in the later version of the
past tense of lanta- "fall" occurring in LR : 47; phonology, postvocalic -s does not become -r
read probably lantaner in LotR-style Quenya, as when final. Compare the noun “dream”, given as
in SD : 246. Also sg. lantië "fell" (LR : 56); read olor in the Etymologies (LOS), but as olos pl.
likewise *lantanë? (The forms in -ier, -ië seem olori in a later source (UT : 396)
to be properly perfects.) Future tense lantuva, lar (1) noun "fat, riches" (VT45 : 26;
VT49 : 47. Participle lantala "falling" (with Hostetter and Wynne suggest that the second
locative ending : lantalassë) in Markirya. gloss should perhaps read "richness" rather than
lantalasselingëa adj. “with a musical "riches")
sound of falling leaves” (PE16 : 96) [lar (2) noun "(good) fortune, prosperity,
lantalca ("k") noun "boundary post or Bliss" (VT45 : 26; the Qenya genitive form láren
mark" (VT42 : 8, 28) is also listed)]
lanta-mindon Qenya pl. noun "fallen- lára (1) adj. "flat" (DAL, VT45 : 25)
towers"; inflected compound lanta-ránar "in [lára (2) noun "grave" (VT45 : 8)]
falling-moon" (with pre-classical locative -r) (MC [lára (3) adj. "blessed", also lárëa (VT45
: 214; these forms are "Qenya") : 26)]
#lantë (1) noun "fall" in Noldolantë, q.v. [lárë vb. "happen" (VT45 : 26; the word
Also lanta. has an unusual shape for a verb, and was in any
lantë (2) adj.? participle? "falling" (MC : case deleted)]
214; this is "Qenya" - in Tolkien's later Quenya lárëa (1) adj. "fat, rich" (VT45 : 26)
lantala) [lárëa (2), see lára #3]
2
lanu noun "lead" (LT1 : 268) larca ("k") adj. "swift, rapid" (LAK )
lanwa (1) adj. "within bounds, limited, #larma (1) noun “raiment”, attested in pl.
finite, (well-)defined" (VT42 : 8) form larmar (PE17 : 175)
lanwa (2) noun "loom" (LAN) larma (2) noun "[?pig-]fat, flesh" (VT45 :
25; the initial element of the gloss "pig-fat" is not
certainly legible in Tolkien's manuscript)

[larma (3) noun "lucky event"; some avalatya *"un-open" = to "close"? (VT41 : 6).
additional glosses in Tolkien's manuscript are See ava- #3.
tentatively read as "pleasure, mirth" by Hostetter lau negation "no indeed not, on the
and Wynne (VT45 : 26)] contrary" ("also used for asking incredulous
lasi or lasir, -sír adv. “on the contrary”, questions") (LA)
possibly an ephemeral form Tolkien replaced by lauca ("k") adj. "warm" (LAW)
úsië (VT49 : 17-18) laumë < lá umë negation "no indeed
lassë noun "leaf"; pl. lassi is attested not, on the contrary" ("also used for asking
1
(Nam, RGEO : 66, Letters : 283, LAS , LT1 : incredulous questions") This is a combination of
254, VT39 : 9, Narqelion); gen. lassëo "of a the negation lá "not" and the negative verb umë
leaf", gen. pl. lassion "of leaves" (earlier lassio) "is not, does not" (LA)
(WJ : 407). The word lassë was only applied to laupë noun "shirt, tunic" (QL : 51)
certain kinds of leaves, especially those of trees †laurë noun "gold", but of golden light
(PE17 : 62), perhaps particularly ear-shaped and colour, not of the metal : “golden light”
1
leaves (cf. the entry LAS in the Etymologies, (according to PE17 : 61 a poetic word). Nai
where Tolkien comments on the pointed or leaf- laurë lantuva parmastanna lúmissen
shaped Elvish ears and suggests an tengwiesto “may (a) golden light fall on your
etymological connection between words for “ear” book at the times of your reading” (VT49 : 47). In
and “leaf”); see also linquë #3. Compound Etym defined as "light of the golden Tree
lasselanta "leaf-fall", used (as was quellë) for Laurelin, gold", not properly used of the metal
the latter part of autumn and the beginning of gold (LÁWAR / GLÁWAR, GLAW(-R), VT27 : 20,
winter (Appendix D, Letters : 428); hence 27, PE17 : 159). In early "Qenya", however,
Lasselanta alternative name of October (PM : laurë was defined as "(the mystic name of) gold"
135). Cf. also lassemista "leaf-grey, grey- (LT1 : 255, 258) or simply "gold" (LT1 : 248,
leaved" (LotR2 : III ch. 4, translated in Letters : 268). In Laurelin and Laurefindil, q.v.,
224, PE17 : 62), lassewinta a variant of Laurenandë "Gold-valley" = Lórien (the land, not
lasselanta (PM : 376). Adj. laicalassë “green as the Vala) (UT : 253) and laurinquë name of a
leaves” (PE17 : 56). See also lillassëa, tree, possibly *"Gold-full one" (UT : 168).
lantalasselingëa. Laurendon “like gold” or “in gold fashion” (but
lassecanta ("k") adj. "leaf-shaped" after citing this form, Tolkien decided to abandon
(KAT) the similative ending -ndon, PE17 : 58).
lasselanta noun "leaf-fall = Autumn" laurëa adj. "golden, like gold"; pl. laurië
1
(DAT / DANT, LAS , Narqelion, LT1 : 254; is attested (Nam, RGEO : 66)
"lasse-lanta" in VT45 : 24, but again lasselanta Laurefindil masc. name, Quenya form
in VT45 : 26) of Glorfindel (PE17 : 17)
lasta- vb. "listen", also lasta adj. Laurelin ("g.sg. Laurelinden" or
2
"listening, hearing" (LAS , PE17 : 56); cf. adj. Laurelingen; in LotR-style Quenya this is dat.sg.)
asalastë (*aþa-) adj. “easily heard” (PE17 : 148) Name of the Golden Tree of Valinor, interpreted
Lastalaica ("k") noun "sharp-ears" both *"singing-gold" (stem Laurelind-) and
2 2
(name) (LAS ). Compare laica #2. "hanging-gold" (stem Laureling-) (LIN , VT45 :
láta adj. "open" (VT39 : 23), "open, not 27, LÁWAR / GLÁWAR, [GLAW(-R)], SA, Letters
closed" (PE17 : 159, VT41 : 5) : 308)
látië noun "openness" (VT39 : 23) Laurelindórinan noun "Valley of Singing
latin, latina adj. "open, free, cleared (of Gold", an earlier name of Laurenandë (Lórien)
land)" (LAT). According to VT41 : 5, the adjective (UT : 253); laurelindórenan lindelorendor
latina "is used rather of freedom of movement, malinornélion ornemalin *"Goldenlight-music-
of things not encumbered with obstacles" land-valley music-dream-land of yellow-trees
latta (1) noun "hole, pit" (DAT / DANT, tree-yellow", Quenya elements agglutinated in
VT45 : 8) Entish fashion; this supposedly means
latta (2) noun "strap" (LATH) something like "the valley where the trees in a
latucenda ("k") adj. "of tin" (LT1 : 268) golden light sing musically, a land of music and
latya (1) noun "opening" (used as dreams; there are yellow trees there, it is a tree-
abstract in the source) (VT39 : 23). See sanwë- yellow land" (LotR2 : III ch. 4, translated in
latya. Letters : 308). The last word ornemalin is
latya- (2) vb. "to open anything (so as to defined in as “bearing yellow flowers” in PE17 :
allow entry)” (PE17 : 159). Cf. the negated form 80.

laurië noun “goldenness”, also used as was later revised to -ldë, it is now the ending of
adv. “goldenly” (PE17 : 74); the word laurië Tintaldë itself that would be problematic.
occurring in Namarië Tolkien variously le, pronominal element "you", (originally)
interpreted either as this adverb or as the pl. the "reverential 2nd person sing" (RGEO : 73,
form of laurëa, q.v. VT49 : 56). However, singular le was apparently
laurina adj. "golden" (LT1 : 258). altered to lye (q.v.), and le took on a plural
Compare laurëa in later material. significance (le for pl. “you” is apparently derived
Laurundo masc. name "Glorund" (> from de, the ancient 2nd person pl. stem, VT49 :
Glaurung). Also Undolaurë. (LT2 : 341) 50-51). Stressed lé (VT49 : 51), dual let *“the
laustanë adj.? participle? "roaring" (MC two of you” (ibid.). At certain points in Tolkien’s
: 213; this is "Qenya") conception, le was still sg. “thou” rather than pl.
laustaner vb. in past tense 'lausted' “you”. It is attested as an ending in the
("not 'roared' or 'rushed' but made a windy noise" imperative form antalë *"give thou" (VT43 : 17);
– but in MC : 220, Tolkien himself translated see anta-. The form ólë in VT43 : 29 apparently
laustanéro as "rushed") (MC : 216; this is means *"with thee"; according to Tolkien’s later
"Qenya") system, it would rather mean “with you” (pl.)
lauva, see lá #1 Compare aselyë “with thee” (sg.) in a later
#lav- (1) vb. "lick", pa.t. #lávë in source (see as).
undulávë, see undu (Nam); 1st person aorist lé (1) noun “way” = “method, manner”
lavin "I lick" in the Etymologies (LAB) (“as in that is not A’s way”). Not to be confused
lav- (2) vb. "yield, allow, grant" (DAB) with lé as a stressed form of le = plural “you”;
lávar noun “(golden) blossom”. Also loa. Tolkien was himself dissatisfied with this clash
(PE17 : 159) (PE17 : 74).
lavaralda (changed by Tolkien from lé (2) prep. “with” (PE17 : 95)
lavarin) noun some kind of tree (alda) (LR : 57). -lë ending forming nouns that "seem
The initial element lavar- seems to connect with properly to have been universal and abstract"
the root LAWAR having to do with golden colour; (VT39 : 16, in which source Tolkien is actually
cf. lávar “(golden) blossom” (PE17 : 159). commenting on the prehistoric form -lē, but -lë is
[-lca (“k”) ?“your”, apparently an its Quenya descendant)
abandoned 2nd person plural possessive (VT49 lehta- (1) vb. "loose, slacken" (LEK)
: 49). Cf. -cca.] lehta (2) adj. "free, released" (VT39 :
-lda (1) "your", 2nd person pl. 17); #lehta tengwë "free element, released
possessive suffix (VT49 : 16). Onnalda *“your element", a term for "vowel" (only pl. lehta
child” (VT49 : 42). In an earlier manuscript, this tengwi [ñ] is attested; we would rather expect
ending was used for singular “you” instead, *lehtë tengwi with the pl. form of the adjective)
attested in the phrase Arwen vanimalda "Arwen (VT39 : 17)
your beauty", sc. "O beautiful Arwen", and in lélinë, pa.t. of lelya- #3
meletyalda "your majesty" (WJ : 369) Arwen #lelta- vb. "send", attested in the past
vanimalda was however changed to Arwen tense with pronominal suffixes : leltanelyes
vanimelda in the second edition of LotR, Tolkien "you sent him" (VT47 : 21)
reinterpreting the last word (see vanimalda). lelya- (1) vb. "go, proceed (in any
The ending for singular "your" appears as -lya direction), travel", pa.t. lendë / elendë (WJ :
elsewhere. (LotR1 : II ch. 6) 363, VT14 : 5, PE17 : 139) At one point Tolkien
[-lda] (2) in some versions of Quenya a assigned a more specific meaning to the
comparative or augmentative suffix, later underlying root LED : “go away – from the
abandoned by Tolkien (PE17 : 55, 56). See speaker or the point in mind, depart” (PE17 : 52),
vanimalda. which would make lelya- a near synonym of
-ldë (1) pronominal suffix “you”, 2nd auta-. The same source denies that the
person pl. (VT49 : 51; carildë *“you do”, VT49 : derivatives of LED were used simply for “go,
16). This ending Tolkien revised from -llë in move, travel”, but elsewhere Tolkien assignes
earlier sources (VT49 : 48, cf. PE17 : 69). precisely that meaning to lelya-.
-ldë (2) feminine agental suffix, Tolkien lelya- (2) adj. “delicate, beautiful & fine,
at one point commenting that Varda’s title slender; lovely” (PE17 : 139, 151)
Tintallë “Kindler” should be Tintaldë because lelya- (3) vb. “appear, of beautiful things,
the ending -llë was rather the suffix for plural henc attract, enchant (with dative)”, pa.t. lélinë
“you” (PE17 : 69); since the pronominal suffix -llë (PE17 : 151)

lemba adj. "left behind" (LEB / LEM) lenweta- vb. “go away, migrate, leave
Lembi noun "Elves remaining behind" = one’s abode”, pa.t. lenwentë (PE17 : 51)
Telerin Ilkorins (LEB / LEM, PE17 : 143). Sg. lepenquë cardinal "fifteen" (VT48 : 21)
#Lembë. Also called Úamanyar. lepetta noun, a hard-wood tree growing
lemen, alternative cardinal "five" (VT48 : in Gondor (Ithilien), Sindarin lebethron (PE17 :
6, 20); the word normally appears as lempë, but 89)
compare lemenya below. lepenya, see lempë
lemenya archaic ordinal adj. "fifth", lepesta fraction "one fifth" (1 / 5), also
replaced by lempëa (VT42 : 25) lepsat (VT48 : 11)
lemnar noun "week" (of five days) (LEP lëo noun "shade, shadow cast by any
/ LEPEN / LEPEK). Compare enquië, otsola. object" (DAY)
lempë cardinal "five" (LEP / LEPEN / lepecan ("k") noun "fourth finger"
LEPEK, GL : 53, VT42 : 24, VT47 : 10, 24); (counted from the thumb) (VT47 : 10, VT48 : 5),
lempëa ordinal "fifth", an analogical formation also lepentë
replacing older lemenya, in turn altered from the [lependë] noun "middle finger", also
historically "correct" form lepenya because of lepenel (VT47 : 10, VT48 : 15; struck out)
analogy with the cardinal lempë "five" (VT42 : lepenel noun "middle finger", also
25; Vanyarin Quenya maintained lepenya, VT42 [lependë] (VT47 : 10, VT48 : 5; lependë was
: 26) struck out, VT48 : 15)
lemya- vb. "remain, tarry" (VT45 : 27) lepentë noun "fourth finger" (counted
lenca ("k") (1) adj. "slow" (LT2 : 341, cf. from the thumb) (VT48 : 5, 14, 15), also lepecan
VT49 : 11) leper (pl. leperi given) noun "finger"
lenca- ("k") (2) vb. "loose, slacken" (VT44 : 16, VT47 : 10, 14, 24, VT48 : 5; an older
(LEK. In the Etymologies as printed in LR, the source gives the word for "finger" as lepsë, q.v.)
misreading leuka [for lenka] appears; cf. VT45 : lepetas noun "first or index finger"
27) (VT47 : 10, VT48 : 5, 14). Stem lepetass- (pl.
lenda (1) noun “journey” (PE17 : 60) lepetassi, VT47 : 11) Also tassa.
lenda- (2) vb. "linger" (VT45 : 27) lepinca ("k") noun "little finger" (VT47 :
lendë vb. "left, went" (pa.t. of lelya- 10); variant lepincë (VT47 : 26, VT48 : 5)
"go") (FS, LR : 47, SD : 310, WJ : 362), or, lepincë ("k") noun "little finger" (VT47 :
according to the Etymologies, the pa.t. of lenna- 26, VT48 : 5); variant lepinca (VT47 : 10).
"go" and lesta- "leave" (LED, ELED. In the According to VT48 : 15, 18, lepincë is derived
Etymologies as printed in LR, lenna- was from older lepinki; if so the Quenya form should
misread as "linna-"; see VT45 : 27) have the stem lepinci-.
lenémë prep. "with leave" (+ genitive : lepsat fraction "one fifth" (1 / 5), also
"with leave of") (SD : 246) lepesta (VT48 : 11)
lenga- vb. “behave” (called a “weak lepsë noun "finger" (LEP / LEPET; see
verb”) (PE17 : 74) leper). According to VT45 : 27, Tolkien derived
lengë noun “gesture, characteristic look, lepsë from primitive ¤lepti; if so, lepsë should
gesture or trait etc.” (PE17 : 74) have the stem-form *lepsi-. However, Tolkien
lenna- vb. "go", pa.t. lendë "went" (LED; struck out the ancestral form lepti, so we cannot
cf. lelya-). In the Etymologies as printed in LR, be sure whether this idea was maintained or not.
the word lenna- wrongly appears as **linna-; In later sources, the word for "finger" appears as
see VT45 : 27. leper.
lenu- vb. "stretch" (LT2 : 341) lepta- vb. "pick (up, out) with the fingers"
[#lenta- vb. "send", attested in the past (VT44 : 16, VT47 : 10), "[to] finger, feel with
tense with pronominal suffixes : lentanelyes fingertips" (VT47 : 25)
"you sent him". Changed by Tolkien to #lelta-, leptafinya (also just finya) adj. “clever(-
q.v. (VT47 : 22, 21)] fingered)” (PE17 : 17)
lenwa adj. "long and thin, straight, leptenta- vb. *”point to / indicate with the
narrow" (LT2 : 341) finger“ (gloss suggested by Patrick Wynne)
Lenwë (1) noun the leader of the (VT49 : 24). Cf. tenta-, hententa-.
1
Nandor (Nandorin Denweg, primitive ¤Denwego) **lér noun "man" (NI ; hypothetical Q
(WJ : 412) form of PQ dēr; the form actually used in
lenwë noun “leaving, departure” (PE17 : Quenya was nér)
51)

léra adj. noun "free", of persons (VT41 : possessive -líva, dative -lin, locative -lissë or -
5) lissen, ablative -lillo or -lillon, instrumental -
lerembas noun “lembas” (waybread of línen, "short locative" -lis. When the noun ends
the Elves) (PE17 : 52); in a later source, the in a consonant, r and n is assimilated before l,
Quenya word for lembas is however given as e.g. Casalli as the partitive pl. of Casar “Dwarf”
coimas, q.v. (WJ : 402), or elelli as the partitive pl. of elen
lerina adj. "free" of things : not guarded, “star” (PE17 : 127)
reserved, made fast, or "owned" (VT41 : 5) li-, lin- a multiplicative prefix (LT1 : 269)
lerya- vb. "release, set free, let go"; lia noun "fine thread, spider filament"
negated avalerya- "bind, make fast, restrain, (SLIG).
deprive of liberty" (VT41 : 5, 6) lia- vb. "twine" (LT1 : 271)
lerta- vb. "can" in the sense "be free to liantassë noun "vine" (LT1 : 271)
do", being under no restraint (physical or other). liantë (1) noun "spider" (SLIG), perhaps
Lertan quetë "I can speak (because I am free to obsoleting (2) liantë "tendril" (LT1 : 271) and (3)
do so, there being no obstacle of promise, “vine” (PE14 : 55)
secrecy, or duty)". Where the absence of a líco ("k") noun "wax" (Markirya
physical restraint is considered, this verb can be comments, MC : 223). The related noun lícuma
used in much the same sense as pol- (VT41 : 6) "candle" suggests that líco has the stem-form
lesta- (1) vb. "leave", pa.t. lendë (which lícu-.
is also the pa.t. of lelya-, q.v.) (ELED) lícuma ("k") noun "taper, candle"
#lesta (2) noun “measure”, only attested lië noun "people" (LI, Narqelion, VT39 :
in the instrumental case : lestanen "in measure" 6), in Eldalië, losselië, Ornelië (q.v.);
(FS). The name Lestanórë (q.v.) may contain a possessive #liéva in Mindon Eldaliéva (q.v.);
distinct noun #lesta “fence”. maybe also compounded in #rohtalië, #ruhtalië
Lestanórë place-name "Doriath", gen. (q.v.)
Lestanórëo (WJ : 369). If this name means the lil adverbial particle "more" (PE14 : 80)
same as the Sindarin name Doriath, “Land of the lillassëa adj. "having many leaves", pl.
Fence”, #lesta ought to mean “fence” here (but it lillassië in Markirya (ve tauri lillassië, lit. *"like
is obviously not a cognate of the Sindarin term many-leaved forests", is translated "like leaves of
iâth “fence”). forests" in MC : 215). The lil- element is clearly
leuca (1) noun "snake" (Appendix E) an assimilated form of lin-, # 1, q.v.
**leuca ("k") (2) a misreading for lenca -lillo or -lillon ending for partitive pl.
(q.v.) that appears in the Etymologies as printed ablative (Plotz); see –li
in LR; cf. VT45 : 27. lilómëa adj. “very dark, full of darkness”
lev- verb “move” (intransitive) (PE16 : (PE17 : 81)
132) lilótëa adj. "having many flowers"
-li partitive pl. ending (simply called a (VT42 : 18)
plural suffix in the Etymologies, stem LI). The lilta- vb. "dance" (LILT, Narqelion)
1
ending is used to indicate a plural that is neither limba noun "a drop" (LIB )
generic (e.g. Eldar “the Elves” as a race) nor limbë (1) adj. (stem limbi-, given
definite (preceded by article); hence Eldali is primitive form ¤lĭmbĭ) “quick, swift” (PE17 : 18)
used for “some Elves” (a particular group of limbë (2) adj. "many", probably
Elves, when they are first mentioned in a obsoleted by #1 above (LT2 : 342)
narrative, VT49 : 8). Sometimes Tolkien also lets #limë (stem *limi-) noun "link", isolated
-li imply a great number; in PE17 : 129, the form from málimë, q.v.
falmalinnar from Namárië is broken down as limil noun “chain” (QL : 54)
falma-li-nnar “foam wave-many-towards-pl. limpa adj. “frail, slender and drooping”
ending”, and falmali by itself Tolkien translated (PE17 : 168)
“many waves” (PE17 : 73). A distinct accusative limpë noun "(wine), drink of the Valar"
in -lī seems to occur in the phrase an i falmalī (LIP), cf. the early "Qenya" gloss "drink of the
(PE17 : 127, apparently meaning the same as i fairies" (LT1 : 258)
falmalinnar, but replacing the allative ending lin, lind- noun "a musical sound"
with a preposition). Genitive -lion in vanimálion, (Letters : 308), "melody" (LT1 : 258). Compare
malinornélion (q.v. for reference), allative -linna lindë.
and -linnar in falmalinnar, q.v. The endings for
other cases are only known from the Plotz letter :

lin- (1) (prefix) "many" (LI), seen in lindornëa adj. "having many oak-trees"
lindornëa, lintyulussëa; assimilated lil- in (DÓRON, LI)
lillassëa. línë noun "cobweb" (SLIG). Since
[lin- (2) vb. "sing" (GLIN, struck out)] Tolkien eventually decided that roots in sl- yield
linda adj. "fair, beautiful" (of sound) Quenya words in hl- (though this was
(SLIN, LIND; VT45 : 27), “soft, gentle, light” pronounced l- in late Exilic Quenya), it may be
(PE16 : 96), “beautiful, sweet, melodious of that the spelling *hlínë is to be preferred.
sound” (PE17 : 150); for Linda as a noun, see -línen ending for partitive pl.
Lindar. instrumental (Plotz); see -li
lindalë noun "music". Cf. Ainulindalë linga- vb. "hang, dangle" (LING /
"Music of the Ainur". (The word is cited as GLING, VT45 : 15, 27)
2
lindelë in the printed Etymologies, entry LIN , linganer vb. in past tense? "hummed
but according to VT45 : 27, this is a misreading like a harp-string" (MC : 216; this is "Qenya")
for lindalë in Tolkien's manuscript.) The word lingë noun “musical sound” (PE16 : 96)
lindalë may argue the existence of a verbal stem lingwë (stem *lingwi-, given the
#linda- "sing, make music". primitive form ¤liñwi) noun "fish" (LIW)
Lindar noun "Singers" (sg. Linda), what lingwilócë ("k") noun "fish-dragon, sea-
the Teleri called themselves (WJ : 380, MR : serpent" (LOK)
349, UT : 253, 286). It seems that Lindar is also **linna, a misreading for lenna- (q.v.)
interpreted "the Beautiful" (cf. the common adj. that appears in the Etymologies as printed in LR.
linda "fair, beautiful"), but this interpretation See VT45 : 27.
apparently belongs primarily to Tolkien's earlier -linnar see -li
conception, when Lindar was the name of the linquë ("q") (1) adj. "wet" (LINKWI). In
First Clan, the name of which he revised to early "Qenya", this word was glossed "water"
Vanyar (similarly meaning "the Fair"). Adj. (LT1 : 262), and "wet" was linqui or liquin, q.v.
Lindarin = Telerin (but Tolkien of course held it linquë (2) noun *"grass, reed" (J.R.R.
to be = Vanyarin when the First Clan, the later Tolkien : Artist & Illustrator p. 199, note 34)
Vanyar, were still called Lindar – before he linquë (3) noun “hyacinth” (plant, not
decided to apply this name to the third clan, the jewel) (PE17 : 62). The wording in the source is
Teleri) (TĀ / TA3) not altogether clear; it is said that the word lassë
lindë noun "air, tune, singing, song" (SA (leaf) “would not e.g. be used of leaf of a
2
: gond, (LIN , [GLIN]); lindelorendor "music- hyacinth (linque)”. If linquë is not the term for a
dream-land"; see laurelindórenan hyacinth, it must refer to the kind of leaf a
lindelorendor... (LotR2 : III ch. 4, cf. Letters : hyacinth has. Compare #2 above.
308) linqui ("q") adj. "wet" (MC : 216;
lindë- vb. ?"sing" (LT1 : 258; in LotR- Tolkien's later Quenya has linquë.)
style Quenya lir- or #linda-) #linta adj. "swift", only pl. lintë attested
2
lindelë noun "music" (LIN , LT1 : 258 – (Nam, RGEO : 66) Cf. lintië.
lindalë in Ainulindalë). According to VT45 : 27, lintië noun “swiftness, speed” derived
2
lindelë in the printed Etymologies (entry LIN ) is from linta; also used as adverb “quickly”, nornë
a misreading for lindalë in Tolkien's manuscript. lintië “he ran with swiftness”, also more explicitly
lindelëa adj. "melodious" (LT1 : 258) with pronominal suffixes and the instrumental
Lindi pl. noun : what the Green-elves ending -nen : lintieryanen “with his speed”
(Laiquendi, Nandor) called themselves; also (PE17 : 58)
used in Exilic Quenya (WJ : 385) lintitinwë adj. "having many stars" (LT1
Lindissë fem.name, perhaps lin- (root : 269)
of words having to do with song / music) + lintulinda, lintulindova *"many-???",
(n)dissë "woman" (see nís). (UT : 210) *"swift-???" (Narqelion)
2
lindo noun "singer, singing bird" (LIN ) lintyulussëa adj. "having many poplars"
Lindon, Lindónë noun "Lindon", place- (LI)
1
name (WJ : 385) linya noun "pool" (LIN )
lindórëa ??? (Narqelion) linyenwa adj. "old, having many years"
Lindórië fem. name, perhaps *"She that (YEN)
arises in beauty" (compare Melkor "He that -lion ending for partitive pl. genitive
arises in Might") (Silm). Cf. linda. (Plotz); see -li
lipil noun "little glass" (LT1 : 258)

2
lipsa noun "soap" (LIB ) -llo (1) “ablative adverbial suffix” (PE17 :
liptë- vb. "to drip" (LT1 : 258; rather 72) implying "from" or "out of", as in
*lipta- in Tolkien's later Quenya?) sindanóriello "out of a grey land", Rómello
liquin ("q") adj. "wet" (LT1 : 262; "from the East" (Nam), Mardello *"from Earth"
Tolkien's later Quenya has linquë.) (FS), ulcullo "from evil" (VT43 : 12), sillumello
liquis ("q") noun "transparence" (LT1 : "from this hour" (VT44 : 35), yello *"from whom"
262) (VT47 : 21), Manwello *”from Manwë” (VT49 :
-lin ending for partitive pl. dative (Plotz); 24), Melcorello / Melkorello “from Melkor”
see -li (VT49 : 7, 24). Pl. -llon (so in Plotz) or -llor (in
-linna or -linnar ending for partitive pl. illon, elenillor, raxellor, elendellor, q.v.); dual -
allative (Plotz); see -li lto (Plotz). A shorter form of the ablative ending,
lir- vb. "to chant" (1st pers. aorist lirin "I -lo, apparently occurs in the words silo “hence”
1
chant, I sing") (LIR , GLIR) and talo “from there”, q.v. In the Etymologies,
lir' ??? (Narqelion) Tolkien cited the Quenya ablative ending as -
lírë noun "song", stem #líri- in the ello, evidently including the connecting vowel -e-
instrumental form lírinen "in [the] song" or *"by that may be inserted when the ending is added
[the] song" (Nam, RGEO : 67) to a word ending in a consonant (VT45 : 28),
lirilla noun "lay, song" (LT1 : 258) compare Melcorello. See also ló, lo #2.
lirit noun "poem" (LT1 : 258) [-llo (2) “you”, dual; abandoned
lirulin noun "lark" (MR : 238, 262), pronominal ending. Also written -illo. (VT49 :
changed from aimenel, aimenal 49)]
lís (“lîs”) noun “honey”, “oblique līr- but -lma pronominal ending “our”, 1st
usually from stem liss-“ (PE17 : 154). Compare person pl. exclusive (VT49 : 16), also attested
the reading in the Etymologies : lis (liss-, e.g. (with the genitive ending -o that displaces final -
dat.sg. lissen) (LIS; Tolkien originally wrote a) in the word omentielmo "of our meeting"
lissë, VT45 : 28) (nominative omentielma, PE17 : 58). Tolkien
liscë ("k") noun "reed, sedge" (LT2 : emended omentielmo to omentielvo in the
335) Second Edition of LotR, reflecting a revision of
lissë adj. "sweet" (Nam, RGEO : 66); the Quenya pronominal system (cf. VT49 : 38,
also noun "sweetness", used metaphorically for 49, Letters : 447). The cluster -lm- in the endings
"grace" (VT43 : 29, VT44 : 18); in this sense the for inclusive "we / our" was altered to -lv- (VT43 :
word may be compounded as #Erulissë, q.v. 14). In the revised system, -lma should
Genitive lissëo in VT44 : 18. - In the entry LIS in apparently signify exclusive "our".
the Etymologies, Tolkien originally gave lissë as -lmë 1st person pl. pronominal ending :
the noun "honey", but then changed it to lis with "we" (VT49 : 38; 51 carilmë *”we do”, VT49 :
stem liss- (VT45 : 28) 16). It was originally intended to be inclusive
-lissë or -lissen ending for partitive pl. "we" (VT49 : 48), including the person(s) spoken
locative (Plotz); see -li to, but by 1965 Tolkien made this the ending for
litsë noun "sand" (LIT) exclusive "we" instead (cf. the changed definition
-líva ending for partitive pl. possessive of the corresponding possessive ending -lma,
(Plotz); see -li see above). (VT49 : 38) Exemplified in
lívë noun "sickness" (SLIW). Since laituvalmet "we shall bless them" (lait-uva-lme-
Tolkien eventually decided that roots in sl- yield t "bless-shall-we-them") (the meaning apparently
Quenya words in hl- (though this was changed from inclusive to exclusive “we”, VT49 :
pronounced l- in late Exilic Quenya), it may be 55), see also nalmë under ná# 1. (LotR3 : VI ch.
that the spelling *hlívë is to be preferred. 4, translated in Letters : 308)
liyúmë noun "host" (VT48 : 32) -lmo “we (two)”, abandoned pronominal
-llë (1) “one of several suffixes indicating ending for the 1st person dual inclusive (later
feminine agent”, as in Tintallë “kindler” vs. the revised by Tolkien to -ngwë). This -lmo was
verb tinta- “to kindle”. In the source (PE17 : 69) listed as an alternative to -ngo (VT49 : 48).
Tolkien noted that -llë was little used because of -lto ending for dual ablative (Plotz)
the clash with the pronominal ending -llë (see #2 ló (1) noun "night, a night" (DO3 / DŌ,
below), but the latter ending was later revised. VT45 : 28)
-llë (2) abandoned pronominal ending ló, lo (2) prep. “from”, also used = “by”
“you”, 2nd person pl. (VT49 : 48); Tolkien later introducing the agent after a passive
revised this ending to -ldë. construction : nahtana ló Turin *“slain by Túrin”

(VT49 : 24). A similar and possibly identical form loima noun “a mistake” (PE17 : 151)
is mentioned in the Etymologies as being loiparë noun “a mistake in writing”
somehow related to the ablative ending -llo, but (PE17 : 151). Cf. parma.
is not there clearly defined (VT45 : 28). At one loiquetë noun “a mistake in speech”
point, Tolkien suggested that lo rather than the (PE17 : 151)
ending -llo was used with proper names (lo loita- vb. “miss, fail, fall short of”
Manwë rather than Manwello for “from Manwë”), (transitive). (PE17 : 151)
but this seems to have been a short-lived idea lom- vb. "hide" (LT1 : 255; given in the
(VT49 : 24). form lomir "I hide"; read *lomin if the word is to
loa, noun literally "growth", used of a be adapted to LotR-style Quenya.)
solar year (= coranar) when seasonal changes lomba adj. or noun "secret" (LT1 : 255)
are considered (Appendix D; in PM : 126 loa is lómë noun "dusk, twilight", also "night";
translated "time of growth". Pl. loar, or "löar", in according to SD : 415, the stem is lómi-
MR : 426) The form loa is also mentioned as the (contrast the "Qenya" genitive lómen rather than
hypothetical Quenya cognate of Sindarin lô **lómin in VT45 : 28). According to PE17 : 152,
("swampy"), but precisely because it clashed lómë refers to ‘night’ “when viewed favourably,
with loa "year", this Quenya cognate was not in as a rule, but it became the general rule” (cf. SD
use (VT42 : 10) : 414-415 regarding lōmi as an Adûnaic loan-
loar noun “(golden) blossom” (not to be word based on lómë, meaning “fair night, a night
confused with the pl. form of loa). Also lávar. of stars” with “no connotations of gloom or fear”).
(PE17 : 159) In the battle-cry auta i lómë “the night is
loc- ("lok-") verb? noun? "bend, loop". passing” (Silm. ch. 20), the “night” would
(May be a primitive stem rather than Quenya.) however seem to refer metaphorically to the
(SA : lok) reign of Morgoth. As for the gloss, cf. Lómion
lócë ("k") noun "dragon, snake, serpent, masc. name "Child of Twilight [dusk]", the
drake", older hlócë ("k") (SA : lok-, LT2 : 340, Quenya name Aredhel secretly gave to Maeglin
LOK; in the Etymologies the word is followed by (SA). Otherwise lómë is usually defined as
"-ī", whatever that is supposed to mean) "night" (Letters : 308, LR : 41, SD : 302 cf.414-
locta- ("k") vb. "sprout, put forth leaves 15, SA : dú); the Etymologies defines lómë as
or flowers" (LT1 : 258; this would have to "Night [as phenomenon], night-time, shades of
become *lohta- in LotR-style Quenya, but later night, Dark" (DO3 / DŌ, LUM, DOMO, VT45 :
forms like losta- "to bloom" and tuia- "to sprout, 28), or "night-light" (VT45 : 28, reading of lómë
spring" are to be preferred.) uncertain). In early "Qenya" the gloss was "dusk,
loctë ("k") noun "blossom (of flowers in gloom, darkness" (LT1 : 255). Cf. lómelindë pl.
bunches or clusters)" (LT1 : 258; would have to lómelindi "nightingale" (SA : dú, LR : 41; SD :
2
become *lohtë in LotR-style Quenya) 302, MR : 172, DO3 / DŌ, LIN , TIN). Derived
loëndë noun *"year-middle", the middle adjective #lómëa "gloomy" in Lómëanor
(183rd) day of the year, inserted between the "Gloomyland"; see Taurelilómëa-
months of Nárië and Cermië (June and July) in tumbalemorna...
the Númenórean calendar and the Steward's #lómëa adj. "gloomy"; see
Reckoning (Appendix D) Taurelilómëa-tumbalemorna...
*lohta- see locta- lómëar noun "child of gloom" (pl.
*lohtë see loctë evidently Lómëarni) (LT1 : 255, 259)
loi- prefix denoting mistaken doing lómi noun "clouds" (MC : 214; this is
(PE17 : 151), cf. loicarë, loiparë, loiquetë "Qenya"; in LotR-style Quenya it would evidently
loica (“k”) adj. “failing, short, inadequate be the pl. of lómë)
etc.” (PE17 : 151) lómin noun "shade, shadow" (LT1 : 255)
loicarë (“k”) noun “mistaken action” lón, lónë (pl. lóni given) noun "deep
(PE17 : 151) pool", "river-[?feeding] well" (the second gloss
loico noun "corpse, dead body" (so in was not certainly legible). A rejected paragraph
Markirya; Etym also has quelet of similar in Tolkien's manuscript defined the word as
meaning) "deep pool or lake" (VT48 : 28, PE17 : 137)
loicolícuma noun "corpse-candle" lóna (1) noun "pool, mere" (VT42 : 10).
(Markirya) Variant of lón, lónë above?
[Loicorin], possibly a synonym of
Ilcorin, q.v. (VT45 : 29)

lóna (2) noun "island, remote land lossë (1) noun "snow" or adj. "snow-
difficult to reach" (LONO (AWA) ). Obsoleted by white" (SA : los, MC : 213, VT42 : 18); losselië
#1 above? noun "white people" (MC : 216, PE16 : 96)
[lóna (3) unused adj., a form Tolkien lossë (2) noun "blossom" ("usually,
mentioned as the hypothetical Quenya cognate owing to association with olosse snow, only used
of Sindarin loen, Telerin logna adj. "soaking wet" of white blossom") (LOT(H) )
(VT42 : 10), but this cognate was not in use lossëa adj. "snow-white" (so in VT42 :
because it clashed with #1 above. At this point, 18; this would be an adjective derived from
Tolkien may seem to have forgotten lóna #2.] lossë "snow", but elsewhere, Tolkien implies
?lóna (4) adj. "dark" (DO3 / DŌ). If this that lossë itself can also be used as an adjective
is to be the cognate of "Noldorin" / Sindarin dûr, "snow-white"; see lossë #1 above)
as the context seems to indicate, lóna is likely a losselië noun "white people" (MC : 216,
misreading for *lóra in Tolkien's manuscript. PE16 : 96)
[londa noun "path"], changed by Tolkien losta- vb. "to bloom" (VT42 : 18)
to londë noun "road (in sea)" (VT45 : 28) lótë noun "flower", mostly applied to
londë noun "land-locked haven" (cf. larger single flowers (LOT(H), LT1 : 259, VT42 :
#lóndië “harbourage”), “gulf” (TI : 423). In 18). (The shorter form -lot occurs in compounds,
Alqualondë "Swan-haven" (SA), "Haven of e.g. fúmellot, q.v.) In the names Ninquelóte
Swan" (VT45 : 28), Hirilondë ship-name *"White-flower" (= Nimloth), Vingilótë "Foam-
"Haven-finder" (UT : 192). In the Etymologies, flower", the name of Eärendil's ship (SA : loth),
londë is glossed "road (in sea), entrance to also in Lótessë fifth month of the year, "May"
harbour" (LOD) and also "fairway" (VT45 : 28), (Appendix D). See also olótë, lotsë.
i.e. a navigable channel for ships. In VT42 : 10, lótefalmarínen inflected compound
where the stem is given as LON rather than "with waves crowned with flowers" (MC : 220;
LOD, the gloss is simply "haven". this is "Qenya")
#londië noun “harbourage” (PE17 : 28) lotsë noun "small single flower" (VT42 :
lor- "to slumber" (LT1 : 259; the 18)
corresponding abstract noun lórë "slumber" is [loxa , losca adj. “brown of hair” (PE17 :
attested in Tolkien's later Quenya, so this verb 155)]
must still be valid). Cf. also lor "dream" (Letters : loxë (1) ("ks") noun "hair" (LOK). In later
308; probably just an Elvish "element" rather sources Tolkien uses findë, findessë, findilë for
than a complete word) "hair", leaving the conceptual status of loxë
-lóra ending "-less, without", as in uncertain.
ómalóra "voiceless" (VT45 : 28) loxë (2) noun "bunch, cluster" (QL : 55)
#lóralya adj. "asleep" (VT14 : 5; this is -lta (and -ltya), 3rd person pl.
"Qenya"; in Tolkien's later Quenya rather lorna) pronominal possessive suffix “their”, alternating
lorda adj. "drowsy, slumbrous" (LT1 : with -nta / -ntya in Tolkien’s writings (VT49 : 16,
259) 17), just as the ending -ltë “they” also has the
lórë noun "slumber" (LOS), “dream” variant -ntë. According to VT49 : 17, the ending -
(PE17 : 80) lta or -ltya will appear as -ilta, -iltya following a
Lórellin place-name, the lake where the consonant; other sources rather point to -e- as
Valië Estë sleeps; apparently meaning *"Dream- the connecting vowel in such cases (VT49 : 17).
lake" or *"Slumber-lake" (Silm) -ltë, 3rd person pl. pronominal suffix,
Lórien (from lor-, q.v.), place-name also “they” (VT49 : 51; cariltë “they do”, VT49 : 16,
used as the name of a Vala, properly the place 17). It alternates with -ntë in Tolkien’s
where he dwells, whereas his real name is Irmo manuscripts (VT49 : 17, 57). In his early
(WJ : 402, LOS (ÓLOS, SPAN) ). Alternative material, the ending also appears as -lto,
forms Lorien (with a short o) and Lorion, MR : occurring in Fíriel's Song (meldielto "they are
144 . beloved" and cárielto "they made"), also in LT1 :
lorna adj. "asleep" (LOS) 114 : tulielto "they have come" (cf. VT49 : 57).
lós (þ?) noun “flower” (PE17 : 26). If this Compare -lta, -ltya as the ending for “their”.
is to be the cognate of Sindarin loth, as the -lto, “Qenya” pronominal ending “they”;
source suggests, the older Quenya form would see -ltë
be *lóþ. lú noun "a time, occasion" (LU)
[losca, loxa adj. “brown of hair” (PE17 :
155)]

#lucando (also #lucindo) noun "debtor, lumbo noun "cloud" (pl. lumbor in
one who trespasses" (VT43 : 20; the words are Markirya), also glossed “gloom; dark, shade”
attested in the plural : lucandor, lucindor). (PE17 : 72, 168). In early "Qenya", lumbo was
#lucassë noun "debt, trespass" (VT43 : glossed "dark lowering cloud" (LT1 : 259)
19, attested in the pl. with a pronominal suffix : lumbulë noun "(heavy) shadow" (Nam,
lucassemmar "our trespasses") RGEO : 67, PE17 : 168)
lúcë ("k") noun "enchantment" (LUK) lúmë (1) noun "time" (LU, PE17 : 168) or
#lucië noun "debt, trespass" (VT43 : 19, "hour", locative lúmessë (VT43 : 34), pl. locative
attested in the pl. with a pronominal suffix : lúmissen “at the times” (VT49 : 47), allative
luciemmar "our trespasses") lúmenna "upon the hour", elided lúmenn' in the
#lucindo, see #lucando greeting elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo "a star
luhta- (1) vb. "to enchant" (LUK, VT45 : shines upon the hour of our meeting", because
29) the next word begins with a similar vowel. The
luhta- (2) vb. "to bow" (VT : 35); this complete form lúmenna omentielvo is found in
intransitive verb can be distinguished from luhta- WJ : 367 and Letters : 424. Cf. also the
"enchant" above, since #1 is transitive and will compounds lumenyárë and lúmequenta, q.v.;
always have a direct object, something #2 never see also #sillumë.
has. lúmë (2) noun "darkness" (one wonders
[#luhta (3) noun "debt, trespass" (VT43 if Tolkien confused lúmë "time, hour" and lómë
: 19, attested in the pl. form luhtar, but deleted "night") (Markirya)
by Tolkien)] lumenyárë noun "history, chronological
2
luimë noun "flood" (VT48 : 23, 30; the account" (NAR - read *lúmenyárë?) According
additional glosses "floodwater, flooded land" to VT45 : 36, the manuscript spelling actually
were struck out, VT48 : 30), "flood, high tide" seems to be lumennyáre, but Hostetter and
(VT48 : 24, 30). According to VT48 : 30, partially Wynne conclude that this is "probably a slip" :
illegible glosses in Tolkien's manuscript may also The double nn would be difficult to justify.
suggest that luimë can be used for any tide, or lúmequenta ("q") noun "history,
for the spring tide (the maximum tide just after a chronological account" (LU)
new or full moon). lúmequentalë ("q") noun "history" (LU,
[luina] adj. "pale" (VT45 : 30) KWET). According to VT45 : 29, the accent
luinë adj. "blue", pl. luini (VT48 : 23, 24, marking the ú as a long vowel is actually missing
28, Nam, RGEO : 66). Common Eldarin luini- in the entry LU in Tolkien's original Etymologies
would also be the stem-form in Quenya (VT48 : manuscript; yet it is apparently included both in
24). Compare *luinincë. Apparently -luin in the entry KWET and in the related words
Illuin, the name of one of the Lamps of the Valar lúmequenta and lúmequentalëa; its omission in
(q.v.), Helluin, name of the star Sirius, and the entry LU is therefore probably just a slip.
Luinil, name of another blue-shining star (or lúmequentalëa ("q") adj. "historical"
planet). (SA; Luinil is tentatively identified with (LU)
Neptune, MR : 435). Cf. also menelluin *"sky- lumna adj. "lying heavy, burdensome,
blue", used as noun = "cornflower" (J.R.R. oppressive, ominous" (DUB).
Tolkien : Artist & Illustrator p. 193). lumna- stative vb. "be heavy" (LR : 47,
*luinincë (luininci-) ("k") adj. "bluish". SD : 310; cf. lumna- "to lie heavy" in the
The form is given as "luininki" with the last vowel Etymologies, stem DUB-). A form lúvë was
marked as short; this would be the etymological mentioned in connection with this verb, possibly
form underlying Quenya *luinincë (VT48 : 18) a strong past tense form directly derived from the
luita- vb. "to flood" (VT48 : 22), "to flood, root DUB- (primitive *dūbē), but Tolkien struck it
inundate, drench" (VT48 : 30; the latter glosses out (VT45 : 11).
come from a note that was struck out) lún adj.??? a word of obscure meaning,
lúlë noun "sapphire" (QL : 57) perhaps "deep" as used of water (VT48 : 28)
lumba (1) adj. "weary" (VT45 : 29) lúna adj. *“dark” in Lúnaturco and
lumba (2) adj. “gloomy” (PE17 : 72) Taras Lúna, Quenya names of Barad-dûr (Dark
Lumbar name of a star (or planet), Tower). (PE17 : 22). In the Etymologies, lúnë
tentatively identified with Saturn (MR : 435), “blue” was changed by Tolkien from lúna (VT45 :
evidently connected to lumbo, lumbulë (Silm) 29).
lumbë noun "gloom, shadow" (LUM) [lúna] (2), see lúnë

lunca noun "wain" (VT43 : 19), “heavy (a bow used to shoot arrows is called quinga,
transport wain” (PE17 : 28). #Ondolunca ”stone- possibly also cú if the latter term is used as in
wain”, see under ondo. Sindarin).
lúnë (stem *lúni-, given the primitive [lúvë, see lumna-]
2
form ¤lugni) adj. "blue" (LUG , LT1 : 262; later luvu- vb. "lower, brood" (LT1 : 259)
sources rather give luinë, with pl. form luini in luxo (luxu-) noun “mud” (QL : 56)
Namárië). According to VT45 : 29, lúnë in the -lv- element in pronominal endings for
Etymologies was changed by Tolkien from lúna. inclusive plural "we / our" (VT43 : 14). Iincludes
lúnelinquë ("q") adj. *"blue-wet" (?), the old 1st pl. inclusive stem we (VT48 : 10).
translated "surging" (MC : 213, 220; this is Omentielvo "of our meeting" (q.v.) includes the
"Qenya") ending #-lva "our" with the genitive ending -o
1
lunga adj. "heavy" (LUG ). Curiously, attached. The corresponding ending for inclusive
the variant lungu- appears in certain "we" is perhaps normally -lvë in late exilic
compounds; see Lungumá, lungumaitë. Quenya; the variant form -lwë occurs in the
lunganar adj. "sagged" (MC : 221; this verbs carilwë “we do” (VT49 : 16), navilwë "we
is "Qenya") judge" (VT42 : 34); according to VT48 : 11 this
lunganë adj. "bending" (MC : 214; this is may simply be the older (pre-Exilic) form of *-lvë
"Qenya") (VT49 : 51 lists the ending for “we” as “-lwe, -
Lungumá, Lungumaqua masc. name lve”, apparently the older and the younger form).
"Heavyhand", equivalent of Sindarin Mablung -lwa, possessive pronominal ending, 1st
(VT47 : 19) person pl. inclusive “our” (VT49 : 16), later (in
lungumaitë adj. "heavyhanded" (VT47 : exilic Quenya) used in the form #-lva, genitive -
19, VT49 : 32) lvo in omentielvo (see -lv-).
Lúnoronti noun "Blue Mountains" -lwë, later -lvë, pronominal ending “we”
2
(LUG ) (VT49 : 51), 1st person pl. inclusive ending,
luntë noun "boat" (LUT, MC : 216), occurring in the verbs carilwë “we do” (VT49 :
"ship" (LT1 : 249, LT1 : 255) 16) and navilwë (see #nav-). The ending
lúrë noun "dark weather" (LT1 : 259) became -lvë in later, Exilic Quenya (VT49 : 51).
lúrëa adj. "dark, overcast" (LT1 : 259) See -lv-.
lúsina adj. “glowing” (of things), “hearty” lyá ??? (Narqelion)
(of people) (QL : 57). If this word is to be used in -lya 2nd person sg. formal / polite
LotR-style Quenya, one would have to assume pronominal suffix "thy, your" (VT49 : 16, 38, 48).
that it represents older *lúþina and is derived In tielyanna "upon your path" (UT : 22 cf. 51),
from a root *LUTH. caritalya(s) "your doing (it)" (VT41 : 17),
lussa- vb. "to whisper" (SLUS / SRUS). esselya "thy name" (VT43 : 14), onnalya “your
Since Tolkien eventually decided that roots in sl- child” (VT49 : 41, 42), parma-restalyanna
yield Quenya words in hl- (though this was *“upon your book-fair” (VT49 : 38), and, in
pronounced l- in late Exilic Quenya), it may be Tolkien's Quenya Lord's Prayer, in the various
that the spelling *hlussa- is to be preferred. translations of "thy kingdom" : aranielya in the
lussë noun "a whispering sound" (SLUS final version, earlier turinastalya, túrinastalya,
/ SRUS). Since Tolkien eventually decided that turindielya, túrindielya (VT43 : 15). Also in
roots in sl- yield Quenya words in hl- (though this indómelya (changed from mendelya) "thy will"
was pronounced l- in late Exilic Quenya), it may (VT43 : 15-16)
be that the spelling *hlussë is to be preferred. lye pron. “thou / thee, you”, 2nd person
lusta adj. "void, empty" (LUS) sg. formal / polite (corresponding to familiar /
lútë noun "sail" (MC : 213; this is intimate tye, q.v.) (VT49 : 36) It seems the
"Qenya") original stem-form was le (VT49 : 50), distinct
lútier vb. in pa.t.? "sailed" (MC : 216; from de as a plural “you”, but when initial d
this is "Qenya") became l and the forms threatened to fall
lúto noun "flood" (LT1 : 249) together, le was apparently altered to lye by
lutta- vb. "flow, float" (LT1 : 249) analogy with the ending -lyë and the emphatic
lutu- vb. "flow, float" (LT1 : 249) pronoun elyë. Stressed lyé (VT49 : 51). For lye
lúva noun "bow, bight; bend, bow, as object, cf. nai Eru lye mánata “God bless
curve" (Appendix E, PE17 : 122, 168). The you” (VT49 : 39). Allative lyenna *”to you, upon
reference is to a "bow" as part of written you” (VT49 : 40-41). Compare the reflexive
characters and other uses, but “not for shooting” pronoun imlë *"yourself, thyself", q.v. (it did not

have to be *imlyë, for the corresponding pl. q.v. The ending also occurs in alyë, the
pronoun indë “yourselves” is distinct anyhow). imperative particle a with a pronominal suffix
-lyë pronominal ending “thou, you” (VT43 : 17); see a #3. The intimate / familiar
(VT49 : 48), 2nd person sg. formal / polite : ending corresponding to polite / formal -lyë is -
hiruvalyë "thou shalt find" (Nam, RGEO : 67), tyë, q.v
carilyë *“you do” (VT49 : 16). Long form of -l,
M
ma, (1) neuter personal pronoun macar ("k") (1) noun "swordsman"
"something, a thing" (VT42 : 34). It may occur (VT39 : 11). In Menelmacar (see menel).
(with the meaning “thing”) in the ejaculation yé According to VT41 : 10, macar is literally "forger"
mána (ma) = “what a blessing” or “what a good (derived from maca-, q.v.), "often used in later
thing!”“ (VT49 : 41) (2) Ma has also been use of a warrior".
theorized to be a particle used to turn declarative macar ("k") (2) noun "tradesman"
statements into yes / no questions. (MBAKH)
má noun "hand" (MA3, LT2 : 339, macil ("k") noun "sword" (MAK, LT1 :
Narqelion, VT39 : 10, [VT45 : 30], VT47 : 6, 18, 259, VT39 : 11, VT45 : 32, VT49 : 17); macilya
19); the dual "a pair of hands" is attested both by “his (or their) sword” (PE17 : 130), see -ya #4.
itself as mát (VT47 : 6) and with a pronominal mahalma noun "throne", nominative pl.
suffix as máryat "his / her (pair of) hands" (see - mahalmar "thrones" and locative pl.
rya, -t) (Nam, RGEO : 67). The nominative plural mahalmassen in CO. Adopted and adapted
form was only máli, not **már (VT47 : 6), though from Valarin (WJ : 399)
plurals in -r may occur in some of the cases, as Máhan (pl. Máhani attested in WJ :
indicated by the pl. allative mannar "into hands" 402), noun : one of the eight chiefs of the Valar
(FS). Mánta “their hand”, dual mántat “their (adopted and adapted from Valarin, but usually
hands” (two hands each) (PE17 : 161). Cf. also translated as Aratar). Máhanaxar the "Doom
the compounds mátengwië "language of the Ring" of Aman; adopted and adapted from
hands" (VT47 : 9) and Lungumá "Heavyhand" Valarin. (WJ : 399)
(VT47 : 19); also compare the adj. -maitë "- mahta- (1) vb. "wield a weapon”, “fight"
handed". See also málimë. (MAK), "to handle, wield, manage" (VT39 : 11,
#mac- ("k") vb. "hew with a sword" VT47 : 18), also "deal with" (VT47 : 6, 19, VT49 :
(VT39 : 11, where the aorist macë is given); cf. 10). Past tense mahtanë is attested (VT49 : 10).
early "Qenya" mac- ("k") "slay" (LT1 : 259) In an earlier version of the entry MAK in the
maca- ("k") vb. "to forge metal" (which Etymologies, Tolkien first glossed mahta- as
rang at the stokes of hammers). (VT41 : 10; in "slay [or kill] with sword", then changed it to "fight
this source this is suggested as the origin of the with sword" (VT45 : 30-32)
word macil "sword", but mac- above would also [mahta-] (2) vb. "trade", changed by
seem to be relevant, so Tolkien may have Tolkien to manca-, q.v. (VT45 : 33)
changed his mind about the precise etymology of mahtar noun "warrior" (MAK; original
macil.) gloss "swordsman", VT45 : 32)
máca pron. "each, every" (GL : 41); mai (1) adv. "well" (VT47 : 6), apparently
rather ilya in Tolkien's later Quenya also used as prefix (PE17 : 17 : 162, 163, 172)
Macalaurë ("k"), masc. name, the mai (2) conj. "if" (PE14 : 59 cf. VT49 :
mother-name (never used in narrative) of 20; possibly obsoleted by #1 above; for “if”,
Canafinwë = Maglor (PM : 353, MAK); his Tolkien later used qui)
Sindarin name is seen to be based on his Maia pl. Maiar noun "the Beautiful" (MR
mother-name. In the Etymologies, Macalaurë is : 49), the lesser (= non-Vala) Ainur that entered
interpreted "Gold-cleaver" (MAK) Eä. Variant Máya in VT42 : 13 / VT47 : 18, pl.
Máyar in PM : 363, 364 and VT47 : 18 (possibly,

Máya is to be understood as the older form of maiwë noun "gull" (MIW), pl. maiwi in
Maia). With negative prefix ú- also Úmaiar, Markirya. Cf. also the "Qenya" pl. maiwin "gulls"
Maiar who became evil and followed Melkor, (MC : 213)
such as Balrogs (MR : 79, "Umaiar", MR : 165). mal conj. "but" (VT43 : 23)
maica (1) ("k") adj. "sharp, piercing" (SA mala- vb. "hurt, pain" (QL : 63)
: maeg), cf. hendumaica and the noun maica Malantur, masc. name. Apparently
below. includes -(n)tur "lord, ruler". The initial element
maica (2) ("k") noun "blade of a cutting is unlikely to connect with the early "Qenya"
tool or weapon, especially sword-blade" (VT39 : element mala- "hurt, pain", and may rather
11) reflect the root MALAT "gold" (PM : 366) : Malat-
mailë noun "lust" (MIL-IK) ntur > Malantur "Gold-ruler"? (UT : 210)
mailëa adj. "lustful" (MIL-IK) malarauco noun "balrog, demon" (RUK
maira adj. “admirable, excellent, - rather valarauco in Tolkien's later Quenya)
precious”; “splendid, sublime” (“only of great, malcanë ("k") noun "torture" (LT1 : 250)
august or splendid things”) (PE17 : 163, 172). Cf. Malcaraucë noun "balrog", also
Mairon. Valkaraucë ("k") (LT1 : 250; in Tolkien's later
Mairen fem. name (UT : 210), initial Quenya Valarauco)
element perhaps related or identical to mai malda adj. “yellow, of golden colour”
"well". The second element is obscure; the root (PE17 : 51), variant of malina. An earlier source
REN "recall, have in mind" (PM : 372) could be (the Etymologies, entry SMAL) has malda as the
related; if so the name may imply "well noun “gold” – but LotR gives malta, q.v., and
remembered", "(of) good memory" or something according to VT46 : 14 the form malta originally
similar. It may also connect with the adj. maira, appeared in the Etymologies as well. Since
q.v. and compare the masc. name Mairon (PE18 Quenya sometimes uses adjectives as nouns
: 163). (see for instance fanya), malda could still be
mairo noun "horse" (GL : 56; later regarded as a valid side-form of the noun malta
sources have rocco, olombo) “gold”.
Mairon, masc. name “the Admirable” (cf. maldornë noun (fictional species of tree,
adj. maira), said to be the original name of Sindarin mallorn). Variant of malinornë
Sauron, changed when he was suborned by (apparently arising by shortening to *malnornë
Melkor, “but he continued to call himself Mairon and the normal development ln > ld, unless the
the Admirable, or Tar-mairon ‘King Excellent’, shorter adjective malda is present from the
until after the downfall of Númenor” (PE17 : 183). beginning). (PE17 : 51)
Since Sauron had joined Melkor before the Elves málimë (stem *málimi-, given primitive
came to Valinor and developed the Quenya form ¤mā-limi) noun "wrist", literally "hand-link"
language, we are perhaps to understand that (má + #limë). (VT47 : 6)
Mairon is a translation by sense of Sauron’s malina adj. "yellow" (SMAL, Letters :
original Valarin name, though Sauron himself 308), “yellow, of golden colour” (PE17 : 51).
may seem to have used the Elvish form in Malinalda *"Yellow-tree", a name of Laurelin (SA
Middle-earth and on Númenor. : mal-; evidently malina + alda), translated "Tree
maita adj. "hungry" (VT39 : 11) of Gold" in the Silmarillion index. Cf. also
maitë (stem *maiti-, given the primitive malinornë.
form ¤ma3iti) adj. "handed” or “handy, skilful” malinai ??? (Narqelion)
(VT49 : 32, 42) in Angamaitë, hyarmaitë, malinornë noun “yellow-tree” (malina +
lungumaitë, morimaitë, Telemmaitë, q.v. Etym ornë), fictional species of tree (Sindarin mallorn;
gives maitë pl. maisi "handy, skilled" (MA3), but in Quenya also called maldornë) (PE17 : 50).
Tolkien later eliminated the variation t / s Cf. malinornélion "of yellow-trees"; see
(compare ataformaitë “ambidextrous”, pl. laurelindórenan lindelorendor... (LotR2 : III ch.
ataformaiti). 4; cf. Letters : 308). Malinornélion is partitive pl.
Maitimo noun "well-shaped one", genitive of malinornë (UT : 167, normal pl.
mother-name (never used in narrative) of malinorni, UT : 168).
Nelyafinwë = Maedhros (PM : 353) mallë pl. maller noun "street, road"
maivoinë noun "great longing" (LT2 : (MBAL, LR : 47, 56, LT1 : 263, SD : 310)
345) málo noun "friend" (MEL, VT49 : 22)

malo (1) (stem *malu-, given the mancalë ("k") noun "commerce"
primitive form ¤smalu) noun "pollen, yellow (MBAKH; this form apparently replaced mahtalë,
powder" (SMAL) cf. mahta- #2 [VT45 : 33])
malo (2) (*malu-, pl. malwi) noun mandë (1) noun "doom, final end, fate,
“moth” (QL : 58) fortune" (usually = final bliss) (MANAD, under
málos noun "forest" (LT2 : 342 – rather MAN)
taurë in Tolkien's later Quenya) mandë (2) adv. “well” (VT49 : 26; this is
malta noun "gold", also name of tengwa “Qenya”). Rather mai in Tolkien’s later Quenya.
#18 (Appendix E). The Etymologies (entry mando noun "custody, safe keeping"
SMAL) instead has malda, q.v. for discussion, (MR : 350) or "prison, duress" (in Mandos, see
but according to VT46 : 14, the form malta below) (SA : band); Mando "the Imprisoner or
originally appeared in the Etymologies as well. Binder", usually lenghtened Mandos. In a
Also compare the root MALAT listed in PM : 366. deleted version of the entry MBAD of the
malwa adj. "fallow, pale" (SMAL) Etymologies, Tolkien gave mando the meaning
máma noun "sheep" (WJ : 395) "doomsman, judge" instead of "custody" (MBAD
mámandil noun *"sheep-friend" (máma (ÑGUR, GOS / GOTH, SPAN), VT45 : 33)
+ -ndil), i.e. "shepherd"? (UT : 209) Mandos (Mandost-) noun "Castle of
mamil noun *"mother, mummy" (UT : Custody" (the approximate meaning, according
191) to MR : 350). Used as the name of a Vala,
man pron. "who" (Nam, RGEO : 67, FS, properly the place where he dwells (the Halls of
LR : 59, Markirya, MC : 213, 214); cf. PM : 357 Mandos), whereas his real name is Námo (WJ :
note 18, where a reference is made to the 402). In Tolkien’s mythology, the “Halls of
Eldarin interrogative element ma, man). Mandos” are the abode of the dead, where their
However, man is translated "what" in LR : 59 : spirits remain until they are released from this
man-ië? "what is it?" (LR : 59; the stative-verb world (in the case of mortals) or rebodied (in the
suffix -ië is hardly valid in LotR-style Quenya) case of Elves – except for those who are refused
Either Tolkien later adjusted the meaning of the or themselves refuse further incarnate life, and
word, or man covers both "who" and "what". Cf. so remain in Mandos indefinitely). In the
also mana, manen. Etymologies, Mandos (also Mandossë) is
mána 1) adj. "blessed" (FS); also interpreted somewhat differently, "Dread
manna, q.v. 2) noun “any good thing or fortunate Imprisoner" (MBAD (MANAD),VT45 : 32) or in a
thing; a boon or ‘blessing’, a grace, being esp. deleted version "Dread Doom" (VT45 : 33, where
used of some thing / person / event that helps or Mandos was asigned the stem Mandosse-).
amends an evil or difficulty. (Cf. frequent The interpretation “Dread Imprisoner” would
ejaculation on receiving aid in trouble : yé mána suggest that Tolkien at the time thought of
(ma) = ‘what a blessing, what a good thing!)“ Mandos as being also properly the name of a
(VT49 : 41) person, the Vala Námo, not the name of a place.
mana interogative, a word translated – See also Mando.
"what is" in the sentence mana i-coimas mandu noun "abyss" (MC : 214; this is
Eldaron[?] "what is the coimas (lembas) of the "Qenya" - Tolkien's later Quenya has undumë)
Eldar?" (PM : 395, a variant reading in PM : 403) mandulómi noun "hell-shadows" (MC :
Either this is *ma "what" + ná "is", or mana may 221; this is "Qenya")
itself be a unitary word "what", and there is not mánë noun "a spirit that has gone to the
really any word meaning "is" in the sentence. Valar or to Erumáni" (LT1 : 260)
Since ma is assigned other meanings manë adj. "good (moral)" (sc. *"good in
elsewhere, the latter interpretation may be the a moral sense") (LT1 : 260, VT49 : 26)
more likely. manen interogative "how" (PM : 395)
manaitë adj. “blessed” (VT49 : 41, 42) manna adj. "blessed" (also mána, q.v.)
manaquenta adj. "blessed" (VT44 : 10; (VT43 : 30, VT45 : 32, VT49 : 41)
see manquë, manquenta) mannar inflected noun "into (the)
manar noun "doom, final end, fate, hands", allative pl. of má, q.v. (FS)
fortune" (usually = final bliss) (MANAD (under *manta- vb. “bless”, only attested in the
MAN), VT45 : 32) present / continuative tense : mánata (VT49 :
mátata, see *manta 39, 52, 55)
manca- ("k") vb. "trade" (MBAKH, VT45 mantë pa.t. of mat-, mata-, q.v.
: 33)

manquë, manquenta adj. "blessed" mar (1) noun "earth" (world), also
(VT44 : 10-11; it cannot be ruled out that "home, dwelling, mansion". Stem mard- (VT46 :
manquë – spelt manque in the source – is 13, PE17 : 64), also seen in the ablative
simply an uncompleted form of manquenta. Mardello "from earth" (FS); the word is used
Whatever the case, Tolkien decided to use the with a more limited sense in oromardi “high
form manaquenta instead, q.v.) halls” (sg. oromar, PM17 : 64), referring to the
manu noun "departed spirit" (MAN) dwellings of Manwë and Varda on Mt. Taniquetil
manwa- (1) vb. "prepare" (QL : 59) (Nam, RGEO : 66). The initial element of
manwa (2) adj. "ready" (QL : 59) Mardorunando (q.v.) may be the genitive
Manwë noun "Blessed Being" (Letters : mardo (distinguish mardo "dweller"). May be
283), the Elder King and Lord of the Valar, more or less identical to már "home, house,
spouse of Varda. The name is adopted and dwelling" (of persons or peoples; in names like
adapted from Valarin Mānawenūz; names Val(i)mar, Vinyamar, Mar-nu-Falmar, Mardil) (SA
ending in -wë were already frequent in Quenya : bar, VT45 : 33, VT47 : 6). Már is however
(WJ : 399). In the Etymologies derived from unlikely to have the stem-form mard-; a "Qenya"
MAN, WEG. Cf. Mánwen, Mánwë the oldest genitive maren appears in the phrase hon-
Quenya forms of Manwë, closer to the Valarin maren, q.v., suggesting that its stem is mar-. A
form (WJ : 399). Lower-case manwë in LR : 56. possible convention could therefore be to use
Ablative Manwello, VT49 : 24 (in this source már (mar-) for "home, house" (also when =
Tolkien indicated that lo Manwë is the preferred household, family as in Mardil, q.v.), whereas
way of saying “from Manwë”, but this was mar (mard-) is used for for "earth, world". Early
apparently a short-lived idea; see lo). Masc. "Qenya" has mar (mas-) "dwelling of men, the
name Manwendil "Manwë-friend; one devoted Earth, -land" (LT1 : 251); notice that in LotR-style
to Manwë" (UT : 210). In the pre-classical Quenya, a word in -r cannot have a stem-form in
Tengwar system presupposed in the -s-.
Etymologies, Manwë was also the name of letter már (mar-) (2) noun "home, house,
#22 (VT45 : 32), which tengwa Tolkien would dwelling" (also "house" in the sense of family as
later call vala instead – changing its Quenya in Mardil, q.v.). See mar above for references.
value from m to v. In Mar-nu-Falmar, Mardil, and as final element
manya- vb. “bless” – “sc. either to afford in Eldamar, Fanyamar, Valimar, Vinyamar ..
grace or help or to wish it” (VT49 : 41) mar- vb. "abide, be settled or fixed" (UT
[manyel noun “female” (PE17 : 190)] : 317); maruvan "I will abide" (mar-uva-n
mapa- vb. "grasp, seize" (MAP; "abide-will-I") (EO). Cf. termar-.
according to LT2 : 339 this word was struck out Mar-nu-Falmar noun "Home under
in the "Gnomish Lexicon" [where it was quoted Waves", name of the sunken Númenor (Silm).
as the cognate of certain Gnomish words], but it See mar, már.
reappears in the Etymologies.) Earlier material mára adj. "useful, fit, good" (of things)
gives map- “take” (PE16 : 133) or map- "seize, (MAG; see MA3; Arct, VT42 : 34, VT45 : 30).
take" with pa.t. nampë (QL : 59); it is unclear if Nás mara nin “I like it”, literally *“it is good to
the pa.t. of map(a)- is still nampë in LotR-style me” (VT49 : 30; read mára for mara?) As the
Quenya. comparative of mára, the unrelated adjective
mapta- vb. "ravish, rape", pa.t. mapantë arya “excelling” is used in the sense of *“better”;
(PE13 : 163) for the superlative *“best”, one adds the article :
maptalë noun "ravishment, rape, i arya (with genitive to express “the best of\”)
seizure" (PE13 : 163) (PE17 : 57),
maqua noun "a hand-full; complete maranwë noun "destiny" (MBARAT)
hand with all five fingers; a closing of closed marda noun “dwelling” (PE17 : 107)
[hand] (facing down) for taking; group of five Mardil masc. name, "(one) devoted to
(similar) things"; in colloquial usage also "hand" the house", sc. the "house" of the kings
as a limb (VT47 : 7, 18-20); dual maquat "group (Appendix A; interpreted in Letters : 386). This
of ten" (VT47 : 7, 10). Compounded maquanotië indicates that the first element can mean "house"
= "decimal system" in counting (VT47 : 10), in the sense of family or household (see mar,
Lungumaqua "Heavyhand" (VT47 : 19) már)
#maquet- vb. *"ask", only attested in the mardo noun "dweller" (LT1 : 251).
past tense : maquentë (PM : 403) Mardorunando noun "Redeemer of the
world" (VT44 : 17). Unless the initial element

mardo- is a distinct and otherwise unattested coimas (lembas). Also simply translated "Lady"
word for "world", it may be the genitive form of (PM : 404)
mar (mard-) "earth", q.v. massë noun “bread” (as a material),
María fem. name "Mary" (Maria; Tolkien variant of massa, q.v. (PE17 : 52). Notice that
based the Quenyarized form on the Latin *massë has also been extrapolated as a
pronunciation) (VT43 : 28; Maria with no explicit question-word “where?”
long vowel in VT44 : 18) masta noun “cake or loaf” (PE17 : 52),
márië (1) “goodness”, “good” as noun in an earlier source defined as "bread" (MBAS,
(abstract formation from the adj. mára). (PE17 : PM : 404; later sources have massa or massë
58, 89). Genitive máriéno, dative máriena, for this meaning). Mastamma "our bread" in
locative máriessë (PE17 : 59, occurring in the Tolkien’s translatation of the Lord’s Prayer (VT43
greeting (hara) máriessë “(stay) in happiness”, : 18). In the Etymologies, Tolkien emended the
PE17 : 162) Allative márienna *”to goodness”, gloss of masta from "dough" to "bread" (VT45 :
used as an interjection “farewell” (archaic 33).
namárië, q.v.), masta- vb. "bake" (MBAS)
márië (2) stative verb "it is good" (FS; masto noun "village" (LT1 : 251)
from mára "good"; however, the stative-verb mat- (1) vb. "eat" (MAT, VT45 : 32), also
suffix -ië is hardly valid in LotR-style Quenya) given as mata- (VT39 : 5), pa.t. mantë "ate"
maril noun "glass, crystal" (VT46 : 13; if (VT39 : 7). The form matumnë is said to be
this is to be the same word as the second future-past : "was going to eat", with the "OQ"
element of Silmaril, the stem-form would be (Old Quenya?) future-past element umnë (VT48
marill-, cf. pl. Silmarilli) : 32; possibly this could function independently
marilla noun "pearl" (LT1 : 265) as a form of the verb “to be”, hence “was to be”).
mart noun "a piece of luck" (LT2 : 348; It is not clear if the form matumnë is itself "Old
in LotR-style Quenya, no word can end in -rt. Quenya" as if this is an archaic future-past
Read marto, as in LT2 : 348?) formation, or it is just umnë (as an independent
marta- (1) vb. "to chance" or *"happen" word) that is archaic. (Note : Tolkien's
(QL : 63), cf. mart- "it happens" (impersonal) translation of matumnë is actually "I was going
(LT2 : 348 – read marta-?). Another version to eat", but the pronoun "I" does not seem to be
assigns transitive meanings to the same verb : expressed in the Quenya form.) – Adj. or
“to define, decree, destine” (with the last sense = pseudo-participle #matya “eating” in melumatya
martya-, q.v.), with a variant umbarta- “in more “honey-eating” (PE17 : 68)
lofty senses” (PE17 : 104) mat (matt-) noun meal, meal time (QL :
marta (2) adj. "fey, fated" (MBARAT) 59)
marta (3) noun "fate" (VT45 : 33, VT46 : mátengwië noun "language of the
13) Cf. marto. hands" (VT47 : 9)
Martalmar noun (place-name) (TALAM) mátima adj. “edible” (PE17 : 68), cf.
martan (1) noun “dwelling-house” (stem mat-.
martam-), longer variant martanan (stem matl noun "food"; read *matil in LotR-
martamn- as in pl. martamni) (PE : 107) style Quenya (in which language final syllabic -l
Martan (2), also Martano, noun "Earth- becomes -il) (QL : 59); however, the word matso
smith", "Earthbuilder", a surname of Aule (TAN, from a later source may be preferred.
GAWA / GOWO – the form Martanō given under matso noun “food” (PE16 : 141)
MBAR must be understood as a primitive form) *matil, see matl
marto (1) noun “tower” (PE17 : 66) maur noun "dream, vision" (LT1 : 261)
marto (2) noun "fortune, fate, lot" (LT2 : maurë noun "need" (MBAW)
348); cf. marta # 3 and see mart-. mausta noun "compulsion" (MBAW)
martya- vb. "destine" (MBARAT) mauya- vb. "compel" (MBAW)
marya adj. "pale, fallow, fawn" (MAD) mavar noun "shepherd" (LT1 : 268, GL :
-mas final element in placenames, 58)
equivalent to English -ton, -by (LT1 : 251; hardly mavoitë adj. "having hands" (LT2 : 339)
valid in Tolkien's later Quenya) maxa ("ks") adj. "pliant, soft" (MASAG,
#massa noun "bread" (massamma "our VT45 : 32)
bread", VT43 : 18); massánië "breadgiver", used maxë ("ks") noun "dough" (MASAG,
as a title of the highest woman among any Elvish VT45 : 32)
people, since she had the keeping and gift of the #Máya pl. Máyar, see Maia

¤mbelekōro masc. name, mentioned Melcor (so spelt in MR : 362 and VT49 :
as "the oldest Q form" of Melkor, q.v. This is 6, 24), see Melkor
obviously a form that belongs to Common melda adj. "beloved, dear, sweet" (MEL,
Eldarin rather than Quenya as we know it : VT45 : 34), superlative arimelda *”dearest”
Notice that it is marked (in the source asterisked) (PE17 : 56, see ar- #2), meldielto "they are
as unattested (WJ : 402) beloved" (sc. meld[a]-ië-lto "beloved-are-they" –
me (1) 1st person pl. exclusive pronoun however, both the stative verb ending -ië "is /
"we, us" (VT49 : 51; VT43 : 23, VT44 : 9). This are" and the ending -lto "they" may be obsolete
pronoun preserves the original stem-form (VT49 in LotR-style Quenya) (FS) PE17 : 55 gives the
: 50). Stressed mé (VT49 : 51). Cf. also mel- comparative form as arimelda or ammelda and
lumna "us-is-heavy", sc. *"is heavy for us" (LR : the superlative as eremelda, anamelda or once
47, melis evidently an assimilated form of men again ammelda (PE17 : 55).
"for us", dative of me; the form men is attested #meldë noun *"friend", feminine
by itself, VT43 : 21). For me as object, cf. álamë (meldenya *"my friend" in the Elaine inscription
"do not [do something to] us", negative [VT49 : 40], Tolkien referring to Elaine Griffiths).
imperative particle with object pronoun suffixed Compare meldo.
(VT43 : 19 : álamë tulya, "do not lead us"), meldo noun "friend, lover". (VT45 : 34,
ámen "do [something for] us", imperative particle quoting a deleted entry in the Etymologies, but
with dative pronoun suffixed (ámen apsenë cf. the pl. #meldor in Eldameldor "Elf-lovers",
"forgive us", VT43 : 12, 18). Dual exclusive met WJ : 412) Meldonya *”my friend” (VT49 : 38,
"we / us (two)" (Nam, VT49 : 51), "you and me" 40). It may be that meldo is the distinctly
(VT47 : 11; the latter translation would make met masculine form, corresponding to feminine
an inclusive pronoun, though it is elsewhere #meldë (q.v.)
suggested that it is rather exclusive : "him / her melehta adj. “mighty” (PE17 : 115), cf.
and me", corresponding to wet [q.v.] as the true meletya
inclusive dual form). Rá men or rámen "for us / melehtë noun “might, power” (inherent)
on our behalf", see rá. Locative messë "on us", (PE17 : 115)
VT44 : 12 (also with prefix o, ó- ?"with" in the meles, melessë noun "love" (LT1 : 262;
same source). See also ménë, ómë. rather melmë in Tolkien's later Quenya)
-më (2) abstract suffix, as in melmë #meletya adj. "mighty", isolated from
“love” (cf. the verb mel-), #cilmë “choice” meletyalda adjective with suffix "your mighty" =
(possibly implying a verb *cil- “to choose”). "your majesty" (see -lda; meletya = *"mighty").
According to PE17 : 68, primitive -mē (and -wē) In full Aran Meletyalda "king your mighty" =
were endings used to derive nouns denoting “a "your majesty" (WJ : 369). Compare melehta.
single action”, which may fit the meaning of melima adj. "loveable, fair" (MEL, VT45
cilmë (but melmë “love” would normally be : 34); Melimar a name of the Lindar (in Tolkien's
something lasting rather than “a single action”). former conception = the later Vanyar, not the
mëar noun "gore" (LT1 : 260) Teleri) (MEL)
mectar ("k") noun "Swordsman". In melin adj. "dear" (MEL)
Telimectar ("k"). (LT1 : 268; in LotR-style melindo noun "lover" (m.) (MEL)
Quenya mehtar, also macar) melissë noun "lover" (f.) (MEL)
mel- vb. "love (as friend)" (MEL). Melko masc. name "Mighty One", name
Melinyes or melin sé “I love him” (VT49 : 21). of the rebellious Vala, usually called Melkor
LR : 70 has melánë "I love", a doubtful form in (MIL-IK, MOR; FS – MR : 350 confirms that the
Tolkien's later Quenya (melin occurs in later form Melko is still valid in Tolkien's later Quenya,
material). though not interpreted "Greedy One" as in the
méla adj. "loving, affectionate" (VT39 : Etymologies)
10), apparently compounded in mélamar, q.v. (in Melkor (spelt Melcor in VT49 : 6, 24,
that word rather meaning “dear”). MR : 362), masc. name : the rebellious Vala, the
mélamar noun “home”, Exilic Quenya devil of the Silmarillion mythos. Older (MET)
word of emotional sense : place of one’s birth or form Melkórë "Mighty-rising" (hence the
the familiar places from which one has been interpretation "He that arises in power"),
separated (PE17 : 109). Mélamarimma noun compare órë #2. Oldest Q form *mbelekōro (WJ
”Our Home”, an expression used by Exilic Noldor : 402). Ablative Melkorello / Melcorello, VT49 :
for Aman. 7, 24. Compounded in Melkorohíni "Children of
Melkor", Orcs ("but the wiser say : nay, the

slaves of Melkor; but not his children, for Melkor (Appendix A, Tar-Meneldur as a Númenórean
had no children") (MR : 416). The form Melkoro- King, UT : 210); menelluin *"sky-blue", used as
here occurring may incorporate either the noun = "cornflower" (J.R.R. Tolkien : Artist &
genitive ending -o or the otherwise lost final Illustrator p. 193). Menelmacar "Swordsman of
vowel of the ancient form ¤mbelekōro. For the Sky", the Orion constellation (also called
Melkor’s later name, see Moringotto / Telumehtar, Appendix E, first footnote); the older
Moricotto (Morgoth) under mori-. name was Menelmacil *"Heaven-sword" (WJ :
melmë noun "love" (MEL) 411); Meneltarma "Pillar of Heaven", name of
#melu noun ”honey”, isolated from the great central mountain of Númenor (SA : tar,
melumatya, q.v. (PE17 : 68) VT42 : 21). Menelya fifth day of the Eldarin six-
melumatya adj. “honey-eating” (PE17 : day week, dedicated to the heavens (Appendix
68) D) Locative meneldë "in heaven"; abandoned
melwa adj. "lovely" (LT1 : 262); compare forms menellë, menelzë (VT43 : 12, 16). Adj.
melda in Tolkien’s later Quenya. meneldëa "(being) in heaven", evidently based
men (1) pron. "(for) us", dative form of on a locative form meneldë "in heaven";
me, q.v. abandoned forms menelzëa, menellëa,
men (2) noun "way" (SA) or "place, spot" menelessëa (VT43 : 13, VT44 : 16; the last of
(MEN) these forms would suggest the locative form
men (3) pron. "who", evidently a #menelessë).
misreading or miswriting for man (MC : 221, in mennai prep. "until" (VT14 : 5; in
Markirya) Tolkien's later Quenya rather tenna)
#men- (4) vb. "go" (VT47 : 11, cf. VT42 : menta- (1) vb. "send, cause to go" (in a
30, VT49 : 23), attested in the aorist (menë) in desired direction) (VT41 : 6, VT43 : 15). A
the sentence imbi Menel Cemenyë menë Ráno similar-sounding primitive verb mentioned in
tië "between Heaven and Earth goes the path of PE17 : 93 is said to have past and perfect forms
the Moon". In the verb nanwen- “return” (or go / that would produce Quenya *mennë, *eménië,
come back), -men- is changed to -wen- following but here Tolkien seems to be discussing a
nan- “back” (etymological form cited as nan- distinct intransitive verb “go” and its Sindarin
men-, PE17 : 166). – In examples from VT49 : descendants, and Quenya menta- rather
23, 24, Tolkien used menin the sense of “go as belongs to the causative (transitive) verbs which
far as” : 1st person sg. aorist menin (menin according to the same source has “weak” past-
coaryanna “I arrive at [or come / get to] his tense forms (in -në, hence *mentanë “sent”, and
house”), endingless aorist menë, present tense likely *ementië as perfect “has sent”).
ména- “is on point of arrival, is just coming to an menta (2) noun "sending" or "message"
end”, past tense mennë “arrived, reached”, in as in sanwe-menta "thought-sending, mental
this tense usually with locative rather than message" (VT41 : 5)
allative (mennen sís “I arrive[d] here”), perfect mentë noun "point, end" (MET)
eménië “has just arrived”, future menuva “will mentië noun “passage, journey,
arrive”. All of these examples were first written direction of travel” (PE17 : 13); the elements are
with the verb as ten- rather than men-, Tolkien men- “go, proceed” + tië “path, road”. Not to be
then emending the initial consonant. confused with the gerund of menta- #1.
ména noun "region" (MEN). Not to be menya (pl. menyë is attested)
confused with the present / continuative tense of possessive pron. "our", 1st person pl. exclusive
#men- “go”. independent possessive pronoun (VT43 : 19,
#mendë noun "will", only attested in 35). Evidently derived from the dative form men
mendelya "thy will" (VT43 : 15) "for us" by adding the adjectival ending -ya.
ménë pronoun in locative? "on us" (SD : Compare ninya, q.v.
310; compare me "us") The form is somewhat mëoi noun "cat", a somewhat strange
obscure. word by the standards of Tolkien's later Quenya
Menel noun "heavens" (Markirya, SA), (no other cases of final -oi in the singular). Some
"the heavens, the firmament" (SD : 401), "the would read *mëo, if the word is to be used in
apparent dome in the sky" (MR : 387). Menel LotR-style Quenya. Vardo Mëoita "Prince of
Cemenyë ("k") "Heaven and Earth" (VT47 : 30). Cats"; mëoita here seems to be a kind of
Found in names like Meneldil *"Heaven-friend" adjective rather than a genitive (LT2 : 348). –
= astronomer (Appendix A; Letters : 386), Tolkien’s later, less problematic word yaulë may
Meneldur masc. name, *"Heaven-servant" be preferred by writers (PE16 : 132)

mer- vb. "wish, desire, want" (the form mië noun "crumb" (PE13 : 150), “bit,
merë given in Etym seems to be the 3rd person small piece” (PE16 : 143)
sg. aorist, *"wishes, desires, wants"); pa.t. mil, see mi
mernë (MER) milca ("k") adj. "greedy" (MIL-IK)
[merca ("k") adj. "wild, untamed" milmë noun "desire, greed" (MIL-IK)
(MERÉK, VT45 : 34)] milya (1) adj. "soft, gentle, weak" (VT45
meren (merend-), merendë noun : 34)
"feast, festival" (MBER; Tolkien first gave the milya- (2) vb. "long for" (MIL-IK)
stem-form of meren as mern- before emending milyë (1) preposition with suffix, see mi
it to merend-, VT45 : 33-34) milyë (2) noun, short form of amilyë,
merya adj. "festive" (MBER) q.v.
meryalë noun "holiday" (MBER) millë, preposition with suffix, see mi
mesta noun ?"journey" (Arct) millo noun “oil” (PE13 : 139)
met dual 1st person pronoun "us (two)", min numeral "one", also minë (VT45 :
including the dual ending -t (Nam, VT47 : 11, 51; 34, VT48 : 6)
VT49 : 56). See me. mina prep. "into" (VT43 : 30); see
Metelairë noun alternative name of minna
August (PM : 135) mína adj. "desiring to start, eager to go",
Meterrívë noun alternative name of also verb mína- "desire to go in some direction,
January (PM : 135) to wish to go to a place, make for it, have some
métima adj. "last" (Markirya), in end in view" (VT39 : 11)
Markirya also twice métim', since the following Minalcar masc. name, noun *"First-
words (auressë, andúnë) begin in an a. glory"??? (Appendix A)
metta noun "end"; Ambar-metta "world- Minardil masc.name noun *"minar[?]-
end, the end of the world" (EO); mettarë *"end- friend". Perhaps minar is to be understood as a
day" = New Years' Eve in the Númenórean variant of minas (s being voiced to z by contact
calendar and the Steward's Reckoning, not with the voiced plosive that follows, and then
belonging to any month (Appendix D) regularly becoming r); if so, the name means
metya- vb. "put an end to" (MET) *"Tower-friend" (Appendix A)
mi prep. "in, within" (MI, VT27 : 20, minassë, noun "fort, city, with a citadel
VT44 : 18, 34, VT43 : 30; the latter source also and central watch-tower" (VT42 : 24)
mentions the variant imi); mí "in the" (Nam, Minastan masc.name, noun *"Tower-
RGEO : 66; CO gives mi; the correct forms maker" (Appendix A)
should evidently be mi = "in" and mí = mi i "in Minastir masc. name, noun *"Tower-
the"; VT49 : 35 also has mí with a long vowel, watcher" (Appendix A)
though the gloss is simply “in”). Used in PE17 : minasurie noun "enquiry" (Þ; the word
71 (cf. 70) of people clad “in” various colours, is actually cited as minaþurie) in Ondonóre
e.g. mi mísë “in grey”. Allative minna "to the Nómesseron Minaþurie "Enquiry into the
inside, into" (MI), also mina (VT43 : 30). The Place-names of Gondor". The editor tentatively
forms mimmë and mingwë seem to incorporate analyzes minaþurie as #mina "into" + #þurie
pronominal suffixes for "us", hence ?"in us", (#surië) noun "seeking" (VT42 : 17, 30-31).
inclusive and exclusive respectively. The minda adj. "prominent, conspicuous"
pronoun -mmë denoted plural inclusive "we" (MINI)
when this was written, though Tolkien would later mindë noun "turret" (VT42 : 24)
make it dual instead (see -mmë). Second person [Mindi noun ”First-clan” (PE17 : 155)]
forms are also given : mil or milyë *"in you" mindo noun "isolated tower" (MINI)
(sg.), millë "in you" (pl.) (VT43 : 36). A special Mindolluin noun *"Blue Tower"
use of mi appears in the phrase Wendë mi (mindon + luin), name of a mountain.
Wenderon "Virgin of Virgins" (VT44 : 18); here (Christopher Tolkien translates the name as
mi appears superfluous to achieve the desired "Towering Blue-head" in the Silmarillion Index,
meaning, but this combination of singular noun + but this seems to be based on the questionable
mi + plural genitive noun may be seen as a fixed assumption that it includes the Sindarin element
idiom expressing that the initial noun represents dol "head, hill". Unless this translation is given in
the most prominent member of a class. his father's papers, the name is better explained
mici ("k") prep. "among" (VT43 : 30) as a Quenya compound.)

mindon noun "(great, lofty) tower", said with the same allative ending -r (from primitive ¤-
to be an augmented form of mindë (VT42 : 24). da) as in tar "thither", q.v.
Allative pl. mindoninnar in Markirya, changed to mir (2) cardinal "one" (LT1 : 260; in
the contracted form mindonnar. Cf. also LotR-style Quenya rather minë)
Mindon Eldaliéva "Lofty Tower of the Eldalië" mírë noun "jewel" (MIR, SA : mîr), “a
(Silm) treasure, a precious thing” (PE17 : 37). Cf.
minë numeral "one", also min (MINI, Elemmírë; short form -mir in Tar-Atanamir (SA
VT45 : 34) : mîr); see also Artamir.
minga-ránar compound noun in pre- Míriel noun *"Jewel-woman" or *“Jewel-
classical locative "in waning-moon" (locative -r) daughter” (Silm), genitive Míriello (see namna)
(MC : 213; this is "Qenya") indicating a stem-form #Míriell-.
minna prep. "to the inside, into" (also miril (mirill-, as in pl. mirilli) noun
mir) (MI); variant mina "into" (VT43 : 30), "shining jewel" (MBIRIL)
possibly occurring, compounded, in minasurie, mirilya- vb. "glitter" (MBIRIL)
q.v. mírima adj. “very valuable” (PE17 : 37)
Minnónar pl. noun "First-born", Elves mirima adj. "free" (MIS). (“Free” is rather
(as contrasted to Apanónar, the After-born, expressed as léra in Tolkien’s later Quenya;
Men). Sg. #Minnóna (WJ : 403) mirima would be prone to confusion with mírima
minquë ("q") cardinal "eleven" (MINIK- above.)
W, LT1 : 260, VT48 : 4, 6, 8, VT49 : 57). Not to Mirimor noun *"the Free", a name of the
be confused with minquë as the pa.t. of miqu- Teleri; sg. #Mirimo (MIS)
"to kiss", q.v. Etymology discussed, VT48 : 7, 8 mirroanwi "incarnates, those (spirits)
(where the unorthodox spelling "minkwe" occurs 'put into flesh' "; sg. *mirroanwë (MR : 350,
besides "minque"). VT48 : 34)
minquesta fraction "one eleventh" (1 / miruvor, full form miruvórë noun
11). (VT48 : 11) "mead", "a special wine or cordial"; possessive
minta prep. "inwards, [?into]" (Tolkien's miruvóreva "of mead" (Nam, RGEO : 66; WJ :
gloss is not certainly legible). Also mitta. (VT45 : 399). In the "Qenya Lexicon", miruvórë was
34) defined "nectar, drink of the Valar" (LT1 : 261).
mintë adj. "small" (VT45 : 35) mirwa adj. “precious, valuable” (PE17 :
mintya ??? (Narqelion) 37)
minya adj. "first" (MINI) (cf. Minyatur, mis adverbial particle "less" (PE14 : 80)
Minyon); "eminent, prominent" (VT42 : 24, 25). mísë (þ, cf. Sindarin mith-) adj. “grey”
Minyar "Firsts", the original name of the Vanyar (used as noun of grey clothes in the phrase mi
(or rather the direct Quenya descendant of the mísë of someone clad “in grey”). The underlying
original Primitive Quendian name) (WJ : 380) stem refers a paler or whiter “grey” than sinda,
Minyarussa noun "First-russa", masc. making mísë “a luminous grey” (PE17 : 71-72)
name (VT41 : 10) misil (changed by Tolkien from misilya)
Minyatur noun "First-ruler"; Tar- noun *"silver (jewel-like) brilliance" (VT27 : 20,
Minyatur "High First-ruler", title of Elros as the 27; this is "Qenya", but cf. mísë.)
first King of Númenor (SA : minas, PM : 348, SA [missë] adj. or noun "wet, damp, rain"
: tur) (VT45 : 35)
Minyon noun "First-begotten", attested mista adj. "grey"; see lassemista
as a personal (masc.) name (MR : 87). mista- vb. "stray about" (MIS)
Apparently this is minya "first" + the stem ON = mistë noun "fine rain" (MIZD, VT45 : 35)
beget. mitra, see mitsa
miqu- vb. "to kiss", the pa.t. minquë mitsa adj. "small" (VT45 : 35) Another
("q") is cited, not to be confused with the cardinal synonym from the same source, mitra, looks
minquë "eleven" (QL : 61). Also miquë ("q") unusual for a Quenya word (because of the
noun "a kiss". Old plural form miquilis ("q") medial cluster tr)
"kisses" (MC : 215; this is "Qenya") mitta- (1) vb. "insert" (VT43 : 30)
miquelis (miquelis(s)-) noun “soft, mitta- (2) prep. "between" (VT43 : 30;
sweet kiss” (PE16 : 96) the final hyphen may suggest that suffixes would
mir (1) prep. with old allative ending "to normally follow)
the inside, into" (also minna) (MI). This is mi "in" mitta (3) noun "piece" (VT45 : 81)

mitta (4) prep. "inwards, [?into]" moina (1) adj. "familiar, dear" (MOY
(Tolkien’s gloss is not certainly legible). Also (MUY) )
minta. (VT45 : 34) moina (2) adj. "safe, secure" (GL : 58;
Mittalmar noun the "Midlands" of this "Qenya" word is evidently obsoleted by # 1
Númenor (UT : 165). May incorporate mitta- above. This second moina seems to reappear
"between" and hence *"in the middle". as muina "hidden, secret" in Tolkien's later
mittanya- vb. "to lead" (+ allative : lead Quenya.)
into) (VT43 : 10, 22; Tolkien may have mól noun "slave, thrall" (MŌ, VT43 : 31)
abandoned this form in favour of tulya-) mol- vb. “labour” (a form mólë also
mitya adj. "interior" (MI) listed is presumably the pa.t. – though it could
miulë noun "whining, mewing" (MIW) also be “labour” as a noun) (PE17 : 115)
mixa ("ks") adj. "wet" (MISK); later #móla adj. *“of slave(s), slavish”,
sources have néna, nenya isolated from mólanoldorin
-mma “our”, 1st person dual exlusive mólanoldorin noun "the language of the
possessive ending : *“my and one other’s” Noldor enslaved by Morgoth" (MŌ) (Changed by
(VT49 : 16). At an earlier conceptual phase, Tolkien from múlanoldorin.)
Tolkien apparently intended the same ending to #móna noun "womb" (isolated from
be plural inclusive “our” (VT49 : 55, RS : 324), cf. mónalyo "of thy womb") (VT43 : 31)
Mélamarimma “Our Home” (q.v.) In the latter mor noun "darkness" (Letters : 308;
word, Tolkien slips in i as a connecting vowel probably just an Elvish "element" rather than a
before this ending; elsewhere he used e, as in complete word; Namárië has mornië for
Átaremma “our Father” (see atar). "darkness")
-mmë “we”, 1st person dual exclusive morco ("k") noun "bear" (MORÓK)
pronominal ending : *“I and one other” (compare mordo (1) noun "shadow, obscurity,
the inclusive dual form -ngwë or -nquë). First stain" (MOR)
written -immë in one source (VT49 : 57). mordo (2) noun "warrior, hero" (LT1 :
Carimmë, *“the two of us do” (VT49 : 16, cf. 268 - probably obsoleted by # 1 above)
VT43 : 6). At an earlier conceptual stage, the morë adj. "black" (MOR), "dark,
ending was already exclusive, but plural rather darkness" (Letters : 282). In compounds the
than dual : vammë "we won't" (WJ : 371), stem-form mori- (q.v.) appears, since the
firuvammë "we will die" (VT43 : 34), etemmë primitive form was ¤mori.
?"out of us" (VT43 : 36); see also VT49 : 48, 49, mórë noun "blackness, dark, night,
55. Also compare the corresponding emphatic darkness" (MOR, MC : 214), also given with a
pronoun emmë (q.v.). The ending -lmë replaced short vowel : morë "dark, darkness" (Letters :
-mmë in its former (plural exclusive) sense. In 282). If this is the initial element of Morinehtar
some early material, -mmë was apparently used "Darkness-slayer" (PM : 384, 385), it would
as an ending for plural inclusive “we” (VT49 : seem to have the stem-form mori-, though mori-
55). is normally the adjective "dark, black" (see
[-mmo “we (two)”, abandoned below).
pronominal suffix for the 1st person dual mori- "dark, black" in a number of
exclusive, which ending Tolkien later revised to - compounds (independent form morë, q.v.) :
mmë (VT49 : 48).] Morimando "Dark Mando" = Mandos (MBAD,
mo, indefinite pronoun "one, someone, VT45 : 33), morimaitë "black-handed" (LotR3 :
anyone" (VT42 : 34, VT49 : 19, 20, 26) VI ch. 6, VT49 : 42). Moriquendi "Dark Elves"
-mo ending frequent in names and titles, (SA : mor, WJ : 361, 373), Moringotto "Black
sometimes with an agental significance (WJ : Foe", Sindarin Morgoth, later name of Melkor.
400) The oldest form is said to have been
moalin (moalind-) noun “sheepfold” (QL Moriñgotho (MR : 194). In late material, Tolkien
: 60) is seen to consider both Moringotto and
moc- ("k") vb. "hate" (given as mocir Moricotto (“k”) as the Quenya form of the name
["k"] "I hate" in LT1 : 258; read *mocin if the Morgoth (VT49 : 24-25; Moricotto also appears
word is to be adapted to Tolkien's later Quenya) in the ablative, Moricottollo). Morion "the dark
moia- vb. "labour, be afflicted" (VT43 : one", a title of Morgoth (FS). Morifinwë "dark
31) Finwë", masc. name; he was called Caranthir in
moica ("k") adj. "gentle, soft" (GL : 58) Sindarin (short Quenya name Moryo). (PM :
moilë noun "tarn" (LT2 : 349) 353) In the name Morinehtar, translated

"Darkness-slayer", the initial element is defined morqua adj. "black" (LT1 : 261; rather
would thus seem to signify "darkness" rather morna in LotR-style Quenya)
than "dark" as an adjective (see mórë). (PM : moru- vb. "to hide" (LT1 : 261)
384, 385) Moryo see Morifinwë under mori-
móri adj. "dark" (MC : 221; this is móta- noun "labour, toil" (MŌ)
"Qenya"; in Tolkien's later Quenya mórë, morë) motto noun "blot" (MBOTH)
mori noun "night" (LT1 : 261, in muilë noun "secrecy" (MUY)
Tolkien's later Quenya mórë, morë) muina adj. "hidden, secret" (MUY)
morilindë noun "nightingale" (MOR) [múlanoldorin] noun "the language of
morion noun "son of the dark" (LT1 : the Noldor enslaved by Morgoth" (MŌ)
261). In Fíriel's Song, Morion is translated "dark (Changed by Tolkien to mólanoldorin.)
one", referring to Melko(r); this may be a distinct mulë noun ”meal, grist” (PE17 : 115,
formation not including the patronymic ending - 181), replacing polë, q.v.
ion "son", but rather the masculine ending -on mulma noun “fine flour” (QL : 63).
added to the adjective morë, mori- "dark". Compare mulë from a post-LotR source.
Mormacil ("k") noun "Black-sword" mundo (1) noun "bull" (Letters : 422)
(name of Túrin, Sindarin Mormegil) (MAK) mundo (2) noun "snout, nose, cape"
morna adj. "dark, black" (Letters : 282, (MBUD)
LT1 : 261; also used of black hair, PE17 : 154), munta pron. "nothing" (PE14 : 81)
or "gloomy, sombre" (MOR). Used as noun in the murmë noun "slumber" (LT1 : 261)
phrase miKmorna of someone clad “in\black” murmëa adj. "slumbrous" (LT1 : 261)
(PE17 : 71). In tumbalemorna (Letters : 282), muru- vb. "to slumber" (LT1 : 261)
q.v. Pl. mornë in Markirya (the first version of mussë adj. "soft" (VT : 39 : 17), also
this poem had "green rocks", MC : 215, changed used as a noun (perhaps primarily in the pl. form
to ondolisse mornë "upon dark rocks" in the mussi) with the same meaning as mussë
final version; see MC : 220, note 8). tengwi, see below. (VT39 : 17)
mornië noun "darkness" (Nam, RGEO : #mussë tengwë noun-phrase only
67), “dark, blackness” (PE17 : 73). Early "Qenya" attested in the pl. : mussë tengwi ("ñ") "soft
also has Mornië "Black Grief", "the black ship elements", a term for vowels, semi-vowels (y, w)
that plies between Mandos and Erumáni" (LT1 : and continuants (l, r, m, n). (In the pl. we would
261). This is probably a compound of mor- rather expect *mussi tengwi with the pl. form of
"black" and nië "tear". the adjective.) (VT39 : 17)
móro noun “ink” (PE16 : 133)
-n (1) dative ending, originating as a

N replace the dative ending, e.g. *ana Eru instead
reduced form of -nă “to”, related to the allative of Erun for “to God”.
ending -nna (VT49 : 14). Attested in nin, men, -n (2), also -nyë, pronominal ending, 1st
ten, enyalien, Erun, airefëan, tárin, yondon person sg. "I" (VT49 : 51), as in utúlien "I am
(q.v.) and also added to the English name Elaine come" (EO), cainen “I lay” (VT48 : 12-13), carin
(Elainen) in a book dedication to Elaine Griffiths or carinyë “I do” (VT49 : 16), veryanen *”I
(VT49 : 40). The longer dative ending -na is also married” (VT49 : 45). See also VT49 : 48. Long
attested in connection with some pronouns, such form -nye- with object ending -s “it” following in
as sena, téna, véna (q.v.), also in the noun utúvienyes (see tuv-). A possible attestation of -
mariéna from márië “goodness” (PE17 : 59). Pl. n in object position (“me”) is provided by the
-in (as in hínin, see hína), partitive pl. -lin, dual - untranslated verbal form tankassen (PE17 : 76),
nt (Plotz). The preposition ana (#1) is said to be where -n may be preceded by -sse- as a longer
used “when purely dative formula is required” form of the 3rd person sg. ending -s (see -s #1).
(PE17 : 147), perhaps meaning that it can

-n (3) a plural sign used in some of the ná (2), also nán, conj. "but, on the
case endings (WJ : 407) : Pl. genitive -on, pl. contrary, on the other hand" (NDAN; the form
ablative -llon (but also -llor), pl. locative -ssen. nan, q.v., is probably to be preferred to avoid
n-alalmino ??? (twice in Narqelion; confusion with ná "is", *nán "I am").
perhaps ne + alalmino) na (1) form of the verb "to be", evidently
ná (1) vb. "is" (am). (Nam, RGEO : 67). the imperative (or subjunctive) : Tolkien stated
This is the copula used to join adjectives, nouns that na airë would mean "be holy" (VT43 : 14),
or pronouns “in statements (or wishes) asserting and san na (q.v.) must mean "thus be" = "let it
(or desiring) a thing to have certain quality, or to be so"; see ná #1 Cf. also the sentence alcar mi
be the same as another” (VT49 : 28). Also in tarmenel na Erun "glory in high heaven be to
impersonal constructions : ringa ná “it is cold” God" (VT44 : 32 / 34). Inserted in front of a verb,
(VT49 : 23). The copula may however be omitted na expresses a wish : aranielya na tuluva
“where the meaning is clear” without it (VT49 : "may thy kingdom come" (ibid).
9). Ná is also used as an interjection “yes” or “it na (2) prep. "to, towards", possibly
is so” (VT49 : 28). Short na in airë [] na, "[] is obsoleted by #1 above; for clarity writers may
1
holy" (VT43 : 14; some subject can evidently be use the synonym ana instead (NĀ ). Originally,
inserted in the place of [].) Short na also Tolkien glossed na as "at, by, near"; the new
functions as imperative : alcar mi tarmenel na meaning entered together with the synonyms an,
Erun "glory in high heaven be to God" (VT44 : ana (VT45 : 36).
32 / 34), also na airë "be holy" (VT43 : 14); also [na-] (3) a prefix occurring in the
cf. nai “be it that” (see nai #1). The imperative Markirya poem, changed by Tolkien to a-, q.v.
participle á may be prefixed (á na, PE17 : 58). -na (4), ending used to form passive
However, VT49 : 28 cites ná as the imperative participles as well as some adjectives and
form. Pl. nar or nár “are" (PE15 : 36, VT49 : 27, nouns; see -ina. According to PE17 : 68, the
9, 30); dual nát (VT49 : 30). With pronominal ending -na was “no longer part of verbal
endings : nányë / nanyë “I am”, nalyë or natyë conjugation”; the derived words are thus
“you (sg.) are” (polite and familiar, respectively), considered independent adjectives (sometimes
nás “it is”, násë “(s)he is”, nalmë “we are” (VT49 nouns) rather than regularly derived passive
: 27, 30). Some forms listed in VT49 : 27 are participles, the obvious etymological connection
perhaps to be taken as representing the aorist : to certain verbal stems notwithstanding. Where
nain, naityë, nailyë (1st person sg, and 2nd adding the ending to a root would produce the
person familiar / polite, respectively); does a combinations tn, pn, kn (cn), metathesis occurs
following na represent the aorist with no to produce nt, (np >) mp, nc, as in nanca
pronominal ending? However, the forms nanyë, *”slain” for older ¤ndakna, or hampa “restrained,
nalyë, ná, nassë, nalme, nar (changed from delayed, kept” vs. the root KHAP “retain, keep,
nár) are elsewhere said to be “aorist”, without detain”. Following -l, the suffix -na turns into -da,
the extra vowel i (e.g. nalyë rather than nailyë); as in yulda “draught, the amount drunk” for older
also notice that *“(s)he is” is here nassë rather yulna (this being an example of a noun being
than násë (VT49 : 30). Pa.t. nánë or né “was”, derived with this ending – though Tolkien might
pl. náner / nér and dual nét “were” (VT49 : 6, 9, also explain yulda as containing a distinct
10, 27, 28, 30, 36). According to VT49 : 31, né ending -da [q.v.] denoting the result of a verbal
“was” cannot receive pronominal endings action). The word *turúna “mastered” (q.v., only
(though nésë “he was” is attested elsewhere, attested in elided form turún’) would seem to be
VT49 : 28-29), and such endings are rather a passive participle formed from the verb turu-
added to the form ane-, e.g. anen “I was”, anel “master” (PE17 : 113), suggesting that in the
“you were”, anes “(s)he / it was” (VT49 : 28-29). case of U-stem verbs, their final -u is lengthened
Future tense nauva "will be" (VT42 : 34, VT49 : to ú when -na is added.
19, 27; another version however gives the future #nac- ("k") vb. “hew, cut” (nacin “I hew,
tense as uva, VT49 : 30). Nauva with a cut”, VT49 : 24) or "bite" (NAK); compare nahta
pronominal ending occurs in tanomë nauvan “I #2.
will be there” (VT49 : 19), this example indicating nácë (“k”) interjection? “it is may be
that forms of the verb ná may also be used to seeming” (sic) (VT49 : 28) Patrick Wynne
indicate position. Perfect anaië “has been” believes the unclear gloss is “best understood as
(VT49 : 27, first written as anáyë). Infinitive (or elliptical” : i.e. as representing “it is [or] may be
gerund) návë “being”, PE17 : 68. See also nai seeming”, probably “indicating a qualified or
#1.

hesitant ‘yes’.” (VT49 : 29) As first written, the nai (2) prefix “ill, grievously, abominably”
gloss was “not as it is [or may be seeming” (ibid.) (PE17 : 151), cf. naiquet-. Earlier material also
náha adj. “narrow” (PE17 : 166) lists an interjection nai "alas" (NAY; this may be
naham- vb. "to summon", passive obsoleted by # 1 above; Namárië uses ai! in a
participle nahamna "summoned" (also in LR : similar sense)
47). Tolkien tentatively considered the alternative naica (1) adj. “bitterly painful or
forms nahom- with pp. nahomna or natyam- grievous” (PE17 : 151)
with pp. natyamna; as the passive participle he naica (2) noun "dagger" (GL : 37)
also considered the form nahemna (cf. nahémë #naicando (and #naico, both attested
under nahámë below) (VT45 : 21) as plural forms in -or) noun "sinner" (VT43 : 33;
nahámë noun "summons". Tolkien Tolkien may have abandoned these forms i
tentatively considered the alternative forms favour of #úcarindo)
natyámë or nahémë (VT45 : 21) naicë ("k") noun "sharp pain" (NÁYAK);
Nahar noun the name of Oromë's horse, changed by Tolkien from naiquë ("q") (VT45 :
adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ : 401) 37)
nahemna, see naham- naicelë ("k") noun "sharp pain"
nahom-, nahomna, see naham- (NÁYAK); changed by Tolkien from naiquelë
nahta- (1) verb “slay” (nahtan “I slay”). ("q") (VT45 : 37)
Possible variant #nehta- see #nehtar. Passive naicelëa ("k") adj. "painful" (NÁYAK);
participle nahtana in the phrase nahtana ló changed by Tolkien from naiquelëa ("q") (VT45 :
Túrin *”slain by Turin”. (VT49 : 24) 37)
nahta (2) noun "a bite" (NAK) naico (1) noun "sinner"; see naicando
nahta (3) cardinal "eighteen" (PE14 : 17) naico (2) ("k") inflected noun? "of hill(s)"
nai (1) imperative verb "be it that", used (???) (MC : 221; this is "Qenya")
with a verb (usually in the future tense) to naina- vb. "lament" (NAY), also
express a wish. The translation "maybe" in reduplicated nainaina- (VT45 : 37). Noun nainië
Tolkien's rendering of Namárië is somewhat "lament" (RGEO : 66)
misleading; he used "be it that" in the interlinear nainaina-, see naina-
translation in RGEO : 67. Apparently this is na [naiquë, naiquelë, naiquelëa] ("q"), see
as the imperative "be!" with a suffix -i "that", cf. i naicë, naicelë, naicelëa
#3. It can be used with the future tense as an naiquet- vb. “to curse or blaspheme”
“expression of wish” (VT49 : 39). Nai hiruvalyë (PE17 : 151)
Valimar! Nai elyë hiruva! *"May thou find Naira (1) noun "Heart of Flame", a name
Valimar. May even thou find it!" (Nam, VT49 : of the Sun (MR : 198)
39). Nai tiruvantes "be it that they will guard it" naira (2) adj. “vast, wide, empty” (PE17 :
> "may they guard it" (CO). Nai elen siluva 27)
parma-restalyanna *“may a star shine upon naira (3) adj. “dreadful, horrible,
your book-fair” (VT49 : 38), nai elen siluva unendurable” (PE17 : 151)
lyenna *”may a star shine upon you” (VT49 : nairë noun "lament" (NAY)
40), nai elen atta siluvat aurenna veryanwesto naitë adj. “true” (VT49 : 28)
*”may two stars shine upon the day of your naitya- vb. "put to shame, abuse" (the
wedding” (VT49 : 42-45), nai laurë lantuva latter gloss presumably referring to verbal abuse)
parmastanna lúmissen tengwiesto “may (a) (QL : 65)
golden light fall on your book at the times of your nal, nallë noun "dale, dell" (LT1 : 261)
reading” (VT49 : 47). Nai may also be used with nalda adj. "valley" (used as an
a present continuative verb if an ongoing adjective), also “lowly” (LT1 : 261, QL : 66) $
situation is wished for : Nai Eru lye mánata nalla ??? (Narqelion)
“God bless you” (VT49 : 39) or literally *”be it that nalláma, nallama noun "echo" (LAM).
God is (already) blessing you”. The phrase nai The initial element may be nan- “back”, hence
amanya onnalya *”be it that your child [will be] “back-sound”, sound that comes back (cf. láma).
blessed” omits any copula; Tolkien noted that nalmë (1) “we are”, see ná #1, -lmë
“imper[ative] of wishes precedes adj.” (VT49 : [nalmë] (2) ("ñ") noun "clamour" (ÑGAL /
41). VT49 : 28 has the form nái for “let it be that”; ÑGALAM)
Patrick Wynne theorizes that nái is actually an nalta ("ñ") noun "radiance, glittering
etymological form underlying nai (VT49 : 36) reflection" (from jewels, glass or polished metals,
or water) (PM : 347)

Ñaltariel noun true Quenya form of nandaro ("ñ") noun "harper" (ÑGAN /
Galadriel; the form actually used was Altariel, ÑGÁNAD)
Quenyarized from Telerin Alatáriel(lë). (PM : nandë (1) noun "valley" in Laurenandë
347) (UT : 253), elided nand’ in the name Nand’
nalyë, vb. “you are”, “thou art”; see ná Ondoluncava (k”) “Stonewain Valley” (PE17 :
#1 28). Possibly the complete word is here meant to
#nam- vb. "judge", attested in the 1st be the variant nando (PE17 : 80), as suggested
person aorist : namin "I judge" (VT41 : 13). by the alternative form Oncoluncanan(do) (“k”)
Compare Námo. “Stonewain Valley”. Also nan, nand- noun
náma noun "a judgement" or "a desire" "valley" (Letters : 308); Nan-Tasarion "Vale of
(VT41 : 13) Willows" (LotR2 : III ch. 4) (Note that this and the
námië noun "(a single) judgement", "(a next nandë would be spelt differently in Tengwar
single) desire" (VT41 : 13) writing, and originally they were also pronounced
namárië interjection "farewell" (Nam, differently, since nandë "harp" was ñandë in
RGEO : 67) First Age Quenya.)
namba noun "a hammer" (NDAM), nandë (2) ("ñ") noun "harp" (ÑGAN /
namba- vb. "to hammer" (NDAM). According to ÑGÁNAD; according to VT46 : 3, Tolkien
VT45 : 37, Tolkien may have considered the changed the final vowel from -a to -ë)
alternative form lamba, but the source is nandelë ("ñ") noun "harping" (ÑGAN /
obscure and lamba is assigned a quite different ÑGÁNAD)
meaning ("tongue") elsewhere. nandellë ("ñ") noun "little harp" (ÑGAN /
Nambarauto noun "hammerer of copper ÑGÁNAD)
[> metal]", masc. name (S Damrod) (RAUTĀ) nandin noun "fay of the country" (LT1 :
namma noun "claw, talon" (also nappa) 261)
(VT47 : 20) #Nando (1) pl. Nandor noun name of
namna noun "statute"; Namna Finwë the Green-elves (Laiquendi). The primitive word
Míriello "the Statute of Finwë and Míriel" (MR : ¤ndandō, whence Quenya Nando, implied "one
258) who goes back on his word or decision", since
Námo (1) noun "Judge", name of a Vala, the Nandor left the March from Cuiviénen to
normally called Mandos, properly the place Aman. Adj. Nandorin. (WJ : 412, VT48 : 32)
where he dwells (WJ : 402) nando (2) “valley, wide valley”, variant of
námo (2) noun "a person, somebody" nandë #1, q.v. (PE17 : 80)
(PM : 340 – writers may prefer the synonym nánë vb. “was”, náner “were”; see ná #1
quén to avoid confusion with # 1) nangwa noun "jaw" (NAK)
nampë pa.t. of map(a)-, q.v. nanwa adj. “existing, actual (true)”
nan conj. "but" (FS); the Etymologies (VT49 : 30). Compare the near-synonym anwa.
also gives ná, nán (NDAN), but these words nanwë noun "ebb, lowtide" (VT48 : 26).
may be confused with forms of the verb "to be", Compare lanwë.
so nan should perhaps be preferred, unless for nanwen- vb. “return” (go / come back)
"but" one uses the wholly distinct word mal. (PE17 : 166). The etymological form nan-men-
nan (nand-) noun "woodland" (LT1 : indicates that the second element is #men- “go”,
261) changed to -wen- following nan- “back”; hence
nan- (prefix) "backwards" (NDAN) or the perfect should perhaps be *naneménië.
“back”, as in nanwen- “return” (go / come back, nányë vb. “I am”; see ná #1
PE17 : 166), cf. also nanquernë *”turned back”, napan- vb. “add” (PE17 : 146)
the pl. form of *nanquerna (VT49 : 17-18) nápat noun "thumb and index as a pair",
Nanar pl. noun "Green-elves, *Danians", a dual formation. Apparently formed from #nápa,
sg. *Nana (DAN) an alternative form of nápo "thumb"; Telerin also
nanda noun “vale (wide)” (PE17 : 80), has a final -a (rather than -o) in this word (VT48 :
"water-mead, watered plain" (NAD) 5; etymology, VT48 : 16)
nanca adj. *”slain” (PE17 : 68); see -na nápo noun "thumb" (VT47 : 10, VT48 :
#nancar- vb. “undo” (destroy). Cited in 4, 5). Compare nápat.
the form nancari- (“k”), apparently including the nappa noun "claw, talon" (also namma)
connecting vowel of the aorist (PE17 : 166) (VT47 : 20)
nanda- ("ñ") vb. "to harp" (ÑGAN / nar (1) "are"; see ná #1
ÑGÁNAD) [nar] (2), see [narwë]

1
nár noun "flame", also nárë (NAR ). [narwë (and short nar, unless this is an
Translated "fire" in some names, see incomplete form) noun "sign, token"] (VT45 : 37)
Aicanár(o), Fëanáro (where nár apparently has Narya noun or adj. name of the Red
the masculine ending -o added to it). According Ring, the Ring of Fire; apparently properly an
to PE17 : 183, nár- is “fire as an element” (a adjective, so that the meaning is something like
concrete fire or blaze is rather called a ruinë). "Fiery (One)" (SA : nár)
naraca ("k") adj. "harsh, rending, violent" násan, see násië
(NÁRAK; according to VT45 : 37, Tolkien added nasar adj. "red" (in Vanyarin Quenya
a qualification that is not certainly legible : "of only). Adopted and adapted from Valarin. (WJ :
[?sounds]") 399)
narca- ("k") vb. "to rend" (NÁRAK; the násë “he is” (also nassë) (VT49 : 30);
form "narki" in LR is a misreading for narka; see see ná #1.
VT45 : 37) násië interjection "amen", "may it be so"
narda noun "knot" (SNAR) (VT43 : 24, 35. As a translation of "amen",
nárë, also short nár, noun "flame" Tolkien apparently abandoned the earlier form
1
(NAR , Narqelion). Translated "fire" in some násan and the two-word variant san na, VT43 :
names, see Aicanáro, Fëanáro (where nár 24)
apparently has the masculine ending -o, though nassë (1) “a person, an individual”
in the latter name it may also be the genitive (VT49 : 30). Also translated “true-being” (pl.
ending since Fëa-náro is translated “Spirit of nasser is attested), the inner “true” being of a
Fire”). At one point, Tolkien mentioned “nār-“ as person. Also in the form nassentar “their true-
the word for “fire (as an element)” (PE17 : 183). being” (PE17 : 175, cf. -nta #2), in the source
Cf. ruinë as the word for “a fire” (a concrete referring to the “true” spiritual nature of the Valar,
instance of fire) in the same source. as hidden within their visible shapes. – Not to be
Nárië noun sixth month of the year, confused with the verb nassë / násë “he / she
"June" (Appendix D); derived from the stem is”; see ná #1.
(a)nar- having to do with fire or sun. nassë (2) noun "thorn, spike" (NAS). Not
Narmacil noun masc. name, *"Flame- to be confused with nassë “(s)he is”, VT49 : 30
sword" (Appendix A) or nassë # above. Note that in late material, the
narmo ("ñ") noun "wolf" (ÑGAR(A)M; unambiguous word necel appears for “thorn”
both the old form ñarmo = *ngarmo and the (PE17 : 55).
Third Age form narmo are given). Another word nasta (1) noun "spear-head, spear-point,
for “wolf” is ráca. gore, triangle" (SNAS / SNAT; see VT46 : 14
Narquelië noun tenth month of the year, about second gloss being "spear-point" and not
"October" (Appendix D); the word seems to simply "point" as in the printed Etymologies),
mean "Fire-waning", "Sun-waning". Compare "prick, point, stick, thrust" (NAS)
narquelion ("q"), q.v. nasta- (2) vb. "prick, sting" (NAS)
2
Narquelion ("q") noun "fire-fading, nat noun "thing" (NĀ ); compare únat.
1
autumn" (FS, Narqelion, KWEL, (LAS ), "nar- VT49 : 30 lists “năta, nat”, but it is unclear
qelion", VT45 : 24); simply translated "Fading" in whether năta is here a Quenya word or an
LR : 72. etymological form underlying Quenya nat.
Narsil (Þ) noun the sword of Elendil, náto interjection “it is that” (emphatic
compound of the stems seen in Anar "Sun" and word for “yes”?) (VT49 : 28, 29)
Isil "Moon"; see Letters : 425 for etymology natsë noun "web, net" (NAT)
Narsilion (Þ) noun "(the song) of the nattira- vb. "despise" (or perhaps the
Sun and Moon"; actually the stems of the words stem proper should only be #nattir-) (VT44 : 8)
for Sun and Moon compounded (see Narsil [nattirë vb. “look back” (PE17 : 166)]
above) and a plural genitive ending added (Silm) natyam-, natyamna, see naham-
narta- vb. "kindle" (VT45 : 37) natyámë, see nahámë
Narvinyë noun first month of the year, natyë vb. “you are”, “thou art”; see ná #1
"January". The word seems to mean "New Fire / nauca ("k") adj. "stunted" (VT39 : 7),
Sun". (Appendix D) “stunted, shortened, dwarf(ed)” (PE17 : 45),
*narwa adj. “ruddy, red of hair” (PE17 : especially applied to things that though in
1
154), also "fiery red" in general (NAR ; only the themselves full-grown were smaller or shorter
archaic form narwā is given in the Etymologies) than their kind, and were hard, twisted or ill-
shapen (WJ : 413). The word can also be used

as a noun “dwarf” (PE17 : 45), the meaning it but the first element cannot be related to any
also had in Tolkien’s early "Qenya" (LT1 : 261), known term for "Dwarf" (PM : 391 cf. 381)
but the distinct noun-form Nauco may be more náva-tengwë noun *"mouth-sign" =
usual. "consonant" considered as a phoneme (only pl.
Nauco ("k") noun "Dwarf" (capitalized in náva-tengwi ["ñáva-"] is attested). Also #návëa.
WJ : 388, but not in Etym, stem NAUK). Fëanor later substituted the term #pataca (VT39
Naucalië (not *Naucolië) the "Dwarf-people" as : 8)
a whole. Nauco is a personalized form of the #návëa noun or adj. "consonant" (only
adjective nauca “stunted” (itself sometimes used pl. návëar ["ñ"] is attested) (VT39 : 8)
as a noun “dwarf”); pl. naucor (PE17 : 45). See -ndë (1) noun ending; forming nouns
also Picinaucor. from verbal stems in arcandë "petition" and
Naucon (Naucond-, as in the pl. ulundë "stream" (q.v. and cf. VT44 : 8), feminine
Naucondi) noun “dwarf”, variant of Nauco in Serindë "broideress" or "needle-woman" (q.v.)
(PE17 : 45; not capitalized in the source) PE17 : 69 mentions -ndë as a common suffix
naulë noun "wolf-howl" (ÑGAW; this denoting feminine agent.
must represent earlier *ñaulë = *ngaulë; these [#-ndë (2) pronominal suffix for dual
forms are not given in Etym, but compare ñauro “you”, as in carindë *“you (two) do”. Tolkien
below. In Tengwar writing, the initial N would be changed the ending to -stë (VT49 : 33)]
represented by the letter noldo, not númen.) -ndil (also -dil) ending occurring in many
nauro ("ñ") noun "werewolf" (ÑGAW, names, like Amandil, Eärendil; it implies
PE17 : 39; according to the latter source, the devotion or disinterested love and may be
word was adapted from Sindarin gaur). translated "friend" (SA : (noun)dil); this ending is
nausë (Þ) noun "imagination" (NOWO, "describing the attitude of one to a person, thing,
VT49 : 33) course or occupation to which one is devoted for
nauta adj. "bound, obliged" (NUT) its own sake" (Letters : 386). Compare -ndur. It
nauva vb. "will be" (VT42 : 34); nauvan is unclear whether the names derived with the
“I will be” (VT49 : 19); see ná #1 ending -ndil are necessarily masculine, though
#nav- vb. "judge" (cited in the form we have no certain example of a woman's name
navë, apparently the 3rd person aorist). Also in -ndil; the name Vardilmë (q.v.) may suggest
given with pronominal suffixes : navin *"I judge" that the corresponding feminine ending is -
(Tolkien's free translation : "I think"), navilwë (n)dilmë.
"we judge" (VT42 : 33, 4, VT48 : 11) -ndon, case-ending for “similative” :
náva ("ñ") noun "mouth", apparently not wilwarindon “like a butterfly” (see wilwarin),
only the lips but also the inside of the mouth laurendon “like gold” (PE17 : 58) In the post-
(VT39 : 13 cf. 8). Possibly, but probably not, the LotR period Tolkien decided to abandon this
same element that is translated "hollow" in ending, apparently because it was to similar to
Návarot, q.v. the agental suffix -ndo (PE17 : 58), and it does
návë “being”, *”to be”, infinitive (or not appear in the Plotz decension.
gerund) of ná; see ná #1. (PE17 : 68) -ndor, final element in compounds :
Návarot noun "Nogrod" (< Novrod), "land" (Letters : 308, UT : 253)
Hollowbold, name of a dwelling of the Dwarves -ndur (also -dur), ending in some
(WJ : 389). If the element that is here translated names, like Eärendur; as noted by Christopher
náva is the same as náva "mouth", the initial n Tolkien in the Silmarillion Appendix it has much
comes from earlier ng (ñ) and should be the same meaning as -ndil "friend"; yet -ndur
represented by the letter noldo rather than properly means "servant of" (SA : (noun)dil), "as
númen in Tengwar writing. However, Tolkien in one serves a legitimate master : cf. Q. arandil
WJ : 414 reconstructs the primitive form of the king's friend, royalist, beside arandur 'king's
náva in Návarot as ¤nābā rather than **ngābā servant, minister'. But these often coincide : e.g.
or **ngāwā (the likely source of náva "mouth"), Sam's relation to Frodo can be viewed either as
so this appears doubtful. The initial n of Návarot in status -ndur, in spirit -ndil." (Letters : 286)
should evidently be represented by the letter ne (1) noun (or root?) “scent” (PE17 :
númen in Tengwar writing. 100)
Návatar noun a title of Aulë referring to ne (2) conj. "that" (as in "I know that you
his position as the immediate author of the are here") (PE14 : 54), evidently replaced by i in
Dwarvish race, apparently including atar "father", Tolkien’s later Quenya (see i #3).

ne (3) ??? = n- in n-alalmino attested form is actually nahta- (a possible

(Narqelion) example of A / E variation).
#-ne (4) “I”, a 1st person pronominal nehtë (1) noun “angle” (PE17 : 55), any
suffix occurring in the word melánë “I love” (LR : formation or projection tapering to a point : a
61), but Tolkien later used -n or -nyë for this spearhead, gore, wedge, narrow promontory (UT
meaning (melin “I love”, VT49 : 21). It may be : 282). Variant neccë.
that Tolkien at one point considered ne (or nye, nehtë (2) noun "honeycomb" (VT45 : 38)
inyë) as an independent emphatic pronoun “I”, neitë noun "wax" (GL : 60; rather líco in
but this was struck out (VT49 : 49). Tolkien's later Quenya. The status of the
né vb. “was”; see ná #1. Also used as diphthong ei is uncertain; in the LotR
interjection “yes” when the meaning is “it was so, appendices, Tolkien did not list ei among the
it was as you say / ask” (VT49 : 31). Pl. nér Quenya diphthongs, so perhaps the word neitë
“were”, dual nét (VT49 : 30). Nésë “he was” from an early source is conceptually obsolete
(VT49 : 29), though Tolkien elsewhere stated also in terms of phonology.)
that né did not “take any inflection of person” nel adv. “thrice”, also nel- (prefix) "tri-"
(VT49 : 31), pronominal endings rather being (PE14 : 84, NEL). Compare neldë.
added to ane- (the form anes *he was” is nelcë ("k") noun "tooth", also nelet
attested). Anda né “long ago” (VT49 : 31). (VT46 : 3)
ne-súmë ??? (Narqelion) nelci ("k") pl. of nelet (and nelcë), q.v.
nëa (1) “once, at one time” (in the past) (NÉL-EK)
(VT49 : 31). Also néya. neldë cardinal "three" (SA : neldor, NÉL-
nëa (2) an optative form of the verb na- ED, VT47 : 11, VT48 : 6). Eleni neldë “three
"to be"? (nëa = LotR-style Quenya nai?) : ya stars”, archaic elenion neldë = *“of stars three”.
rato nëa *"which soon may (it) be" = *"which I Genitive “of 3 stars” = elenion neldë (for archaic
hope will be soon" (Arct) elenion neldëo) (VT49 : 45; see 54 regarding
nec- prefix “without, -less” (PE17 : 167), neldion as the gen. pl.) Cf. also nelya, neldëa,
cf. -enca, q.v. Neldië.
néca ("k") adj "pale, vague, faint, dim to neldëa ordinal "third" (VT42 : 25); also
see", pl. nécë ("k") in Markirya nelya. Cf. neldë.
neccë (“k”) noun “angle” (PE17 : 45). neldesta fraction "one third" (1 / 3), also
Variant of nehtë #1, q.v. nelesta, nelsat, nelta. (VT48 : 11)
necel (“k”) noun “thorn” (PE17 : 55) Neldië noun "Trinity" (VT44 : 17)
nectë noun "honey" (LT1 : 262; Tolkien's Neldion noun *"Day of the three
later Quenya has lis; otherwise, nectë would [younger gods]", sc. Ossë, Orome and Tulkas
have had to become nehtë, a form appearing in (LEP / LEPEN / LEPEK). Elsewhere neldion
the Etymologies with the meaning "honeycomb" appears as as the genitive plural form of neldë
[VT45 : 38]. However, this word clashes with “three” (VT49 : 54), but Tolkien emended the
nehtë “angle” or "spearhead, gore, wedge, relevant text.
narrow promontory" from later sources [PE17 : neldor noun "beech" (LT2 : 343)
55, UT : 282].) ?nelequë ("kw") cardinal "thirteen"
nehta (1) noun "spearhead", isolated (VT48 : 21). The spelling "nelekwe" occurring in
from nernehta, q.v. the primary source could suggest that this is
#nehta- (2) vb. "to slay" if such a stem really a Common Eldarin form; if so, one could
can be isolated from #nehtar (see below). The theorize that the Quenya form would be *nelquë
(variant?) form nahta- is given in VT49 : 24. with syncope of the middle vowel (the same
nehta- (3) vb. “deprive” (PE17 : 167) source lists "minikwe" as a word for 11, and the
nehtanō noun “one deprived, exile Quenya form is known to be minque). Compare
whose rights and goods have been confiscated” nelquëa. On the other hand, "tolokwe" as a word
(PE17 : 167). The long final vowel would be a for 18 is listed together with definite Quenya
feature of very archaic Quenya; the later form forms and is apparently an unorthodox spelling
must be *nehtano. of *toloquë (as observed by the editor); here no
#nehtar noun "slayer", isolated from syncope producing *tolquë occurs. Thus
Morinehtar "Darkness-slayer" (PM : 384, 385). It toloquë could support ?nelequë as the Quenya
may be that a verbal stem #nehta- "to slay, kill" word (but because of the uncertainties,
can also be isolated from this noun, though the yunquentë may be preferred as the word for
13).

nelesta fraction "one third" (1 / 3), also Nénar noun name of a star (or planet),
neldesta, nelsat, nelta. (VT48 : 11) evidently derived from nén "water" (Silm),
nelet, also nelcë ("k") noun "tooth", pl. tentatively identified with Uranus (MR : 435)
nelci ("k") suggesting a stem-form nelc- (NÉL- nenda (1) adj. wet" (PE17 : 167;
EK) primitive form nendā in the Etymologies, entry
nellë noun "brook" (NEN) NEN, originally misprinted as nenda; cf. VT46 : 3
nelquëa, cardinal "thirteen" (?) (VT48 : for correction)
21). This looks like an odd form next to other [nenda] (2) adj. "sloping" (DEN, struck
cardinals that simply end in -quë (like lepenquë, out)
enenquë, otoquë = 15, 16, 17), and the form nendë (1) noun "pool" (NEN), “lake”
"nelekwe" also listed may indicate another (PE17 : 52)
Quenya form nelequë (q.v.) or *nelquë (but [nendë] (2) noun "slope, hillside" (DEN,
because of the uncertainties, yunquentë may be struck out; compare VT45 : 9)
preferred as the word for 13). By another theory, Nendili noun "Water-lovers", the most
nelquëa is the ordinal "thirteenth", frequently used "title" or secondary name of the
corresponding to the cardinal *nel(e)quë. Lindar (Teleri) (WJ : 411) Sg. #Nendil.
nelsat fraction "one third" (1 / 3), also nengwë (stem *nengwi-, given the
neldesta, nelesta, nelta (VT48 : 11) primitive form ¤neñ-wi) noun "nose", pl. nengwi
nelta fraction "one third" (1 / 3), also given (NEÑ-WI)
neldesta, nelesta, nelsat (VT48 : 11) nengwëa adj. or noun "nasal" (NEÑ-WI)
neltil (neltild-, as in pl. neltildi) noun Nénimë noun second month of the year,
"triangle" (TIL, NEL) "February" (Appendix D)
nelya adj. "third" (VT42 : 25; also nén-talma noun Quenya cognate of
neldëa). Pl. Nelyar "Thirds", the original name of Sindarin nindalf “wet flat” = “Wetwang” (PE17 :
the Teleri (or rather the direct Quenya 52, 167)
descendant of the original Primitive Quendian nénu noun "yellow water-lily" (LT1 : 248)
name) (WJ : 380). nénuvar noun "pool of lilles" (LT1 : 248)
Nelyafinwë noun "Finwë third" (after the nenya adj. “wet” (PE17 : 52), also néna,
original Finwë and Curufinwë = Fëanor), masc. q.v. Nenya as the name of a Ring of Power
name; he was called Maedhros in Sindarin. seems to imply *“(thing) related to water”, since
Short Quenya name Nelyo. (PM : 352) this Ring was associated with that element (SA :
Nelyo see Nelyafinwë nen).
[#nem- vb. "judge", attested as nér (1) (ner-, as in pl. neri) noun "man"
endingless aorist nemë, changed by Tolkien to (adult male – elf, mortal, or of other speaking
1
hamë and finally to navë "in all but one case" race) (MR : 213, VT49 : 17, DER, NDER, NI ,
(Bill Welden). Forms like námo "judge" and VT45 : 9; see also WJ : 393)
namna "statute" point rather to #nam- (q.v.) as a nér (2) pl. vb. “were”; see né and ná #1
verb "to judge" (VT42 : 34); the verb namin "I (VT49 : 30)
judge" is even listed in Etym.] nerca adj. “sharp, angular” (PE17 : 55),
nen noun "river" (LT1 : 248), "river, variant nexa (reading uncertain).
water" (LT1 : 262) (In Tolkien's later Quenya, nercë ("k") noun "little man", a
nén with a long vowel means "water", but hardly diminutive of nér (VT47 : 33). VT48 : 18 seems
"river" - that is sírë.) to hint that -cë is to be derived from older -ki; if
-nen instrumental ending (pl. -inen, dual so, nercë should have the stem-form nerci-.
-nten, partitive pl. -línen). Attested in Compare wenci.
ambartanen, lírinen, lintieryanen, súrinen, nerdo noun "large, strong man"
parmanen; see ambar (#2), lírë, lintië, súrë, (compare nér) (VT47 : 33)
parma. Tolkien noted that “most nouns have an neresta fraction "one ninth" (1 / 9), also
instrumental in -nen” (PE17 : 62), a wording nesta, nersat. (VT48 : 11)
suggesting that the form of the ending may vary; Nermi noun "a field-spirit" (LT1 : 262)
given the normal development ln > ld, it is nernehta noun "man-spearhead", a
possible that it would appear as *-den when battle-formation (UT : 282)
added to a noun in -l (*macilden “with a sword”). nersat fraction "one ninth" (1 / 9), also
nén (nen-) noun "water" (NEN). neresta, nesta (VT48 : 11)
néna adj. "wet" (PE17 : 167). Cf. nenya, nertë cardinal "nine" (NÉTER, VT42 :
mixa. 26, VT48 : 6); nertëa ordinal "ninth" (VT42 : 25)

nes- ?verb / ?root “sweet smelling” nésa seems like a less ambiguous translation of
(PE17 : 100); cf. Nísimaldar "sister".
[nesë (apparently with stem nesi-) (Þ) netya- 1) vb. "to trim, adorn" (VT47 : 33)
noun “(a person of) female (nature)” (PE17 : netya 2) adj. "pretty, dainty" (VT47 : 33)
190)] neuma noun "snare" (SNEW)
nésa (Þ) noun "sister" (VT47 : 14); this neuna adj. "second" (NDEW)
form from a late source possibly replaces earlier neuro noun "follower, successor"
seler and onórë, q.v. (NDEW)
nésë (Þ) noun "youth", also nessë nev- vb. “try” (PE17 : 167; Tolkien in the
(NETH). Not to be confused with nésë “he was”; source expresses uncertainty as to whether this
see ná #1. word should be adopted or not)
nessa adj. "young" (NETH), also Nessa nexa adj. “sharp, angular” (PE17 : 55;
as name of a Valië, the spouse of Tulkas the editor indicates that the reading is uncertain,
(adopted and adapted from Valarin, or an so the variant nerca may be preferred.)
archaic Elvish formation : WJ : 404 vs. 416). néya, see nëa #1
1
Also called Indis, "bride" (NETH, NI ). The fem. -ngo “we (two)”, abandoned pronominal
name Nessanië (UT : 210) would seem to ending for the 1st person dual inclusive (later
incorporate Nessa's name; the second element revised by Tolkien to -ngwë / -nquë). An
could mean "tear" (nië), but since Nessa is not alternative form -lmo was also listed (VT49 : 48).
normally associated with sorrow, this #nië is The ending -ngo was probably meant to
perhaps rather a variant of ní "female" (compare represent older *-ngwo (VT49 : 49).
Tintanië as a variant of Tintallë). ngoldo see noldo
nessamelda adj. "Nessa-beloved", -ngwa “our”, 1st person dual inclusive
name of a tree (UT : 167) possessive pronominal ending : *“thy and my”,
Nessaron noun *"[Day] of the younger corresponding to the ending -ngwë for dual
[gods]", sc. Ossë, Oromë and Tulkas (in inclusive “we” (VT49 : 16)
Tolkien's earlier conception, Ossë was a "god" or ngwalmë see nwalmë
Vala). (LEP / LEPEN / LEPEK) -ngwë “we”, 1st person dual inclusive
nessë noun "youth"; also nésë (NETH) pronominal ending : *“thou and I” (compare the
nesselë noun “pasture, pasturage” (QL : exclusive dual form -mmë). Caringwë, *“the two
65) of us do” (VT49 : 16). One source lists the
nessima adj. "youthful" (NETH) ending as “-inke > -inque” instead (VT49 : 51,
nesta fraction "one ninth" (1 / 9), also 53, 57; “inke” was apparently Old Quenya). In an
neresta, nersat (VT48 : 11) earlier pronoun table reproduced in VT49 : 48,
né vb. in pa.t. “was”; see ná #1. the ending -ngwë is listed as an alternative to -
nét dual vb. “were”; see né and ná #1 lmë, which Tolkien at the time used as the plural
(VT49 : 30). inclusive ending (a later revision made it plural
netë *"one more, another", used in exclusive).
enumerating a series : e.g. 1, 2, (3), netë, netë, ngwen, possible correction of ngwin,
netë...with netë used instead of citing the actual q.v. (VT49 : 55)
numbers. (VT47 : 15, VT48 : 14-15, 31) ngwin dative pronoun ?"for us" (VT21 :
neterquë cardinal "nineteen" (VT48 : 21) 6-7, 10, VT44 : 36). Apparently belonging to the
netil noun "trinket, [?small thing] of 1st person pl. It would be pronounced *nwin at
personal adornment" (Tolkien's gloss was not the end of the Third Age, but since Tolkien in
certainly legible) (VT47 : 33) another source implies that the 1st pl. exclusive
nettë (stem *netti-, given the primitive base ñwe had the "independent" stem we- in
form listed in VT47 : 17) noun "girl, daughter" Quenya (VT48 : 10), we must assume that the
(but also "sister", see below), also used as a dative pronoun should rather be *wen, or in
play-name of the "fourth finger" or "fourth toe" Exilic Quenya *ven. The form ngwin may reflect
(VT47 : 10, VT48 : 6), in two-hand play also used another conceptual phase when Tolkien meant
for the numeral "nine" (nettë is conceived as the nasal element of ñwe to be preserved in
being related to nertë, q.v.) Nettë is also defined Quenya as well. The vowel i rather than e is
as "sister" or "girl approaching the adult" (VT47 : difficult to account for if the base is to be (ñ)we.
16, VT49 : 25), "girl / daughter" (VT47 : 15-16); it In VT49 : 55, Carl F. Hosttetter suggests that
may be that "sister" was Tolkien's final decision ngwen rather than ngwin may actually be the
on the meaning (VT48 : 4, 22) - The related word correct reading of Tolkien’s manuscript.

ni (1) 1st person sg. pron. "I" (according nildo (VT46 : 4). Variant of -ndil. In Eärnil,
to PE17 : 68 also “me” as object), with long contraction of Earendil.
vowel (ní) when stressed (VT49 : 51), cf. ní nilda adj. "friendly, loving" (NIL / NDIL)
nauva next to nauvan for *“I will be” (VT49 : 19), nildë noun "friend" (fem.) (NIL / NDIL)
the former wording emphasizing the pronoun. nildo noun "friend" (apparently masc.;
The pronoun ni represents the original stem- contrast nildë) (NIL / NDIL)
form (VT49 : 50). Dative nin "for me, to me" nillë ("ñ") a star-imagine on Nur-menel
(Arct, Nam, RGEO : 67, VT41 : 11 / 15). (q.v.), from a stem ngil- noun "silver glint" (MR :
Compare the reflexive pronoun imni, imnë 388)
*"myself" and the emphatic pronoun inyë, q.v. – nilmë noun "friendship" (NIL / NDIL)
The ancient element ni is said to have implied, nilmo noun "friend" (apparently masc.)
originally, “this by me, of my [?concern]” (VT49 : (NIL / NDIL)
37) nimpa adj. “drooping, ailing” (PE17 :
1
†ní (2) noun "woman, female" (NI , INI 168)
(NĒR ) ). Not to be confused with ní as a *nimpë (nimpi-) adj. "small; small &
stressed form of the pronoun ni “I”. frail". The form is given as "nimpi" with the last
ní (3) prep. “beneath, not touching, vowel marked as short; this is probably the
under” (PE17 : 95) etymological form that would underlie Quenya
níca ("k") adj. "small". The word is said *nimpë. The word is said to mean "small" with
to mean "small" with "good senses"; contrast "connotation of weakness". Also nípa (VT48 :
nípa, *nimpë. (VT47 : 26, VT48 : 18) 18)
nícë "little finger" (VT48 : 5, 15), also nin pron. "to me, for me", dative of ni
lepincë (FS, Nam). Sí man i yulma nin enquantuva?
nicu- ("k") vb. "be chill, cold (of “Now who will refill the cup for me?” (Nam), nás
weather); to snow, it is cold, it freezes" (WJ : mara nin *”it is good to me” = “I like it” (VT49 :
417, PE17 : 168) : 3rd sg. aorist niquë (q.v.) “it 30), ecë nin carë sa *”it-is-open for me to do it”
snows or freezes”, present níqua “it is freezing”, = “I can do it” (VT49 : 34). See also ninya.
pa.t. nicunë “it snowed, froze” (PE17 : 168) #nína (gen.pl. nínaron attested) noun
nië noun "tear" (NEI, VT45 : 38, LT1 : "woman" (VT43 : 31; this word, as well as some
262, LT2 : 346); apparently níe in MC : 221 other experimental forms listed in the same
Niélë fem. name (meaning unclear, cf. source, seem ephemeral : several sources
nië “tear”?), diminutive Nieliccilis ("k") noun agree that the Quenya word for "woman" is nís,
"little Niéle" (MC : 215; PE16 : 96). This may nis [q.v.])
suggest that Niélë has the stem-form *Niéli-. *nincë (ninci-) ("k") adj. "small". The
Niellúnë noun "Sirius" (a star), also form is given as "ninki" with the last vowel
Nierninwa (LT1 : 262) marked as short; this is probably the
nienaitë adj. "bleared" (MC : 214), etymological form that would underlie Quenya
*"tearfully"??? (see cildë) (MC : 221; this is *nincë. The word is said to mean "small" with
"Qenya") "good senses"; contrast nípa, *nimpë. (VT48 :
nieninquë ("q") noun "snowdrop", 18)
etymologically "white tear" (NIK-W, LT1 : 262, nindë adj. "slender" (NIN-DI, pointing to
266) a stem-form nindi-). Not to be confused with
nieninquëa ("q") adj. "snowdrop-like" *nindë as the likely pa.t. of the verb nir-, q.v.
(MC : 215) ninquanéron ("q") adj. "white shining"
Nienna noun (name of a Valië, related to (MC : 220; this is "Qenya")
nië = tear) (NEI) ninquë adj. "white, chill, cold, palid" (WJ
nier noun "honey-bee" (LT1 : 262) : 417, SA : nim, PE17 : 168, NIK-W - spelt
niermë ??? (Narqelion) "ninqe" in Etym and in LT1 : 266, MC : 213, MC :
Nierninwa noun "Sirius" (a star), also 220, GL : 60), pl. ninqui in Markirya.
Niellúnë (LT1 : 262) Compounded in Ninquelótë noun *"White-
nierwes noun "hive" (LT1 : 262) Flower" (SA : nim), = Sindarin Nimloth, the White
[nihtil noun "little finger" (VT47 : 26)] Tree of Númenor; ninqueruvissë ("q") "white-
-nil, final element in compounds, similar horse-on" (MC : 216; this is "Qenya", read
in meaning to Old English "-wine", sc. "-friend" *ninqueroccossë or *ninquiroccossë in LotR-
as an element in names (NIL / NDIL). Also long - style Quenya). Normally ninquë would be
expected to have the stem-form ninqui-, given

the primitive form ¤ninkwi; Ninquelótë rather nís (niss-, as in pl. nissi) noun "woman"
than *Ninquilótë must be seen as an analogical (MR : 213. The Etymologies gives nis (or nissë),
1
form. pl. nissi : see the stems NDIS-SĒ / SĀ, NI , NIS
ninquissë ("q") noun "whiteness" (NIK- (NĒR),VT46 : 4; compare VT47 : 33. In Tolkien's
W) Quenya rendering of Hail Mary, the plural nísi
ninquiraitë (“kw”) noun ?”pallor” (PE17 : occurs instead of nissi; this form is curious,
55). The word is cited as the cognate of Sindarin since nísi would be expected to turn into *nízi,
niphred “pallor, fear”. The spelling in the source *níri (VT43 : 31). VT47 : 33 suggests that
is “ninkwiraite”, but the word cannot be intended Tolkien at one point considered niþ- as the older
as Old Sindarin (since kw had already become p form of the stem, which etymology would solve
in that language). this problem (since s from older þ does not
ninquita- ("q") vb. "shine white" (NIK-W) become z > r). Even so, the MR forms, nís with
ninquitá- ("q") vb. "whiten" (NIK-W) stem niss-, may be preferred. - Compare †ní,
ninwa adj. "blue" (LT1 : 262) #nína, nisto, Lindissë.
ninya possessive pron occurring in #nísima adj. "fragrant", isolated from
Fíriel's Song, evidently meaning "my"; see indo- Nísimaldar, q.v.
ninya. It may be derived from the dative form Nísimaldar noun "Fragrant trees", a
nin "for me" by adding the adjectival ending -ya. region in Númenor (UT : 167; evidently #nísima
Compare menya, q.v. "fragrant", attested here only, + aldar "trees").
nion noun "bee" (GL : 60) Nísinen noun *"Fragrance-water", a lake
nípa adj. "small; small & frail". The word in Númenor (UT : 168)
is said to mean "small" with "connotation of nissë noun "woman" (NDIS-SĒ / SĀ,
1
weakness". Also *nimpë (VT48 : 18) NI , NIS, VT47 : 33); see nís. Note : nissë could
niquë (1) vb. "it is cold, it freezes; it apparently also mean "in me", the locative form
snows or freezes" (WJ : 417, PE17 : 168), 3rd of the 1st person pronoun ni, q.v.
sg. of nicu-, q.v. nisto noun "large woman" (compare
niquë (2) ("q") noun "snow" (NIK-W) nís) (VT45 : 33)
níquetil noun “snow peak” (PE17 : 168), nítë (stem *níti-, given the primitive form
stem probably *níquetild-, cf. Taniquetil, q.v. ¤neiti) adj. "moist, dewy" (NEI, VT45 : 38)
niquetil ("q") noun "snowcap" (LT1 : #nitya adj. "small" (VT48 : 15, PM : 365)
266). Compare níquetil in much later material. [nityë noun, ephemeral word for "little
niquis noun "frost-patterns; ice-flake or finger", changed to nícë (VT48 : 15)
snowflake – also petal (loose) of a white flower" nívë adj. "pale" (MC : 213; this is
(stem niquits- or niquiss-), also niquessë by "Qenya" - Tolkien's later Quenya has néca)
association with quessë "feather" (WJ : 417, nixë noun "frost" (WJ : 417); previously
PE17 : 168). In early "Qenya", the gloss was described as a synonym of niquis “ice-flake or
simply "snow" (LT1 : 266). snowflake”, q.v. (PE17 : 168)
nir- vb. "press, thrust, force (in a given -nna "to, at, upon", allative ending,
direction)" ("Though applicable to the pressure of originating from -na “to” with fortified n, VT49 :
a person on others, by mind and 'will' as well as 14. Attested in cilyanna, coraryanna,
by physical strength, [this verb] could also be Endorenna, Elendilenna, númenórenna,
used of physical pressures exerted by parma-restalyanna, rénna, senna, tielyanna,
inanimates.") Given as a 1st person aorist nirin q.v. If a noun ends in -n already, the ending -nna
(VT41 : 17). Pa.t. probably *nindë since the R of merges with it, as in Amanna, formenna,
nir- was originally D (the base is given as NID; Elenna, númenna, rómenna as the allative
compare rer- pa.t. rendë from RED concerning forms of Aman, formen, elen, númen, rómen
the past tense) (q.v.). Plural -nnar in mannar, valannar, q.v.
níra noun "will" (as a potential or faculty) no prep. "under" (NŪ; all other sources
(VT39 : 30, VT41 : 6, 17, PE17 : 168) give nu instead. In early "Qenya", no meant
nírë noun "tear" (NEI) "upon"; MC : 214)
nirmë noun "an act of will, exercise of nó (1) (stem nów- as in pl. nówi) noun
will" (VT39 : 30, VT41 : 6, PE17 : 168), "the act "conception" (= idea) (NOWO). In an earlier
or action of níra" (VT41 : 17) version, later deleted, nó represented earlier ñó
nirwa (1) noun "bolster, cushion" (NID) (ngó), glossed "idea, thought" (VT46 : 6).
[nirwa (2) adj. "scarred" (VT46 : 4)] nó (2) conj. "but" (VT41 : 13)
[nirwë noun "scar" (VT46 : 4)]

nó (3) prep. “before” (of time), “at back” Noldomar (ñ) noun "Gnomeland" (LT1 :
(of spatial relationships). In other conceptual 262).
phases, Tolkien also let the word have the Noldomírë (ñ) lit. noun *"Noldo-jewel",
opposite meaning “after” (of time) or “in front” (of another word for Silmaril (ÑGOLOD).
space). (VT49 : 32) Noldo-quentasta ("Ñoldo-") noun
noa (1) noun "conception" (= idea) "Noldo-history", History of the Noldor (VT39 : 16)
(NOWO) Noldóran ("ñ") noun "King of the Noldor"
noa (2) adj. “former”, also adv. (and (PM : 343; evidently noldo + aran).
noun?) “yesterday”, shortened from the full Noldorinwa (ñ) adj. *"Gnomish",
phrase noa ré “former day” (VT49 : 34). In other "Noldorin", "of the Noldor" (LT1 : 262, VT39 :
conceptual phases, Tolkien used noa for 16); lower-case noldorinwa in Narqelion.
“tomorrow” (VT49 : 20) nólë (ñ) noun "long study (of any
[noa (3) noun "thigh" (VT46 : 4)] subject), lore, knowledge" (SA : gûl, also WJ :
Nócoirë noun alternative name of March 383 and MR : 350, there spelt ñóle, the earlier
(PM : 135) pronunciation. In the Etymologies, stem ÑGOL,
noi noun "lament" (NAY) the gloss is "wisdom".) Compare Nólion. At one
#noirë noun "tomb", isolated from point, Tolkien was dissatisfied with ÑGOL as the
Noirinan, q.v. This compound may suggest that stem for “wisdom” and introduced the form núlë
noirë has the stem-form noiri-, unless the (q.v.) or slightly dissimilar meaning (PE17 : 125).
compound is supposed to contain a plural form nólemë (ñ) noun "deep lore, wisdom"
"tombs". (LT1 : 263). Perhaps replaced by Nolmë in
Noirinan noun the "Valley of the Tombs" Tolkien's later Quenya.
in Númenor (evidently *noirë, *noiri- "tomb" + Nólion (ñ?), second name of Vardamir
nan "valley") (UT : 166) Nólion (UT : 210). Perhaps "son of knowledge",
ñol- noun "smell" (VT45 : 5); nólë (q.v.) + -ion "son", which ending displaces
strengthened aññol, q.v. Possibly ñol- should be a final -ë (compare Aranwion "son of Aranwë",
regarded as simply the stem of olmë, q.v. UT : 50 cf. 32)
nóla ("ñ") (1) adj. "wise, learned" Nolmë ("ñ") noun "knowledge,
(ÑGOL) (note that this and the next nóla would Philosophy (including Science)" (PM : 360 cf.
be spelt differently in Tengwar writing, and 344)
originally they were also pronounced differently, nolmo ("ñ") noun "wise person" (PM :
since nóla "wise, learned" was ñóla in First Age 360)
Quenya). Nolofinwë ("ñ") masc. name "Fingolfin"
nóla (2) noun "round head, knoll" (PM : 344)
(NDOL) Nolondil (ñ?) masc. name, perhaps
Nólairë noun alternative name of July "friend of lore / knowledge", the initial element
(PM : 135) nolo- reflecting the root ÑGOL having to do with
†ñolda adj. “dark-haired” (PE17 : 125), knowledge (cf. nolo- in Nolofinwë) + -ndil
associated with Noldor and hence not much "friend" (UT : 210)
used. Cf. nolya. nolpa "mole"; also noldarë (GL : 30)
noldarë noun "mole"; also nolpa (GL : nolwë ("ñ") noun "wisdom, secret lore"
30) (ÑGOL)
noldo (ñ) noun "one of the people of the nolya (“ñ”) adj. “dark-haired” (PE17 :
Noldor", "one of the wise folk, Gnome". Cf. the 125), i.e. very dark brown
gloss "Gnome" in early "Qenya" (LT1 : 262). Also #nómë noun "place", isolated from
name of tengwa #19, that is used for the initial n Nómesseron, q.v. Cf. also sinomë.
of noldo in Tengwar spelling. Originally Nómesseron pl. noun in genitive : a
pronounced ngoldo (also spelt ñoldo by compound "of place-names", apparently an
Tolkien, ÑGOLOD); initial ng had become n in inflected compound consisting of #nómë "place"
Third Age pronunciation (Appendix E). Pl. + a genitive plural #esseron "of names" (VT42 :
Noldor ("Ñoldor"), "the Wise", name of the 17; we might have expected *ession, since essi
second clan of the Eldar (WJ : 380, 381); gen. pl. rather than ?esser as the nominative plural of
Noldoron "of the Noldor" is attested (VT39 : 16) essë "name" is attested both in PM : 339 and
Noldolantë (ñ) noun "the Fall of the MR : 470)
Noldor" (name of a song) (Silm) [ñon, noun "groan" (gloss changed by
Tolkien from "growl") (VT46 : 6)]

[ñona- vb. "groan" (VT46 : 6)] ñorthus, ñorsus (-þus), (stem ñorsúr-)
nonda noun "hand, especially in noun Quenya equivalent of Sindarin Gorthu “Mist
[?clutching]" (VT47 : 23; Tolkien's gloss was not of Fear”, a name of Sauron (PE17 : 183). The
certainly legible) word is not capitalized as a name in the source.
Nóquellë noun alternative name of norta (ñ) (2) adj. "horrible" (VT46 : 4. In
October (PM : 135); otherwise called Narquelië Tengwar writing, the initial N would be
nor- vb. “run (or leap : of animals, men represented by the letter noldo, not númen.)
etc.)”, pa.t. nornë (PE17 : 58, 168); cf. nórima, nortil (probably *nortill-) noun "a cape
nornoro- (of land), only used of the ends of promontories
nór noun "land" (stem nor-, PE17 : 106), or other seaward projections that were relatively
(land as opposed to water and sea; nor in sharp and spike-like" (VT47 : 28)
Letters : 308). Cf. nórë. norto (ñ) noun "a horror" (VT46 : 4. In
[ñor noun? prefix? “fear” (PE17 : 172)] Tengwar writing, the initial N would be
nordo noun “oak” (PE17 : 25), possibly represented by the letter noldo, not númen.)
replacing norno (q.v.) in a pre-LotR source. nossë noun "clan, family, 'house' " (NŌ),
nórë noun "land" (associated with a "kindred, family" (PM : 320), "kin, people" (LT1 :
particular people) (WJ : 413), "country, land, 250, LT1 : 272, LT2 : 338)
dwelling-place, region where certain people live, nosta noun "birth, birthday" (LT1 : 272;
race, clan" (NŌ, NDOR, BAL), also used = "race, maybe not a valid word in Tolkien’s later Quenya
tribe, people" (SA : dôr, PE17 : 169; however, because the meaning of the corresponding verb
the normal word for "people" is lië). Early was changed from "give birth" to "beget")
"Qenya" has nórë "native land, nation, family, nosta- vb., variously glossed "beget"
country" (in compounds -nor) (LT1 : 272) (SD : 73) or passive “be begotten” (PE17 : 170);
norië, also normë, noun “race, running“ in earlier "Qenya" the gloss was "give birth" (LT1
(PE17 : 169) : 272)
#nórië noun "country", in sindanórië nostalë noun "species, kind" (LT1 : 272)
(see sinda) (Nam, RGEO : 67) nostari pl. noun "parents", pl. of *nostar
nórima adj. “strong / swift at running” or *nostaro "parent" (LotR3 : VI ch. 6, translated
(VT49 : 29); see nor- in Letters : 308)
normë = norië, q.v. not- vb. "reckon" (NOT); compare onot-.
norna adj. "stiff, tough; hard, firm, Passive participle nótina "counted, *reckoned"
resistant" (WJ : 413, PE17 : 106), “thrawn, (FS), nótima “countable” (PE17 : 68), #notië
tough, obdurate”, mainly applied to persons *"counting, reckoning" in maquanotië "decimal
(PE17 : 181) system" (VT47 : 10), variant #nótië in
norno (1) noun "oak" (DÓRON); a later caistanótië of similar meaning (VT48 : 11).
source has nordo (PE17 : 25) nótë noun "number" (NOT)
Norno (2) noun "dwarf"; a personalized #notessë noun "numeral" (VT47 : 14,
form of the adjective norna (WJ : 413); Nornalië there in plural form notessi) Also #nótessë pl.
(not *Nornolië) the "Dwarf-people" as a whole nótessi with a long ó (VT48 : 14)
(WJ : 388) #nótië "counting", isolated from
nornoro- vb. "run on, run smoothly" caistanótië, q.v.
(LT1 : 263). Compare nor-. nótima adj. “countable” (PE17 : 68,
norolinda adj. “lightly tripping” (PE16 : 172), negated únótima “uncountable”, q.v.
96), compare “Qenya” norolindë with similar *notto (ñ) noun “enemy”, reconstructed
meaning (MC : 215) simplex form of the second element of the
norollë noun "cart" (GL : 31) Moringotto “Dark Enemy”, a Quenya form of
Norrívë noun alternative name of Morgoth (VT49 : 25). Compare #cotto.
December (PM : 135), otherwise called Ringarë. Nótuilë noun alternative name of May
norsa (þ) noun "giant" (NOROTH) (PM : 135)
norta- vb. (1) “make run, specially used -nt ending for dual dative (Plotz)
of riding horses or other animals”, onortanen -nta (1) ending for dual allative (Plotz);
rocco “I rode a horse”, nortanen “I rode” (with see -nna
ellipsis of object; the prefix o- must apparently be -nta (2) possessive 3rd person pl.
included if the animal one rides on is mentioned pronominal ending : “their” (VT49 : 17).
as a direct object) (PE17 : 168) Lintienta “their speed” (PE17 : 58), nassentar
“their true-being[s]” (PE17 : 175). This ending

corresponds to -ntë “they” (other versions of 31), apparently also Anduinë (q.v.) Tolkien
Quenya uses -ltë for “they” and hence -lta for struck out the paragraph where nuinë occurs,
“their”). Also -ntya, q.v. According to VT49 : 17, but the name Nunduinë / Anduinë would suggest
the ending -nta appears as -inta following a that the word as such is conceptually valid.
consonant (other sources point to -e- rather than núla (“ñ”) adj. “dark, occult, mysterious”
-i- as the connecting vowel in such cases). (PE17 : 125)
-ntë “they”, pronomimal ending, inflexion nulda adj. "secret" (DUL)
of 3rd person plural when no subject is núlë (“ñ”) noun “black arts, secrecy”
previously mentioned (CO; see also VT49 : 49). (PE17 : 125)
This ending competes with -ltë (q.v.) in Tolkien’s nulla adj. "dark, dusky, obscure"
conception (VT49 : 57; for “they do”, both (NDUL), "secret" (DUL). See also VT45 : 11.
carintë and cariltë are attested, VT49 : 16 vs. numba adj. “bent, humped” (PE17 : 168)
17). The corresponding pronominal possessive [numbë noun "root, foundation", also
suffix appears as -ntya or -nta in various núvë (VT45 : 38)]
sources. númë noun "going down, occident"
-nten ending for dual instrumental (Letters : 361), “the West” (PE17 : 18), núme-
(Plotz) "west" (VT45 : 38, LT1 : 263), “the West” In
[-ntyë “you”, abandonded pronominal númeheruen and numeheruvi, q.v.
ending for 2nd person pl. familiar (VT49 : 49)] númëa adj. "in the West" (actually an
-ntya, possessive 3rd person pl. adjective *"western", in Tolkien's later Quenya
pronominal ending : “their” (VT49 : 17), rather númenya) (LT1 : 263)
corresponding to -ntë as the ending for “they”. #númeheru noun "Lord of the West"
Besides -ntya the form -nta is also attested, but (númë + heru) in these inflected forms : 1)
the latter clashes with the ending for dual númeheruen *"of [the] Lord of the West"
allative. (Other variants of Quenya uses -lta for (Manwë) (SD : 290); this is "Qenya" with genitive
“their”, corresponding to -ltë as the ending for in -en instead of -o as in LotR-style Quenya; 2)
“they”.) According to VT49 : 17, the ending -ntya pl. númeheruvi "Lords-of-West" (*"West-lords" =
appears as -intya following a consonant (other Valar) in SD : 246.
sources point to -e- rather than -i- as the númen noun "west, the way of the
connecting vowel in such cases). sunset" (SA : andúnë, cf. NDŪ, MEN; capitalized
nu prep. "under" (LR : 56, Markirya, Númen under SA : men and in CO), "going
Nam, RGEO : 66, MC : 214; the Etymologies down, occudent" (Letters : 361), also name of
alone gives no [q.v.] instead). In Mar-nu-Falmar, tengwa #17 (Appendix E). According to VT45 :
nuhuinenna, q.v. Prefix nú- in nútil, q.v. 38, the word is actually cited as "nú-men" in
Núaran noun *"West-king"; Núaran Tolkien's Etymologies manuscript. Allative
Númenoren *"West-king of Númenor"; changed númenna "Westward" (LR : 47, SD : 310, VT49 :
(according to LR : 71) to Núraran Númenen, 20, capitalized Númenna, VT49 : 22; numenna
*"West-king of the West" (all of this is "Qenya" with a short u, VT49 : 23); adj. númenquerna
with genitive in -n instead of -o, as in Tolkien's “turned westward” (VT49 : 18, 20). See also
later Quenya) (LR : 60) númenyaron, númessier. - In the pre-classical
nucumna ("k") adj. (or passive Tengwar system presupposed in the
participle) "humbled" (SD : 246). This probably Etymologies, "nú-men" was intended as the
contains a verbal stem #nucum- "to humble, name of tengwa #21, to which letter Tolkien at
humiliate"; compare naham- with passive this stage assigned the value n (VT45 : 38).
participle nahamna (q.v.) However, this tengwa was later given the
nuhta- vb. "stunt, prevent from coming Quenya value r instead and was renamed órë.
to completion, stop short, not allow to continue" Númen(n)órë noun "people of the west",
(WJ : 413) confused with Númendor "land of the west" (SA
nuhuinenna adj. "under shadow" : dôr); hence Númenor as the name of the great
(allativic : nu-huinë-nna "under-shadow-to") isle given to the Edain by the Valar (FS, LR : 56);
(SD : 246); see huinë. full form Númenórë (LR : 47, SD : 247, NDŪ);
nuinë noun "river (of large volume, and allative númenórenna "to Númenor" (LR : 56)
liable to flooding)". The word is said to be numenda- vb. "get low (of the Sun)"
archaic, surviving chiefly in topographical names. (also númeta-) (LT1 : 263; in Tolkien's later
It comes from earlier duine, hence appearing in Quenya núta-)
that form in a name like Nunduinë (VT48 : 30-

Númendor noun "land of the west", núro noun "servant" (NDŪ; in Etym as
confused with and replaced by Númen(n)órë published in LR, the gloss is misread as
"people of the west" (SA : dôr) "sunset"; see VT45 : 38)
númenya adj. "western" (NDŪ) Nurquendi ("q") noun "Gnomes" (lit.
númenyaron inflected adj. used as *"Deep Elves"), sg. *Nurquendë (NŪ)
noun?, a word occurring in a phrase from an nurru- vb. "murmur, grumble" (cf.
earlier version of Fíriel's Song, Valion "Qenya" núru-); participle nurrula in Markirya,
númenyaron, "of the Lords [Valar] of the West". changed to nurrua, perhaps a kind of verbal
But númenyaron cannot simply mean "of the adjective of the same meaning (translated
West"; it seems to be the plural genitive of "mumbling" in MC : 215)
númenya "western", hence literally *"of the #nurta- vb. "hide", verbal stem isolated
western (things, persons, realms)" or "of the from nurtalë "hiding", q.v.
Westerners". nurtalë noun "hiding" (evidently a verbal
Númerrámar noun "West-wings", name stem #nurta- "hide" with the verbal noun ending
of a ship (Númen + rámar, note assimilation nr -lë); Nurtalë Valinóreva "the Hiding of Valinor"
> rr) (UT : 175) (Silm)
númessier vb. "they are in the west", a nuru, Nuru noun "death, Death"
construction occurring in Fíriel's Song, evidently (ÑGUR). This represents earlier ñuru (VT46 : 4)
núme(n)-ssë-ie-r "west-in-are-they"; the stative- and should be spelt accordingly in Tengwar
verb suffix -ië is probably not valid in LotR-style writing. When personalized, Nuru refers to
Quenya (FS) Mandos. Cf. Nurufantur.
númeta- vb. "get low (of the Sun)" (also núru- vb. "growl (of dogs), grumble"
numenda-) (LT1 : 263; in Tolkien's later Quenya (LT1 : 263). Perhaps replaced by nurru- (q.v.) in
rather núta-); inflected númetar "set" ("went Tolkien's later Quenya.
down in the West") (MC : 221; this is "Qenya") Nurufantur noun "lord of Death-cloud",
Númevalion noun *"of the West- surname of Mandos (SPAN, ÑGUR)
powers" (SD : 290); cf. Valion nuruhuinë noun "death-shadow" (LR :
nún 1) adv. "down below, underneath" 47, 56, SD : 310)
(NŪ) nut- vb. "tie" (1st pers. aorist nutin "I
núna adj. “western” (PE17 : 18), tie") (NUT)
compare the element #nún- "west(ern)" in núta- vb. "set, sink" (of Sun or Moon)
certain compounds, such as Núnatani and (NDŪ). In early "Qenya", the word was glossed
Nunduinë, q.v. (in the latter word, ú is "stoop, sink" (LT1 : 263)
apparently shortened as u before a consonant nútë noun "bond, knot" (NUT)
cluster). Compare númen. nútil (nútill-, pl. nútilli given) noun
Núnatani noun "Western Men" = "under-point", term used in children's play for
Sindarin Dúnedain (WJ : 386). Sg. #Núnatan "toe" (the counterpart of ortil, q.v.) (VT47 : 10)
"Dúnadan". [núvë noun "root, foundation", also
Nunduinë noun *"West-flow", name of a numbë (VT45 : 38)]
river in Númenor (UT : 168). Compare nuinë. nuxo noun “Petty dwarf” (PE17 : 45; the
Since this comes from earlier duine, the name spellings “nukso” and “nuxo” both occur in the
appears with the d intact following n : The initial source). Elsewhere the Petty-dwarves are called
element of Nunduinë is #nún, q.v. Picinaucor or Pitya-naucor, q.v.
**nuntixë ("ks"), misreading for unutixë, -nwa is said to be “a passive suffix”
q.v. irregularly occurring in the word vanwa “lost”
nuquerna adj. "reversed", or perhaps (PE17 : 63), the word seems to be irregular since
rather *"turned upside down". Attested in the the underlying root means “go away” and so
phrases silmë nuquerna and árë nuquerna, vanwa is in a sense a past active participle,
q.v. *“having gone”. Compare PE17 : 68.
Nur-menel noun the lesser firmament, a nwalca ("k") adj. "cruel" (ÑGWAL; this
great dome covering Valinor, made by Varda must represent earlier *ñwalca = *ngwalca;
and full of star-imagines (see tinwë, nillë). It was these forms are not given in Etym, but compare
a simulacrum of Tar-menel, the true firmament nwalmë below. In Tengwar writing, the initial NW
(MR : 388) would be represented by the letter nwalmë.)
núra adj. "deep" (NŪ)

nwalma noun "pain" (VT46 : 4. In nyarro noun "rat", the most likely
Tengwar writing, the initial NW would be reading of Tolkien's manuscript. Christopher
represented by the letter nwalmë.) Tolkien originally read the word as "nyano" (so
nwalmë noun "torment", also name of in the published Etymologies, entry NYAD), but
tengwa #20. Originally pronounced ngwalmë; the "Noldorin" / Sindarin cognates nadhr, nadhor
initial ng had become n in Third Age (VT46 : 7) indicate that the primitive form is
pronunciation (Appendix E). In Tengwar writing, meant to be *nyadrō, which form could hardly
the initial NW would be represented by the letter yield "nyano" in Quenya.
nwalmë. -nyë, 1st person sg. pronominal suffix
nwalya- vb. "to pain, torment" (ÑGWAL; "I"; also short form -n (q.v.). Carin or carinyë *“I
this must represent earlier *ñwalya = *ngwalya; do” (VT49 : 16). With object -s following in
these forms are not given in Etym, but compare utúvienyes “I have found it” (see tuv-). It may
nwalmë above. In Tengwar writing, the initial be that Tolkien at one point considered nye (or
NW would be represented by the letter nwalmë.) ne, inyë) as an independent emphatic pronoun
nwin, see ngwin “I”, but this was struck out (VT49 : 49).
-nya pronominal suffix, 1st person sg. [nyel an (incomplete?) word occurring in
possessive, "my" (VT49 : 16, 38, 48), e.g. the deleted entry NYELED in the Etymologies,
tatanya *"my daddy" (UT : 191, VT48 : 17), VT46 : 7). Compare perhaps the final element of
meldonya *”my [male] friend” (VT49 : 38), Falanyel, #Solonyel]
meldenya *"my [female] friend” (Elaine nyelecca ("k") noun "onyx" (PE15 : 76)
inscription), omentienya *”my meeting” (PE17 : nyelet noun "nail" (of the finger), pl.
68), tyenya “my tye” (tye being an intimate form nyelexi (PE15 : 75)
of “you”), used = “dear kinsman” (VT49 : 51, 56). nyellë noun "bell" (NYEL). In the pre-
This ending seems to prefer i as its connecting classical Tengwar system presupposed in the
vowel where one is needed, cf. Anarinya "my Etymologies, nyellë was also the name of
sun" in LR : 72, so also in hildinyar "my heirs". It tengwa #21 with overposed dots to indicate
was previously theorized by some that a final -ë "following y", the whole symbol having the value
would also be changed to -i- before -nya, but the ny (VT46 : 7)
example órenya "my heart [órë]" indicates that nyello noun "singer" (NYEL). Compare
this is not the case (VT41 : 11). the final element of Falanyel, #Solonyel, q.v
nyano, see nyarro nyéna- vb. "lament" (LT1 : 262).
nyar- vb. "to tell" (1st pers. aorist nyarin Compare naina- in Tolkien’s later Quenya.
2
"I tell") (NAR , VT45 : 36) nyéni noun "she-goat" (LT1 : 262)
nyárë noun "tale, saga, history". Nyenna noun alternative form of Nienna
Compounded in Eldanyárë "History of the (LT1 : 262)
Elves", lumenyárë "history, chronological nyenyë noun "weeping" (LT1 : 262)
2
account" (NAR , LR : 199) nyérë noun "grief" (LT1 : 261), "sorrow" (GL :
2
nyarna noun "tale, saga" (NAR ) 60)
O
†Ó noun "the sea" (poetic word, hardly preposition o was used in Quenya. Writers may
valid in Tolkien's later Quenya) (LT1 : 263, there rather use as.) See ó- below.
spelt Ô) o (3) prep.? variant (along with au and
o (1) conj. "and", occurring solely in SD : va) of the stem awa “away from” (VT49 : 24). It is
246; all other sources give ar. uncertain whether this o is a Quenya word;
o (2) prep. "with" (MC : 216; this is Patrick Wynne suggests it could be the first
"Qenya"; WJ : 367 states that no independent

element of the preposition ollo “away from” explicit statement in WJ : 367 that the prepostion
(ibid.) o (variant of ó) did not exist independently in
-o (1) genitive ending, as in Altariello, Quenya is however difficult to get around, so
Oromëo, Elenna-nórëo, Rithil-Anamo, instead using the preposition ó / o (with or
Rúmilo, Lestanórëo, neldëo, omentielvo, without endings) for "with", writers may rather
sindiëo, veryanwesto, q.v. In words ending in - use as, the form appearing in the last version of
a, the genitive ending replaces this final vowel, Tolkien's Quenya Hail Mary (also attested with a
hence atto, Ráno, Vardo, vorondo as the pronominal suffix : aselyë "with you").
genitive forms of atta, Rána, Varda, voronda oa (1), also oar ("öa, öar"), adverbs,
(q.v.) Following a noun in -ië, the ending can "away", with the idea of movement away (WJ :
have the longer form -no, e.g. *máriéno “of 366, gloss in VT39 : 6). Compare au #2.
goodness” (PE17 : 59, but contrast sindiëo “of oa (2) noun "wool" (LT1 : 249; evidently
greyness” in PE17 : 72). Where the word ends replaced by tó in Tolkien's later Quenya)
in -o already, the genitive is not distinct in form, oantë vb. "went away (to another
e.g. ciryamo (q.v.) = “mariner” or “mariner’s”. Pl. place)"; past tense of auta-. Also perfect oantië.
-ion and -ron, q.v.; dual -to (but possibly -uo in (WJ : 366, VT48 : 32)
the case of nouns that have nominative dual oar (1) = oa #1, q.v.
forms in -u rather than -t). The Quenya genitive oar (2) noun "child of the sea, merchild"
describes source, origin or former ownership (LT1 : 263; hardly valid in Tolkien's later
rather than current ownership (which is rather Quenya)
covered by the possessive-adjectival case in - Oarel ("Oärel") noun "Elf who departed
va). The ending -o may also take on an ablativic from Beleriand to Aman" (while the Sindar
sense, “from”, as in Oiolossëo “from (Mount) stayed there). Stem Oareld-, as in pl. Oareldi
Oiolossë” (Nam), sio “hence” (VT49 : 18). (WJ : 363, 374). Older form Oazeldi.
-o (2), also -ó, "a person, somebody", oaris (oarits-), also oarwen, noun
pronominal suffix (PM : 340) "mermaid" (LT1 : 263; read perhaps ëar- for oar-
ó- (usually reduced to o- when in LotR-style Quenya)
unstressed) a prefix "used in words describing Oazeldi, Vanyarin (and original) form of
the meeting, junction, or union of two things or Oareldi; see Oarel (WJ : 374)
persons, or of two groups thought of as units". In ócama- vb. "have mercy" (VT44 : 12-14;
omentië, onóna, ónoni, q.v. (WJ : 367, PE17 : Tolkien may have abandoned this form in favour
191; in the Etymologies, stem WŌ, the prefix o-, of órava-)
ó- is simply defined as "together".) In VT43 : 29 ocamna ("k") noun "diphthong" (VT44 :
is found a table showing how pronominal 13)
endings can be added to the preposition ó-; the #ócom- vb. “gather, assemble”
resulting forms are onyë or óni *"with me", ómë (intransitive) (PE17 : 157, 158). Cited in the form
*"with us" [also in VT43 : 36, where "us" is said ócomë “gathers, assembles”, evidently an
to be exclusive], ólyë or ólë *"with you" (olyë endingless aorist. Perfect ócómië given.
only sg. "you", whereas ólë can be either sg. or occa ("k") noun "knee" (QL : 70)
pl.), ósë *"with him / her", ótë *"with them" (of [#ócom- intr. vb. “gather, assemble”
animates – where "them" refers to non-persons, (PE17 : 157, 158)]
óta [or shortened ót] is used, though the ocombë (“k”) noun “gathering,
conceptual validity of ta as a pl. pronoun is assembly, assemblage, collection”. Also combë
questionable), ósa (or shortened ós) "with it". (PE17 : 158)
(Two additional forms, ótar and ótari, ohlon (pl. ohloni is attested) noun
presumably mean “with them” of inanimate "diphthong", used of both vocalic diphthongs and
things; see VT49 : 56 for a possible second "consonantal diphthongs" like mb (VT39 : 9)
attestation of tar as the word for plural inanimate oholima adj. “confidential” (PE17 : 129),
“they”.) However, Tolkien's later decision to the a form also used to describe the 1st person dual
effect that ó- refers to two parties only may throw inclusive pronoun.
doubt upon the conceptual validity of some of ohta noun "war" (OKTA, KOT > KOTH).
these forms, where at least three persons would In the pre-classical Tengwar system
be implied (like ótë "with them", where one presupposed in the Etymologies, ohta was also
person is "with" two or more others – though the name of tengwa #15 (VT46 : 7), but Tolkien
Tolkien indicates that two groups may also be would later call this letter anca instead –
involved where the preposition ó- is used). The changing its value from ht to nc.

#ohtacar- stem of the past tense ol- vb. "grow" (VT45 : 13; this may be a
ohtacárë (-"káre") vb. "war-made", made war (+ primitive root rather than a Quenya verb)
allative = make war upon) (LR : 47, SD : 246; óla- vb. "to dream" (said to be
ohtacárië in LR : 56). The past tense could "impersonal", probably meaning that the dreamer
probably also be *ohtacarnë with the better- is mentioned in the dative rather than the
attested pa.t. of car- “make”. nominative) (UT : 396)
[ohtacáro] ("k") noun "warrior" (KAR). In olassië noun "collection of leaves,
the Etymologies as printed in LR, the accent of foliage" (Letters : 283). A shorter form #olassë is
the word ohtacáro was omitted (VT45 : 19). apparently present in laicolassë “green-foliage”
ohtar noun "warrior, soldier" (UT : 282) (PE17 : 56).
oi adv. "ever" (OY) olba noun "branch" (PM : 340; the form
oia adj. "everlasting" (OY); according to *olva may be more frequent; olba can only
VT46 : 8 the word is both adjective and adverb. occur in the Quenya variant that uses lb for lv.
An explicitly adverbial form oiavë is mentioned The Etymologies, stem GÓLOB, has olwa. See
elsewhere (PE17 : 74) also olvar.)
Oiacúma ("k") = Avacúma ("k"), noun olca adj. "evil, bad, wicked" (VT43 : 23-
the Exterior Void beyond the World (OY, cf. 24, VT48 : 32, VT49 : 14, PE17 : 149). The root
AWA; in the published Etymologies the final -a meaning implies “wickedness as well as badness
was misread as -i, see VT46 : 8) or lack of worth” (PE17 : 170). Variant of ulca.
oiala adj. “unceasing, without end, olë (1) adv. "much" (PE14 : 80)
forever” (PE17 : 68) olë (2) cardinal "three" (LT1 : 258; in
oialë noun "everlasting [?age]" (Reading LotR-style Quenya Tolkien replaced this "Qenya"
of gloss uncertain) (OY). Also adverb "eternally, form with neldë)
in eternity” (PE17 : 59) or “forever” (PE17 : 69), ólemë noun "elbow" (LT1 : 258)
so used in Namárië (Nam, RGEO : 67) olla prep “over” (= beyond, of things
oialëa adj. “eternal” (PE17 : 59) passed over, as in “I went over a river” or “they
oïcta ("k") ??? (twice in Narqelion; the went over the hill”) (PE17 : 65)
combination ct would have to become ht in ollo (1) noun "cliff, seaward precipice"
LotR-style Quenya, and the hiatic combination oï (also oldō - is this to be understood as the older
does not occur.) form?) (LT1 : 252)
oiencarmë Eruo ("k") noun "the One's ollo (2) prep. “away from” (VT49 : 24)
[Eru's] perpetual production", free rendering : olma cardinal "nine" (LT1 : 258; in
"God's management of the Drama" (MR : 471) Tolkien's later Quenya nertë)
oilima adj. "last" (MC : 213, 214; this is olmë noun "odour" (changed by Tolkien
"Qenya"), inflected or lengthened form oilimain from holmë, VT46 : 6)
"last (pl.)" (MC : 221), oilimaisen "(MC : 221), Olofantur noun "lord of Dream-cloud",
oilimaite "last" (MC : 214, 221) surname of the Vala Lórien (ÓLOS, SPAN, VT45
oio noun "an endless period" (CO) or : 28)
adv. "ever" (SA : los). Oiolairë "Ever-summer" ?olo (reading uncertain), possibly a
(name of a tree, UT : 167; also in the name synonym of ló #1, hence noun "night" (VT45 :
Coron Oiolairë, "Mound of Ever-summer". 28)
Oiolossë "Everwhite, Ever-snowwhite", a name olombo noun "horse" (derived from a
of Taniquetil (OY), hence the translation "Mount base LOB which Tolkien later changed to LOP;
Everwhite" in Tolkien's rendering of Namárië. hence read *olompo for olombo?)
See also SA : los. Explicit "mount" in Oron oloirë noun "great flood" (VT42 : 10)
Oiolossë "Mount Everwhite" (WJ : 403). oloiya- vb. "to inundate, flood" (VT42 :
Ablativic genitive Oiolossëo "from Mount 10)
Everwhite" in Namárië (Nam, RGEO : 67, OY) olor noun "dream" (LOS, ÓLOS, LT1 :
Oiomúrë place-name; noun *"Ever- 259 [the latter source also gives olórë]); perhaps
?mist" (Silm) changed by Tolkien to olos, q.v.
oiórië, perfect tense of yor-, q.v. (PE17 : olórëa adj. "dreamy" (LT1 : 259 –
43) replaced by olosta, UT : 396?)
oira adj. "eternal" (OY) Olórin noun name of the Maia that
oirë noun "everlasting [?age]" (Reading became Gandalf, connected to olos no. 1 (UT :
of gloss uncertain) (OY) 396)

olos (1) noun "dream, vision" (olor-, as phonemics. Also #ómëa. (VT39 : 8; ómatengwi
in pl. olori from earlier olozi) (UT : 396). Cf. olor ["ñ"] with no hyphen in VT39 : 16)
and see lár #2. óman noun "vowel" (stem omand- as in
†olos (2) noun "snow, fallen snow" the pl. omandi, which form was misread as
(prob. oloss-, cf. the longer form olossë below; "amandi" in the Etymologies as printed in LR,
this form should be preferred since olos also = entry OM; see VT46 : 7). The terms óma-
"dream, vision") (GOLOS) tengwë, ómëa from a later source are probably
†olossë noun "snow, fallen snow" to be preferred.
(GOLÓS, LOT[H]) ómataina, ómataima – see óma.
olosta adj. "dreamy" (UT : 396) ómë prep. + pron. "with us" (exclusive);
olótë noun "bloom, the flowers see ó
collectively of a single plant" (VT42 : 18) #ómëa noun "vowel" (only pl. ómëar
olpë noun “bottle” (QL : 69) attested); this refers to vowels considered as
olvar (sg. #olva) noun "growing things independent phonemes, according to Fëanor's
with roots in the earth, *plants" (Silm). new insights on phonemics. Also #óma-tengwë.
Apparently more or less the same word as olwa, (VT39 : 8)
olba, which is however glossed “branch”. Cf. ómen prep. + pron. ?"on / for us" (órava
laima. ómen "have mercy on us", VT44 : 12, changed
olwa noun "branch" (GÓLOB). Read by Tolkien from the simple dative form men "for
perhaps *olva in LotR-style Quenya (since the us", then replaced by (o)messë)
root indicates that lw originates from lb, which in omentië noun "meeting" (meeting or
Tolkien’s later scheme would rather yield lv, junction of the directions of two people) (WJ :
reverting to lb in some forms of late 367), *omentielva "our meeting", only attested in
pronunciation; the form olba is attested in PM : the genitive : omentielvo "of our meeting"
340). (discussed in VT48 : 11). See -lv-. Concerning
Olwë noun masc. name (PM : 340), the alternative reading omentielmo, see -lma.
difficult to interpret (PM : 341) Omentienya *”my meeting” (PE17 : 58).– The
olwen (olwenn-) noun "branch, wand, form omentiemman appears in early material,
stick" (LT2 : 342) with the ending -mma (at the time plural
olya adj. "much" (PE14 : 80) inclusive “our”) and the ending -n (at the time the
óma noun "voice" (OM), "voice, genitive ending) (RS : 324, VT49 : 55)
resonance of the vocal chords" (VT39 : 16), omessë, ómessë, see me
“voice / vowel” (PE17 : 138, where it is said that ompa adv. “forward” (VT49 : 12), also
the root OM refers to “drawn-out” sounds; póna
contrast tomba, q.v.). With pronominal suffix ómu conj.? word of uncertain meaning
#ómarya "his / her voice", genitive ómaryo "of occurring in an untranslated "Qenya" text;
his / her voice" (Nam, RGEO : 67). Instrumental Christopher Gilson argues that it could mean
pl. ómainen "with voices" (WJ : 391). Adj. *"although" (or *"notwithstanding") (PE15 : 32,
ómalóra "voiceless" (VT45 : 28). The term óma 37)
is closely associated with vowels, see óma- -on gen.pl. ending (3O), in aldaron,
tengwë, ómëa; cf. also the compounds aranion, elenion, Eldaron, #esseron,
ómataina "vocalic extension", the addition to the Ingweron, Istarion, Númevalion, Quendion,
base a final vowel identical to the stem-vowel Silmarillion, Sindaron, tasarion (see Nan-
(WJ : 371, 417; also called ómataima, VT42 : Tasarion), Valion, wenderon, yénion. Normally
24, 25), ómatehtar "vowel-signs", signs used for the ending -on is added to the nominative plural,
vowels (usually called simply tehtar, but the whether it ends in -i or -r, but some nouns in -ë
latter term strictly includes all kinds of diacritics, that would have nominative plurals in -i seem to
not just the vowel-signs) (WJ : 396) prefer the ending -ron in the genitive (hence
ómalingwe ?"voice-???" (Narqelion; in #esseron as the gen. pl. of essë "name", though
Tolkien's later Quenya, óma means "voice" or the nominative pl. is attested as essi and we
"vowel" and lingwë means "fish", but at least the might have expected the gen. pl. *ession;
latter gloss can hardly be relevant here) similarly wenderon, Ingweron).
#óma-tengwë noun "vowel" (only pl. on, ondo noun "stone" (LT2 : 342, LT1 :
óma-tengwi attested); this refers to vowels 254 - probably only ondo in LotR-style Quenya,
considered as independent phonemes, see below). Various "Qenya" forms : ondoli
according to Fëanor's new insights on "rocks" (MC : 213; this would be a partitive plural

in LotR-style Quenya), ondolin "rocks" (MC : onóro noun "brother" (of blood-kinship)
220), ondoisen "upon rocks" (MC : 221), (TOR, NŌ (WŌ) )
ondolissen "rocks-on" (MC : 214; the latter onot- vb. "count up" (NOT). Compare
form, partitive plural locative, is still valid in LotR- not-.
style Quenya). #onótië noun "reckoning" (isolated from
ondo noun "stone" as a material, also Yénonótië *"reckoning of years", MR : 51)
"rock" (UT : 459, GOND). Pl. ondor in an earlier Onótimo noun *"Reckoner" (the
variant of Markirya; partitive pl. locative untranslated title of one Quennar, an expert of
ondolissë "on rocks" in the final version; chronology) (MR : 48-51)
Ondoher masc.name, *"Stone-lord" (ondo onta- (pa.t. ónë or ontanë) vb. "beget,
alluding to Ondonórë = Sindarin Gondor, "stone- create" (ONO, PE17 : 170)
land") (Appendix A). #Ondolunca (“k”) ontamo noun “mason (sculptor)” (PE17 :
“stonewain”, possessive form in the place-name 107-108); this is a compound on(do) “stone” +
Nand’ Ondoluncava “Stonewain Valley” (PE17 : tamo “smith”.
28, also Ondoluncanan(do) as a compound). ontani form cited in the Etymologies as
Ondolindë place-name "Gondolin" (SA : gond, printed in LR, entry ONO : supposedly the pl. of
J.R.R. Tolkien : Artist & Illustrator p. 193); see ontaro, ontarë noun "parent" (m. and. f.)
Ondo. Earlier "Qenya" has Ondolinda (changed Comparison with the singulars indicate that the n
from Ondolin) "singing stone, Gondolin" (LT1 : of ontani should actually be r. Thus ontani
254) could be a misreading for ontari (SD : 73), but
Ondonórë, #Ondórë place-name according to VT46 : 7 the actual manuscript
"Gondor" (Stone-land). The shorter form of the reading is ontaru, evidently a dual form referring
name is attested in the genitive in the phrase to two parents.
aran Ondórëo, “a king of Gondor”. (VT42 : 17, ontar noun prob. *"begetter, parent" (a
VT49 : 27) gender-neutral term, applied to a woman in the
onë conj. "but" (VT43 : 23) source; compare the various gender-specific
ónë one pa.t. of onta- vb. "beget, forms below) (VT44 : 7). Dual ontaru “(two)
create" (the pa.t. may also be ontanë) (ONO) parents” (see ontani above).
ongwë noun “crime” (PE17 : 170) ontarë noun "begetter, parent" (fem);
óni, see ó- the pl. ontari or dual ontaru (see ontani) covers
onna noun "creature" (ONO), “child” both sexes. (ONO, VT46 : 7)
(PE17 : 170), also translated "child" in the plural ontari noun "mother" or etymologically
compound Aulëonnar "Children of Aulë", a "begetter, parent" (fem.); clashing with the plural
name of the Dwarves (PM : 391), and apparently ontari "parents", this was apparently an
also used = “child” in the untranslated sentence emphemeral form (see ontarë, ontaril, ontarië
nai amanya onnalya ter coivierya (“k”) *”be it for other feminine forms of "begetter, parent")
that your child [will be] blessed thoughout his / (VT44 : 7)
her life” (VT49 : 41). The form onya (q.v.), used ontarië noun "begetter, parent" (fem.)
as a vocative *"my child", is perhaps shortened (VT44 : 7)
from *onnanya. ontaril noun "mother", female
ono conj. "but" (VT43 : 23, VT44 : 5 / 9) *"begetter" (cf. onta-). Variant of ontarë. (VT43 :
onóna (1) adj. "twin-born"; (2) noun "one 32)
of a pair of twins"; pl. ónoni "twins" (WJ : 367) ontaro noun "begetter, parent"
onónë see onórë (evidently masc.); pl. ontari or dual ontaru (see
onórë noun "sister" (of blood-kin) (THEL ontani) covers both sexes. (ONO, VT46 : 7)
/ THELES, NŌ; both of these entries in the onwë noun “child” (PE17 : 170)
Etymologies as reproduced in LR have the onya noun *"my child", *"my son" (not
reading "onóne", but the "Old Noldorin" cognate the normal word for "son", however [cf. yondo] –
wanúre listed in the entry THEL / THELES onya seems to be derived from the stem ONO
seems to indicate that the Quenya word should "beget") This may be a shortened form of
be onórë; the letters n and r are easily confused *onnanya (see onna), like hinya "my child"
in Tolkien's handwriting. There is no clear (q.v.) is shortened from hinanya. It may be,
evidence for a feminine ending -në in Quenya, then, that onya (like hinya) is only used in
but -rë is relatively well attested; cf. for instance vocative. (UT : 174)
ontarë.) – A later source gives the word for
“sister” as nésa instead.

ópa noun “mouth”, in the sense of orma noun "physical matter" (MR : 218,
mouth-opening with lips as the edges (PE17 : 231, 471)
126) Ormal noun, one of the Lamps of the
opelë noun "walled house or village, Valar : *"High-Gold"??? (Silm)
'town' " (PEL(ES) ) ormë (1) noun "haste, violence, wrath",
opo prep. “before, in front of” (of spatial "rushing" (GOR, KHOR)
relationships); "after" (of time), also pó, po or ormë (2) noun "summit, crest" (LT1 :
pono, poto (VT49 : 12, VT44 : 36, evidently a 256; this "Qenya" word is probably obsoleted by
variant of apa). # 1 above)
or prep. "over" (CO); in early "Qenya", orna adj. (1) "hasty" (GOR)
this preposition was also defined as "on, upon" orna adj. (2) “tall, high, lofty” (PE17 :
(LT1 : 256, MC : 216). Prefixed or- is translated 112, 186), also orwa
"up" in ortil, q.v. ornë noun "tree" (Letters : 308, SD : 302
#or- vb. "urge, impel, move", only of : "when smaller and more slender like a birch or
"mental" impulse. Constructed as an impersonal rowan", Etym stem ÓR-NI : "tree, high isolated
verb : orë nin caritas "I would like / feel moved tree"). For the etymology, see Letters : 426; for
to do so" (VT41 : 13), literally *"it impels for me (original) difference in meaning between ornë
to do so" (notice that what is the subject in and alda, see alda. In ornemalin "tree-yellow";
English appears in the dative in Quenya). see laurelindórenan lindelorendor... (LotR2 :
Elsewhere this verb is presented as an A-stem III ch. 4; cf. Letters : 308), also as final element
ora- instead (so that the aorist would be ora in malinornë “yellow-tree, mallorn” (q.v.) Masc.
instead of orë, cf. ora nin "it warns me" in VT41 name Ornendil *"Tree-friend" (Appendix A),
: 15), with past tense oranë or ornë, future tense compound Ornelië “tree-folk” (Quenya name of
oruv[a], present tense órëa and a form orië that the Galadhrim, the tree-people of Lórien) (TI :
may be the gerund; the forms orórië and ohórië 239).
were rejected but may have been intended as ornemalin adj. “bearing yellow flowers”
perfect forms (VT41 : 13, 18, VT49 : 54) (PE17 : 80); this is Entish-style Quenya. See
órava- vb. "have mercy", followed by laurelindórenan lindelorendor\
locative : "have mercy on". Órava (o)messë oro (1) noun “mount, mountain” (PE17 :
"have mercy on us" (VT44 : 12) 64), cf. Qenya oro noun "hill" (LT1 : 256; rather
orco ("k") noun "Orc", pl. orcor or orqui ambo in LotR-style Quenya, though #oro
(WJ : 390, ÓROK; pl. Orcor also in MR : 74, "mountain, hill" appears in Orocarni and
194). If the pl. form orqui is preferred, the word orofarnë, q.v. [PE17 : 83], also with the meaning
should be assigned the stem-form orcu-. Early “high” in oromar, q.v.) Cf. oro- element “up,
"Qenya" has orc ("k") (orqu-) ("q") "monster, aloft” (PE17 : 64).
demon" (LT1 : 264; in LotR-style Quenya, no oro- (2) vb. "rise" (LT1 : 256; Tolkien's
word can end in -rc.) later Quenya has orta-, but cf. oro #1)
orë (ori-) noun "grain" (QL : 50) Orocarni noun "the Red Mountains",
órë (1) noun "heart" (inner mind), also place-name : literally rather *"Mountain-Reds" :
name of tengwa #21 (Appendix E), "premonition" a plural form of carnë "red" with the element
(VT41 : 13), "nearest equivalent of 'heart' in our oro- "mountain" or "high" prefixed (Silm)
application to feelings, or emotions (courage, orofarnë noun occurring in LotR2 : III
fear, hope, pity, etc.)" (VT41 : 13). The órë ch. 4, variously translated "mountain-dwelling"
apparently defines a person's personality, cf. the (Letters : 224) and “mountain ash” (PE17 : 83)
description of Galadriel in PM : 337, that "there oromandin noun "wood-spirits" (MC :
dwelt in her the noble and generous spirit (órë) 215; this is "Qenya")
of the Vanyar". Órenya "my heart" (VT41 : 11). oromar (oromard-) noun "high (lofty)
órë (2) noun "rising", anarórë "sunrise" dwelling, ‘hall’“ (PM17 : 63-64), pl oromardi
(ORO). Cf. early "Qenya" órë "the dawn, “high halls” or “high mansions” in Namárië (cf.
Sunrise, East" (LT1 : 264). See under Melkor RGEO : 66, PE17 : 64), referring to the
concerning the final element of Melkórë. mansions of Manwë and Varda upon Mt.
órëa adj. "of the dawn, Eastern" (LT1 : Taniquetil. See mar #1. Distinguish oromardi
264) noun “mountain-dwellers” (PE16 : 96), pl. of
óressë noun "in morning" (MC : 214), *oromar(d-).
evidently the locative of órë # 2 above. Oromë noun name of a Vala, adopted
and adapted from Valarin. Observes Pengolodh,

"the Eldar now take the name to singify 'horn- os (ost-) noun "house, cottage" (LT2 :
blowing' or 'horn-blower', but to the Valar it had 336; hardly valid in LotR-style Quenya – writers
no such meaning" (WJ : 400-401, cf. SA : rom may use coa or már)
and ROM, TÁWAR in Etym, VT14 : 5). Genitive osamnar, noun a word for "diphthong"
Oromëo and possessive Oroméva in WJ : 368. (actually plural "diphthongs", sg. #osamna?)
A deleted entry in the Etymologies cited the which Tolkien in the late thirties (?) replaced by
name as Orómë with a long middle vowel (VT45 ocamna, q.v.
: 15). Oromendil, masc. name *"Friend of ósanwë noun "interchange of thought",
Oromë" (UT : 210) "communication of thought", i.e. telepathy (VT39
Oromet noun place-name of obscure : 23, PE17 : 183, cf. MR : 415); Ósanwë-centa
meaning (Silm) ("k") noun "Enquiry into the Communication of
oron (oront-, as in pl. oronti) noun Thought" (VT39 : 23 cf. MR : 415)
"mountain" (ÓROT; the root occurs in orotinga, ósë, see ó-
q.v.) Oron Oiolossë "Mount Everwhite" (WJ : osellë (þ) noun "sister, [female]
403) associate" (THEL / THELES, WŌ). Cf. otorno.
oronyë, pa.t. of orya-, q.v. ossa noun "wall and moat" (LT2 : 336)
oronta adj. "steep" (LT1 : 256) ossë noun "terror" (GOS / GOTH). In the
orontë, oronto noun "Sunrise" (LT1 : pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in
264). Notice that in Tolkien’s later Quenya, the Etymologies, ossë was also the name of a
orontë is also the intransitive pa.t. (“rose”) of the Tengwa similar to Roman c, which in a full-vowel
verb orta- “rise / raise” (q.v.) mode apparently had the value o. (VT45 : 15; in
orosta noun "ascension" (LT1 : 256) the Sindarin "Mode of Beleriand", exemplified in
orotinga noun "mountain-top" (VT47 : the LotR itself, this letter has the value a instead.
28). Cf. ingor. Elsewhere in the Etymologies itself, this symbol
orqui ("q") pl. of orco, q.v. (ÓROK, LT2 is called Elwë (q.v.) and is assigned the value e.)
: 336) Ossë noun name of a Maia, adopted
orro (also horro) "ugh, alas! ow!" and adapted from Valarin (WJ : 400), though
(interjection "of horror, pain, disgust") (VT45 : 17) connected with the common noun ossë "terror"
orró-, hró- “uprising, sunrise, east” in Etym (GOS / GOTH)
(PE17 : 18), element underlying words like the osta (1) fraction "one seventh" (1 / 7).
following, and also hróna (q.v.) Also otosta, otsat. (VT48 : 11)
orróna adj. “eastern” (PE17 : 18) osta (2) noun "homestead" (LT2 : 336)
Orrostar place-name, the "Eastlands" of ostar noun "township" (LT2 : 336)
Númenor (UT : 165) ostimë (pl. ostimi is attested) noun
orta- vb. "rise”, also transitive “raise, lift "blend", in linguistics a term for a kind of
up", pa.t. ortanë (Nam, RGEO : 67, ORO; "strengthened" elements within a stem, where a
misreading "ortani" in Letters : 426). According to single sound has been expanded into two
PE17 : 63-64, this pa.t. form ortanë is only different elements while maintaining a unitary
transitive (*”raised”), whereas the intransitive effect and significance : such as s- being turned
pa.t. (*”rose”) is orontë. Cf. orya-. into st-, or m being strengthened to mb. (VT39 :
ortil (ortill-, pl. ortilli given) noun "up- 9)
point", term used in children's play for "finger", ostirion noun “fort” (TI : 423)
the counterpart of nútil, q.v. (VT47 : 10) osto (1) noun "a strong or fortified
#ortírië noun "patronage", isolated from building or place, strong place, fortress" (MR :
ortírielyanna "to thy patronage" (VT44 : 7). A 350, 471; WJ : 414); "city, town with wall round"
verbal stem #ortir- “over-watch” (look after, care (OS, VT46 : 8)
for, protect) seems implied. osto (2) noun "the gates of the Sun"
orto noun "mountain-top" (ÓROT), (LT1 : 264; this "Qenya" word was probably
“mount, mountain” (PE17 : 64) obsoleted by # 1 above)
orto- vb. "raise" (LT1 : 256; in Tolkien's Ostoher noun masc. name, *"City-lord"
later Quenya orta-) (Appendix A)
orva noun "apple" (PE13 : 116) oswë noun "hip" (QL : 71). If this
orwa adj. (2) “tall, high, lofty” (PE17 : “Qenya” word is used in Tolkien’s later Quenya
112, 186), also orna (and no other term for “hip” seems available),
orya- vb. “rise” (intrasitive only, contrast one would have to assume that the s represents
orta-), pa.t. oronyë (PE17 : 64) older þ (or it would have become z > r).

otoquë cardinal "seventeen" (VT48 : 21) otso cardinal "seven" (SA : sîr, OT /
otornassë noun "brotherhood" (TOR) OTOS / OTOK, VT48 : 6); otsëa ordinal
otorno noun "brother, sworn brother, "seventh" (VT42 : 25)
[male] associate" (TOR, WŌ). Cf. osellë. otsola noun "week" (evidently referring
otosta fraction "one seventh" (1 / 7). to a week of seven days like our own, since otso
Also osta, otsat. (VT48 : 11) = seven). (GL : 62). Compare enquië, the
otsëa ordinal "seventh" (VT42 : 25). See Eldarin six-day week, and lemnar, a five-day
otso. week.
Otselen noun "Seven Stars" (otso + ovéa adj. “(con)similar, alike”, also
elen), a name of the Great Bear (constellation) vávëa, q.v. (PE17 : 189)
(OT / OTOS / OTOK) [ovesta] noun "contract, compact,
otsat fraction "one seventh" (1 / 7). Also treaty" (WED, WŌ)
otosta, osta (VT48 : 11)
P
pá, pa (1) prep. "on" with reference to [pal- (2) vb. "beat", also in an alternative
contact of surfaces, especially vertical surface (in (extended?) form palap-, VT46 : 8. See palpa-.]
the sense in which a picture hangs on a wall); palan adv.? “afar” (PE17 : 86). It is
also used = "touching, as regards, concerning" unclear if this word occurs by itself or is just a
(VT43 : 26). Another variant gives pá (and apa) root-element appearing in compounds, with
with the meaning “on (above but touching)”. (2) meaning "far, distant, wide, to a great extent"
Variants of apa "after" (VT44 : 36), which (PAL), "wide, over a wide space, to a distance"
preposition is in one source also ascribed the (VT45 : 21), "far and wide" in palantír (pl.
first meaning here discussed. For Neo-Quenya palantíri) "Far-gazer", the magical far-seeing
purposes, pá and pa may be used for "on" or stones made by the Noldor in the First Age (SA :
"concerning", whereas apa is used for "after" palan, PAL, PE17 : 86). For etymology, see
(see entries for apa #1 and #2), or pa may also Letters : 427. The spelling “pálan-tìr” in PE17 :
be seen as a shorter form of apa “after”, as in 86 may seem to indicate an unusual stress
the phrase yéni pa yéni *“years upon years” pattern with primary stress on the initial syllable
(VT44 : 36) and a secondary stress on the final one
paca ("k") noun "paved floor, court" (GL : (normally a Quenya word of this shape would be
63) stressed on ant); it is unclear if this source
pahta (1) adj. "closed, shut, private" describes the Quenya accents or some older
(VT39 : 23, VT41 : 6, PE17 : 171) pattern. – Also Palantir masc. name, "Far-
pahta (2) noun “speech”, i.e. language sighted" (Appendix A, SA : palan, PAL, TIR);
(PE17 : 126); accompanied by the intransitive assimilated palar- in Palarran "Far-Wanderer",
verb pakta- “speak, talk”, which would be name of a ship (palan + ran) (UT : 179)
*pahta- in Quenya, of which the transitive palantír noun *"Far-seer", used =
equivalent is quet-, q.v. The intransitive verb "Seeing Stone" (pl. palantíri is attested); see
“speak” is also given as carpa-, q.v. palan-.
paimë noun "punishment" (QL : 72) [palap-, see palpa-]
paimeta- “exact or inflict a penalty; palar noun "flat field, 'wang', plain" (the
punish” (QL : 72) editors indicate that the last gloss may also be
paimesta "chastisement" (QL : 72) read as "place", but "plain" seems more likely in
paitya- vb. "repay, requite" (QL : 72) light of the other glosses, VT46 : 8)
pal- (1) vb. “shake”, pa.t. pallë given Palarran ship-name “Far-wanderer”; see
(PE16 : 143). palan

palis noun "sward, lawn" (LT1 : 264) parca (2) (“k”) adj. “naked”, of persons
palla adj. "wide, expansive" (PAL) (PE17 : 86)
palmë noun "surface" (PAL) parma noun "book", also name of
palpa- vb. "to beat, batter" (PALAP). tengwa #2 (PAR, Appendix E). In early "Qenya",
The alternative form pal-, evidently with an the gloss was "skin, bark, parchment, book,
extended form palap-, was struck out by Tolkien writings" (LT2 : 346); Tolkien later revisited the
(VT46 : 8) idea that parma basically is a noun “peel” and
palta (1) noun "the flat of the hand, the refers to bark or skin (as primitive writing
hand held upwards or forwards, flat and tensed" materials, PE17 : 86) : “’peel’, applied to bark or
(with fingers and thumb closed or spread) (VT47 skin, hence “book”, ‘bark (literally skinning,
: 8, 9) peeling off), parchment, book’; ‘a book (or written
palta- (2) vb. "feel with the hand, stroke" document of some size”)’” (PE17 : 123). In the
etc. (basic meaning : "pass the sensitive palm meantimeTolkien had associated the word with a
[palta] over a surface") (VT47 : 9) root PAR meaning “compose, put together” (LR :
palu- vb. "open wide, spread, expand, 380); the word loiparë “mistake in writing” (q.v.)
extend" (PAL) may also suggest that the root PAR at one point
palúrë noun "surface, bosom, bosom of was to mean “write”, so that a parma was a
Earth" (= Old English folde) (PAL); cf. Palúrien. *“written thing”. – Instrumental form parmanen
Palúrien noun, surname of Yavanna “with a book” or “by means of a book” (PE17 :
(PAL) 91, 180), parmastanna “on your book” (with the
Palurin place-name "the wide world" endings -sta dual “your”, -nna allative) (VT49 :
(LT1 : 264) 47), parmahentië noun “book reading” (PE17 :
palya- vb. "open wide, spread, expand, 77). Other compounds : parmalambë noun
extend" (PAL) "book-language" = Q[u]enya (PAR), #parma-
pan adv. “since” (in the sense of resta noun *“book-fair”, attested with the endings
because) (VT49 : 17, 18). The word comes from -lya “thy” and the allative ending -nna (parma-
a text that was later struck out; we cannot know restalyanna *”upon your book-fair”) (VT49 : 38,
whether Tolkien rejected the word as such. 39). Parma as the name of the tengwa letter for
panda noun "enclosure" (PAD) P occurs compunded in parmatéma noun "p-
pano (1) noun "piece of shaped wood" series", labials, the second column of the
(PAN) Tengwar system (Appendix E).
pano (2) noun “plan, arrangement” (QL : parna adj. “bare” (PE17 : 86), also with
72) variant form parnë (PE17 : 171)
panta adj. "open" (PAT) passa adj. “smooth, glabrous” (PE17 :
panta- vb. "to unfurl, spread out, open" 171)
(PAT). pasta- vb. “to smooth, iron” (PE17 : 171)
pantië noun "unfolding, opening, pasta (2) adj. "smooth" (PATH), variant
revealing" (abstract formation or gerund formed of passa
from panta "open", adjective and noun) (QL : 72) pata- vb. “walk” (PE17 : 34)
panya- vb. "fix, set" (PAN). The verb #pataca noun "consonant" (only pl.
napan- (q.v.), “add” or literally *”to-set”, may patacar ["k"] is attested) (VT39 : 8)
argue the existence of a shorter stem #pan- as páva noun "mouth" (including tongue,
well. lips and teeth). Apparently changed by Tolkien to
paptalasselindeën inflected noun "like náva, q.v. (VT39 : 19)
music of falling leaves" (MC : 216; this is pávatengwi, pávëar, words Tolkien
"Qenya") apperently changed to návatengwi, návëar
#par- vb. “learn” (acquire information, (q.v.) (VT39 : 19)
not by experience or observation, but by pé noun "lip", dual peu "the two lips, the
communication, by the instruction, or by written mouth-opening" (VT39 : 9; VT47 : 12, 35). In an
accounts, of others). Paranyë (apárien) earlier source, the Etymologies, pé was glossed
parmanen, “I am learning (have learnt) by "mouth" (PEG), whereas in PE17 : 126 it is more
means of a book” (PE17 : 180). – If may be that specifically “the closed mouth”.
Tolkien at some point intended the root par- to pëanta- vb. “give instructions to” (QL :
mean “write”, cf. loiparë. 72)
parca (1) ("k") adj. "dry" (PÁRAK) pel- vb. "go round, revolve, return"
(PEL), apparently also transitive “encircle”

(mentioned in the Silmarillion Appendix as a Pereldar pl. noun "Half-elven" (=

meaning of the root), cf. also “Qenya” pele- Sindarin Peredhil) (Letters : 282), in the
“surround, fence in, pen in” (pa.t. pellë given, QL Etymologies used of the Danas or Nandor
: 73) (PER). Sg. #Perelda.
pelecco ("k") noun "axe" (LT2 : 346) peresta fraction "one half" (1 / 2), also
pelecta- ("k") vb. "hew" (this "Qenya" perta (VT48 : 11)
word may be adapted to LotR-style Quenya as #Perian noun "Hobbit" (#Periand-), gen.
*pelehta-) (LT2 : 346) pl. Periandion *"of Hobbits" in the Elaine
*pelehta- see pelecta- inscription. VT49 : 40 gives the erroneous
Pelendur masc.name, *"Fence- reading Periondion.
servant"??? (Appendix A) perina adj.? *"divided in middle, halved"
peler noun "fenced field" (Old English (PER) The word is not glossed, but seems to
tún) (PEL(ES) ) connect with the verb perya- "halve". If the
pella "beyond", apparently a relationship is the same as between the verb
postposition rather than a preposition : Andúnë lerya- "to free" and the adj. lerina "free", then
pella "beyond the West", elenillor pella "from perina is most likely an adjective "halved" d.
beyond the stars" (Nam, RGEO : 66, Markirya) perta fraction "one half" (1 / 2), also
In one version of the Quenya Lord's Prayer, peresta (VT48 : 11)
Tolkien used pell' (evidently an elided form of perya- vb. "divide in middle, halve"
pella) as a preposition, but this version was (PER)
abandoned (VT43 : 13) #pet- vb. "knock, strike" (cited as "pete",
pelo noun “a boundary (fence)” (PE17 : perhaps with a suffixed stem-vowel); pa.t. pentë
92) given. (QL : 73)
Pelóri place-name "Fencing Heights", peu dual noun "the two lips, the mouth-
the mountains raised by the Valar to protect opening" (VT39 : 9); the dual of pé, q.v.
Aman (SA : pel, WJ : 403) phin- noun “a single hair, filament”
peltas (peltax-, as in pl. peltaxi ["ks"]) (PE17 : 17); this is may be seen as an “element”
noun "pivot" (PEL, TAK) rather than a regular word; the spelling ph rather
#pempë noun ”lip” (attested only in pl. than f is unusual for Quenya. See fine.
pempi, PE17 : 126); cf. pé. phindelë noun “mass of long hair”
[pen prep. “without, not having” (PE17 : (PE17 : 17; the normal Quenya spelling should
171).] Cf. ú #1. be findelë, cf. findilë
pen- vb. negative of #sam- “to have” pia adj. “little” (PE17 : 115); variants
(q.v.), used as a negative answer to inquiries on picina (“k”), pincë (“k”), pitya
ownership : penin “no / I haven’t” (PE17 : 173) pí noun "small insect, fly" (VT47 : 35)
penda adj. "sloping down, inclined" pica (1) ("k") noun "small spot, dot"
(PEN / PÉNED), “steeply inclined, sloping down” (PIK)
(PE17 : 24) píca- (2) ("k") vb. "lessen, dwindle,
penda- vb. “slope, incline” (PE17 : 171, waning"; participle pícala "waning" (with locative
173) ending : pícalassë) in Markirya
pendë noun "slope, downslope, pícë ("k") prep.? "upon" (???) (MC : 214;
declivity" (PEN / PÉNED), “steep incline, hill this is "Qenya")
side” (PE17 : 24) picina, see pia
penga- vb. "pout" (VT39 : 11) Picinaucor ("k") pl. noun "Petty-
#penna noun "vowel" (only pl. pennar is dwarves" (sg. #Picinauco, cf. nauco). Also
attested) (VT39 : 16) Pitya-naucor (WJ : 389). A distinct term nuxo is
penquanta ("peñ"-) adj. "full to the brim, listed in PE17 : 45.
with mouth full" (VT39 : 11) pië noun “berry” (PE16 : 143)
pentë, see #pet- pilin (pilind-, as in pl. pilindi) noun
penya adj. "lacking, inadequate"; pl. "arrow" (PÍLIM)
penyë in penyë tengwi "lacking signs", pilinehtar noun unidentified plant, some
"inadequate signs"; in early Elvish analysis of kind of rush, or rush in general (J.R.R. Tolkien :
Quenya the term for vowels with no preceding Artist & Illustrator p. 199, note 34)
consonant, held (in many cases incorrectly) to piliningevë ??? (Narqelion)
have lost such a consonant (VT39 : 6, 8) pilu noun "thief, robber" (QL : 73)
pilwë noun “robbery, theft” (QL : 73)

*pimpë noun “tail”. A possible Quenya adjective, it may be that Tolkien is here
adaptation of the word pint, pimp- from citing the root POL rather than a complete word.
Tolkien’s early “Qenya” (QL : 74), if the word is Cf. polda.
to be used in the context of LotR-style Quenya. polca ("k") noun "pig" (QL : 75)
pinilya adj. "small" (MC : 220; this is polda adj. “big” (PE17 : 115), "strong,
"Qenya") burly" (POL / POLOD)
pincë (“k”), see pia poldorë noun? (not glossed, derived
pinquë ("q") ??? (Nabrqelion) from polda "strong, burly" : possibly "strength"
pior ??? (Narqelion) as an abstract) (POL / POLOD)
pir- "spin, turn" (apparently intransitive). Poldor, Poldomo noun “breaker up of
Actually cited in the form piri-, perhaps with the the hard / tough”, Poldor- “land-breaker?”,
connecting vowel of the aorist included. "Qenya" variant forms of Poldórëa, q.v., introduced at a
pa.t. pírë. (QL : 74) time when Tolkien did not want the root POL to
pirnë, variant of pirindë, q.v. refer to strength or mightiness (PE17 : 181), cf.
pirë noun “toe”, dual piru (PE16 : 96). polda from an earlier source.
Compare taltil. Poldórëa adj. "Valiant"; as title of Tulkas
pirindë noun “a flower that opened and replaced by Astaldo (POL / POLOD, MR : 146,
shut quickly with any change of light at [?some 149. In GL : 64, poldórëa is glossed "mighty", in
?not] even a pansy closed” (PE17 : 146; reading QL : 75, "muscular".)
uncertain and meaning obscure; read perhaps [polë (stem poli-) noun ”meal, grist”
“xat [which] not even a pansy closed”) Also (PE17 : 115, 181), a word Tolkien decided to
pirnë. replace by mulë; perhaps polë was a variant of
pirucendëa adj. “on the points of her porë.]
toes” (PE16 : 96); see pirë, cendë. In earlier pono, see po, pó
“Qenya”, the word had a wholly different póna adv. “forward” (VT49 : 12), also
meaning : adj. "whirling lightly" (MC : 215). ompa
Compare pirucenda ("k") "pirouetting" in QL : pontë (ponti-) noun "back, rear" (QL :
74. 75)
pirya noun "juice, syrup" (PIS) porë (stem *pori-, given the primitive
#pitya adj. "little" in Pityafinwë, Pitya- form ¤pori) noun "flour, meal" (POR). See polë.
naucor porocë ("k") noun “hen; barn fowl” (PE16
Pityafinwë masc. name "Little Finwë"; : 132)
he was called Amrod in Sindarin. Short Quenya pota-, see po, pó
name Pityo (PM : 353) potai adv. “therefore”. Tolkien seems
Pitya-naucor pl. noun "Petty-dwarves" uncertain whether to use this form or etta (VT49
(sg. #Pitya-nauco, cf. nauco) Also Picinaucor : 12). Cf. also epetai.
(WJ : 389) puhta noun "coitus" (PE13 : 163, gloss
Pityo see Pityafinwë specified to refer to "one act"; a more general
piucca noun "blackberry" (PE16 : 143) word for "sex" could perhaps be derived by
piuta vb.? and noun? "spit" (PIW) adding an abstract or generalizing ending like -
po, pó prep. “before, in front of” (of lë)
spatial relationships) "after" (of time), also opo or punta noun "stopped consonant" (PUT,
pono, poto- (VT49 : 12, 32, VT44 : 36; evidently see PUS; according to VT46 : 33, this does not
a variant of apa) refer to a "stop" or plosive consonant, but to a
poa noun "beard" (GL : 63). Rather letter with a subscript dot indicating that it is not
fanga in Tolkien's later Quenya followed by a vowel. Compare putta.)
poica ("k") adj. "clean, pure" (POY) púrëa adj. "smeared, discoloured"
poita- vb. "cleanse", pa.t. poinë (QL : (Markirya)
75, VT48 : 13) pusta (1) noun "stop", in punctuation full
pol- (1) vb. "can" = have physical power stop (PUS). Compare putta.
and ability, as in polin quetë "I can speak pusta- (2) vb. "to stop, put a stop to";
(because mouth and tongue are free)". Cf. ista-, also intr. "cease, stop" (PUS)
lerta- as verbs "can" with somewhat different pustanë participle? "blowing" (MC : 213;
shades of meaning. (VT41 : 6, PE17 : 181) this is "Qenya")
pol (2) adj. “large, big (strong)”. Since putta noun "stop" (in punctuation) (PUT;
this would be the sole example of a monosyllabic see PUS). According to VT46 : 10, a dot under a

letter is intended, possibly indicating that the example of such punctuation in a Tengwar
consonant is not followed by a vowel; cf. VT46 : sample.
33 and see VT49 : 38, 40 regarding an actual
quácë ("k") noun "frog"; this replaced

Q (*quanda hroanya, "my whole body"), though
coacë ("koake"), a form rejected by Tolkien we cannot be certain. (QL : 70)
(VT47 : 36) quanta (1) ("q") adj. "full" (KWAT,
quáco ("q") noun "crow" (WJ : 395; Narqelion, VT39 : 8, VT43 : 28), “filled, full”
Etym also has corco, q.v.) (PE17 : 68); the gloss “filled” would suggest that
quain cardinal "ten" (also quëan); quanta can be regarded as a passive participle
quainëa ordinal "tenth" (VT48 : 6, 20; VT42 : of quat- (q.v.) In these phrases : quanta sarmë
25). Quain or quëan replaced the form cainen "full writing", writing with separate letters for
in Tolkien’s conception. vowels (VT39 : 8); #quanta tengwë "full sign"
quainë ("q") adj.? or participle? "wailing (only pl. quantë tengwi is attested), in early
(pl.)" (MC : 213; this is "Qenya") Elvish analysis of Quenya the term for a
quaican, cardinal "fourteen" (but consonant + a vowel (then analyzed as a kind of
*canaquë may be preferred) (VT48 : 21) unitary phoneme rather than two phonemes);
quailepen, cardinal "fifteen" (but hence a stem like mata- "eat" was analyzed as
lepenquë may be preferred) (VT48 : 21) two quantë tengwi, namely ma + ta. (VT39 : 5)
quainel, cardinal "thirteen" (but quanta- (2) vb. “fill” (PE17 : 68), cf.
yunquentë may be preferred) (VT48 : 21) enquantuva “will refill” in Namárië. This verb
quainquë, cardinal "sixteen" (but seems to spring from a secondary use of the
enenquë may be preferred) (VT48 : 21) adjective quanta “full” as a verbal stem, whereas
*quaista, reconstructed / updated the synonym quat- (q.v.) is the original primary
fraction "one tenth"; see caista. verb representing the basic root KWAT.
qual- vb. “to die”, pa.t. quallë (PE16 : Quantarië noun "Day of Completion,
143) Oldyear's Day" (PM : 127) (= the quantien of the
qualin ("q") adj. "dead" (KWAL, LT1 : Etymologies)
264) quanta emma, quantemma noun
qualmë ("q") noun "agony, death" “’facsimile’, a complete detailed visual
(KWAL, LT1 : 264) reproduction (by any means) of a visible thing”
qualumë ("q") participle? "heaving" (MC (PE17 : 179), literally *”full picture”, cf. emma,
: 214; this is "Qenya") q.v.
quama- (“q”) verb “vomit; be sick” (QL : quantien ("q") noun "last day of year"
76). The “Qenya” past tense was “qáme” (YEN) or "full year" (VT46 : 23). The latter gloss
(quámë); read perhaps *quamnë or *quamanë also turns up in PM : quantien "full year" =
if the verb is to be adapted to Tolkien’s later yén, a period of 144 solar years (PM : 126; pl.
Quenya. quantiéni, PM : 127). Since the latter meaning
quámë ("q") noun "sickness" (KWAM), comes from drafts for the LotR Appendices that
“sickness, nausea” (QL : 76) did not make it into the published LotR, it is
quámëa (“q”) adj. “sick” (evidently = difficult to tell whether it is canonical.
nauseous, cf. quámë and the verb quama-) (QL quapta- vb. “exchange” (QL : 76)
: 76) quárë (also quár) noun "fist" (SA :
quanda ("q") adj : i quanda "all the, the celeb, KWAR; in the Etymologies, Tolkien first
whole" (apparently to be followed by a noun). wrote quár pl. quari, and quár is also found in
The article i should perhaps not be included PM : 318 and VT47 : 8, in the latter case
when the following noun is already determined changed from quárë, VT47 : 22. As usual, the
by being a proper name (*quanda Endor "the spelling of the Etym forms shows q instead of
whole [of] Middle-earth") or a pronominal suffix qu.) According to PM : 318 and VT47 : 8, the

"chief use [of this word] was in reference to the 407). The phrase quenderinwë coar “Elvish
tightly closed hand as in using an implement or a bodies” (PE17 : 175) presupposes a longer form
craft-tool rather than to the 'fist' as used in *quenderinwa, here attested in the pl.
punching". Quendi noun "Elves" as a race
quat- vb. "fill" (WJ : 392), future (analogical sg. quendë, not much used) (WJ :
#quantuva "shall fill" (enquantuva "shall refill") 361; SA : quen- / quet-, WJ : 372, KWEN(ED),
(Nam, RGEO : 67) Irrespective of the prefix en- spelt "qende, Qendi" in Etym). Gen. pl.
"re", the form enquatuva (VT48 : 11) displays Quendion (PM : 395)
the expected future tense of quat-. The Namárië quendi noun "Elvish woman", pl.
form enquantuva seems to include a nasal infix quendir given (MR : 229; changed by Tolkien
as well, which is possibly an optional feature of from quendë pl. quender); the sg. quendi must
the future tense. On the other hand, PE17 : 68 not be confused with the pl. Quendi, see above.
cites the verb as quanta- rather than quat-, and Compare masc. quendu.
then the future-tense form quantuva is Quendingoldo masc. name, apparently
straightforward. compound of Quendi "Elves" and -ngoldo
quëa noun “vegetable”, apparently with "Noldo", Sindarin Pengolodh, a loremaster of
variant ceula (latter word is not clearly defined). Gondolin. (PM : 401, 404-405, VT48 : 5) Shorter
(PE17 : 159). form Quengoldo (PM : 404, VT48 : 14)
quëan cardinal "ten", also quain (VT48 : quendu noun *"Elvish man", pl.
6, 12, 20). Quain or quëan replaced the form quendur given (MR : 229; changed by Tolkien
cainen in Tolkien’s conception. from quendo pl. quendor). Compare fem.
#quel- ("q") vb. "to fail" (wane, wither, quendi.
fade; compare the nouns quelië “waning”, Quendya original form of the word
quellë “fading”), only attested in the future tense Quenya, preserved in the Vanyarin dialect
(queluva in FS). (Quenya is the Noldorin form) (WJ : 361, 371)
quelet ("q") (quelets-, as in pl. queletsi) quent ("q") noun "word" (LT2 : 348; in
noun "corpse" (KWEL; Markirya also has loico) Tolkien's later Quenya quetta)
quelië noun "waning" in Narquelië, q.v. quenta ("q") noun "tale" (KWET),
quellë noun "fading", in the calendar of "narrative, story" (VT39 : 16); Quenta
Imladris a precisely defined period of 54 days, Silmarillion "the Story / Tale of the Silmarils".
but also used without any exact definition, for the Also translated "account" as in Valaquenta
latter part of autumn and the beginning of winter "Account of the Valar".
(Appendix D) quentalë ("q") noun "account, history"
quén (quen-, as in pl. queni; as final (KWET), "narration, History" as abstract, but the
element in compounds -quen) noun "one, word may also be used with a particular
(some)body, person, individual, man or woman", reference, as in quentalë Noldoron or quentalë
pl. queni = "persons", "(some) people", "they" Noldorinwa "the history of the Noldor", referring
with the most general meaning (as in "they [= to the real events rather than an account of them
people in general] say that..."). The element is : "that part of [universal] History which
combined with noun and adjective stems in old concerned the Noldor". (VT39 : 16; in this source
compounds to denote habitual occupations or the spelling really is "quentale" rather than
functions, or to describe those having some "qentale")
notable (permanent) quality; examples include quentaro ("q") noun "narrator" (KWET)
roquen, ciryaquen, arquen, q.v. Also in aiquen quentasta noun *"historical account",
“whoever”, ilquen “everybody” (WJ : 361 cf. 360, "any particular arrangement (by some author) of
372). a series of records or evidences into a given
quendë noun "Elf", the little-used historical account" (not History as such, which is
analogical sg. of Quendi, q.v. (KWEN(ED), WJ : quentalë). (VT39 : 16, VT48 : 19). May include
361) the "group suffix" -asta.
Quendelië ("q") noun *"the People of the quentelë ("q") noun "sentence" (LT2 :
Elves" (KWEN(ED) ) 348)
Quendendil (also contracted Quendil; quenya noun (original adj.) "speech"
pl. Quendili in WJ : 410) masc. name "Elf-friend" (PM : 399); the language-name Quenya is said
(WJ : 410) to mean properly "language, speech" (WJ : 393);
Quenderin adj. "Quendian, belonging to cf. the phrase coirëa quenya "living speech"
the Elves as a whole" (a learned word) (WJ : (PM : 399). However, Quenya (archaic

Quendya, still so in Vanyarin) is also interpreted literally evidently *”speaking”). Imperative in the
"Elvish" (Letters : 176), sc. the adjective command queta Quenya! “speak Quenya!”
corresponding to Quendi (WJ : 374), but it was (PE17 : 138), see Quenya regarding the
no longer used as a general adjective. Quenya meaning of this phrase. The verb is translated
lambë "Quenya tongue" (WJ : 407). The "tell" in the sentence órenya quetë nin "my
command queta Quenya! “speak Quenya!” was heart tells me" (VT41 : 15). Cf. also #maquet-
used in the sense of “speak precisely and quetil ("q") noun "tongue, language"
intelligibly, put into actual words” (instead of (KWET)
using hand signs or looks); the word Quenya is quetta noun "word" (SA : quen- / quet-,
here used adverbially (PE17 : 138). The variant GL : 28), pl. quettar (WJ : 391). An quetta “a
queta quenyā (PE17 : 137) appears to use the word more” (phrase used = “to add to what has
distinct accusative (formed by lengthening a final been said”) (PE17 : 91)
vowel) known from”Book Quenya”. qui conj. “if” (VT49 : 19)
#quer- vb. “turn” (transitive), attested as quië adv. “whenever”. Also quiquië.
pa.t. quernë (VT49 : 18-20). Compare kuere (VT49 : 23, 35)
(kwere) as one variant of a stem meaning “turn” quildë noun "hush, rest, quiet" (GL : 23)
(PE14 : 65). English intransitive “to turn” requires quilë noun “hue, colour” (QL.77)
a reflexive pronoun in Quenya : mo quernë quilta noun "girdle, belt" (QL : 78); the
immo *“one turned oneself” (VT49 : 6), in same source also lists a verb qilti- (sic) “gird,
idiomatic English simply “one turned”. Passive encircle”; one could perhaps read *quilta- if this
participle #querna “turned”, isolated from verb were to be adapted to Tolkien’s later
nuquerna (q.v.) *"under-turned" = reversed, Quenya.
turned upside down. Also in númenquerna químari ("q") noun in pl. "phantoms"
*“turned westward” (VT49 : 18), nanquernë (MC : 213; in LotR-style Quenya rather fairi, sg.
*“turned back”, pl. form of *nanquerna (VT49 : fairë)
17-18, 20) quimellë noun "lady" (GL : 45)
#queren noun “pivot” (PE17 : 65), only quín, quínë noun “crest, ridge” (PE17 :
cited as a stem-form querend-. (Cf. peltas.) It is 24. 173)
unclear whether Tolkien rejected this word or quinna adj. “crested” (PE17 : 24, 173)
not. quindë pa.t. of quir-, q.v.
querma noun “spinning wheel, turn- quinga ("q") noun "bow" (for shooting)
table” (QL : 82, PE17 : 65). It is unclear whether (KWIG, LT1 : 256)
Tolkien rejected this word or not. quingi ("q") noun "twang, of strings,
quessë noun "feather", also name of harp" (LT1 : 256; rather tingë, tango in LotR-
tengwa #4 (Appendix E, WJ : 417, KWES, VT45 style Quenya)
: 24); súriquessë "wind feather" (referring to a quiquië adv. “whenever”. Also quië.
"tuft of radiating grass" in a drawing by Tolkien) (VT49 : 23, 35, 36)
(J.R.R. Tolkien : Artist & Illustrator, p. 197) quín, quínë noun “crest, ridge” (PE17 :
quesset ("q") noun "pillow"; probably 24)
*quessec- since the Sindarin (or "Noldorin") quinna adj. “crested” (PE17 : 24)
cognate pesseg points to a primitive form #quir- vb. "stir" or make spin (actually
*kwessek- (compare filit, filic-) (KWES) cited as quiri-, perhaps with the connecting
quessetéma noun "qu-series", velarized vowel of the aorist included); pa.t. quindë (QL :
series : fourth column of the Tengwar system 77)
(Appendix E) quorin ("q") adj. "drowned, choked"
quet- vb. "say, speak" (SA : quen- / (LT1 : 264) Some think this is not a valid form in
quet-, LT2 : 348), sg. aorist quetë in VT41 : 11 LotR-style Quenya, since quo- may not be a
and VT49 : 19 (spelt “qete” in the latter source), possible combination in this later version of the
not to be confused with the infinitival aorist stem High-Elven language.
in the example polin quetë “I can speak” (VT41 : quoro- ("q") vb. "choke, suffocate" (LT1
6); pl. aorist quetir in VT49 : 10-11, present : 264; verbal stems ending in -o are not known
tense quéta in VT41 : 13, pa.t. quentë in PM : from Tolkien's later Quenya). See quorin.
401, 404, apparent gerund quetië in VT49 : 28
(by Tolkien translated as “words”, but more

R
-r nominative plural ending regularly raica ("k") adj. "crooked, bent, wrong"
used on nouns ending in -a, -i, -ië, -o, -u, e.g. (RÁYAK, VT39 : 7), pl. raicar in LR : 47 (read
Ainur, Valar, tier. Occasionally it is added also perhaps *raicë in LotR-style Quenya)
to nouns ending in -ë (that normally take the raima noun "net" (VT42 : 12)
ending -I in the pl.). This seems to regularly raimë noun "network, lace" (VT42 : 28).
happen in the case of nouns in -lë (see #fintalë, – In the Etymologies as printed in LR, a word
mallë, tyellë), sometimes also otherwise (see raimë "hunt, hunting" is also cited in the entry
1
Ingwë, wendë, essë #1). This plural ending was ROY , but this is a misreading for roimë in
("it is said") first used by the Noldor (PM : 402). Tolkien's manuscript (VT46 : 12)
-r plural ending used on verbs with a raina (1) adj. "nettled, enlaced" (VT42 :
plural subject (VT49 : 48, 50, 51), e.g. lantar 11)
“fall” in Namárië (with the plural subject lassi raina (2) adj. "smiling, gracious, sweet-
“leaves”), or unduláver as the pl. form of faced" (VT44 : 35, PE17 : 182). Cf. raita #3.
undulávë “licked down, covered” (PE17 : 72). rainë noun "peace" (VT44 : 34-35)
The ending is sometimes missing where we raita- 1) vb. "make network or lace"
might expect it; for instance, the verb tarnë (also rëa-) (VT42 : 12)
“stood” has multiple subjects and yet does not raita- 2) vb. "catch in a net" (VT42 : 12)
appear as *tarner in PE17 : 71. raita- 3) vb. “smile”, pa.t. rëantë (PE17 :
rá (1) [changed by Tolkien from hrá], 182)
prep. "on behalf of", followed by dative : rá men [raiwe noun "lace" (VT42 : 12)]
or contracted rámen "for us, on our behalf" ráma noun "wing", pl. rámar (RAM,
(VT43 : 27, 28, 33). As these examples indicate, Nam, RGEO : 66, LT2 : 335); Markirya has both
independent dative pronouns may be (but do not nominative pl. rámar "wings" and instrumental
have to be) directly suffixed to rá. Nouns would pl. rámainen *"with wings" (translated "on wings"
presumably not be suffixed like this, e.g. *rá by Tolkien); rámali "wings" in MC : 213 would be
Eldan "for an Elf, on behalf of an Elf". a partitive pl. in LotR-style Quenya. Variant rámë
rá (2) noun "lion", stem #ráv- as in the in the names Eärrámë, Alquarámë, q.v.
pl. rávi (RAW). Compare rau. rama- vb. "to shout" (LT1 : 259)
rá (3) noun "arm" (LT2 : 335, there spelt rámalócë ("k") noun "winged dragon"
râ; probably obsoleted by # 2 (and # 1) above. In (LOK)
Tolkien's later Quenya, "arm" is ranco) rámavoitë adj. "having wings" (LT2 :
rac- ("k") vb. "break", past participle 335, Narqelion)
rácina ("rákina") "broken" in Markirya ramba noun "wall" (RAM, SA, VT46 :
#racina adj. "stripped, deprived"; this 10)
adj. is only attested in the pl. (racinë ["k"]). rambë noun "a shout" (LT1 : 259)
Compare rácina under rac- above. Cf. #racina rámen, see rá
tengwë (only pl. racinë tengwi ("k") is attested) ran (ram-) noun "noise" (LT1 : 259, QL :
"stripped sign", "deprived sign"; in early Elvish 79)
analysis of Quenya the term for a consonant with Rána place-name "the Wayward, the
no following vowel; the vowel was held to have Wanderer", a name of the moon (MR : 198, MC :
disappeared or been omitted (VT39 : 6) 221, Silm); genitive Ráno in the phrase Ráno tië
ráca ("k") noun "wolf" (DARÁK). Another "the path of the Moon" (VT47 : 11). See also
word for “wolf” is narmo. ceuran-, ránasta. According to one late source,
racta- ("k") vb. "stretch out, reach" (LT2 : Rána is not properly the Moon itself but is rather
335; read *rahta- if the word is to be adapted to the "name of the spirit (Máya) that was said to
LotR-style Quenya) abide in the Moon as its guardian" (VT42 : 13).
*rahta- see racta- The Etymologies gives Rana with a short vowel
(RAN). In the pre-classical Tengwar system

there presupposed, Rana was also the name of raust noun "hunting, preying" (LT1 :
tengwa #25 (VT45 : 10), which letter Tolkien 260; in LotR-style Quenya rather roimë
would later call Rómen instead. [misreading "raime" in LR : 384]. Normally, LotR-
ránasta noun "lunar month" (Rána + style Quenya does not permit final consonant
asta, q.v.) (VT48 : 11) clusters.)
ranco ("k") noun "arm", stem *rancu- rauta noun "metal" [meaning changed
given the primitive form ¤ranku, hence also pl. by Tolkien from "copper"]. The word tinco, q.v.,
ranqui ("q") (RAK) occurs with the same gloss in the LotR itself.
randa noun "cycle, age" (100 Valian (RAUTĀ)
Years) (RAD) rauta- vb. "to hunt" (LT1 : 260; in
ránë noun "straying, wandering" (RAN) Tolkien's later Quenya rather roita-)
ránen adj. "errant" (RAN; may be a ?ravanda noun?, a form cited by Tolkien
misreading for *ránëa) to elucidate the Noldorin word rhofan
ranga (pl. rangar is attested) noun "wilderness"; it is not clear whether ravanda is
"yard, full pace". This Númenórean linar meant as a Quenya cognate or just as an
measure was "slightly longer than our yard, etymological (Old Noldorin?) form (VT46 : 10)
approximately 38 inches [= 96.5 cm]". (UT : 285, ráva (1) adj. “free, unfettered,
461) uncontrolled, lawless” (PE17 : 78), "wild,
rangwë noun "fathom" (RAK) untamed" (RAB). In PE17 : 78, the gloss “wild” is
ranqui ("q") pl. of ranco (RAK) given to the variant hráva instead.
#ranta noun "part”. Pl. rantali attested. ráva (2) noun "bank" (especially of a
(PE14 : 117) river) (RAMBĀ)
ranya- (1) vb. "to stray" (RAN), (2) rávë noun "roaring noise" (Markirya)
ranya noun "erratic wandering" (VT42 : 13), (3) rávëa adj. "roaring" (Markirya)
ranya, also aranya, adj. "free". Another gloss ravennë noun "she-lion" (LT1 : 260)
was not certainly legible, but the editors suggest raxa noun “a drag of any large, flat
"uncontrolling" (VT46 : 10) vehicle on wheels or rollers for hauling stone or
Rása noun "the Sea" (LT2 : 347; rather other weighty material” (PE17 : 28)
ëar in Tolkien's later Quenya) #raxë noun "danger" (pl. ablative
rasco, see rassë raxellor, VT44 : 9); Tolkien also considered the
rassë, also rasco, noun "horn" form #raxalë (pl. ablative raxalellor) (ibid.)
(especially on living animal, but also applied to [re, possibly a 3rd person singular
mountains) (RAS / VT46 : 10, PM : 69) emphatic pronoun, struck out by Tolkien (VT49 :
#rasta cardinal "twelve" (isolated from 49)]
yurasta "24", two times 12; cf. the stem RÁSAT ré noun "day" (of the sun), a full 24-hour
"twelve" listed in the Etymologies). See yunquë. cycle (Appendix D) composed of aurë (day,
(PE14 : 17) daylight) and lómë “night” (VT49 : 45). Short -rë
ráta- vb. “excel, surpass” (PE17 : 147) in compounds like Ringarë (q.v.). Allative rénna
rato adv. "soon" (Arct) (VT49 : 45).
rau (pl. rávi) noun "lion" (LT1 : 260; the rëa- vb. "make network; make lace"
pl. of this "Qenya" form is valid in Tolkien's later (VT42 : 12)
Quenya as well, but the sg. he changed to rá, rehtië noun “rescue, saving” (seemingly
q.v.) the gerund of a verb *rehta- “rescue, save”; the
rauca (“k”) noun “demon” (PE17 : 48). underlying root REK is defined as “recover, get
Variant of rauco, q.v. out / away, save from ruin / peril / loss”) (PE17 :
rauco ("k") noun "a powerful, hostile, 38)
and terrible creature", "very terrible creature", #rem- vb. "snare"; cited in the form
especially in the compound Valarauco noun "remi-", apparently including the connecting
"Demon of Might" (WJ : 415, VT39 : 10, cf. SA : vowel of the aorist tense (as in *remin "I snare").
raukor. In the Etymologies, stem RUK, the gloss (VT42 : 12)
is "demon".) Longer variant arauco. The plural remba- vb. "net, entrap" (VT42 : 12)
form Valaraucar "Balrogs" seems to contain the rembë noun "mesh" (Appendix E, in a
variant rauca. footnote), "hunter's or fisher's net" (VT42 : 29)
raumo noun "(noise of a) storm" rembina adj. "entangled" (VT42 : 12);
(Markirya) aldarembina pl. aldarembinë ”tree-tangled”,

Quenya equivalent of Sindarin galadhremmin rincë ("k") (stem *rinci-, given the
(PE17 : 26) primitive form ¤rinki) noun "flourish, quick stroke"
remma noun "snare" (VT42 : 12) (RIK(H); the Etymologies as printed in LR reads
rempa adj. "crooked, hooked" (REP) "quick shake", but according to VT46 : 11 the
réna noun "edge, border, margin" (REG) correct reading is "quick stroke")
rendë pa.t. of #rer-, q.v. (RED) rinda adj. "circular" (RIN)
#rer- vb. "to sow" (1st pers. aorist rerin rindë noun "circle" (RIN)
"I sow"), pa.t. rendë (RED) ringa adj. "cold" (Markirya); the
resta noun "sown field, acre" (VT46 : 11 Etymologies gives ringë (RINGI), but it seems
cf. RED-). The word parma-restalyanna, that ringa is to be preferred (cf. Ringarë below).
probably meaning *”(up)on your book-fair”, Yá hrívë tenë, ringa ná “when winter comes, it
seems to use #resta in the sense of “fair” (as is cold” (VT49 : 23). According to VT46 : 11,
held in a field?) Carl F. Hostetter however Tolkien originally used the form ringa in Etym as
suggests that #resta “fair” may be related to ré well; later he would restore it. - In early "Qenya",
“day” (VT49 : 39-40); if so this word is wholly ringa is glossed "damp, cold, chilly" (LT1 : 265)
distinct from resta “sown field”. Ringarë noun, the twelfth and last
ría noun "wreath" (PM : 347) month of the year, "December" (Appendix D, SA
#ric- (“k”) (1) vb. “try, put forth effort, : ring); the word seems to mean *"Cold-day".
strive, endeavour” (PE17 : 93, 94, 167), ringë adj. "cold", also ringa (which form
imperative á ricë “try!”, pl. á ricir “let them try”, á is to be preferred; cf. Ringarë in LotR). In the
rice am(a)ricië “try harder!” (or more Etymologies as printed in LR, ringë is also given
idiomatically á carë (sí) ancarië, lit. *“do (now) as a noun "cold pool or lake (in mountains)", but
with more doing!” according to VT46 : 11 this noun should read
#ric- (2) vb. "twist", perfect irícië "has ringwë. (RINGI)
twisted" (VT39 : 9) Ringil noun, name of one of the great
ríë noun "crown" (RIG; VT46 : 11 Lamps (pillared on ice), apparently contains
indicates that the vowel í should be long) ringë (RINGI). The name was later abandoned,
rië noun “garland”, also apparently as Tolkien decided to call the great Lamps Illuin
riendë (PE17 : 182). and Ormal.
riel (*riell-) noun "garlanded maiden" ringwë (1) noun "cold pool or lake (in
(SA : kal-), full form riellë noun "a maiden mountains)" (VT46 : 11). The misreading ringë
crowned with a festival garland" (PM : 347). In appears in Etym as printed in LR, entry RINGI.
Altariel, Altariellë. Compare rië. ringwë (2) noun "rime, frost" (LT1 : 265)
riendë, see rië *risil (þ) noun "ring" (on the ground) in
rihta- vb. "jerk, give quick twist or move, Rithil-Anamo, q.v.
twitch" (RIK(H) ) rissë noun? The word is not clearly
rillë noun "brilliance" (both the word and glossed but apparently means “cut” or “cleft”
the gloss are uncertain, VT46 : 11) (ravine), the cognate of the final element of
rilma noun "glittering light" (RIL) Imladris, Sindarin name of Rivendell. (PE17 : 87)
rilya adj.? noun? "glittering" (RIL; in the rista- (1) vb. "cut" (RIS), “cleave” (PE17
printed Etymologies the word is also glossed : 87)
"brilliance", but according to VT46 : 11 this gloss rista (2) noun “cut” (RIS), cf. #1 above.
does not properly apply to this word) Rithil-Anamo place name "Ring of
ríma noun "edge, hem, border" (RĪ) Doom", translation of the foreign word
rimba adj. "frequent, numerous" (RIM) Máhanaxar that was adopted and adapted from
rimbë noun "crowd, host, great number" Valarin (WJ : 401). Compare Anamo, q.v.
(RIM, SA : rim, Letters : 282) Presumably *Risil-Anamo in Exilic Quenya,
rimpa adj.? noun? "rushing, flying" (RIP; since the digraph th of rithil must represent the
the word is more likely an adjective) spirant þ (expressed by the letter súlë, older
rin noun "dew" (LT1 : 265; rather rossë thúlë, in Tengwar writing).
in LotR-style Quenya) -ro pronominal ending "he", in antaváro,
rína adj. "crowned" (RIG), also used as q.v. In Tolkien’s later Quenya, the ending -s
a suffix “garlanded, crowned” (PE17 : 182) covers both “he”, “she” and “it”.
rinca noun "twitch, jerk, trick, sudden roa noun "dog" (VT47 : 35). Also huo.
move" (VT46 : 11 cf. RIK(H) ) [rocca] noun "wheel" (VT46 : 12)

rocco ("k") noun "horse" (ROK, SA : with a short o in VT49 : 32). Masc. name
roch; Letters : 382; cf. 282 where the spelling Rómendacil "East-victor" (Appendix A; cf.
really is rocco, not rokko). In Letters : 382 the Letters : 425). Masc. name Rómestámo,
word is defined as "swift horse for riding". VT46 : Róme(n)star "East-helper" (PM : 384, 391;
12 refers to an alternative form of the entry ROK probably ?Rómenstar must always become
that was inserted into the Etymologies; here Rómestar, but Tolkien cited the form as
rocco, which Tolkien revised from ronco ("k"), Róme(n)star to indicate the connection with
was similarly glossed "swift horse". Nésë nórima rómen "east")
rocco (“k”) “he was a horse strong / swift at rómenya adj. "eastern" (RŌ)
running” (VT49 : 29) róna adj.? "east" (RŌ). Compare hróna.
#rocindi noun "debtors" (attested in the [ronco], see rocco
pl. in the allative case and with a pronominal ronda adj. “solid, firm” (PE17 : 183)
ending attached : rocindillomman "from our rondo noun "a vaulted or arched roof, as
debtors") (VT43 : 20-21). Variant #rucindi seen from below" (and usually not visible from
(similarly isolated from rucindillomman). These outside); "a (large) hall or chamber so roofed",
forms seem to have been ephemeral; Tolkien "vaulted hall" (WJ : 414; VT39 : 9; in the
came up with them while attempting to translate Etymologies, stem ROD, the gloss is simply
the Lord's Prayer into Quenya, but the final "cave" or "roof"; see VT46 : 12 for the latter
version uses another construction. gloss). Cf. *Elerondo.
#rohta noun "debt, trespass" (attested in ronta adj.? noun? "hollow" (also rotwa)
the pl. : rohtar, and with a pronominal suffix : (LT2 : 347. In Tolkien's later Quenya, the
rohtammar "our trespasses") (VT43 : 19) preferred words for "hollow" are unqua adj. and
Variant #ruhta. #Rohtalië, #ruhtalië *"trespass- unquë noun.)
people" = those who trespass (attested in the ronya noun " 'chaser', hound of chase"
1
ablative : rohtaliello, ruhtaliello "from [our] (ROY )
debtors" (VT43 : 21) roquen noun "horseman [but the
roimë noun "hunt, hunting" (the spelling Quenya word does not show gender], rider,
1
"raime" in the entry ROY in the Etymologies as knight" (WJ : 372, UT : 282)
1
printed in LR is a misreading, VT46 : 12) rossë noun "fine rain, dew" (ROS , PM :
2
roina adj. "ruddy" (ROY ) 371)
1
roita- vb. "pursue" (ROY ) rosta noun "ascent" (LT1 : 267)
róma (1) noun "horn" (WJ : 368 - this róta noun "tube" (LT2 : 347)
refers to a "horn" as an instrument rather than as rotelë noun "cave" (LT2 : 347)
part of an animal; see rassë, tarca) rotsë noun "pipe" (LT2 : 347); pl. rotser
róma (2) noun "loud sound, trumpet- (?) in Narqelion? (Cf. QL : xiv)
sound" (ROM). In the pre-classical Tengwar rotto noun "a small grot or tunnel" (PM :
system presupposed in the Etymologies, róma 365), "cave, tunnel" (VT46 : 12)
was also the name of tengwa #30, which letter rotwa adj.? noun? "hollow" (also ronta)
Tolkien would later call silmë nuquerna instead. (LT2 : 347. In Tolkien's later Quenya, the
róma (3) noun "shoulder" (LT2 : 335; preferred words for "hollow" are unqua adj. and
evidently obsoleted by # 1 and # 2 above.) unquë noun.)
romba noun "horn, trumpet" (ROM) Rú noun "Drûg", Rúatan pl. Rúatani
Rómë noun ”east”, variant of Rómen "Drúedain" (UT : 385)
(PE17 : 59). Possessive romeva (read #ruc- (1) ("k") vb. "feel fear or horror"
rómeva?), genitive rómeö (Ibid.) (1st pers. aorist rucin "I feel fear or horror"); the
rómen, Rómen noun "east" (RŌ, MEN, verb is said to be constructed with "from" (sc. the
SA : men), "uprising, sunrise, east" (SA : rómen); ablative case, or prepositions like ho or va?) of
also name of tengwa #25 (Appendix E). the object feared. (WJ : 415) Hence e.g. *rucin i
Possessive form rómenwa (PE17 : 59). Variant ulundollo (or, *rucin ho / va i ulundo) for "I fear
hrómen, PE17 : 18. Rómenna, a place in the the monster"?
eastern part of Númenor, is simply the allative #ruc- (2) vb. "fly (to)", in the phrase
"eastward" (SA : rómen), cf. also rómenna in LR ortírielyanna rucimmë, "to thy patronage we
: 47, 56. Ablative Rómello "from the East" or "[to fly" (VT44 : 7). If this is really the same verb as
one] from the East", hence Tolkien's translation ruc- #1 above, it would indicate that ruc-
"to those from the East" in his rendering of combined with the allative case implies flying in
Namárië (Nam, RGEO : 67, PE17 : 59; Romello

horror to some refuge (denoted by the allative rusca (1), also ruxa, adj. “wroth” (PE17 :
noun). 188)
rúcarë noun “evil-doing”. Variant of [rusca] (2) adj. "red-brown" (VT41 : 10)
hrúcarë. (PE17 : 170) rusco (stem ruscu-, pl. rusqui) noun
rúcima ("k") adj. "terrible" (WJ : 415) "fox" (PM : 353, VT41 : 10)
rúcina ("k") adj. (or passive participle?) ruscuitë adj. "foxy" (VT41 : 10)
"confused, shattered, disordered, ruined" in rúsë (þ) noun “wrath” (PE17 : 188)
Markirya (the first version of this poem had "red rúsëa (þ) adj. “wrathful” (PE17 : 188)
skies", MC : 215, changed to "ruined skies" in russa adj. "red-haired" (VT41 : 10)
the final version; see MC : 220, note 8) Russandol masc. name "Copper-top", a
#rucindi, see rocindi nickname (epessë) of Maitimo / Nelyafinwë (=
ruhta- (1) vb. "terrify" (WJ : 415) Maedhros) (PM : 354)
ruhta (2), see rohta russë (1) noun "(a head or pelt of) red
ruimen noun “fireplace, hearth” (PE17 : hair" (VT41 : 10)
183) russë (2) noun "corruscation, †sword-
ruina adj. “blazing, fiery” (PE17 : 183). blade" (RUS)
Cf. ruinë. rusta adj.? "broken" (MC : 214; this is
ruinë noun “a fire, a blaze” (PE17 : 183). "Qenya")
Compare nárë. ruste adj.? or participle? "crumbling"
ruivë, also aparuivë, noun “wild fire – (MC : 214; this is "Qenya")
fire as conflagration” (PE17 : 183) rúvina adj. (or passive particle) “burst”.
rúma- vb. "shift, move, heave (of large A verb #ruv- “to burst” may be extrapolated; the
and heavy things)"; participle rúmala in root is given as RUVU “burst asunder” (QL : 81)
Markirya; this was changed to rúma, evidently ruxa (1) adj. “wroth” (PE17 : 188). Also
the naked verbal stem used as participle rusca.
Rúmil masc. name, genitive Rúmilo #ruxa- (2) vb. "crumble"; verbal stem
(WJ : 398) only attested as a participle ruxal' "crumbling" in
rúna- vb. "[to] free" (VT43 : 23). the Markirya poem, elided from *ruxala (since
Compare eterúna-, etrúna-, q.v. It is not quite the next word begins in an a).
clear whether rúna by itself is an adjective or a -rya 3rd person sg. pronominal ending
verb; the gloss "free" makes room for both "his, her" and probably “its” (VT49 : 16, 38, 48,
interpretations. If #runando "redeemer" (q.v.) is Nam, RGEO : 67), attested in coivierya *”his /
formed from this noun, it would cover "to her life”, máryat "her hands", ómaryo "of her
redeem" as well. voice" (genitive of *ómarya "her voice"),
#runando noun "redeemer", isolated súmaryassë "in her bosom" (locative of
from Mardorunando masc. name "Redeemer of súmarya "her bosom"); for the meaning "his" cf.
the world" (VT44 : 17) coarya "his house" (WJ : 369). The ending is
runda (1) adj. “smooth, polished” (PE17 descended from primitive ¤-sjā via -zya (VT49 :
: 89) 17) and therefore connects with the 3rd person
runda (2) noun "rough piece of wood" ending -s “he, she, it”. – In colloquial Quenya the
(RUD) ending -rya could be used for “their” rather than
rúnya noun "red flame" (SA : ruin; PM : “his / her”, because it was felt to be related to the
366 gives runya) plural ending -r, e.g. símaryassen “in their [not
runya noun "slot, footprint" (RUN; his / her] imaginations” (VT49 : 16, 17). See -ya
according to PM : 366 runya also means "red #4.
flame", but SA : ruin has rúnya for this meaning)

S
-s (1) 3rd person sg. pronominal ending sa-rincë ("k"), apparently the name of
"he / him, she / her, it" (VT49 : 48, 51), occurring the "hook" that may be attached to a tengwa
in caris *“he / she / it does” (VT49 : 16, PE17 : letter to indicate a following s (VT46 : 11). If so,
129), caitas *“it lies” (PE17 : 65), tentanes “it sa may be a name of S (as a sound).
pointed” (VT49 : 26), tulis *”(s)he comes” (VT49 sá noun "fire" (LT1 : 265; "Qenya"
: 19), eques (q.v.), anes (see ná #1), also (in spelling sâ. Rather nárë in LotR-style Quenya.)
object position) in camnelyes, caritas, saca- ("k") (1) vb. "pursue, look for,
caritalya(s), melinyes, tiruvantes, and search" (QL : 81; pa.t. sácë.)
utúvienyes, q.v. (Tolkien mentions -s as an saca- (þ) ("k") (2) vb. "draw, pull" (VT43
“objective” ending for the 3rd person sg. in PE17 : 23; this word must come from older *þaca-
: 110.) The longer form -së (perhaps with because it is said to be related to sahta-, older
personal meaning “he, she” only) is said to be þahta-, "induce", q.v.)
“rare” (VT49 : 51); cf. násë “he is”, nésë “he saccantë ("k") vb. "rent" (past tense of
was” (see ná #1). In nésë the ending is an otherwise unattested verb #saccata- "rend"?)
suggested to be shortened from -sse (VT49 : (SD : 246)
28), an ending that may also be attested in the Sahóra "the South" (LT1 : 248, 255;
untranslated verbal form tankassen (PE17 : 76), rather Hyarmen in LotR-style Quenya)
where it is perhaps followed by a second #sahta- (þ) vb. "induce", apparently
pronominal ending -n *”me”. According to PE17 : primarily in negative sense : *"tempt". Compare
129, the 3rd person sg. ending at one stage the gerund or abstract noun sahtië (þ) "pressure
appeared as -ze “when pronominal affixes or force (to do something against one's will or
followed” (Tolkien citing the form carize-, e.g. conscience)" (VT43 : 22-23; compare úsahtië.)
apparently *carizet for “he makes them”); #saila adj. "wise" (isolated from alasaila
normally z would later become r, but it actually [q.v.] "unwise" in a late source)
became (historically : reverted to) s by analogy saira adj. "wise" (SAY, VT46 : 12; a later
with the short form caris as well as the source has the alternative formation #saila as
independent pronoun se. Exilic Quenya would above)
then evidently have (e.g.) *cariset for “he made sairina adj.? "magic" (evidently adj.
them”, with a rare example of intervocalic s that rather than noun) (GL : 72)
is not derived from older þ. sairon noun "wizard" (SAY); according
-s (2) ending for the mysterious case to LT2 : 337 and GL : 29, Sairon is also the
sometimes called "respective", actually probably Quenya (or Qenya) name of Dairon (Daeron).
a shorter variant of the locative in -ssë. Pl. -is, saiwa adj. "hot" (LT1 : 248, 255, 265);
dual -tes, partitive pl. -lis. rather lauca in Tolkien's later Quenya
sa pron. "it", 3rd person sg, salma noun "lyre" (LT1 : 265)
corresponding to the ending -s (VT49 : 30). Used Salmar masc. name; etymology unclear
of inanimate things or abstracts (VT49 : 37; - cf. salma? (Silm)
plants are considered animate; see se). For sa salmë noun "harp-playing" (LT1 : 265;
as object, cf. the sentence ecë nin carë sa “I rather nandelë in Tolkien's later Quenya)
can do it” (VT49 : 34). Stressed sá (VT49 : 51). salpa- (1) vb. "lick up, sup, sip"
Ósa *"with it" (VT43 : 36). Also compare the (SÁLAP), "take a sup of" (LT1 : 266)
reflexive pronoun insa *"itself", q.v. – In one text, salpa (2) noun "bowl" (LT1 : 266), also
sa is also defined as “that” (VT49 : 18); #salpë isolated from tanyasalpë "Bowl of Fire")
apparently Tolkien also at one point considered –LT1 : 292
giving sa a plural significance, so that it meant salquë ("q") noun "grass" (SALÁK-(WĒ)
*“they, them” of inanimate things, the counterpart )
of “personal” té (VT49 : 51). #sam- vb. “have” (cited as samin, 1st
person sg. aorist), pa.t. sámë (PE17 : 173)

sáma noun "mind" (pl. sámar and dual sánë (þ) noun “pine” (PE17 : 81), stem
samat [sic, read *sámat?] are given) (VT39 : 23, sáni- (? – the primitive form is given as ¤thānĭ,
VT41 : 5, VT49 : 33, PE17 : 183) which would normally give Quenya sánë / sáni-,
sambë (þ) noun "room, chamber" but the Quenya noun is also cited as sáne- as if
(STAB) e persists before an ending).
samin (samind-) noun “silk” (QL : 81) sanga (þ) noun "crowd, press, throng"
saminda, saminwa adj. “silken” (QL : (STAG, SA : thang, LT2 : 342; pl. sangar (?)
81) twice in Narqelion). In Sangahyando (þ) masc.
samna (þ) noun "wooden post" (STAB) name "Throng-cleaver", name of a man in
samnar noun "diphthongs" (sg. #samna Gondor (SA : thang; a footnote in Letters : 425
"diphthong"?) (SAM; in one text probably dating explains that "throng" here means a closely
to late 1930s, Tolkien rejects "osamnar" as the formed body of enemy soldiers. In the
word for "diphthong", introducing the form Etymologies, stems STAG, SYAD,
ocamna to replace it. See VT44 : 13-14.) sangahyando is said to be a swordname, and
samno (þ) noun "carpenter, wright, LT2 : 342 likewise defines the word as a name of
builder" (STAB) Turambar's sword : "cleaver of throngs, Throng-
#sámo (þ) noun “helper”, tentatively cleaver".)
isolated from Rómestámo “East-helper”, q.v. #sangië (evidently þ, cf. sanga above)
When initial, st- would normally simplify as s-, for noun "necessity" (evidently in the sense of
archaic þ-. *"tribulation, pressure"; compare sanga, of which
sampa noun “spade” (QL : 82, PE16 : #sangië is an abstract formation). Isolated from
145); cf. the verb sapa- “dig” sangiessemman "in our necessities" (VT44 : 8)
san (1) adv. "then" (MC : 216; also twice sanganë vb.? "gather" (MC : 214; this is
in Narqelion), a “Qenya” term apparently "Qenya")
replaced by tá in Tolkien’s later conception. In sangwa noun "poison" (SAG)
his later Quenya, san would be the dative form sanomë adv. “there” (PE17 : 71). Cf.
of sa “it”, hence “for it; to it”. sinomë, tanomë.
san (2) adv. ephemeral word for "so" sanwë noun "thought, an act of thinking"
(ya(n)...san "as...so"; san na "thus be" = let it be (VT39 : 23, 30; VT41 : 5, 13, PE17 : 183)
so, "amen"); this form was apparently quickly sanwecenda ("k") noun "thought-
abandoned by Tolkien (VT43 : 16, 24, VT49.18) inspection, thought-reading" (VT41 : 5, PE17 :
sana (1) demonstrative “that very thing 183)
(already referred to)” (PE16 : 97). Sana wendë sanwë-latya noun "thought-opening",
“that maiden” (PE16 : 96 cf. 90) direct, telepathic thought-transfer (VT39 : 23)
sana (2) noun "day (24 hours)" (LT1 : sanwë-menta noun "thought-sending,
250; the later word ré is to be preferred to this mental message" ((VT41 : 5, PE17 : 183)
early "Qenya" form) sanya (þ) (1) adj. "regular, law-abiding,
sanar noun "mind" (literally "thinker" or normal" (STAN); variant vorosanya with a
"reflector", suggesting an underlying verb #sana- prefixed element meaning "ever" (VT46 : 16)
"to think, to reflect") (VT41 : 13) [sanya] (þ) (2) noun ?"name" (reading of
Sanavaldo noun "the Almighty" (SD : gloss uncertain, VT46 : 16)
401). Compare iluvala. [sanya] (þ) (3) noun "truth, fact" (VT46 :
sanca (þ) ("k") noun? (or adj, or both?) 16)
"cleft, split" (STAK) sanyë (þ) noun "rule, law" (STAN)
sancë ("k") adj. "hateful" (LT2 : 341) sap- or sapa- vb. “dig”, pa.t. sampë
Sancossi ("k") pl. noun "the Goblins" (PE16 : 145, QL : 82); cf. sampa, and sapsanta
(LT2 : 341) below.
sanda (þ) (1) adj. "firm, true, abiding" sapsanta noun in allative : "grave-into"
(STAN) (MC : 221; this is "Qenya"; notice old allative in -
[sanda, sandë] (þ) (2) noun "name" nta, later dual allative only)
(VT46 : 16) sar (sard-, as in pl. sardi) noun "(small)
sandastan noun "shield-barrier", a stone" (SAR). In Elessar, q.v. Since Tolkien let
battle-formation (UT : 282; probably with stem this name have a stem in -sarn- (genitive
sandastam- since the final element is derived Ele[s]sarno, VT49 : 28), he may seem to have
from a stem stama- "bar, exclude". Compare changed the stem-form of sar from sard- to
talan with stem talam- from the root TALAM.) sarn-.

sára (1) adj. "bitter" (SAG) satya adj. "private, separate, not
sára (2) adj. "fiery" (LT1 : 248; this common, excluded" (VT42 : 20)
"Qenya" word may have been obsoleted by # 1 sau- prefix denoting doing something
above) very badly, as in saucarë, q.v. (PE17 : 183)
sara (þ) noun "stiff dry grass, bent" saucarë noun “doing or making a thing
(STAR) very badly” (PE17 : 183).
sarat (pl. sarati given) noun "letter", any saucarya adj. “evil-doing” (PE17 : 68).
individual significant mark, used of the letters of Cf. saucarë.
Rúmil after the invention of Fëanor's tengwar [sauna] (þ) noun "wooden post",
(WJ : 396). Cf. sarmë. changed by Tolkien to samna (VT46 : 15)
sarco ("k") noun "flesh" (LT2 : 347; saura (þ) adj. "foul, evil-smelling, putrid"
Tolkien's later Quenya has hrávë) (THUS), “foul, vile” (PE17 : 183). This adjective
sarcuva ("k") adj. "corporeal, bodily" underlies the name Sauro, Sauron (q.v.)
(LT2 : 347; hardly a valid word in Tolkien's later Alternatively explained to mean “cruel” (PE17 :
Quenya, since it connects with sarco above) 184); a deleted gloss defined the word as “bad,
sarda adj. "hard" (VT39 : 17); pl. sardë unhealthy, ill, wretched” (PE17 : 172). Tolkien
"hards" may be used in the same sense as did not consistently hold that the initial s
sarda tengwi, q.v. (As an independent form we represents older þ; sometimes he derived saura
would rather expect a nominal pl. sardar.) (and so implicitly Sauron) from stems with
#sarda tengwë noun "hard sound", a original s-.
term for "consonant", but not used of semi- Sauro (þ) (1), usually in longer form
vowels (y, w) and continuants (l, r, m, noun). Sauron (þ), masc. name "the Abhorred", name
(Only pl. sarda tengwi [ñ] is attested; we would of a Maia, the second Dark Lord (said to be the
rather expect #sardë tengwi with the pl. form of name by which he was "afterwards called", MR :
the adjective.) Sarda tengwi are also simply 147; according to PE17 : 183, his original name
called sardë "hards", see sarda. (VT39 : 17) was Mairon, q.v.). Earlier Thauron (SA : thaur,
sarmë noun "writing" (VT39 : 8). Cf. THUS), archaic *Θaurond- (Letters : 380, where
sarat. the initial Greek letter represents th). The stem
sarna adj. "of stone" (SAR) of Sauron would then be *Saurond-. – Another
sarnë noun "stony place" (SAR; in the form of the name is Súro.
Etymologies as printed in LR, the gloss reads [sauro] (2) (þ) noun "carpenter, wright,
"strong place", but according to VT46 : 12 the builder", changed by Tolkien to samno (VT46 :
proper reading is "stony place") 15)
sarnië (sarniyë) noun "shingle, pebble- sav- vb. “believe (that statements,
bank" (UT : 463, VT42 : 11) reports, traditions, etc. are) true, accept as fact”
sarno noun “table” (QL : 82) (VT49 : 27; the fist person aorist savin is given).
sarqua ("q") adj. "fleshy" (LT2 : 347) Not used with a person as object (in the sense of
Compare sarco, sarcuva. believing that this person tells the truth); with a
Sarquindi ("q") pl. noun "Cannibal- noun, name or corresponding pronoun as object,
ogres" (LT2 : 347) sav- implies “I believe that he / she / it really
sarta adj. “steadfast, trusty, loyal” (PE17 exists / existed” : Savin Elessar “I believe that
: 183) Elessar really existed” (VT49 : 27). To “believe
sarto noun “trusty follower, loyal in” someone meaning “believe that (s)he tells the
companion (member of ‘comitatus’ of a lord, or truth” can be paraphrased as (for instance)
prince)”, also satar (PE17 : 183) savin Elesarno quetië “I believe in Elessar’s
#sat- vb. "set aside, appropriate to a words” (lit. speaking). (VT49 : 28)
special purpose or owner" (VT42 : 20). Cited in sáva noun "juice" (SAB)
the form "sati-"; the final -i may be simply the Sáya, name of the fire-fay (GL : 66)
connecting vowel of the aorist (as in *satin "I set se (1) pron. "he, she, it" also object "him,
aside"). This verb "was in Quenya applied to her, it", 3rd person sg. Used “of living things
time as well as space" (VT42 : 20) including plants” (VT49 : 37; the corresponding
satar noun “trusty follower, loyal inaimate pronoun is sa). The pronoun comes
companion (member of ‘comitatus’ of a lord, or directly from se as the original stem-form (VT49 :
prince)”, often in form sarto (PE17 : 183) 50). Stressed form sé, VT49 : 51, attested in
satto, “Qenya” numeral “two” (in object position in melin sé “I love him” (VT49 :
Tolkien’s later Quenya atta) (VT49 : 54) 21). Ósë *"with him / her", VT43 : 29; see ó-.

Long dative / allative sena “[to / for] him” or “at senna (þ, cf. older form thenna) adj.
him”, VT49 : 14, allative senna *“to him / her” “short” (PE17 : 185). This is a later (TLT) variant
(VT49 : 45, 46). Compare the reflexive pronoun of sinta.
insë *"himself, herself". senwa, also senya, adj. “usual” (VT49 :
se (2), also long sé, preposition "at, in" 22, 35). Notice that *senya may conceivably
(VT43 : 30; compare the "locative prefix" se- also function as a genitive pronoun “his, her”,
possibly occurring in an early "Qenya" text, VT27 derived from *sen as the dative form of se #1
: 25) (compare ninya, menya).
selda adj.? noun? (meaning not clear, -ser noun "friend" (SER)
related to seldë "child" (meaning changed by ser- vb. "rest" (1st pers. aorist serin "I
Tolkien from "daughter") and seldo *"boy". Thus rest"); pa.t. probably *sendë since the R of ser-
selda may be an adjective *"childlike", since -a is was originally D (cf. stem SED; compare rer-
a frequent adjectival ending. Alternatively, as pa.t. rendë from RED concerning the past tense)
suggested in VT46 : 13, selda may be a neuter sercë ("k") noun "blood" (SA : sereg,
noun "child", corresponding to masc. seldo PE17 : 184; the Etymologies gives yár as the
*"boy" and fem. seldë *"girl" (before Tolkien Quenya word for "blood")
changed the meaning of the latter to "child"). sérë noun "rest, repose, peace" (SED,
(SEL-D, cf. VT46 : 22-23) VT44 : 35); see under úyë concerning the
seldë noun "child" (meaning changed by sentence úyë sérë indo-ninya símen in Fíriel's
Tolkien from "daughter"; in his later texts the Song
Quenya word for "child" is rather hína, and the Serindë (þ) fem. name; "Broideress"
final status of seldë is uncertain. See also (Silm) or "Needlewoman" (PM : 333). Original
tindómerel.) (SEL-D, VT46 : 13, 22-23) In one form Therindë, q.v.
late source, Tolkien reverts to the meaning sermë noun "friend" (fem.) (SER)
“daughter”, but this may have been replaced by sermo noun "friend" (evidently masc.,
anel, q.v. since sermë is stated to be fem.) (SER)
seldo noun (meaning not quite clear, seron noun "friend" (SER)
likely the masculine form of seldë "child", hence sesta- vb. “to liken, compare” (QL : 82)
*"boy") (SEL-D, VT46 : 13, 22-23) [setta, setya adj. "first" (possibly also
seler (þ) (sell-, as in pl. selli) noun "primary", but Tolkien's gloss was not certainly
"sister" (THEL / THELES). In a later source, the legible) (VT46 : 13)]
word nésa (q.v.) appears instead, leaving the si adv. “here” (VT49 : 33; this may be a
conceptual status of seler uncertain. root or “element” rather than a Quenya word; see
selli (þ) pl. of seler (THEL / THELES) sissë, sinomë)
*selma (þ) noun "a fixed idea, will" (WJ : sí adv. "now" (Nam, RGEO : 67, LR : 47,
319; only the archaic / Vanyarin form þelma SD : 310, VT43 : 34, VT49 : 18, PE17 : 94), sin
[thelma] is given) (SI, LR : 47) or sín (SD : 247, 310) before
[selyë noun "daughter", used in vowels. Compare the distribution of a / an in
children's play for "fourth finger" or "fourth toe" English, though in his Quenya version of Hail
(VT47 : 10, 15, VT48 : 4) It is unclear whether it Mary, Tolkien used sí also before a vowel (sí ar
was the word selyë "daughter" itself that was "now and", VT43 : 28). Si, a short (or
rejected, or just its use as a play-name of a digit. incompletely annotated) form of sí (VT43 : 26,
Compare yeldë, yendë.] 34). – In Fíriel's Song, sí is translated "here".
sen- vb. "let loose, free, let go" (VT43 : siar, siarë adv. "this day", a form
18) Tolkien apparently abandoned in favour of síra,
#sén collective (?) noun “children”, q.v. (VT43 : 18)
isolated from Erusén "the children of God" sicil ("k") noun "dagger, knife" (SIK)
(RGEO : 74, VT49 : 35). The word would seem sië adv. "thus" (VT43 : 24, VT49 : 18)
to be a collective, since it has no plural ending. sil- vb. "shine" (white), present tense
sena dative / allative pronoun “to him [ / síla "shines, is shining" (FG); aorist silë, pl. silir
her / it]”, “at him [ / her / it]”; see se. (VT49 : 14) (RS : 324), frequentative sisíla- (Markirya
senda adj. "resting, at peace" (SED) comments), future tense siluva (VT49 : 38), dual
*sendë, see ser- siluvat (VT49 : 44, 45)
senna (1), see se #1 #sil-cal- ("k") vb. "to shine" (silver and
gold) < "Qenya" sílankálan *"they shine (silver
and gold)" (VT27 : 20, 27); cf. sil-, cal-, q.v.

sisilcala- ("k") vb. "to shine continuously silquelosseën ("q") noun "blossom-
(silver and gold)" ("Qenya" inflected form white hair" (MC : 216; this is "Qenya", but
sisilkalan) (VT27 : 20, 26, 27) compare lossë)
silda-ránar noun in locative "in silumë adv. “at this time” (VT49 : 11,
gleaming-moon" (locative -r) (MC : 213; this is 18). Compare talumë, #sillumë.
"Qenya"; cf. sildë) síma noun “mind, imagination” (VT49 :
sildai ??? (Narqelion) 16); variant isima. Also attested with endings :
sildë adj.? "gleaming" (?) (MC : 214; this símaryassen “in their imaginations” (with the
is "Qenya"; cf. silda-ránar) ending -rya used = “their” rather than “his / her”,
silima noun the substance the Silmarils according to colloquial useage) (VT49 : 16)
were made of, invented by Fëanor (SA : sil) simen adv. “hither” (VT49 : 33), símen
Silindo "Jupiter" (LT1 : 265; this planet is called "here" (FS; cf. sinomë in EO). Compare tamen.
Alcarinquë in Tolkien's later Quenya) simpa noun "pipe, flute" (LT1 : 266)
#sillumë noun "this hour", ablative simpetalla ??? (Narqelion)
sillumello "from this hour" (VT44 : 35). Compare simpetar noun "piper" (LT1 : 266)
silumë. simpina noun "pipe, flute" (LT1 : 266)
silma adj. "silver, shining white" (SIL), simpisë noun? "piping" (LT1 : 266)
“crystal (white)” (PE17 : 23) sin (1) a word either meaning "thus"
Silmarien (sometimes "-riën") fem. (adverb) or "this" (as an independent word in the
name, apparently incorporates sil(i)ma sentence, not modifying another word like sina
(Appendix A) and the feminine ending -ien, or - does). Attested in the sentence sin quentë
rien as a variant of -riel (garlanded maiden) as Quendingoldo Elendilenna, either *"this
in Altariel (Galadriel). Pengolodh said to Elendil" or "thus spoke
Silmaril (Silmarill-, as in pl. Silmarilli), Pengolodh to Elendil" (PM : 401). Patrick Wynne
noun, name of the shining jewels made by argues that sin is an adverb “thus” derived from
Fëanor; full sg. form Silmarillë (SA : sil, SIL, the stem si- “this (by me)” (VT49 : 18)
RIL, MIR). Translated "radiance of pure light" in sin (2) adv., a form of sí "now" (q.v.)
Letters : 148. Gen. pl. Silmarillion, as in often occurring before vowels; also sín (SI).
(Quenta) Silmarillion "(the Story) of the However, sí itself (q.v.) may also appear before
Silmarils". a vowel.
silmë noun "starlight", also name of sina demonstrative "this" (following its
tengwa #29 (Appendix E), though in the pre- noun in our sole example : vanda sina "this
classical Tengwar system presupposed in the oath"). (CO, VT49 : 18; in the latter source, sina
Etymologies, the name silmë instead applied to is called an adjective). This word would, like
tengwa #3 (VT46 : 13). Silmë nuquerna "s Sindarin hen, be derived from primitive ¤sĭnā
reversed", name of tengwa #30, similar to (VT49 : 34). Cf. sin #1.
normal silmë but turned upside down (Appendix sína passive participle “known, certain,
E). In the Etymologies, stem SIL, silmë is ascertained” (PE17 : 68), connecting with ista-
defined as the "light of Silpion" (Telperion), and and sintë. Also sinwa.
also a poetic word for "silver". sincahonda adj. "flint-hearted" (LotR3 :
Silmeráno noun in genitive, "of silver VI ch. 6). Hence noun #sinca "flint-[stone]"?
moon" (MC : 220; this is "Qenya") sinda (þ) adj. "grey" (PE17 : 72);
Silmerossë, a name of Silpion nominal pl. Sindar used = "Grey-elves", lit.
1
(Telperion) (ROS , SIL) *"Grey ones"; see WJ : 375. Gen. pl. Sindaron
silo adv. “hence” (from here), also sio in WJ : 369. With general meaning "grey" also in
(VT49 : 18). The words seem to incorporate -lo, Sindacollo > Singollo "Grey-cloak, Thingol" (SA
a shorter version of the ablative ending -llo, and : thin(d), PE17 : 72; see also sindë, Sindicollo);
-o, the genitive ending that may also be used in †sindanórië "grey land", ablative sindanóriello
an ablativic sense. Compare talo, tó “thence”. "from / out of a grey country" (Nam); the
Silpion, a name of the Elder of the Two reference is to a “mythical region of shadows
Trees of Valinor (Telperion, the White Tree). lying at outer feet of the Mountains of Valinor”
1
(Silm, SIL, SÍLIP, BAL, ROS , LR : 385) In the (PE17 : 72). However, other sources give sindë
pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in (q.v.) as the Quenya word for "grey"; perhaps
the Etymologies, the name Silpion is also sinda came to mean primarily "Grey-elf" as a
applied to tengwa #29, which letter Tolkien noun. Derived adjective Sindarin "Grey-elven",
would later call silmë instead.

normally used as a noun to refer to the Grey- sinya adj. "new" (SI)
elven language. (Appendix F) sinyë (þ) noun "evening" (THIN)
sindarinwa (þ) adj. "Grey-elven" in the sio adv. “hence” (from here), also silo
phrase hwesta sindarinwa "Grey-elven hw" (VT49 : 18)
(Appendix E); it may really be "Sindarin" (as a sir- (1) vb. "flow" (SIR)
noun) with the possessive ending -va, -wa sir (2), also sira, adv. “hither” (primitive
appended, hence literally "hw of [the] Sindarin ¤sida, ¤sidā) (VT49 : 18)
[language]" sír noun “river”, shorter form of sirë
sindë (þ) adj. "grey, pale or silvery grey" (PE17 : 65, VT49 : 17)
(the Vanyarin dialect preserves the older form síra compound noun "this day", used =
þindë) (WJ : 384, THIN; in SA : thin(d) the form *"today" as adverb (VT43 : 18)
given is sinda, cf. also sindanóriello "from a sírë noun "river" (SIR, VT46 : 13),
grey country" in Namárië. Sindë and sinda are "stream" (LT1 : 265). Also short form sír, q.v.
apparently variants of the same word.) Stem Compare #sirya.
sindi-, given the primitive form ¤thindi; cf. siril noun "rivulet" (SIR)
Sindicollo (q.v.) sirilla participle *"flowing", "Qenya"
sindië (þ) noun "greyness", sindië-nórë participle of siri- "flow" (Narqelion, cf. QL : xiv)
*”land of greyness”, also (more literally sírima adj. "liquid, flowing" (LT1 : 265)
corresponding to the English translation) nórë Siriondil masc .name, *"Sirion-friend"
sindiëo (PE17 : 72), other names of sindanórië, (Appendix A)
see sinda. sirpë noun "stem, stalk" (QL : 84)
sinen adv. “in this way; so” (VT49 : 18) #sirya noun "river", attested in the dual
Sindel (þ) (Sindeld-, as in pl. Sindeldi) form siryat (VT47 : 11). Compare sírë.
noun "Grey-elf" = Sinda pl. Sindar, but less sís adv. “here” (VT49 : 18, 23), also
common (WJ : 384) sissë
sindi noun "river" (LT1 : 265; rather sírë sisíla- is said to be the "frequentative"
in LotR-style Quenya) form of sil- (MC : 223); the participle sisílala in
Sindicollo (þ) noun "Grey-cloak", title of Markirya is simply translated "shining".
Elwë (Elu). Sindarin Thingol. (WJ : 410, MR : sissë adv. “here” (VT49 : 18), also sís
217). (Sindi- in this name is a compound form of Sistar ??? (VT45 : 12; the word is not
sindë, q.v.) Original form Thindicollo (WJ : clearly defined)
333). The Silmarillion appendix (SA : thin(d) ) *sistë (*sisti-) may be a possible
gives Sindacollo. phonological updating of the "Qenya" noun sist
Sindo (þ) masc. name, Elwe's brother (sisty-) "ulcer". Adj. sistina "ulcerated" (QL : 86)
(THIN) sitë adj. “of this sort” (VT49 : 18)
singë noun "salt" (QL : 83) siulë noun "incitement" (SIW)
singwa adj. "salt" (salty) (QL : 83) sívë (1) prep. "as", apparently ve of
Singollo (þ) contraction of Sindicollo, similar meaning with the prefix sí- "this, here,
q.v. (Silm) now"; sívë therefore makes a comparison with
sinomë compound noun "this place" something close, whereas tambë (q.v.) refers to
(EO), used as adverb (or uninflected locative) = something remote. Sívë...tambë "as...so" (VT43
"in this place" = "here" (VT49 : 18). Variant : 17). Elided sív' in VT43 : 12, since the next
sínomë (VT44 : 36). Cf. sanomë, tanomë. word begins in the vowel e-.
sinqui ("q") ??? (Narqelion) sívë (2) noun "peace" (VT44 : 35)
sinquitálar ("q") ??? (Narqelion) sívë (3) noun “knowing, knowledge”
sinta (þ) (1) adj. "short" (STINTĀ). Cf. (PE17 : 68; probably never meant to coexist with
senna #2. #1 and #2 above, so istya may be preferred)
sinta- (þ) (2) vb. "fade", pa.t. sintanë soa (“söa”) noun “filth” (PE17 : 186)
(THIN) soica ("k") adj. "thirsty" (VT39 : 11)
sintamo noun “smith” (PE17 : 107-108), solmë noun "wave" (LT1 : 266)
cf. more usual variant tamo, q.v. Solonel (Soloneld-) noun, a name of
sintë pa.t. vb. "knew", irregular pa.t. of the Teleri (here in the sg, pl. Soloneldi). Note
ista- (besides isintë) (IS, VT48 : 25) that this form is influenced by Telerin; pure
sinwa passive participle “known, certain, Quenya has Solonyeldi, sg. #Solonyel. (PHAL /
ascertained” (PE17 : 68), connecting with ista- PHÁLAS, NYEL, SOL)
and sintë. Also sína.

sól, also solma or solos, noun variant quernessë *”he turned (himself)” (VT49 : 20-21).
words apparently for ”helmet”, cf. castol, q.v. Compare -ttë #2. The ending -ssë seems prone
(PE17 : 188) to confusion with the locative ending; an
solma, see sól alternative wording would be the analytical
solor noun "surf" (SOL); solor, solossë construction *melis immo with a separate
noun "surf, surge" (LT1 : 266) reflexive pronoun. Tolkien himself changed
solos, see sól quernessë to quernes immo (VT49 : 20-21).
solossë noun "surf, surge" (LT1 : 266); -ssë (3) possible longer form of the 3rd
also solor person ending -s; see -s #1. Such an ending
sóma noun “state, condition” (QL : 85) $ probably could not coexist with -ssë #2 above. In
[sonda adj. "dear, fond" (VT46 : 15)] one source, Tolkien first queried, then deleted
[sondo noun "friend" (VT46 : 15)] this ending (VT49 : 49).
songa noun “mouth”, in the sense of -sta (1) “your”, dual 2nd person
“interior cavity behind the teeth, containing possessive pronominal ending : “of you two”
tongue” (PE17 : 126) (VT49 : 45, 16), cf. -stë (q.v.) Genitive -sto in
sor, sornë noun "eagle" (LT1 : 266); veryanwesto “of your wedding” (VT49 : 45) and
rather soron in LotR-style Quenya tengwiesto “of your reading” (VT49 : 47),
sóra adj. "long, trailing" (LT2 : 344) allative -stanna in parmastanna “on your book”
sorna (þ) adj. "steadfast” (PE17 : 113) (VT49 : 47). An archaic ending of similar form
sornion noun "eyrie" (LT1 : 266) could also be the third person dual *“of the two of
sorno (þ) noun "eagle" (archaic thorno) them” (but according to VT49 : 51, the
(Letters : 427). Also soron. Early "Qenya" has corresponding subject ending was changed to -
sor, sornë (LT1 : 266) ttë, and then the ending for “their” would
soron (or sornë) (þ) noun "eagle", presumably become *-tta)
before an ending sorn- as in pl. sorni, -sta (2) ending occurring in the names of
"gen.sg....sornen"; in LotR-style Quenya this certain lands (VT43 : 15), e.g. the Forostar or
would be the dative singular instead (THOR / "Northlands" of Númenor (UT : 165)
THORON). SD : 290 has the pl. soroni "eagles", -stë “you”, 2nd person dual pronominal
changed to sorni as in the Etymologies. Early ending (VT49 : 51, 53), e.g. caristë *”the two of
"Qenya" has the forms sor, sornë (LT1 : 266) you do” (VT49 : 16). Tolkien first wrote carindë,
Sorontar (þ) masc. name "King of but changed the ending (VT49 : 33). The ending
Eagles", Sindarin Thorondor, name of a great -stë is derived from earlier -dde (VT49 : 46, 51).
Eagle (SA : thoron, THOR / THORON, TĀ / TA3) An archaic ending of similar form could also be
Soronto (þ?), masc. name, seems to the third person dual, *“the two of them” (but see
incorporate soron "eagle"; the ending -to is rare -ttë #1).
(occurs in suhto, q.v.), here apparently used to sú noun "sound of wind" (VT47 : 12),
derive a masculine name. "noise of wind" (LT1 : 266, "Qenya" spelling sû)
Soronúmë (prob. þ) (name of a suc- ("k") vb. "to drink" (1st pers. aorist
constellation, apparently incorporating soron sucin "I drink") (SUK)
"eagle") (SA : thoron) suctë ("k") "resin, gum"; read *suhtë if
sovallë noun “washing, bathing; the word is to be used in LotR-style Quenya,
purification” (QL : 86) since Tolkien decided that ct becomes ht in
sovo- vb. “wash” (read perhaps #sov- if Quenya. (QL : 86)
the verb is to be adapted to LotR-style Quenya, *suhtë, see suctë
since Tolkien’s later versions of the language do suhto noun "draught" (SUK)
not seem to have o-stem verbs), pa.t. sóvë (QL : sulca ("k") noun "root" (especially as
86) edible) (SÚLUK)
-ssë (1) locative ending (compare the súlë (þ) noun "spirit, breath", also name
preposition se, sé "at", q.v.); in Lóriendessë, of tengwa #9; originally thúlë (þúlë), before the
lúmessë, máriessë (q.v. for reference); pl. - shift th > s that occurred shortly before the
ssen in yassen, lúmissen, mahalmassen, rebellion of the Noldor (Appendix E, THŪ). Its
símaryassen, tarmenissen, q.v. The part. pl. (- gloss, “blowing forth”, was metaphorically used
lissë or -lissen) and dual (-tsë) locative endings as “the emission of power (of will or desife) from
are known from the Plotz letter only. a spirit” (PE17 : 124). If the element súlë
-ssë (2), 3rd person sg. reflexive ending, appears in Súlimë and Súlimo (q.v.), the stem-
melissë “he loves himself”, possibly also form may seem to be súli-.

súlimarya ??? (Narqelion) example KAT, which stem has the sundóma A;
Súlimë noun, third month of the year, the stem TALAT has the sundóma repeated; in
"March". The word apparently means *"windy derivative forms the sundóma might be placed
one" (Appendix D; SA : sûl; not capitalized in the before the first consonant; e.g. ATALAT) (WJ :
latter source). Early "Qenya" has súlimë "wind" 319)
(LT1 : 266) sungwa noun "drinking-vessel" (SUK)
Súlimo (þ) surname of Manwë (wind- súrë noun "wind", stem súri- because of
god) (THŪ, SA : sûl). Compare súlë and primitive form sūrǐ- (PE17 : 62), hence the
perhaps sú. instrumental form súrinen "in the wind" or more
súlo (stem *súlu-, given the primitive literally *"by the wind" (Nam, RGEO : 66,
form ¤suglu; the pl. may be *súlwi) noun Markirya, J.R.R. Tolkien : Artist & Illustrator p.
"goblet" (SUG; see SUK; apparently changed by 197); Súrion masc.name, *"Wind-son"
Tolkien from súla, VT46 : 16) (Appendix A). Early "Qenya" has súru (MC :
sulp- vb. "lick" (LT1 : 266; rather lavin 213, 216, 220). See also súriquessë.
Tolkien's later Quenya) #surië (þ), possibly a noun *"seeking";
sulpa noun "soup" (LT1 : 266) see minasurië.
súma noun "hollow cavity, bosom"; cf. súriquessë noun "wind feather"
súmaryassë "in her bosom" (súma-rya-ssë (referring to a "tuft of radiating grass" in a
"bosom-her-in") in Markirya drawing by Tolkien) (J.R.R. Tolkien : Artist &
sundo (þ) noun "base, root, root-word" Illustrator, p. 197)
(SUD), sc. a Quendian consonantal "base". Súro (þ) masc. name, alternative form of
According to VT46 : 16, Tolkien changed the root Sauro(n) (THUS)
to STUD, thereby implying that sundo was súru noun "wind" (MC : 213, 216, 220;
originally þundo (compare Sindarin thond this is "Qenya"; Tolkien's later Quenya has súrë)
"root"). surya noun "spirant consonant" (SUS)
sundóma (þ) noun *"base-vowel" súya- (þ) vb. "breathe" (THŪ)
(sundo + óma), the determinant vowel of a súyer ??? (Narqelion)
"base" or root (Christopher Tolkien gives the
T
-t (1) dual ending, on nouns denoting a *Alduo rather than ?Alduto as the genitive form
pair of something : attat "2 fathers or of "Two Trees" (Aldu). – The ending -t is also
neighbours" (VT48 : 19; see atto), máryat "her used as a verbal inflection, corresponding to pl. -
(pair of) hands" (Nam), siryat "two rivers" (VT47 r (elen atta siluvat, “two stars shall shine”, VT49
: 11), ciriat "2 ships" (Letters : 427 – read ciryat : 45; the verb carit “do” would also be used with
as in the Plotz Letter?), maquat "group of ten" a dual subject, VT49 : 16; cf. also the endings
(from maqua, meaning among other things listed in VT49 : 48, 50).
"group of five") (VT47 : 7), nápat "thumb and -t (2) "them", pronominal ending; seen in
index as a pair" (VT48 : 5), also compare met the word laituvalmet "we shall bless them" (lait-
"us two" as the dual form of me "us" (Nam, VT47 uva-lme-t "bless-shall-we-them"). According to
: 11). Other dual endings known from the Plotz PE17 : 110, this -t covers both sg. and dual. Also
letter : genitive -to, possessive -twa, dative -nt, independent word te pl. and tú dual (possibly *tu
locative -tsë, allative -nta, ablative -lto, when unstressed).
instrumental -nten, plus -tes as a possible short -t (3) reduced pronominal affix of the 2.
locative. It may be that these endings only apply person, "you" (sg.), the long form being -tyë
to nouns that would have nominative dual forms (both endings are listed in VT49 : 48). See heca
in -t, and that nouns preferring the alternative regarding the example hecat (WJ : 364).
dual ending -u would simply add the otherwise However, in a later source, Tolkien denies that -
"singular" case endings to this vowel, e.g.

tyë has any short form (VT49 : 51, 57). The fastens", evidently the 3rd person sg. aorist),
status of the ending -t is therefore doubtful. pa.t. tancë (TAK)
ta (1) pron. "that, it" (TA); compare tai (1) pron. "that which, what", “which
antaróta "he gave it" (FS); see anta-. The forms fact” (VT42 : 34, VT49 : 12, 20). The word occurs
tar / tara / tanna “thither”, talo / tó “thence” and in the sentence alasaila ná lá carë tai mo navë
tás / tassë “there” are originally inflected forms mára, translated "it is unwise not to do what one
of this pronoun : *”to that”, *”from that” and *”in judges good". So tai = "what", but it means more
that” (place), respectively. Compare “there” as literally "that which" (VT49 : 12), ta + i (cf. ta #1
one gloss of ta (see #4). and the use of i as a relative pronoun). In one
ta (2) adv. “so, like that, also”, e.g. ta note, Tolkien emended tai to ita, reversing the
mára “so good” (VT49 : 12) elements (VT49 : 12) and also eliminating the
ta (3) pron. "they, them", an ambiguity involving the homophone tai #2, see
"impersonal" 3rd person pl. stem, referring "only below.
to 'abstracts' or to things (such as inanimates) tai (2) pron. “they, them”, 3rd person pl.,
not by the Eldar regarded as persons" (VT43 : used with reference to inanimates rather than
20, cf. ta as an inanimate Common Eldarin plural persons or living things (VT49 : 32, see ta #3
pronoun, VT49 : 52). Compare te, q.v. The word above). Perhaps to avoid the clash with tai “that
ta occurring in some versions of Tolkien's which”, the pronoun tai “they, them” was altered
Quenya Lord's Prayer may exemplify this use of to te in at least one manuscript (VT49 : 33), so
ta as an "impersonal" plural pronoun : emmë that it would merge with the pronoun used of
avatyarir ta "we forgive them" (VT43 : 8, 9; this living beings and the distinction between animate
refers to trespasses, not the trespassers). and inanimate would be abandoned (see te).
However, since Tolkien also wanted ta to mean tai (3) adv. “then”, also tá (which form
“that” (see #1 above), he may seem to be may be preferred because tai has other
somewhat dissatisfied with ta “they, them”, meanings as well) (VT49 : 33)
introducing variant forms like tai (VT49 : 32) to tailë noun "lengthening, extension"
free up ta as a sg. pronoun. In one document, tai (TAY)
was in turn altered to te (VT49 : 33), which could #taima noun "lengthening, extension" in
suggest that the distinction between animate and ómataima, q.v.
inanimate “they, them” was abandoned and the Taimavar masc. name "Shepherd of the
form te (q.v.) could be used for both. In some Sky", Orion (LT1 : 268; Orion is called
documents, Tolkien seems to use tar as the Telumehtar or Menelmacar in Tolkien's later
plural form (VT49 : 56 mentions this as an Quenya)
uncertain reading in a source where the word Taimë, Taimië noun "the sky" (LT1 :
was struck out; compare ótar under ó-). 268; rather menel in LotR-style Quenya)
ta (4) conj., said to be a reducted form of Taimondo, also Taimordo masc. name
tá “then”, used “before each new item in a series "Orion" (LT1 : 268; Orion is rather called
or list”; “if as often in English the equivalent of Telumehtar or Menelmacar in Tolkien's later
and was omitted, and placed only before a final Quenya)
item [e.g. ‘Tom, Dick, and Harriet’], this would in taina (1) adj. "lengthened, extended"
Quenya represent a discontinuity, and what (TAY), "stretched, elongated" (VT39 : 7), also
followed after ta would be an addition of noun "extension" in the compound ómataina,
something overlooked or less important”. (PE17 : q.v.
70) Hence the use of arta (ar ta, “and ta”) for “et #taina (2) noun “sign”, isolated from
cetera”; in older languge ta ta or just ta. Tainacolli *”Sign-bearer” –MR : 385
ta (5) adv. “there” (VT49 : 33; this may taita- vb. "to prolong" (TAY)
be an Elvish root or “element” rather than a taitë adj. “of that sort” (VT49 : 11),
Quenya word; see tanomë; see however also *”such”
tar, tara, tanna under ta #1). tál (tal-, as in "g.sg. talen"; in LotR-style
tá 1) adv. “then” (VT49 : 11). Cf. ta #4. Quenya this is rather the dative singular) noun
tá 2) adj. "high" (LT1 : 264; there spelt "foot" (TAL, VT49 : 17). Also tala (VT49 : 42). Pl.
tâ. This is hardly a valid word in Tolkien's later táli “feet” (PE16 : 96); here Tolkien did not use
Quenya, but cf. tára "lofty".) tal- with a short a as the stem-form. VT43 : 16
tac- ("k") vb. "fasten" (the form tacë mentions "an unpublished declension" of this
given in the Etymologies is translated "he word dating from ca. 1967; here the locative is
said to appear as talassë and talsë. Cf. also

talya “his foot”; see -ya #4. Early "Qenya" forms taltol noun "big toe" (VT47 : 10); also
: tala "foot" (LT2 : 347) and dual talwi "the feet" tolbo
(LT2 : 347); tálin "feet" (MC : 216); instrumental tam- vb. "to tap" (1st pers. aorist tamin
talainen, talalínen (MC : 213, 216, 220; this is "I tap"), pa.t. tamnë (TAM)
"Qenya") tama noun “that matter” (VT49 : 11)
talaitë adj. “footed” (VT49 : 42); cf. taman noun “a thing made by
attalaitë handicraft” (PE17 : 107)
talan (talam-, e.g. pl. talami) noun tamba- vb. "to knock, keep on knocking"
"floor, base, ground" (TALAM) (TAM)
talantië vb. "he is fallen" (FS; see -ië #2 tambaro noun "woodpecker" (TAM)
concerning the doubtful authority of this stative tambë prep. (1) "so" or "as" (referring to
verb ending in LotR-style Quenya) something remote; contrast sívë). Sívë...tambë
talas noun "sole" (LT2 : 347; Tolkien's "as...so" (VT43 : 17).
later Quenya has tallunë) tambë (2) noun "copper" (LT1 : 250; this
talat- vb. a stem used for "slipping, is "Qenya"; see urus for a later word for
sliding, falling down" (Letters : 347), cf. atalta-, "copper")
talta- and talantië tambina adj. "of copper" (LT1 : 250;
#talca ("k") noun "post, mark" isolated rather *urustina in later Quenya, see urus,
from lantalca "boundary post or mark" (VT42 : urust-)
28) tamen adv. “thither” (VT49 : 33).
tallunë noun "sole of foot", stem Compare simen.
probably talluni- given primitive form ¤talrunya tamin (taminn-) noun "forge" (LT1 : 250,
(TALAM, RUN) cf. QL : 88)
talma noun "base, foundation, root" tamma noun “tool” (PE17 : 108)
(TALAM); Talmar Ambaren (place-name, tamna adj. “artificial” or noun “artifact”
*"Foundations of the World" - this is pre-classical (PE17 : 108)
"Qenya" with genitive in -en instead of -o as in tamo noun “smith” (PE17 : 108), more
LotR-style Quenya) (TALAM). Allative talmanna usual (esp. among the Noldor) than the variant
in the phrase telmello talmanna "from hood to sintamo, q.v. Cf. tano.
base, top to bottom" (VT46 : 18; notice tampa noun "stopper" (TAP)
misreading "telmanna" in the Etymologies as tampë noun "copper" (LT1 : 268; in
printed in LR, entry TEL-, TELU-) LotR-style Quenya tampë is [also?] the past
talo adv. “thence”. Also tó. Basically tense of tap- "stop, block")
these are simple ablative / genitive forms of ta tampë pa.t. of tap-, q.v. (TAP)
(#1) “that”; compare silo, sio. (VT49 : 11) tampo noun “well” (QL : 93)
talumë adv. “at this time” meaning “at tana (1) demonstrative "that" (said to be
the time we are thinking of of speaking of”, not "anaphoric") (TA). According to VT49 : 11, tana
referring to the present (which is silumë = “at is the adjective corresponding to ta, “that” as a
this time” in the narrower sense). (VT49 : 11) pronoun.
talta adj. "sloping, tilted, leaning"; also tana- (2) vb. "to show, indicate" (MR :
"incline" as noun (TALÁT) 350, 385, 471) (cf. the demonstrative tana "that")
talta- vb. "slip, slide down, collapse, tána (meaning unclear, probably adj.
slope" (TALÁT); reduplicated stem in the "high, lofty, noble") (TĀ / TA3). Compare tára.
participle talta-taltala in Markirya, simply tanca ("k") adj. "firm, fixed, sure" (TAK)
translated "falling" in MC : 215. Strong tancë ("k") pa.t. of tac-, q.v. (TAK)
intransitive conjugation : present talta, aorist tancil ("k") noun "pin, brooch" (TAK)
talt- [derived from talati > tal’ti, hence Tancol ("k") noun "Signifer", "the
presumably *talti- with endings and *taltë significant star" = Venus (MR : 385). The literal
without any], past talantë, perfect ataltië. Weak meaning is apparently *”sign-bearer”, cf. tanna
transitive conjugation : present taltëa, aorist #1 and #col-.
talta, past taltanë. This is said to be the tande adv. "thither" (MC : 215; this is
conjugation type of a certain class of verbs, "Qenya")
namely “√TALAT stems” (PE17 : 186). tanen, tánen adv. “in that way”,
taltil (taltill-, pl. taltilli given) noun "toe" “therefore” (VT49 : 11). Basically the
(VT47 : 10) instrumental form of ta (#1) “that”.
tango noun "twang" (TING / TANG)

tangwa noun "hasp, clasp" (TAK) the same allative ending -r (from primitive -da)
taniquelassë noun name of tree (UT : as in mir "into". According to VT49 : 11, tar may
167), perhaps Tanique(til) + lassë "leaf" also appear in the logner form tara.
Taniquetil (Taniquetild-), place-name : tar (2) prep. "beyond" (FS)
the highest of the mountains of Valinor, upon #tar- (3) vb. “stand”, attested in the past
which were the mansions of Manwë and Varda. tense : tarnë (PE17 : 71)
Properly, this name refers to the topmost peak -tar or tar-, element meaning "king" or
only, the whole mountain being called Oiolossë "queen" in compounds and names (TĀ / TA3),
(SA : til). The Etymologies has Taniquetil, e.g. Valatar; compare the independent nouns
Taniquetildë ("q") (Ta-niqe-til) ("g.sg." tár, tári. Prefix Tar- especially in the names of
Taniquetilden, in LotR-style Quenya this is the the Kings and Queens of Númenor (e.g. Tar-
dative singular) "High White Horn" (NIK-W, TIL, Amandil); see their individual names (like
TA / TA3, OY). Variant Taníquetil with a long í, Amandil in this case), cf. also Tar-Mairon “King
translated “high-snow-peak” (PE17 : 26, 168). Excellent”, title used by Sauron (PE17 : 183).
tanna (1) noun "sign, token" (MR : 385, Also in Tareldar "High-elves"; see also
PE17 : 186), also tanwa (PE17 : 186) Tarmenel.
tanna (2) pron. in allative "thither" (VT14 tár noun "king" (only used of the
: 5, PE16 : 96; evidently to be understood as the legitimate kings of whole tribes); the pl. tári
allative of ta #2 : "to that [place]"). Compare "kings" must not be confused with the sg. tári
locative tassë. "queen" (TĀ / TA3). Prefix tar-, compare -tar
tano noun "craftsman, smith" (TAN), cf. above. The normal Quenya word for "king" is
final element -tan in calmatan “lampwright” aran, but compare Tarumbar.
(PE17 : 123), Ciryatan *”ship-builder” (Appendix tara adv. “thither”; see tar #1.
A). tára (1) adj. "lofty". (SA : tar, LT1 : 264,
tanomë adv. “in the place (referred to)” TĀ / TA3 (AYAK, TÁWAR), VT45 : 6), "tall, high"
(VT49 : 11). Cé tulis, tanomë nauvan *”if (s)he (WJ : 417). Compare antara. Adverb táro in an
comes, I will be there” (VT49 : 19). Compare early "Qenya" text (VT27 : 20, 26). The adj. tára
sanomë, sinomë. is not to be confused with the continuative form
tanta (1) noun "harp", also as verb of the verb #tar- “stand”.
tanta- "to play a harp" (VT41 : 10) tára (2) ?“wise”. (From tentative notes
tanta (2) (prob. adj.) "double" (TATA) trying to explain Daur [unlenited *Taur] as
tantila noun "harp" (VT41 : 10) Sindarin name of Frodo; the more normal word
tanwa noun “sign, token” (Tolkien for “wise” seems to be saila / saira.)
marked this word with a query, but it is not taracu- ("k") noun "ox" (LT2 : 347, GL :
clearly rejected). Also tanna (#1). (PE17 : 186) 69). Tolkien apparently invented the word
tanwë noun "craft, thing made, device, mundo for his later form of Quenya.
construction" (TAN) taran (1) noun “king”, possibly
tanya demonstrative "that" (MC : 215; ephemeral variant of aran, q.v. (PE17 : 186)
this is "Qenya", perhaps corresponding to later taran (2), also tarambo, noun "buffet" (=
tana) a blow, a bang) (LT2 : 337, QL : 89)
tap- vb. "stop, block" (the form tapë Tarannon masc. name; ?"High-gift"? Or,
given in the Etymologies is translated "he stops, if -annon is a Sindarin-influenced form of andon
blocks", evidently the 3rd person sg. aorist. In "great gate" rather than a masculinized form of
Etym as printed in LR, a was misprinted as á, anna "gift", "Lord of the Gate"??? (Appendix A)
VT46 : 17). Pa.t. tampë (TAP) taras noun, Quenya equilvalent of
tapta adj. "impeded" (VT39 : 17); the Sindarin barad “a great towering building, (fort,
nominal pl. taptar is used as a noun to express city, castle) tower” (PE17 : 22), also tarminas.
"consonants" ( = tapta tengwi, q.v.) Barad-dûr (Dark Tower) = Quenya Taras Lúna
#tapta tengwë phrase only attested in (or Lúnaturco, q.v.)
the pl. : tapta tengwi ("ñ") "impeded elements", tarassë ??? (Narqelion)
a term for consonants. (In the pl. we would rather tarca ("k") noun "horn" (TARÁK)
expect *taptë tengwi with the pl. form of the tarcalion = Tar-Calion, masc. name,
adjective.) Also simply tapta pl. taptar (VT39 : Quenya name of Ar-Pharazôn (LR : 47, SD :
17) 246); see Calion
tar (1) adv. or technically pron. with old Tar-culu ("k"), name listed in the
allative ending : "thither" (TA). This is ta #1 with Etymologies but not elsewhere attested. The

second element is apparently culu "gold" (a Tarostar masc. name, *"Lord of ostar
word Tolkien seems to have abandoned); [?]" (Appendix A)
Hostetter and Wynne suggest that this may be tarquendi ("q") noun "High-elves" =
an alternative name of Tar-Calion (= Ar- Lindar (= the later Vanyar; Tolkien revised the
Pharazôn "the Golden"); see VT45 : 24. names) Sg. #tarquendë (TĀ / TA3)
Tarcil ("k") (#Tarcild-, as in pl. Tarcildi) tarquesta ("q") noun "high-speech" (that
masc. name, "high-Man", also used as a term for is Lindarin [later Vanyarin, Tolkien revised the
Númenórean (Appendix A, TUR, KHIL, VT46 : names], or Qenya [Quenya]) (TĀ / TA3)
17, PE17 : 101; the latter source provides the taru noun "horn" (LT2 : 337, 347;
gloss "Great Man of Numenor"; tarcil(di) = Tolkien's later Quenya has tarca)
"high-men = Elf-friends of Númenor"). Cf. the tarucca ("k") adj. "horned" (LT2 : 347)
variant tarhildi, q.v. tarucco ("k") noun "bull" (also tarunco)
tárë adv.? "in that day", not translated in ("k") (LT2 : 347; Tolkien's later Quenya has
its first occurrence in Fíriel's Song mundo)
Tareldar pl. noun "High-elves" (MR : Taructarna ("k") place-name "Oxford"
349), sg. #Tarelda (LT2 : 347; this "Qenya" word would have to
tarhildi, pl. noun “High-men, the Noble become Taruhtarna in LotR-style Quenya)
followers” (PE17 : 18), referring to the Dúnedain. *Taruhtarna see Taructarna
Sg. perhaps #tarhil (with stem #tarhild-), cf. Tarumbar noun; apparently "King of the
tarcil. World" (possibly an ephemeral form) : this
tári noun "queen", used especially of would be tár "king" (q.v.) + umbar as a variant of
Varda (TĀ / TA3, LT1 : 264), etymologically "she Ambar "world".
that is high" (SA : tar). Dative tárin in the Elaine tarunco ("k") noun "bull" (also tarucco)
inscription (VT49 : 40), genitive tário in Namárië. ("k") (LT2 : 347; Tolkien's later Quenya has
Elentári "Starqueen", a title of Varda. (Nam, mundo)
RGEO : 67). Tarinya "my queen" (UT : 179; sic, tarwa noun “garden, enclosure” (QL :
not *tárinya). Táris or tárissë “queenship” 87)
(PE17 : 155) tarwë noun “cross, Crucifix” (QL : 89)
tárië noun "height", allative tárienna "to tarwesta- vb. “crucify” (QL : 89)
[the] height" (LotR3 : VI ch. 4, translated in tarya adj. "tough, stiff" (TÁRAG)
Letters : 308) taryo, see ataryo
Tárion noun, alternative name of tás adv. “there” (VT49 : 11); also tassë,
Valanya, the last day of the Eldarin six-day q.v.
week, dedicated to the Powers (Valar) (Appendix tasar, tasarë (þ) noun "willow-tree"
D) (TATHAR). In Tasarinan *"Willow-valley", Nan-
táris (*táriss-), tarissë noun tasarion *"Valley of willows" (SA : tathar)
“queenship” (PE17 : 155) tasarin noun "willow" (LT2 : 346; in
tarma noun "pillar" (SA : tar); Tolkien's later Quenya tasar, tasarë)
Tarmasundar (þ) "the Roots of the Pillar", the Tasarinan (þ) place-name *"Willow-
slopes of Mt. Meneltarma in Númenor (UT : 166) vale", also Nan-Tasarion (LotR2 : III ch. 4)
#tarmen noun "high place" (pl. locative tassa noun "index finger"; also lepetas
tarmenissen in VT44 : 34) (VT48 : 5, 14)
Tarmenel place-name "High Heaven" tassë adv. “there” (VT49 : 11), short
(LotR1 : II ch. 1, VT44 : 34, in the latter source form tás. These seem to be properly locative
also locative tarmeneldë), Tar-menel "the true forms of ta “that, it”, hence “in that [place]”.
firmament", as opposed to Nur-menel (q.v.) (MR Compare allative tanna “thither” and ablative
: 388) talo “thence”.
tarminas noun “tower” etc. (Sindarin [tastil noun "index finger" (VT47 : 26)]
barad); see taras (PE17 : 22) táta noun "hat" (GL : 71)
tarna noun "crossing, passage" (LT2 : tatanya *"my father" or *"my daddy" (UT
347) : 190)
[Tarnumen] place-name *"High west" tatya archaic ordinal "second". Nominal
(???) (VT45 : 38) pl. Tatyar *"Seconds, Second Ones", the original
Tarondor masc. name, *"Lord of Ondor name of the Noldor as the Second Clan of the
(Gondor)" (Appendix A) Elves (or rather the direct Quenya descendant of
the original name, which was probably *Tatjāi).

(WJ : 380) Later, tatya as an ordinal was tavaro, tavaron noun "dryad, spirit of
replaced by attëa (VT42 : 25). woods" (evidently masc.) (TÁWAR)
tatya- vb. "to double" (TATA) tavas noun "woodland" (LT1 : 267)
tauca (“k”) “stiff, wooden” (PE17 : 115) taxë ("ks") noun "nail" (TAK)
taulë noun "great tree" (LT1 : 267) te pron. "they, them", 3rd person pl.
tauno noun "forest" (LT1 : 267; in (VT49 : 51, LotR3 : VI ch. 4, translated in Letters
Tolkien's later Quenya taurë) : 308). The pronoun te represents an original
taura adj. "mighty, masterful" (TUR, stem-form (VT49 : 50). Dative ten, téna or tien
PE17 : 115), "very mighty, vast, of unmeasured “for them, to them” (q.v.) Stressed té (VT49 : 51).
might or size" (VT39 : 10). Cf. túrëa. Ótë *"with them", q.v. VT43 : 20 connects te
taurë noun "(great) wood, forest" (SA : "them" with a discussion of Common Eldarin
taur, Letters : 308, TÁWAR. VT39 : 7), pl. tauri pronominal stems (ca. 1940s), where te is the
in Markirya "personal" 3rd person pl. stem, referring to
Taurë Huinéva place-name "Forest of persons rather than abstracts or inanimates
Shadow", Sindarin Taur na Fuin (PHUY, VT46 : (which are denoted by ta instead; see, however,
10) the entry ta #3 regarding the problems with this
#taurëa adj. "forested" in form, and the hints that te may possibly be used
Tumbaletaurëa, see Taurelilómëa- with reference to inanimates as well)). Also
tumbalemorna... consider the reflexive pronoun intë
taurelasselindon "like leaves of forests" *"themselves", the final element of which is
(MC : 213, 220; this is a "Qenya" similative form : apparently this pronoun te; see also tú for the
taure-lasseli-ndon "forest-leaves-like") dual form.
Taurelilómëa-tumbalemorna tëa (1) noun "straight line, road" (TEÑ)
Tumbaletaurëa Lómëanor tëa (2) vb. "indicates" (evidently a
"Forestmanyshadowed-deepvalleyblack present-tense stem) (VT39 : 6); past tense tengë
Deepvalleyforested Gloomyland", Quenya (VT43 : 38)
elements agglutinated in Entish fashion; this tec- vb. "write" (Etym gives the form
supposedly means something like "there is a tecë "writes", evidently the 3rd person aorist)
black shadow in the deep dales of the forest" (TEK)
(LotR2 : III ch. 4; translated in Appendix F under tecco ("k") noun "stroke of pen or brush
"Ents"; cf. also Letters : 308) Earlier (TLT) (´) when not used as long mark" (TEK)
version in TI : 415 : Tauretavárëa tecil ("k") noun "pen" (TEK, PM : 318,
Tumbalemorna Tumbaletaurëa landatavárë, VT47 : 8)
perhaps *"forest-wooden deepvalleyblack tehta noun "mark, sign" (TEK, VT39 :
deepvalleyforested wide-wood." 17, Appendix E), especially diacritics denoting
Tauremorna place-name, "black forest" vowels in Fëanorian writing (pl. tehtar is
(LotR2 : III ch. 4, translated in PE17 : 82). attested); these diacritics are explicitly called
Tauremornalómë place-name, *"Forest (of) ómatehtar "vowel-marks", q.v.
Black Night" (LotR2 : III ch. 4) tel noun "roof" (LT1 : 268)
tauretavárëa, see #tavárëa telar noun "brick" (PE13 : 153, PE16 :
taurina adj. "of wood" (TÁWAR) 138)
tautamo noun “carpenter (carver)” telco noun "stem" of a Tengwa symbol
(PE17 : 106-107) (Appendix E). The Etymologies gives telco ("k")
táva noun “great tree” (PE17 : 115) pl. telqui ("q") "leg" (the pl. form is said to be
tavar (1) noun "wood" (TÁWAR) analogical) (TÉLEK). It seems, then, that the
tavar (2), pl. tavarni, noun "dale-sprites" word can refer to a "stem" or "leg" in general as
(LT1 : 267; perhaps obsoleted by # 1 above) well as the stem of a Tengwa. In the pre-
#tavárëa ?adj. *"wooden" (tauretavárëa classical Tengwar system presupposed in the
= *"forest-wooden"?) (TI : 415). If so perhaps a Etymologies, telco is used to refer to a carrier
near-synonym of taurina. symbol (VT46 : 18, 33)
Tavari pl. noun (name of the "fays of the Telcontar masc. name "Strider" (MR :
Woods" in early "Qenya"; see The Book of Lost 216). This word may suggest a verb *telconta-
Tales 1 p. 267) (TÁWAR) "to stride".
tavaril noun "dryad, spirit of woods" telda (1) adj. "last, final" (WJ : 407)
(evidently fem.) (TÁWAR)

telda (2) adj. "having a roof" (LT1 : 268, telerinwa adj. Telerin (paraphrased "of
LT2 : 348; this "Qenya" word is perhaps the Shores of Elfland" in MC : 215, since the
obsoleted by # 1 above) Teleri dwelt on the shores of the Blessed
telë- vb. "finish, end" (intransitive), also Realm.) (PE16 : 96, MC : 216)
"be the last thing or person in a series or Telimbectar ("k") noun, name of
sequence of events" (WJ : 411; telë may be constellation : "Orion", lit. "Swordsman of
taken as the 3rd person aorist of a stem tel-, Heaven". Also Telimectar ("k"). (LT1 : 268; in
though it may also be interpreted as an example Tolkien's later Quenya Telumehtar, q.v. The
of an E-stem verb, as suggested by the final combination ct is not found in LotR-style
hyphen) Quenya.)
telella adj. corresponding to Telellë telimbo noun "canopy, sky" (LT1 : 268)
(LT1 : 267) Telimectar ("k") noun, name of
Telellë noun "little elf" (also Teler); the constellation, "Orion", lit. "Swordsman of
Telelli are said to be "young Elves of all clans Heaven". Also Telimbectar ("k"). (LT1 : 268; in
who dwelt in Kôr to perfect their arts of singing Tolkien's later Quenya Telumehtar)
and poetry" (LT1 : 267; see Teler) tella adj. "hindmost, last" (TELES)
Telellië noun "Teler-folk" (TELES); this tellë noun "rear" (TELES)
is Teler + lië telluma noun "dome, copula", especially
Telemmaitë masc. name, *"Silver- the "Dome of Varda" over Valinor, but also
handed" (Appendix A) applied to the domes of the mansion of Manwë
telemna adj. "of silver" (KYELEP / and Varda upon Taniquetil. Adopted from Valarin
TELEP). Possibly this (like telpina and perhaps delgūmā under the influence of pure Quenya
telepsa) describes something actually made of telumë (WJ : 399, 411). Pl. tellumar is attested
the metal silver, whereas telepta (q.v.) only (Nam, RGEO : 66).
refers to silver colour.
% telma noun "a conclusion, anything used
Telemnar masc.name, "Silver-flame" to finish off a work or affair", often applied to the
(Appendix A; for *Telep-nar) last item in a structure, such as a coping-stone,
telempë noun "silver" (LT1 : 268; in or a topmost pinnacle (WJ : 411). Notice that the
Tolkien's later Quenya telpë, which is actually form telmanna in the entry TEL / TELU in the
also found in early "Qenya") Etymologies is a misreading for talmanna (VT46
telep- see telpë : 18) and therefore not the same word as telma.
telepsa adj. "of silver" (KYELEP / telmë noun "hood, covering" (apparently
TELEP). emended from telma, VT46 : 18); ablative in the
telepta adj. "silver" (as adj. : silvery) phrase telmello talmanna "from hood to base,
(LT2 : 347), used as noun in the phrase mi from crown to foot, top to bottom" (TEL / TELU;
telepta of someone clad “in silver”, where the the form telmello telmanna occurring in the
context (involving other colour-words) shows that Etymologies as printed in LR is a typo, VT46 :
this adj. describes something of silver colour 18)
(PE17 : 71). Compare telemna, telepsa, telpë noun "silver" (in one example with
telpina. generalized meaning “money”, PE14 : 54), telep-
Teler noun "sea-elf", pl. Teleri, general in some compounds like Teleporno; assimilated
(partitive) pl. Telelli, the third tribe of the Eldar telem- in Telemnar and the adj. telemna
(TELES (MIS) ), also called Lindar. Teleri means (KYELEP / TELEP, SA : celeb, LT1 : 255, 268;
"those at the end of the line, the hindmost", (WJ : also tyelpë, telep-, UT : 266). The true Quenya
382 cf. 371), derived from the stem tel- "finish, descendant of primitive ¤kyelepē is tyelpë, but
end, be last" (SA : tel-). The Lindar were so the Telerin form telpë was more common, "for
called because they lagged behind on the march the Teleri prized silver above gold, and their skill
from Cuiviénen. In early "Qenya", Teler, also as silversmiths was esteemed even by the
Telellë, was defined "little elf" (LT1 : 267), but Noldor" (UT : 266). In various names :
this is hardly a valid gloss in Tolkien's later Telperion the White Tree of Valinor; Telperien
Quenya. ("Telperiën"), fem. name including telp- "silver"
telerëa adj. corresponding to Teler (LT1 (Appendix A); Telperinquar "Silver-fist,
: 267; perhaps rather Telerin, telerinwa in Celebrimbor" (SA : celeb - also Tyelperinquar);
Tolkien's later Quenya) Telporno, Teleporno "Silver-high" = Sindarin
Telerin adj. "Telerian" (TELES). Also Celeborn (Letters : 347, UT : 266). It seems that
telerinwa. Teleporno is properly Telerin, Quenyarized as

Telporno. – Compare adjectives telemna, signs (WJ : 396, TEK). In the Etymologies,
telpina, telepsa, telepta (q.v.) tengwa was apparently emended from tengwë
telpina adj. "of silver" (KYELEP / (VT46 : 17).
TELEP). Compare telemna, telepta. tengwa- (2) vb. “to read written matter”,
telqui ("q") noun (analogical) pl. of telco called a “weak verb”; aorist [teng]wa “reads”,
(TÉLEK) present tense [teng]wëa “is reading”, past tense
telta- vb. "to canopy, overshadow, [teng]wane “read”, perfect e[teng]wië “has
screen" (TEL / TELU) read”, the latter without lengthening of the stem-
teltassë noun "awning" (GL : 70) vowel (not **eténgwië) because there is a
Telufinwë noun "Last Finwë", masc. consonant cluster following (VT49 : 55). Gerund
name; he was called Amras in Sindarin. Short or “verbal noun” tengwië, also attested with a
Quenya name Telvo. (PM : 353) pronominal suffix + genitive : tengwiesto “of
telumë noun "dome, roof, canopy" (TEL your (dual) reading” (VT49 : 47, 48, 52, 54)
/ TELU, WJ : 411 cf. 399; see also telluma); tengwanda noun "alphabet" (TEK)
"firmament" (MC : 214), inflected telumen in MC tengwë (pl. tengwi attested) noun
: 221 (the latter is "Qenya"). Telumehtar "warrior "indication, sign, token", in linguistics used for
of the sky", older name of Menelmacar = Orion phonemes (VT39 : 7, WJ : 394); hloníti tengwi
(Appendix E, TEL / TELU, WJ : 411); "phonetic signs" (WJ : 395). The term tengwë
Telumendil *"Sky-friend", name of a was particularly associated with consonants
constellation (Silm) (VT39 : 16). In the Etymologies, stem TEK,
telya- vb. "finish, wind up, conclude" tengwë is glossed "writing"; this gloss would
(transitive) (WJ : 411) seem to be obsolete (for this meaning the word
téma noun "row, series, line" (pl. témar sarmë occurs in Tolkien's later material).
attested) (TEÑ, Appendix E) tengwelë noun "Language" (in all its
ten (1) pron. in dative “to them, for them” aspects), a general word for the grouping and
(VT49 : 14), also tien, téna. See te. composing of tengwi (linguistic "signs",
ten (2) conj. "for", in Fíriel's Song; phonemes) into a linguistic system (VT39 : 16)
apparently replaced by an in LotR-style Quenya. tengwesta ("ñ") noun "a system or code
[ten- (3) vb. “go as far as”, 1st person of signs", "Language", referring particularly to
sg. aorist tenin, (tenin coaryanna “I arrive at [or structure, including morphology and grammar
come / get to] his house”), endingless aorist (VT39 : 15). As a technical term for "language",
tenë, present tense téna- “is on point of arrival, this includes languages not made up of sounds
is just coming to an end”, past tense tennë (WJ : 394), but usually it means "spoken
“arrived, reached”, in this tense usually with language" when unqualified (WJ : 395). In the
locative rather than allative : tennen sís “I Etymologies, tengwesta is glossed "grammar"
arrive[d] here”, perfect eténië “has just arrived”, (TEK).
future tenuva “will arrive”.] (VT49 : 23, 35, 36; tengwestië noun "Language" as
Tolkien emended the initial consonant from t to abstract or phenomenon (WJ : 394)
m throughout) #tengwië noun "language" in the
ten- (4) vb. "hear", future tense tenuva compound mátengwië "language of the hands"
(MC : 213; in Tolkien's later Quenya, "hear" is (VT47 : 9). Compare tengwë, tengwesta.
hlar-) tenna prep. "until, up to, as far as" (CO),
téna (1) adj. "straight, right" (SD : 310; "unto" (VT44 : 35-36), “to the point”, “right up to a
see téra) point” (of time / place), “until”, “to the object, up
téna (2) dative pron. “to them”, changed to, to (reach), as far as” (VT49 : 22, 23, 24, PE17
to ten in the source (VT49 : 14) : 187), elided tenn' in the phrase tenn' Ambar-
tencelë ("k") noun "writing system, metta "unto the ending of the world" in EO,
spelling" (TEK) because the next word begins in a similar vowel;
tengë pa.t. vb. "indicated", pa.t. of tëa cf. tennoio "for ever" (tenna + oio, q.v.) The
(VT39 : 6) unelided form appears in PE17 : 105 : Tenna
tengwa (pl. tengwar is attested) (1) Ambar-metta.
noun "letter" Tengwa (ñ) is defined as "any one tennë, pa.t. of tenya-, q.v.
visible sign representing (theoretically) any one tennoio adv. “for ever” (CO); see tenna
audible teñgwe" (phoneme) (VT39 : 17). In non- tenta- vb. “point to, point out; indicate;
technical usage tengwa was equivalent to direct toward, be directed toward” (VT49 : 22-
"consonant", since only the consonants were full 24). Compare hententa-, leptenta-, q.v. When

constructed with a direct object, the verb may terhat- vb. "break apart" (SKAT), past
mean “go forth towards”. In our examples, tenta tense terhantë "broke" (LR : 47 / 56)
is constructed with an allative (tentanë termar- vb. "stand" meaning last (ter-
numenna “pointed westward”, VT49 : 23; this mar- "through-abide"); future tense termaruva in
may be the normal construction when the CO.
meaning is “point”). Pa.t. tentanë is attested terra noun "fine pierced hole" (VT46 :
(also with ending -s : tentanes “it pointed”, 18)
VT49 : 26); there is also an alternative strong [tet, see tú]
pa.t. form tenantë (VT49 : 22-23). Other -tes ending for dual "short locative" (the
examples of such double past tense forms (e.g. exact function of the case is uncertain) (Plotz)
orta-) would suggest that the form tentanë is tevë- vb. "to hate" (LT1 : 268; in
transitive (“pointed to / out, directed towards, Tolkien's later Quenya, tevë may be understood
went forth towards”), while tenantë is intransitive as the 3rd person aorist, unless this is to be an
(“was directed towards”). – Tolkien also E-stem verb.)
considered the pa.t. form tentë, but emended it. tévië noun "hatred" (LT1 : 268;
†tenya- vb. “arrive” (end at [?specific] according to QL : 90 the first vowel should be
place; Tolkien’s gloss was not certainly legible); long)
pa.t. tennë (VT49 : 24) tevin adj. "hated" (QL : 90, not to be
ter (1), also terë, prep. "through", glossed "hatred" as in LT1 : 268)
*“throughout” (Notes on CO, UT : 317, TER / †Thauron (þauron) masc. name, earlier
TERES, Narqelion, VT44 : 33, 35, VT49 : 41, form of Sauron, before the change th > s (SA :
42). The preposition is used both with spatial and thaur, cf. Letters : 380, which suggests a stem
temporal reference : ter i·aldar *“through the θaurond-; the initial Greek letter represents th).
trees” (Narqelion, cf. VT49 : 42), ter coivierya See Sauro, Sauron.
*“throughout his / her life”, ter yénion yéni †thelma (þelma) see *selma
*“through years of years” (VT49 : 42, VT44 : 33, †thenna, see senna #2
35) †Therindë (þerindë) fem. name,
ter (2), also tér, prep. (?) ephemeral "Needlewoman", original form of Serindë, before
word for "so" (see ier), abandoned by Tolkien in the shift th > s (PM : 333)
favour of tambë (VT43 : 17) †thindë (þindë) older form of sindë,
téra adj. "straight, right" (TEÑ, see TE3; q.v., preserved in Vanyarin (WJ : 384, there spelt
LR : 47; in one text Tolkien changed it to téna, with the special letter þ, not the digraph th)
SD : 310) †Thindicollo (þindicollo) masc. name,
tercáno noun "herald" (PM : 362) original form of Sindicollo, before the shift th >
tercen ("terken") noun "insight", literally s (PM : 337, there spelt with the special letter þ,
*"through-sight" (MR : 471); adj. #tercenya (only not the digraph th)
pl. tercenyë attested) "of insight"; essi tercenyë tholon noun “helmet”, variant of castol
"names of insight", names given to a child by its (q.v.), though Tolkien might have mistakenly
mother, indicating some dominant feature of its marked it as Quenya instead of Sindarin (PE17 :
nature as perceived by her (MR : 216) 186)
teren, terenë adj. "slender" (TER / †thorno (þorno) archaic / Vanyarin form
TERES) of sorno, q.v. (Letters : 427)
Terendul masc. name "Slender-(and)- †thosso (þossë) noun “fear” in Old
dark" (LR : 59, TER / TERES, DUL, NDUL) Quenya (PE17 : 87, there spelt with the letter þ,
teret noun "auger, gimlet" (LT1 : 255) not the digraph th)
tereva adj. "fine, acute" (TER / TERES), †thorya- (þorya-) vb. “dread, feel fear”;
"piercing" (LT1 : 255; though glossed "fine, this is Old Quenya (PE17 : 87, there spelt with
acute" in the Etymologies, the stem TER is the letter þ, not the digraph th)
defined as "pierce") †thosta- (þosta-) vb. “put to fright,
terfantië noun "temptation" (VT43 : 9, terrify”; this is Old Quenya (PE17 : 87 there spelt
22); Tolkien may have abandoned this form in with the letter þ, not the digraph th)
favour of úsahtië, q.v. †thúlë (þúlë) archaic / Vanyarin form of
#terpellië noun "temptation" (allative súlë, q.v.
terpellienna attested, VT43 : 8, 9); Tolkien may tië noun "path, course, line, direction,
have abandoned this form in favour of úsahtië, way" (TE3, VT47 : 11); pl. tier in Namárië (Nam,
q.v.

RGEO : 67); tielyanna "upon your path" (UT : 22 of Tinúviel, and it is possibly to be preferred
cf. 51; tie-lya-nna "path-your-upon") because the status of the ending -rel "daughter"
tien would seem to be a dative pronoun is uncertain (it was to represent older -zel, -sel
*"for them". Whether this is somehow to be corresponding to the independent word seldë,
derived from the pronoun te "they, them", or but Tolkien changed the meaning of this word
whether it is the dative form of an otherwise from "daughter" to "child", and since the word for
unattested 3rd person pl. pronoun *tië, remains "child" appears as hína in later texts, it may be
unclear. (VT43 : 12, 21) Ten (q.v.) as the that seldë and the corresponding ending -rel
straightforward dative form of te is attested were dropped altogether).
elsewhere. Tindómiel, fem. name (UT : 210),
tier is, besides the pl. form of tië "path" probably *"daughter of twilight" (tindómë + -iel)
above, an ephemeral word for "so", abandoned and thus the equivalent of Sindarin Tinúviel.
by Tolkien in favour of tambë (VT43 : 17) Compare tindómerel.
tihta- vb. "blink, peer", participle tihtala tindon pa.t. vb? "lay" (???) (MC : 220;
in an earlier variant of Markirya this is "Qenya")
tildë noun "spike, horn" (TIL; in the tínë participle? "shining" (MC : 213; this
Etymologies as printed in LR, the first gloss is is "Qenya")
quoted as "point", but according to VT46 : 19, tinga- vb. (not glossed, evidently
the proper reading is "spike") meaning *"to twang, make a twang") (TING /
tillë (pl. tilli given) noun "tip, point", used TANG)
with reference to fingers and toes (VT47 : 10, tingë noun "twang" (TING / TANG)
26); compare ortil, nútil, q.v. tingilindë noun "a twinkling star" (TIN,
Tilion masc. name, "the Horned", name VT45 : 15)
of a Maia, steersman of the Moon (SA : til; tingilya noun "a twinkling star" (TIN),
according to the Etymologies, stem TIL, Tilion is also divided ting-ilya (VT45 : 15)
a name of the "man in the Moon") tinta- vb. "kindle, cause to sparkle", cf.
timbarë noun "forehead" (PE14 : 117) Tintallë (TIN, SA : tin, MR : 388)
timpë noun "fine rain" (LT1 : 268, Tintallë noun "Kindler", a title of Varda
Narqelion) who kindled the stars (TIN, Nam, RGEO : 67).
timpinë noun "spray" (LT1 : 268) From tinta- "kindle, make to sparkle" (MR : 388).
timpinen noun "a fluter" (LT1 : 268; According to PE17 : 69, the form “should be
hardly valid in Tolkien's later Quenya, where this Tintalde”, apparently because -llë was at the
would look like an instrumental form. Compare time the ending for plural “you” and Tintallë
simpetar.) could be taken as meaning *”you kindle” rather
tin- vb. "glint, spark, glitter" (3rd pers. than as a noun “Kindler”. However, Tolkien later
aorist tinë "it glints") (TIN, PE17 : 69) changed the pronominal suffix, eliminating the
tinco noun "metal" (TINKŌ), also name clash of forms while leaving Tintallë correct
of tengwa #1 (Appendix E, there spelt "tinco", but (after the revision, it was *tintaldë itself that
"tinko" in Etym); tincotéma noun "t-series", would be the verb “you kindle”).
dental series, first column of the Tengwar Tintanië noun "Kindler" = Varda (TIN;
system (Appendix E) Tintánië under TAN, which according to VT46 :
tinda (1) adj. "glinting, silver" (TIN) 17 Tolkien interpreted both as "Star-maker" and
tinda (2) noun "spike" (LT1 : 258; "Star-making")
probably obsoleted by # 1 above) tintila- vb. "twinkle", present (or maybe
tindë noun "glint" (TIN) rather aorist) pl. tintilar (Nam, RGEO : 67)
tindómë noun "starry twilight, starlit tintina- vb. "sparkle" (actually glossed "it
dusk" (DOMO, TIN, SA : tin), usually of the time sparkles") (TIN)
near dawn, not near evening (SA : tin) tinwë noun "spark" (gloss misquoted as
tindómerel (also capitalized "sparkle" in the Etymologies as printed in LR,
Tindómerel) fem. name "daughter of twilight", a see VT46 : 19), also "star"; pl. tinwi "sparks",
kenning (poetic name) of the nightingale; = properly used of the star-imagines on Nur-menel
Sindarin Tinúviel. (TIN, SEL-D, SA : tin; (q.v.). Cf. nillë. (TIN, MR : 388) In early "Qenya",
"Tindómrl" in mirrored Tengwar in VT47 : 37 tinwë was simply glossed "star" (LT1 : 269, cf.
would seem to be an incomplete annotation of MC : 214). In one late source, the meaning of
the same word). The form Tindómiel (UT : 210) tinwë is given as "spark", and it is said that this
could well be an alternative Quenya equivalent word (like Sindarin gil) was used of the stars of

heaven "in place of the older and more elevated adjective; but in Tolkien's later Quenya, the noun
el, elen- stem" (VT42 : 11). is tó)
tinwelindon similative noun "like stars" tocot ("k") noun “cock” (PE16 : 132)
(MC : 213, MC : 220; this is a "Qenya" similative toi pron. "they" (FS; replaced by te in
form in -ndon and with pl. in -li) LotR-style Quenya?)
Tinwerína adj. used as noun : place- toina adj.? “wood – of material” (PE17 :
name "Star-crowned", variant of Elerrína as a 115). Since -ina is normally an adjectival ending,
name of Taniquetil (RIG, PE17 : 182) the word is best understood as meaning “(made)
[Tinwerontar] noun "star-queen, title of of wood”.
Varda" (TIN, TĀ / TA3) tol noun "island, isle" (rising with sheer
[Tinwetar] noun "star-queen, Queen of sides from the sea or from the river, SA : tol,
Stars", title of Varda (TIN, TĀ / TA3) VT47 : 26). In early "Qenya", the word was
tir- vb. "watch, watch over, guard, heed", defined as "island, any rise standing alone in
1st pers. aorist tirin "I watch", pa.t. tirnë (TIR), water, plain of green, etc" (LT1 : 269). The stem
imperative tira (VT47 : 31) or á tirë (PE17 : 94), is toll-; the Etymologies as published in LR gives
2
future tense tiruva "shall heed" in Markirya (also the pl. "tolle" (TOL ), but this is a misreading for
MC : 213, 214); also in CO with pronominal tolli (see VT46 : 19 and compare LT1 : 85). The
endings : tiruvantes "they will guard it" (tir-uva- primitive form of tol is variously cited as ¤tolla
2
nte-s "guard-will-they-it"). The stem also occurs (VT47 : 26) and ¤tollo (TOL ).
in palantíri (q.v.), Tirion place-name "Great Tol Eressëa place-name "Lonely Isle"
Watchtower", a city of the Elves (SA : tir; in MR : (LONO, Silm), “Solitary Isle” (Letters : 386), also
2
176 the translation is "Watchful City") spelt Tol-Eressëa (ERE), Tol-eressëa (TOL )
tirin noun "tall tower" (LT1 : 258; this is tolbo noun "big toe" (VT47 : 10), "a
a verb "I watch" in the Etymologies, stem TIR.) stump, stub (as of a truncated arm or branch)"
tirion noun "watch-tower, tower" (TIR); (VT47 : 28). Since it is elsewhere implied that the
in early "Qenya" the gloss was "a mighty tower, commonest form of Quenya shows lv for lb, the
a city on a hill" (LT1 : 258). Tirion "Great form *tolvo may also be usual. Compare tolmo.
Watchtower", a city of the Elves in the Blessed toldëa oridinal "eighth" (VT42 : 25), also
Realm (SA : tir; in MR : 176 the translation is toltëa (VT42 : 31). See tolto.
"Watchful City") toldo, see tolto
tirios noun (probably *tiriost-) "a town tólë noun "centre" (LT1 : 269; the word
with walls and towers" (LT1 : 258) endë is to be preferred in Tolkien's later
tiris (tiriss-), also tirissë, noun "watch, Quenya)
vigil" (LT1 : 258, QL : 93) tollalinta noun in allative "upon hills"
titta adj. "little, tiny" (TIT) (MC : 214; this is "Qenya")
tiuca adj. ("k") "thick, fat" (TIW) tollanta noun in allative "upon top(s?)"
tiuco noun ("k") "thigh" (TIW) (MC : 221; this is "Qenya")
tiuta- vb. "comfort, console" (QL : 93; as tollë noun "a steep isle". Another
for an obsolete meaning of tiuta-, see tiuya-) meaning, "thumb", was apparently abandoned
tiutalë noun "comfort, consolation, by Tolkien (VT47 : 13, 26)
easement" (QL : 93) tollo, variant of tolyo, q.v. (VT48 : 6, 16)
tiuya- vb. "swell, grow fat" (TIW; tolma noun "a protuberance contrived to
emended by Tolkien from tiuta-, VT46 : 19) serve a purpose, knob, short rounded handle",
tixë ("ks") noun "dot, tiny mark, point" etc. (VT47 : 28)
(TIK) tolmen noun "boss (of shield)" (LT1 :
-to ending for dual genitive (Plotz) 269)
tó 1) noun "wool" (TOW) [tolmo noun "thumb", rejected by
tó 2) adv. “thence” (for *tao, the pronoun Tolkien in favour of nápo (VT48 : 15)]
ta “that, it” with the genitive ending -o, here used toloquë ("kw") cardinal "eighteen" (VT48
in an ablativic sense). Also talo, with -lo as a : 21). If "tolokwe" is seen as a Common Eldarin
short form of the ablative ending -llo. (VT49 : 29, form, it is possible that the Quenya word should
11) be *tolquë instead, but the editor assumes that
toa (1) ("töa") noun "wood" (VT39 : 6), "tolokwe" is merely an unusual spelling of
“wood as material” (PE17 : 115) Quenya toloquë (since "tolokwe" is listed
toa (2) adj. "of wool, woollen" (TOW; in together with forms that are definitely Quenya).
GL : 71 toa was glossed "wool", noun instead of

tolos noun "knob, lump" (LT1 : 269; this -tsë, dual locative ending (Plotz); see -
"Qenya" form would seem to be a precursor of ssë
Quenya tolma, q.v.) -ttë (1) “they”, dual 3rd person
tolosta fraction "one eighth" (1 / 8). Also pronominal ending (“the two of them”) (VT49 :
tolsat, tosta. (VT48 : 11) 51), replacing (also within the legendarium) the
tolpë noun "thumb" (VT47 : 28, VT48 : older ending -stë (which was later used for the
8), a form Tolkien may have rejected in favour of second person only). This older ending -stë
nápo, q.v. corresponds to a possessive ending -sta “their”
tolpo noun “bowl” (PE16 : 142) (VT49 : 16), but this was presumably likewise
tomba, also tompë, noun “voice / altered to *-tta as the new ending for dual “their”
vowel”; the stem TOM is used of sounds “briefer” = “of the two of them”.
than the corresponding stem OM (cf. óma). -ttë (2), 3rd person pl. reflexive ending,
(PE17 : 138) as in melittë “they love themselves” (VT49 : 21).
tolsat fraction "one eighth" (1 / 8). Also This ending can hardly coexist with #1 above; an
tolosta, tosta. (VT48 : 11) alternative wording would be the analytical
toltëa ordinal "eighth" (VT42 : 31), also construction *meliltë intë. Compare -ssë #2.
toldëa (VT42 : 25). See tolto. tú pron. “they, them”, 3rd person dual
[toltil noun "thumb" (VT47 : 26)] (“the two of them”), both “personal and neuter”
1
tolto cardinal "eight" (TOL -OTH / OT), (the pronoun can be used of persons and things
variant toldo (VT48 : 6). Ordinal toltëa "eighth" alike). (VT49 : 51) Tolkien also considered tet for
(VT42 : 31), with variant toldëa (VT42 : 25) to go the same meaning, listing it alongside tú in one
with toldo. source (VT49 : 56), but this form was apparently
tolu- vb. “roll up” (QL : 94) abandoned.
*tolvo, see tolbo tuc- ("k") noun "draw" (1st pers. aorist
tolyo noun "sticker-up", "prominent tucin "I draw") (TUK)
one", term used in children's play for "middle tucalia ("k") ??? (Narqelion)
finger" or "middle toe" (VT47 : 10, VT48 : 4). The tuia- vb. "sprout, spring" (Tolkien's gloss
form tollo in VT48 : 6, 16 would seem to be a is actually "sprouts, springs", since tuia is also
variant. the 3rd pers. sg. present tense) (TUY)
tombo noun "gong" (LT1 : 269) tuilë noun "spring, spring-time", also
tompë (1) pa.t. of top- (topë), q.v. used = "dayspring, early morn" (VT39 : 7, TUY),
(TOP), (2) variant of tomba, q.v. in the calendar of Imladris a precisely defined
top- vb. "cover" (1st pers. aorist topë period of 54 days, but also used without any
"covers"), pa.t. tompë (TOP). Variant tup-, q.v. exact definition. Cf. tuilérë, q.v. (Appendix D) -
tópa noun "roof" (TOP) In early "Qenya", the word tuilë is glossed
tópa- vb. "roof" (TOP) "Spring", but it is said that it literally refers to a
[tóquet- vb. ”answer” (PE17 : 166)] "budding", also used collectively for "buds, new
[Tormen] noun "north" (MEN; replaced shoots, fresh green" (LT1 : 269). Cf. tuima in
by Formen, q.v.) Tolkien's later Quenya.
#torna adj. “hard”, as in tornange (q.v.), tuilérë noun *"Spring-day", a day
seemingly -storna after prefixes ending in a outside the months in the Steward's Reckoning,
vowel, as in the comparative forms aristorna, inserted between Súlimë and Víressë (rough
anastorna (PE17 : 56; the forms are equivalents of March and April). In Tolkien's
untranslated and may not necessarily be the early "Qenya", Tuilérë was simply glossed
same adjective “hard”.) "Spring" (LT1 : 269).
tornanga adj. “iron hard” (the order of tuilindo noun "swallow", etymologically
2
the elements is the opposite in Quenya). (PE17 : "spring-singer" (TUY, LIN , LT1 : 269, LT2 : 338)
56) tuima noun "sprout, bud" (TUY)
torni pl. of toron (TOR) tul- vb. "come" (WJ : 368), 1st pers.
toron (torn- as in pl. torni) noun aorist tulin "I come" (TUL), 3rd pers. sg. tulis
"brother" (TOR; a later source gives háno, “(s)he comes” (VT49 : 19), perfect utúlië "has
hanno [q.v.] as the word for "brother", leaving come" (utúlien "I am come", EO), utúlie'n aurë
the status of toron uncertain) "Day has come" (the function of the 'n is unclear;
torwa ??? (Narqelion) it may be a variant of the article "the", hence
tosta fraction "one eighth" (1 / 8). Also literally "the Day has come"). Past tense túlë
tolosta, tolsat (VT48 : 11) "came" in LR : 47 and SD : 246, though an

alternative form *tullë has also been theorized. tumbo (stem *tumbu-, given the
Túlë in VT43 : 14 seems to be an abnormal primitive form ¤tumbu) noun "(deep) valley",
aorist stem, later abandoned; tula in the same under or among hills (TUB, SA : tum), “depth”
source would be an imperative. Prefixed future (PE17 : 81). - In early "Qenya", the gloss was
tense entuluva "shall come again" in the "dark vale" (LT1 : 269). See tumba.
Silmarillion, future tuluva also in the phrase Tumbolatsin noun (place-name,
aranielya na tuluva "may thy kingdom come" apparently incorporating tumbo) (LAT)
(VT44 : 32 / 34), literally apparently *"thy tumna adj. "lowlying, deep, low" (TUB);
kingdom, be-it-that (it) will come". In early early "Qenya" glosses : "deep, profound, dark or
"Qenya" we have the perfects tulielto "they have hidden" (LT1 : 269, 271)
come" (LT1 : 114, 270, VT49 : 57) and tulier tumpo (stem *tumpu-, given the
"have come", pl., in the phrase I·Eldar tulier "the primitive form ¤tumpu) noun "hump" (TUMPU)
Eldar have come"(LT1 : 114, 270). Read Túna (also Tún) place-name, used of
probably *utúlieltë, *Eldar utúlier in LotR-style the hill on which Tirion was built (Silm, TUN,
Quenya. KOR), derived from a stem (TUN) apparently
tulca (1) ("k") adj. "firm, strong, meaning simply *"hill, mound".
immovable, steadfast" (TULUK) tunda adj. "tall" (TUN)
tulca- (2) ("k") vb. "fix, set up, establish" tunda- vb. "kindle" (LT1 : 270; rather
(LT1 : 270) tinta- or narta- in Tolkien's later Quenya)
tulca (3) ("k") adj. "yellow". Adopted and tundo noun "hill, mound" (TUN)
adapted from Valarin; the normal Quenya word tunga adj. "taut, tight" (of strings : )
for "yellow" is rather malina (WJ : 399) "resonant" (TUG)
tulco ("k") noun "support, prop". Given tuo noun "muscle, sinew, vigour,
the primitive form ¤tulku, the word would have physical strength" (TUG)
the stem-form *tulcu- and the plural form #tup- vb. "cover", isolated from untúpa,
*tulqui. (TULUK) q.v. Variant top- in the Etymologies.
Tulkas (Tulkass-, as in dat.sg. tupsë noun "thatch" (TUP)
Tulkassen) masc. name, used of a Vala, tur- vb. "wield, control, govern" (1st
adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ : 399, pers. aorist turin "I wield" etc.), pa.t. turnë
TULUK) (TUR). The verb is elsewhere defined “master,
tulma noun "bier" (LT1 : 270) conquer, win” (PE17 : 115), virtually the same
tulta- vb. "send for, fetch, summon" meanings are elsewhere assigned to turu- #1,
(TUL). Tultanelyes *"you summoned him", q.v.
changed by Tolkien to leltanelyes *"you sent túr, tur noun "king" (PE16 : 138, LT1 :
him" (possibly tulta- was meant to have the 260); rather aran in LotR-style Quenya, but cf.
meaning "send" here, but Tolkien decided to use the verb tur-. Also compare the final element -
another word) (VT47 : 22) tur, -ntur "lord" in names like Axantur, Falastur,
tulu- vb. "fetch, bring, bear; move, Fëanturi, Vëantur (q.v.)
come" (LT1 : 270; compare tulta- in Tolkien's túra adj. “big, great” (PE17 : 115),
later Quenya) related to words for power and apparently
tulunca ("k") adj. "steady, firm" (LT1 : referring to a more abstract greatness than
270; in Tolkien's later Quenya tulca) words like haura “huge”. Cf. taura, túrëa.
tulwë noun "pillar, standard, pole" (LT1 : Apparently initial element of Túrosto.
270) Turambar masc. name, "Master of
tulya- vb. "lead" (+ allative : lead into) Doom / Fate", name taken in pride by Túrin
(VT43 : 22) (Appendix A, SA : tur, TUR, MBARAT, VT49 :
túma adj.? "moving" (MC : 214; this is 42)
"Qenya") Turcafinwë masc. name, "strong,
tumba noun "deep valley" (Letters : 308; powerful (in body) Finwë", masc. name; he was
SA : tum and TUB gives tumbo "valley, deep called Celegorm in Sindarin. Short Quenya name
valley"); apparently an extended form *tumbalë Turco. (PM : 352), compare #turco "chief" (q.v.)
in tumbalemorna "deepvalleyblack" or Turcil ("k") noun "Númenórean" (TUR),
(according to SA : tum) "black deep valley", also stem turcild- as in pl. turcildi (LR : 47, 56; SD :
tumbaletaurëa "deepvalleyforested"; see 246). Variant of Tarcil; see VT46 : 17.
Taurelilómëa-tumbalemorna...
tumbë noun "trumpet" (LT1 : 269)

#turco (1) noun "chief" (isolated from turu- (2) vb. "kindle" (LT1 : 270; rather
Turcomund "chief bull", Letters : 423). Turco, tinta- in LotR-style Quenya)
masc. name, see Turcafinwë. turu (3) noun "wood" (properly firewood,
turco (“k”) (2) noun “tower”. In but used of wood in general) (LT1 : 270)
Lúnaturco, Quenya name of Barad-dûr (Dark Turucáno ("k") masc. name "Turgon"
Tower). Tolkien changed the word turco from (PM : 344). The meaning is something like
turma (PE17 : 22). “powerful commander” (see cáno). Another
túrë noun "mastery, victory" (TUR), version gives Turondo “lord of stone” as the Q
"strength, might" (QL : 95), "power" (QL : 96) name of Turgon(d). (PE17 : 115), with a wholly
turëa adj. “mighty, masterful” (PE17 : distinct final element.
115), also taura. [Turumbar] masc.name (MBARAT;
Túrin masc. name, apparently meaning changed by Tolkien to Turambar)
*"victory-mood" (LR : 395, s.v. TUR). The turun, see #turúna
Etymologies gives Turindo as the Quenya form *turúna passive participle "mastered",
of this name; Túrin seems to be properly the only attested attested in the elided form turún'
Sindarin form, though it fits Quenya style well (UT : 138, apparently incomplete spelling turun
enough and Nienor used it in a Quenya sentence in Silm ch. 21). The form may be understood as
(near the end of ch. 21 of the Silmarillion). The the passive participle of the verb turu- “master,
name appears as Turin (with a short u) in the defeat, have victory over” (PE17 : 113), the sole
phrase nahtana ló Turin, *”slain by Túrin” (VT49 available example of a U-stem verb appearing in
: 24) such a participle form. Compare -na #4.
#turinasta, #túrinasta noun "kingdom" turúva adj. "wooden" (LT1 : 270); cf.
(turinastalya, túrinastalya "thy kingdom", VT43 turu #3.
: 15). These words for "kingdom" Tolkien tussa noun "bush" (TUS)
perhaps abandoned in favour of #aranië, q.v. tusturë noun "tinder" (LT1 : 270)
#turindië, #túrindië noun "kingdom" #tuv- vb. "find", perfect #utúvië "has
(turindielya, túrindielya "thy kingdom", VT43 : found" in Aragorn's exclamation when he found
15). These words for "kingdom" Tolkien perhaps the sapling of the White Tree : utúvienyes "I
abandoned in favour of #aranië, q.v. have found it" (utúvie-nye-s "have found-I-it")
Turindo masc. name; see Túrin (TUR) (LotR3 : VI ch. 5)
turinqui ("q") noun "queen" (LT1 : 260; tuvu- vb. "receive" (GL : 71; is this
apparently the fem. of tur. In Tolkien's later "Qenya" word related to #tuv- "find"?)
Quenya, "queen" is tári.) -twa 1) ending for dual possessive
túrion (túriond-) noun “palace” (QL : (Plotz)
95) -twa 2) an pronominal possessive
turma (1) noun "shield" (TURÚM). ending mentioned in one chart of pronoun,
[turma] (2) noun “tower”. Tolkien apparently “their” referring to two persons (VT49
changed this word to turco (#2), q.v. (PE17 : 22) : 16); this may be an ending used in colloquial
turmen noun “realm” (PE17 : 28). Quenya rather than formal language (it is listed
Turmen Follondiéva ”Realm of the North- together with the endings -ya ”his, her” and -rya
harbourage”, old name for Arnor, Turmen “their”, that are explicitly said to belong to
Hallondiéva “Realm of the South-harbourage”, colloquial Quenya) (VT49 : 16-17)
old name for Gondor (PE17 : 28) -tya, pronominal ending, 2nd person sg.
turnë pa.t. of tur- (TUR) intimate / familiar “your, thy” (VT49 : 16, 38, 48);
Turondo masc. name “Lord of stone” compare -tyë
(PE17 : 112); see Turucáno. tyal- vb. "play" (1st pers. aorist tyalin "I
Túrosto place-name "Gabilgathol", a play") (TYAL)
dwelling of the Dwarves (Sindarin Belegost; the tyalangan noun "harp-player" (TYAL)
names mean "Mickleburg", "Great Fortress"). tyalië noun "sport, play, game" (TYAL,
Apparently túra + osto. LT1 : 260)
turu- (1) vb. “master, defeat, have tyar- vb. "cause" (KYAR)
victory over” (PE17 : 113, not clearly said to be tyaro noun "doer, actor, agent" (KAR)
Quenya, but the Q name Turucundo “Victory- tyasta- vb. "put to the test", pa.t.
prince” is listed immediately afterwards). tyasantë (QL : 49)
Compare tur-; cf. also *turúna. tyav- vb. "taste" (1st pers. aorist tyavin
"I taste") (KYAB)

tyávë noun "taste" (pl. #tyáver attested in LR; cf. VT45 : 25 for this correction). Cf.
only in the compound lámatyáver, see tyelma.
lámatyávë.) (MR : 215, 216). It may be that the tyel- (2) vb. "end, cease" (KYEL)
verb tyav- would also appear as tyávë in the tyelca ("k") adj. "swift, agile" (KYELEK),
past tense. "hasty" (PM : 353)
tye pron. “you, thou, thee”, 2nd person Tyelcormo ("k") masc. name "hasty-
intimate / familar (LR : 61, 70, Arct, VT49 : 36, riser", the amilessë or mother-name (never used
55), corresponding to formal / polite lye. in narrative) of Turcafinwë = Celegorm (PM :
According to VT49 : 51, tye was used as an 353)
endearment especially between lovers, and [**tyeldë], see tyel (KYEL)
(grand)parents and children also used it to tyelima adj. "final" (KYEL)
address one another (“to use the adult lye was tyellë noun "grade" (pl. tyeller is
more stern”). Tyenya “my tye”, used = “dear attested) (Appendix E), “grade, order; a step in a
kinsman” (VT49 : 51). The pronoun tye is stairway, [or in a] ladder” (PE17 : 122, 157)
derived from kie, sc. an original stem ki with an tyelma noun "ending" (FS, VT45 : 25)
added -e (VT49 : 50). Stressed tyé; dual tyet tyelpë noun "silver" (KYELEP / TELEP),
*“the two of you” (VT49 : 51 – another note etymology also in Letters : 426 and UT : 266.
reproduced on the same page however states Tyelpë is the true Quenya descendant of
that tye has no dual form, and VT49 : 52 likewise primitive ¤kyelepē, but the Telerin form telpë
states that the 2nd person familiar “never was more common, "for the Teleri prized silver
deleloped” dual or plural forms). Compare the above gold, and their skill as silversmiths was
reflexive pronoun intyë *"yourself". Possibly esteemed even by the Noldor" (UT : 266). In the
related to the pronominal stem KE (2nd person Etymologies, tyelpë is also the name of Tengwa
sg.), if tye represents earlier *kye. #1 with overposed dots, this symbol having the
-tyë pronominal ending “you, thou” value ty (VT45 : 25). Cf. tyelpetéma as the
(VT49 : 48, 51), 2nd person familiar / intimate : name of the entire palatal series of the Tengwar
carityë *”you do” (VT49 : 16; the corresponding system.
formal / polite ending is -l, -lyë, cf. PE17 : 135 Tyelperinquar masc. name, "Silver-fist,
where Tolkien states that hiruvalyë “thou shalt Celebrimbor" (PM : 318; also Telperinqar, q.v.)
find” from Namárië would be hiruvatyë if the tyelpetéma noun "palatal series"
polite pronoun were replaced by the familiar (Appendix E)
one). Compare the independent pronoun tye. In Tyelperion less common name of
VT49 : 51, Tolkien denies that the ending -tyë Telperion (UT : 266).
has any short form (see, however, -t # 3). Cf. tyulma noun "mast" (TYUL, SD : 419).
natyë “you are”; see ná #1. Compare tye, -tya. "Qenya" pl. tyulmin "masts" in MC : 216; read
tyel (1) noun "end", stem tyeld- as in the *tyulmar in LotR-style Quenya.
pl. form tyeldi (FS, KYEL; the pl. form tyeldi was tyulussë noun "poplar-tree" (TYUL)
misread as "tyelde" in the Etymologies as printed tyur noun "cheese" (QL : 50 cf. GL : 28)
U
#u- vb. "not do, not be" (1st pers. aorist See also ui, which (despite its use as an
uin "I do not, am not"), pa.t. úmë (UGU / UMU). interjection “no”) seems to be the endingless 3rd
A late (ca. 1968) source gives the forms uin, person aorist.
uin(yë) “I am not”, uil(yë) *”you are not”, uis “it ú (1) adv. and prep. "without, destitute
is not”, uilmë *”we are not”, uir “are not” and of" (VT39 : 14). Usually followed by genitive : ú
endingless ui *”is not” (VT49 : 29, 36); these calo "without light" (cala). – In one source, ú is
forms were however struck out. The example uin seemingly also used as a negative verb “was
carë “I don’t” (PE17 : 68) combines this negative not” (VT49 : 13), but Tolkien revised the text in
verb with a following verb in the “simplest aorist question.
infinitive”. Compare ua in another late source.

ú- (2) prefix "not-, un-, in-", denying Heceldi (WJ : 371). Also Úmanyar and fuller
presence or possession of thing or quality (VT39 Úmaneldi. (WJ : 373). Also called Lembi, q.v.
: 14, UGU / UMU / VT46 : 20, GŪ, LT1 : 272), or #úcar- vb. "to sin, trespass; to do wrong"
simply suggesting something bad or immoral (pl. aorist úcarer in VT43 : 12, we would rather
(see #úcar-, Úmaiar). Tolkien at one point expect *úcarir, a form seemingly indicated by an
considered redefining ú- as an element emendation in one variant of the text in question,
signifying "bad, uneasy, hard"; the already- VT43 : 21). The verb is car- "do" with the prefix
published form únótima would then mean ú-, here suggesting something morally bad (*"do
"difficult / impossible to count" rather than simply wrong") rather than simple negation.
"uncountable" (VT42 : 33). However, Tolkien's #úcarë noun "debt, trespass"
very last word on the matter seems to be that ú- (úcaremmar "our debts, our trespasses", VT43 :
was to remain a mere negative (VT44 : 4). 19). The related words #úcar- “to sin” and
Compare úa, q.v. According to the Etymologies, #úcarindo “sinner” would suggest that #úcarë
the prefix ú- usually has a "bad sense", whereas can also be translated “sin”. – One may question
according to early material u- (uv-, um-, un-) is a whether the simplex form is #úcarë or just #úcar
"mere negation" (UGU / UMU vs. VT42 : 32) (+ -e- as a mere connecting vowel before the
According to a later source, ú- could be used as pronominal ending in úcaremmar), but compare
an uninflected verbal prefix, mainly in verse, but lacarë.
in a normal style the prefix was “verbalized” as #úcarindo (pl. úcarindor, VT43 : 27)
ua-, q.v. (PE17 : 144). The stem Ū, as a noun "sinner"; cf. úcar-. The form úlcarindor
negation, was accompanied by “pursed lips and occurring in an older variant of the text in
shaking of the head” (PE17 : 145). question seems abnormal, since Quenya rarely
ua- negative verb “not do, not be”. If a has a long vowel in front of a consonant cluster
verb is to be negated, ua (coming before the (VT43 : 33)
verb) receives any pronominal endings (and uë noun "fleece" (LT1 : 249)
presumably also any endings for plurality or úfantima adj. “not concealable” (PE17 :
duality, -r or -t), whereas the uninflected tense- 176), also úfantuma (PE17 : 180), cf. fanta-,
stem of the verb follows : With the ending -n for q.v.
“I”, one can thus have constructions like uan úfanwa adj. “not veiled or obscure,
carë *”I do not” (aorist), uan carnë *“I did not” perspicuous” (PE17 : 176)
(past), uan cára *“I am not doing” (present), uan úfanwëa adj. “not veiled, unveiled”
caruva *”I shall not do” (future). The verb ua- (PE17 : 180), possibly a variant or replacement
can itself be fully conjugated : #ua aorist (or úfanwa, q.v.
present?), únë (past), úva “(future), #uië ufárëa adj. "not enough" (FS). Cf. ú-
(perfect) (the aorist and perfect are attested only "un-" and fárëa "enough, sufficient" (read
with the ending -n “I”). In “archaic Quenya” these *úfárëa?)
tense-forms could be combined with an ui interjection “no” (originally an
uninflected aorist stem, e.g. future *úvan carë = endingless negative verb in the 3rd person aorist
later Quenya uan caruva, “I shall not do”. In : “it is not [so]”; see #u-). Apparently this is the
later Quenya, only the forms ua (present or word for “no” used to deny that something is true
aorist) and “occasionally” the past tense form (compare vá, which is rather used to reject
#únë were used in normal prose (únen *”I did orders, or to issue negative orders). (VT49 : 28)
not, was not”). (PE17 : 144; compare FS for úva Compare uito.
as a future-tense negative verb “will not”) #uië, the perfect tense of the negative
úa, with 1st person suffix úalyë, verb ua-, q.v. Only attested with a 1st person sg.
imperative particle á, a combined with the pronominal suffix (uien).
negation ú- to express a prohibition (úalyë uilë noun "long trailing plant", especially
mittanya me, *"do not thou lead us", VT43 : 9, "seaweed" (UY)
21-22). However, Tolkien apparently abandoned uin (1) see #u-.
úa in favour of ala, alalyë, q.v. (later he also Uin (2) masc. name, "the primeval
used the form áva for "don't"). Compare ua. whale" (LT1 : 263)
Úamanyar noun "those not of Aman" Uinen (Uinend-, as in dative Uinenden)
(sg. Úamanya, PE17 : 143), Elves who did not fem. name, used of a Maia, spouse of Ossë (UY,
reach the Blessed Realm (but did leave NEN). Adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ :
Cuiviénen with the intention of going there) = 404), though it is also said that it contains -nen
"water" (SA : nen); the latter explanation may be

folk etymology. In the Etymologies, the name is probably *uller in Tolkien's later Quenya. In SD :
derived from the same stem (UY) as uilë "long 247, ullier is translated "should flow".
trailing plant, especially seaweed". #um- vb. "not to do, not to be" (1st pers.
uito interjection “it is not that” (emphatic aorist umin "I do not, am not"), past tense úmë
word for “no”?) Compare ui, náto (VT49 : 28, 29) (UGU / UMU). Another version of this negative
úχarin adj. “unmarred” (PE17 : 150), this verb had the form #hum-, q.v., but Tolkien
would be úharin in more standard spelling (and rejected it.
later pronunciation). In a more widely published úma- vb. "teem" (VT48 : 32)
source, the word for “unmarred” is alahasta, q.v. Úmaneldi noun *"Non-Aman Elves",
Úlairi pl. noun "Nazgûl" (sg. *Úlairë? Elves who never dwelt in Aman (= Úmanyar)
*Úlair?) Etymology obscure. (WJ : 373). Sg. #Úmanel, #Úmaneld-.
Ulban (Ulband-) noun "monster" (a Úmanyar pl. noun "those not of Aman",
name of Melko) (LT1 : 260) Eldar that did not reach Aman, sc. Sindar and
ulca adj. "evil, bad, wicked, wrong" (QL : Nandor (SA : mān). Sg. #Úmanya. Also
97, VT43 : 23-24, VT48 : 32, VT49 : 14; Úamanyar.
compounded in henulca "evileyed", SD : 68); [?umaqualë] ("q"), possibly a synonym
variant olca, q.v. Compare noun ulco. The adj. of anqualë / unqualë, hence noun "agony,
ulca may also itself be used as a noun “evil”, as death" (VT45 : 24)
in the ablative form ulcallo “from evil” (VT43 : 8, [umba, umbacarin adj. unknown
10) and the sentence cé mo quetë ulca *”if one meaning relating badness (PE17 : 172)]
speaks evil” (VT49 : 19). umbar (umbart-, as in dat.sg.
ulco (stem #ulcu-) noun "evil", pl. *ulqui umbarten) noun "fate, doom" (MBARAT), also
(VT43 : 23-24; the stem-form is attested in the name of tengwa #6 (Appendix E).Cf. Umbarto.
ablative case : ulcullo "from evil", VT43 : 12) In the pre-classical Tengwar system
úlëa adj. "pouring, flooding, flowing" presupposed in the Etymologies, umbar was the
(ULU) name of letter #18 (VT45 : 33), which tengwa
ullë intr. pa.t. of ulya-, q.v. (ULU). Cf. Tolkien would later call malta instead – changing
ullier "poured", a pl. past tense of ulya- "pour" its Quenya value from mb to m. – In the word
occurring in LR : 47; read probably *uller in Tarumbar "King of the World" (q.v.), umbar
Tolkien's later Quenya. In SD : 247, ullier is appears to be a variant of Ambar (q.v.) instead.
translated "should flow". Umbardacil masc. name (or title)
ullumë adv.? a word occurring in Fíriel's "Umbar-victor" (Appendix A); the place-name
Song, evidently meaning "not for ever". Cf. ú-, Umbar is not Quenya and has no connection
lúmë and úlumë. with umbar "fate".
Ulmo masc. name, used of the Vala of umbarta- vb. “to define, decree,
all waters (ULU), interpreted "the Pourer" by folk destine”; this form of the verb was used “in more
etymology, but the name was actually adopted lofty senses”, otherwise marta- (PE17 : 104)
and adapted from Valarin (WJ : 400) Umbarto masc. name, "Fated", mother-
ulmula participle "mumbling" (MC : 214; name (never used in narrative) of Telufinwë =
this is "Qenya") Amras. The ominous name was altered to
ulto- vb. "pour" (intransitive?) (LT1 : Ambarto by Fëanor. (PM : 353-354)
270; in Tolkien's later Quenya ulya- pa.t. ullë) umba noun "swarm" (VT48 : 32)
ulu- vb. "pour" (transitive?) (LT1 : 270; in umbas (þ) noun "shield" (VT45 : 33)
Tolkien's later Quenya ulya- pa.t. ulyanë) umbo, umbon noun “hill, lump, clump,
úlumë adv. “ever”, at all times (in a mass” (PE17 : 93)
series or period) (PE17 : 156). Cf. ullumë. úmë (1) vb. pa.t. of um- (and u-?), q.v.
ulumpë noun "camel" (QL : 97) (UGU / UMU)
Ulumúri pl. noun, the great horns of úmë (2) "great collection or crowd of
Ulmo; etymology obscure (Silm) things of same sort" (a struck-out note gave the
ulundë noun "flood" (ULU) rejected gloss "largeness") (VT48 : 32), “throng,
ulundo noun "monster, deformed and great concourse of things without order” (PE17 :
hideous creature" (ÚLUG) 115). Compare úvë.
ulya- vb. "pour", intr. pa.t. ullë, tr. -úmë (3) suffix "large" (of quantity)", as
ulyanë (ULU). Cf. ullier "poured", a pl. past in liyúmë "host" (VT48 : 32)
tense of ulya- occurring in LR : 47; read

Úmaiar pl. noun, Maiar (see Maia) who ungwalë noun "torture" (ÑGWAL) Also
became evil and followed Melkor, like the nwalmë in Tolkien's later Quenya.
Balrogs (MR : 79). Sg. #Úmaia. ungwë noun "spider's web", also name
úmëa (1) adj. "abundant, swarming, of tengwa #8 (Appendix E), or, in the pre-
teeming" (VT48 : 32), “large” (of throng) (PE17 : classical Tengwar system presupposed in the
115). Compare úvëa. Etymologies, tengwa #20 – which letter Tolkien
úmëa (2) adj. "evil" (UGU / UMU). would later call nwalmë (VT46 : 20). The word
Obsoleted by #1 above? Is this connected to as such was defined as "gloom" in the
úmëai in Narqelion, perhaps a "Qenya" plural Etymologies (UÑG), while in early "Qenya" it
form? meant "spider" ("especially Ungwë the
umnë, see matumnë under mat- Gloomweaver" = Ungoliant) (LT1 : 271)
umpano noun "build" (read : building), Ungweliantë fem. name, the Spider, ally
alternative form of ampano, which form is of Morgoth (UÑG)
probably to be preferred (VT45 : 36, compare unotë, unotëa (read *únotë, *únotëa?)
PAN; VT46 : 8 records how Tolkien in one case adj. "not counted, uncounted" (VT39 : 14)
altered umpano to ampano) únótima adj. "not possible to count,
un- intensive prefix used before qu; the countless" (VT39 : 14), pl. únótimë (translated
assimilated variant um- is said to occur before p, "numberless") attested (ú-nót-imë "not-count-
and "b" (the latter evidently = v developed from able") (Nam, RGEO : 66, Appendix E). Cf.
prehistoric b, but following um- its original quality unnegated nótima, q.v.
would be preserved so that we would see umb-). unqua ("q") adj. "hollow" (UNUK)
This prefix is reportedly only used "in evil sense"; unqualë ("q") noun "agony, death"
otherwise the intensive prefix is an- (and (KWAL, VT45 : 36). See anqualë. In the pre-
assimilated variants thereof). (VT45 : 5) classical Tengwar system presupposed in the
úna adj. "deprived of, destitute, forlorn" Etymologies, unqualë was the name of letter #8
(VT39 : 14). The plural form *únë is not to be (VT45 : 18), which tengwa Tolkien would later
confused with the pa.t. of the negative verb ua, call ungwë instead – changing its Quenya value
q.v. – An unglossed word úna, cited in VT49 : from nqu to ngw.
28, rather seems to be a negated form of ná “is”. unquë noun "hole, hollow" (VT46 : 20,
únat noun "a thing impossible to be or to UNUK), also name of tengwa #16 (Appendix E;
be done" (VT39 : 26) Cf. ú- and nat. there spelt unque, while the Etymologies has
unca- ("k") vb. "hollow out" (UNUK) unqe)
Undolaurë masc. name "Glorund" (> untúpa vb. "down-roofs" = covers
Glaurung). Also Laurundo. (LT2 : 341) (perhaps for *undutúpa-, cf. undu-). Present
undómë noun "twilight", usually of the tense of untup- with lengthening of the stem
time near evening, not near dawn (that is vowel and the suffix -a (cf. síla "shines" from
tindómë) sil-)
undu adv. (and prep.?) "down, under, unuhuinë prep + noun "under-shadow"
beneath" (UNU, VT46 : 20); prefix undu- "down", (LR : 47); see huinë.
in undulávë "down-licked" = covered. (Nam) unutixë ("ks") noun dot or point placed
undulav- vb., literally “lick down” = cover below the line of writing (TIK). In the Etymologies
(glossed “swallow” in PE17 : 72). Lumbulë as printed in LR, the initial element unu- was
undulávë ilyë tier "(heavy) shadow down-licked misread was nun- (VT46 : 19). The variant
all paths", lyrical translation "all paths are unutexë ("ks") was rejected by Tolkien (VT46 :
drowned deep in shadow" (Nam). The pl. past 20)
tense would be unduláver (PE17 : 72). únyárima adj. "impossible to recount"
undumë noun "abyss" (Markirya) (because all the facts are not known, or the tale
#únë vb., the pa.t. of ua-, q.v. Only is too long) (WJ : 370)
attested with a 1st person sg. pronominal suffix : [uo adv. “together” (PE17 : 191)]
únen. úpa adj. “dumb” (i.e. unable to speak)
Úner noun "Noman" (UT : 211) (PE17 : 126)
ungo noun "cloud, dark shadow" (UÑG) úpahtëa adj. “speechless” (synonym of
Ungoliantë fem. name "Ungoliant" (the úpa, q.v.) (PE17 : 126)
Spider, ally of Morgoth); also Ungweliantë úquétima adj. "unspeakable", sc.
(UÑG, DYEL, SLIG) impossible to say, put into words; also
"unpronounceable" (WJ : 370)

úr noun "fire" (UR) This stem was struck urnótima adj. perhaps *“difficult to
out in Etym, but a word that must be derived count” (PE17 : 172)
from it occurs in LotR, so it seems that Tolkien uru noun "fire" (LT1 : 271)
restored it. Early "Qenya" also has Ûr, noun "the urucarin adj. “made with difficulty”
Sun" (also Úri, Úrinci ("k"), Urwen) (LT1 : 271). (PE17 : 154)
Cf. Úri. uruitë adj. "fiery" (UR; this stem was
Úr-anar noun, word occurring in Fíriel's struck out in Etym, but several words that must
Song, translated "the red sun"; actually the be derived from it occur in LotR, so it seems that
prefixed element úr- must have to do with the Tolkien restored it.)
element ur- "heat, be hot" mentioned in the urulócë ("k") noun "fire-dragon" (LOK),
Silmarillion Appendix. Also compare Ûr as an pl. Urulóci ("k") (SA : ur-). In the Silmarillion, the
early Qenya word for "the Sun". word Urulóci is both singular (as when Glaurung
úra (1) adj. "evil, nasty" (VT43 : 24, is called "the first of the Urulóki", Silm : 138) and
VT48 : 32) plural (as when Glaurung is called "the Urulóki",
úra (2) adj. "large" (UR), probably Silm : 255).
obsoleted by #1 above Urundil masc. name, "copper-lover"
urcárima, urcarnë adj. “hard to make / (PM : 365); this may suggest #urun as one word
do”. (PE17 : 154). Cf. urucarin. for "copper", unless this is the ending -ndil
urco ("k"), stem *urcu- and pl. urqui, "friend, lover" suffixed to #uru- as a reduced
noun : an old word used in the lore of the form of urus, q.v.
Blessed Realm for anything that caused fear to urus (urust-) noun "copper" (VT41 : 10)
the Elves during the March; by the Exiled Noldor úruva adj. "fiery" (from UR; this stem
the word was recognized as the cognate of was struck out in Etym, but several words that
Sindarin orch and used to mean "Orc". The must be derived from it occur in LotR, so it
Sindarin-influenced form orco was also used. seems that Tolkien restored it. The word úruva
(WJ : 390) also occurred in early "Qenya"; in LT1 : 271 it is
urda adj. “hard, difficult, arduous” (PE17 glossed "like fire".)
: 154) uruvoitë adj. "fiery" (LT1 : 271)
urdu noun "death" (LT2 : 342; rather urwa adj. "on fire" (LT1 : 271)
nuru in Tolkien's later Quenya) urya- vb. “be hot” (PE17 : 148), "burn"
úrë noun "heat", also name of tengwa (intransitive) (LT1 : 271)
#36 (Appendix E) ursa (þ) noun “rage” (PE17 : 188)
úri noun "sun" (MC : 214, 221; this is ursa- (þ) vb. “to rage” (PE17 : 188)
"Qenya"); genitive úrio "sun's" (MC : 216) us- (þ) prefix denoting something bad;
Úrimë (in some editions Urimë, but this cf. uscarë
seems to be an error; cf. úrë "heat") noun, name #us- vb. "escape" (given in the form
of the eighth month of the year, "August" usin "he escapes" in LT1 : 251; this would have
(Appendix D, SA : ur-, UT : 302) to mean "I escape" if the word is to be adopted
úrin adj. "blazing hot" (LT1 : 271) to Tolkien's later Quenya). Cf. uswë.
Úrin (Úrind-, as in "g.sg. Úrinden", in úsahtië (þ) noun "inducement to do
LotR-style Quenya this is dat.sg.) noun, a name wrong" (VT43 : 23); allative úsahtienna attested
of the Sun (UR, PE17 : 148; this stem was struck (the alternative form úsahtíenna with a long í
out in Etym, but several words that must be must be erroneous, as pointed out by the editors
derived from it occur in LotR, so it seems that [ibid.]). Compare sahta-, sahtië.
Tolkien restored it.) uscarë (þ) noun ”doing wrong” (PE17 :
Úrion (Q?) noun, a title of Fionwë (= 151). Also uxarë. Cf. úcarë.
later Eönwë); see the LR index. (UR; this stem úsië adv. “on the contrary” (VT49 : 8,
was struck out in Etym, but several words that 35). Cf. lasi.
must be derived from it occur in LotR, so it úsir adv. “on the contrary”, a form
seems that Tolkien restored it.) Tolkien may have abandoned in favor of úsië
urna noun "oven" (LT1 : 271) (VT49 : 18)
úro noun "evil" (VT43 : 24); Tolkien may usquë ("q") noun "reek" (USUK). In the
have abandoned this form in favour of ulco, q.v. pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in
*urta-, see usta- the Etymologies, usquë was also the name of
ur(u)- prefix denoting difficulty (PE17 : tengwa #16, which at this conceptual stage had
154, 172), cf. urcárima, urucarin

the value squ (VT46 : 20). Later, Tolkien would become auva (VT49 : 13). Origin / etymology of
call this letter unquë, with the value nqu. the ending -uva, see VT48 : 32. In VT49 : 30, the
usta- vb. "burn" (transitive) (LT1 : 271, future tense of the verb “to be” is given as uva,
QL : 98). This form reflects the stem USU listed apparently the future-tense “ending” appearing
in early material; however, since Tolkien seems independently, but several other sources rather
to have changed it to UR later, we should give nauva for “will be” (see ná #1).
perhaps read *urta- for usta-. úvana adj. “unmarred” (PE17 : 150),
uswë noun "issue, escape" (LT1 : 251) rejected meaning “monstrous” (PE17 : 149). The
Uswevandë noun "way of escape" (LT2 word for “unmarred” is alahasta (q.v.) a better-
: 336) published source.
utúlien see tul- (EO) úvanë prep. + noun "without beauty",
Utumno (stem *Utumnu-), place-name, adj. úvanëa (VT39 : 14)
the first great stronghold of Melkor in the North úvanima noun "not fair, ugly" (VT39 :
(SA : tum, TUB). The etymology apparently has 14). Negated form of vanima.
something to do with "very deep" or "very úvanimo noun "monster (creature of
hidden"; the phrase "Utumno the Deep-hidden" Melko[r]) (BAN, LT1 : 272); pl. úvanimor
in MR : 67 may include a rough translation of the "monsters" is attested (UGU / UMU, (GŪ).
name. This later source derives the name from a According to VT45 : 7, 16 Tolkien did not
root meaning "cover over, hide", whereas in capitalize the word úvanimo, though it was so
Etym it was derived from the root TUB having to printed in the entries BAN and GŪ in the
do with low-lying things. Whether the primitive Etymologies as printed in LR. The (pl.) form
form is ¤Utubnu as in Etym (TUB) or ¤Utupnu as húvanimor was abandoned along with hú rather
in MR : 69, the stem-form would be *Utumnu-. than ú- as a negative prefix, VT45 : 17.
utúvienyes, see *tuv- úvë noun "abundance, great quantity"
úva (1) vb. "will not", future tense of a (UB). Compare úmë #2.
negative verb (present / aorist tense úyë?) in úvëa adj. "abundant, in very great
Fíriel's Song. Compare #úva as the future tense number, very large" (UB). Compare úmëa.
of the negative verb ua- (q.v.) in a later source úvië noun "considering a matter (with a
(PE17 : 144, where the verb is cited with a 1st view to decision)" (VT48 : 32)
person sg. ending : úvan). uxarë noun ”doing wrong” (PE17 : 151).
úva- (2) vb. “impend, be imminent” – Also uscarë. Cf. úcarë.
“nearly always in a bad sense : ‘threaten (to úyë vb., a form occurring in Fíriel's Song
come)’ “, as in hrívë úva véna “winter is drawing (cf. VT46 : 22), apparently ye "is" with the
near to us” (VT49 : 14) negative prefix ú-, hence "is not" (úyë sérë
-uva future tense ending. In avuva, indo-ninya símen, translated "my hearth resteth
caluva, cenuva, hiruva, (en)quantuva, not here", literally evidently *"[there] is not rest
(en)tuluva, laituvalmet, lauva, maruvan, [for] my heart here")
termaruva, tiruvantes. A final -a drops out
before the ending -uva is added : quanta- “fill”,
future tense quantuva (PE17 : 68). A verbal
stem in -av- may be contracted when -uva
follows, as when avuva is stated to have
V
va prep. "from" (VT43 : 20; prefixed in vá exclamation "I will not!" or "Do not!",
the form var- in var-úra "from evil", VT43 : 24). interjection accompanied by a “jerk back of
In VT49 : 24, va, au and o are quoted as head” (PE17 : 145). It was inflected only in the
variants of the stem awa “away from”. 1st person sing. and 1st person pl. exclusive :
ván, ványë "I won't!", vammë "we won't" (WJ :

371, PE17 : 143; read *valmë in Second Edition vaiwa noun "wind" (WĀ / WAWA /
Quenya, after Tolkien revised the pronominal WAIWA)
suffixes in the sixties). vaiya < waiya (also vaia, waia) noun
-va possessive ending, presumably "envelope", especially of the Outer Sea or Air
related to the preposition va "from". In Eldaliéva, enfolding the world within the Ilurambar or world-
Ingoldova, miruvóreva, Oroméva, rómeva, walls (WAY, capitalized Vaiya under GEY; the
Valinóreva (q.v. for references), Follondiéva, latter entry was struck out). In a "Qenya" text in
Hyallondiéva (see under turmen for MC : 214, vaiya is simply translated "sky". In the
references). Following a consonant, the ending pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in
instead appears as -wa (andamacilwa “of the the Etymologies, vaiya ( / waiya) was also the
long sword”, PE17 : 147, rómenwa *”of the name of a tengwa letter that does not appear in
East”, PE17 : 59). Pl. -vë when governing a Tolkien's later table, but which was apparently
plural word (from archaic -vai) (WJ : 407), but it intended to have the value w > v, like the letter
seems that -va was used throughout in late Exilic wilya > vilya in the later, canonical system
Quenya (cf. miruvóreva governing the plural (VT46 : 21). According to Arden R. Smith, the
word yuldar in Namárië). Pl. -iva (-ivë), dual *- form of the pre-classical letter is a variant of #21,
twa, partitive pl. -líva. which letter Tolkien would later call vala (VT46 :
vacco ("k") noun "jacket, cloak" (GL : 21, 32).
QL : 100) Vala (1) noun "Power, God, angelic
vaháya adj. "far away" (LR : 47, SD : power", pl. Valar or Vali (BAL, Appendix E, LT2 :
310). Also spelt vahaiya (SD : 247) 348). The Valar are a group of immensely
vahta- vb. "to soil, stain" (WA3) powerful spirits guarding the world on behalf of
vaia < waia (also vaiya < waiya) noun its Creator; they are sometimes called Gods (as
"envelope", especially of the Outer Sea or Air when Valacirca, q.v., is translated “Sickle of the
enfolding the world within the Ilurambar or world- Gods”), but this is strictly wrong according to
walls (WAY). Cf. váya. Christian terminology : the Valar were created
vailë noun “wind” (PE17 : 189) beings. The noun vala is also the name of
vailima adj. “windy” (PE17 : 189) tengwa #22 (Appendix E). Genitive plural Valion
Vaiaro masc. name, a name of Ulmo, "of the Valar" (FS, MR : 18); this form shows the
lord of Vaiya (WAY) pl. Vali, (irregular) alternative to Valar (the
vaima noun "wrap, robe" (QL : 100, LT1 straightforward gen. pl. Valaron is also attested,
: 271) PE17 : 175). Pl. allative valannar *"to / on the
vaina (1) adj. "clad" (LT1 : 272) Valar" (LR : 47, 56; SD : 246). Feminine form
vaina (2) adj., the “late” pronunciation of Valië (Silm), in Tolkien’s earlier material also
waina “blonde, fair of hair” (PE17 : 154) Valdë; his early writings also list Valon or Valmo
vainë noun "sheath" (LT1 : 271) (q.v.) as specifically masc. forms. The gender-
vainolë noun "quiver" (= case for specific forms are not obligatory; thus in PE17 :
holding arrows) (LT1 : 271) 22 Varda is called a Vala (not a Valië), likewise
Vairë (1) fem. name "the Weaver", name Yavanna in PE17 : 93. – Vala is properly or
of a Valië, spouse of Mandos (Silm, WEY). The originally a verb "has power" (sc. over the matter
name is translated "Ever-weaving" in VT39 : 10, of Eä, the universe), also used as a noun "a
and it is implied that the archaic form was *Wairē Power" (WJ : 403). The verb vala- "rule, order",
rather than ¤Weirē, the reconstruction given in exclusively used with reference to the Valar, is
the Etymologies (entry WEY). Tolkien only attested in the sentences á vala Manwë!
considered changing the name to Vérë (PE17 : "may Manwë order it!" and Valar valuvar "the
33) One source glosses the literal meaning as will of the Valar will be done" (WJ : 404).
“weaving” rather than “weaver” (PE17 : 191). However, Tolkien did not originally intend the
vairë (2) adj. ?“wavy” (according to the word Valar to signify "powers"; in his early
editor, the gloss is almost illegible, but further conception it apparently meant "the happy ones",
notes may be taken as saying that the word cf. valto, vald- (LT2 : 348). – For various
describes wavy locks rather than wavy fluids). compounds including the word Vala(r), see
(PE17 : 34) below.
vaiwë noun “wind” (PE17 : 189) vala- (2) vb. "to rule", only with reference
vaita- vb. "to enfold" (VT46 : 21), "to to the Valar (see Vala). Future tense valuva is
wrap" (LT1 : 271). Older (MET) form waita-. attested (WJ : 404)

Valacar masc. name, *"Vala-helmet"??? Melko[r]. Note : This list, set down in the
(Appendix A) Etymologies, differs from the scenario of the
Valacirca noun "Sickle of the Gods", a published Silmarillion; Ossë is not a Vala in
name of the Great Bear (Big Dipper) Tolkien's later conception. (BAL, VT46 : 17).
constellation (SA : val-, MR : 388, KIRIK, OT / Compare Valatári.
OTOS / OTOK) Valatári noun "Vala-queen" (BAL; this
Valandil masc. name, "God-friend, entry of the Etymologies states that Vala has no
*Vala-friend" (Appendix A, UT : 210, translated in feminine form except this compound, but Silm
LR : 60) gives Valië as a feminine form). The word
Valandur masc. name, *"Vala-servant" Valatári is apparently also the unchanged plural
(Appendix A) form, so used in this quote : "The Valatári were
valaina adj. "of or belonging to the Varda, Yavanna, Nienna, Vana, Vaire, Este,
Valar, divine" (BAL) Nessa, Uinen" (BAL; Tolkien later reclassified
Valandor place-name "the land of the Uinen as a Maia, not a Valatári / Valië). Notice
Valar", confused with and replaced by Valinórë that the plural form of Valatar would apparently
"the people of the Valar", short form Valinor (SA also be *Valatári.
: dôr, Silm) valcanë ("k") adj. "vague" (MC : 213;
Valanya noun last day of the Eldarin six- this is "Qenya")
day week, dedicated to the Valar (Appendix D). Valcaraucë ("k") noun "balrog", also
Etymology, see Letters : 427. Also called Tárion. Malcaraucë (LT1 : 250; in Tolkien's later
Valaquenta noun "Account of the Valar" Quenya valarauco)
(SA : val-). See quenta. vald- noun "blessedness, happiness"
Valarauco ("k") noun "Demon of Might" (LT1 : 272 – a final vowel would seem to be
(here vala- assumes its basic meaning "power, required). See valin regarding the dubious
might"), Sindarin balrog (WJ : 415). Pl. conceptual validity of this and related words.
Valaraucar (sic, not -or) "Balrogs", apparently valda adj. "worth, worthy, dear" (GL : 23)
containing rauca (q.v.) as an alternative form of Valdë noun "female Vala" (also Valis)
rauco “demon” (SA : val-, SA : rauco). Earlier (LT1 : 272, in Tolkien's later Quenya Valië,
forms from the "Qenya Lexicon" are Valcaraucë, Valatári)
Malcaraucë (q.v.), apparently abandoned in valdëa adj. “of moment, important” (QL :
LotR-style Quenya. 102)
#Valariandë place-name "Beleriand" Valië noun female Vala; pl. Valier
(genitive in the phrase Nyarna Valarianden "the attested (Silm)
annals of Beleriand" in LR : 202; Tolkien later Valimar place-name "Vali-home" (Vali =
changed the genitive ending from -n to -o; hence Valar), the city of the Valar in Valinor, also in
read *Nyarna Valariandëo) In the essay Quendi shorter form Valmar. Cf. the Silmarillion : “the
and Eldar, Heceldamar turns up as another city of Valimar where all is glad” (Valaquenta); “in
Quenya term for Beleriand. the midst of the plain beyond the mountains they
Valarin adj. “Valian”, of or relating to the [the Valar] built their city, Valmar of many bells”
Valar, as noun = Lambë Valarinwa "Valarin (chapter 1). In Namárië, the word Valimar is
tongue" (WJ : 397). It may be that Valarinwa is used = Valinor, since Valimar was its chief city
the normal form of the adjective “Valian” in (Nam, RGEO : 67)
Quenya. valimo adj. "happy" (LT1 : 272;
Valarindi pl. noun "offspring of the adjectives apparently cannot end in -o in LotR-
Valar, their children begotten in Arda" (sg. style Quenya.). See valin.
#Valarindë). (MR : 49). Compare indi. valin adj. "happy" (LT1 : 272). This
Valaróma noun "Vala-horn", Oromë's word, as well as valimo and vald-, connect with
horn (Silm, MR : 7) Tolkien's early concept of Valar meaning "happy
valassë noun "divinity" (or rather ones", but since it was later reinterpreted as "the
*"valahood"; the word should probably not be Powers", the conceptual validity of these terms
used with reference to the divinity of Eru). (BAL) for "happy" is doubtful.
Valatar (Valatár- as in "gen.sg. Valinor place-name "the land (or
Valatáren", in Tolkien's later Quenya this is a people) of the Valar", *"Vali-land" (Vali = Valar),
dative singular instead) noun "Vala-king", applied land of the Gods in the West (BAL, NDOR); cf.
to the nine chief (male) Valar : Manwe, Ulmo, Valandor. Full form Valinórë (BAL; Vali-nórë
Aule, Mandos, Lorien, Tulkas, Ossë, Orome, and under NDOR). Said to be “the true Eldarin name

of Aman”, the latter name being explained as a [vanda] (2) noun "prison, Hell" (cf.
borrowing from Valarin in some versions of the Angavanda). (VT45 : 6; this word was
linguistic scenario (VT49 : 26). In the early apparently rejected in favour of mando)
"Qenya Lexicon", Valinor, Valinórë is glossed vandl noun "staff" (LT1 : 264) (No word
"Asgard", the name of the city of the gods in can end in -dl in Tolkien's later Quenya; the word
Norse mythology (LT1 : 272). It seems that in may be adapted as *vandil. Compare findl,
such more restricted use, Valinor is not the entire findil.)
Blessed Realm but rather the specific region vanë adj. "fair" (LT1 : 272; in Tolkien's
beyond the Pelóri where (most of) the Valar later Quenya rather vanya)
dwelt, with Val(i)mar as the chief city. Thus it is vánë past tense of auta-, q.v. (WJ : 366)
said of Eärendil that he “went into Valinor and to vanessë noun "beauty" (LT1 : 272,
the halls of Valimar” only after he had already left PE17 : 56). Also vanië.
his ship and ventured as far as Tirion vanga noun "beard" (LT2 : 344, GL : 21;
(Silmarillion, chapter 24). – Possessive in Tolkien's later Quenya fanga)
Valinóreva in Nurtalë Valinóreva, the "Hiding of vangwë noun “blow” (PE17 : 34), i.e. a
Valinor", the possessive case here assuming the blast of wind
function of object genitive (Silm). vanië noun “beauty” (PE17 : 56),
Valis noun "female Vala" (also Valdë) apparently formed from vanya #1. Synonym
(LT1 : 272; in Tolkien's later Quenya Valië) vanessë.
Valmar alternative form of Valimar, q.v. vánië vb., an augmentless perfect of
(Silm) auta- (q.v.) that may occur in verse; regular form
Valmo noun "male Vala" (also Valon) avánië (WJ : 366)
(LT1 : 272; these forms may or may not be valid vanima adj. "beautiful, fair" (BAN, VT39
in Tolkien's later Quenya) : 14) (glossed "proper, right, fair" in early
Valon noun "male Vala" (also Valmo) "Qenya", LT1 : 272, though a later source says
(LT1 : 272; these forms may or may not be valid the word is used “only of living things, especially
in Tolkien's later Quenya) Elves and Men”, PE17 : 150); nominal pl.
Valsi = Valis? (LT1 : 272) vanimar "beautiful ones", partitive pl. genitive
-valta suffix "-less", also -viltë (evidently vanimálion, translated "of beautiful children",
endings used to derive adjectives like "lifeless") but literally meaning *"of [some] beautiful ones")
(GL : 23) The ending -lóra appears with the (LotR3 : VI ch. 6, translated in Letters : 308).
same meaning in Tolkien's later Quenya. Arwen vanimalda "Beautiful Arwen", literally
valto noun "luck" (LT1 : 272) "Arwen your beauty" (see -lda for reference;
valya adj. "having (divine) authority or changed to Arwen vanimelda in the second
power" (BAL; this word is of course edition of LotR; see vanimelda).
etymologically connected to the Valar and vanimalda adj. with suffix *"your
should not be used with reference to the divinity beautiful"; Arwen vanimalda "Arwen your
of Eru.) beauty = beautiful Arwen" (WJ : 369, cf. PE17 :
ván noun "goose"; pl. váni given (WA- 55). The ending for sg. "your" normally appears
N). Older wán. as -lya rather than -lda (which according to late
Vána fem. name, a Valië, the wife of sources is rather the ending for plural “your”,
Oromë (Silm, WJ : 383); the Etymologies gives here inappropriate). Originally Tolkien seems to
Vana with no long vowel (BAN). The apparent have intended vanimalda as an inflected form of
meaning is *“beautiful (one)”, since she was “the vanima “beautiful”, the ending -lda expressing
most perfectly ‘beautiful’ in form and comparative, superlative or simply “exceedingly”
feature\representing the natural unmarred (PE17 : 56 : vanimalda = “exceeding fair”).
perfection of form in living things” (PE17 : 150). However, since this ending was later revised out
Vanar or Vani pl. noun, = Valar (LT1 : of existence, Tolkien reinterpreted the word. The
272) Second Edition of LotR changes one letter to
vand- noun "way, path" (LT1 : 264; a arrive at the reading vanimelda, q.v. for
final vowel would seem to be required, but in Tolkien’s new explanation. %
Tolkien's later Quenya, the words tië or mallë vanimelda adj., said to be “the highest
are to be preferred) word of praise for beauty”, with two
vanda (1) noun "oath, pledge, solemn interpretations that were apparently considered
promise" (CO) equally valid and simultaneously true : “beautiful
and beloved” (vanima + melda, with haplology),

i.e. “movingly lovely”, but also “elven-fair” (fair as varanda adj. “sublime” (PE17 : 23),
an Elf) (vanima + elda). The word was also related to the name Varda.
used as the second name of Arwen. (PE17 : 56, vard- vb. "rule, govern" (LT1 : 273;
Second Edition LotR1 : II ch. 16). hardly valid in Tolkien's later Quenya)
Vanimeldë fem. name (Appendix A), Varda fem. name "the Sublime", name
apparently a feminized form of the adj. of a Valië, spouse of Manwë, the Queen of the
vanimelda, q.v. Valar, called Elbereth in Sindarin (BARATH,
Vanimo (pl. Vanimor given), noun "the BARÁD, WJ : 402; in Letters : 282 Varda is
beautiful", children of the Valar (BAN), or "fair translated the "Lofty"). As a general adjective
folk" = (men and) elves (UGU / UMU, VT45 : 17). “sublime”, †varda could still occur as a poetic
Negated úvanimor = "monsters". word in verse (PE17 : 23), but normal prose
vannë pa.t. of vanya- (WAN) would apparently rather use the related word
vanta- (1) vb. "to walk" (BAT) varanda (q.v.) Genitive Vardo (for *Vardao).
vanta (2) noun "walk" (BAT) (Nam, RGEO : 66). Vardamir masc. name,
vanwa adj. "gone, lost, no longer to be *"Varda-jewel" (Appendix A, UT : 210);
had, vanished, departed, dead, past, past and vardarianna ?"Varda-gift", name of a tree (but
over, gone on the road, over" (WJ : 366, Nam, the ri element is obscure) (UT : 167)
RGEO : 67, WAN, LT1 : 264; older wanwa, vardar noun "king" (LT1 : 273; rather
PE17 : 143). The word was “not applied to dead aran in LotR-style Quenya)
persons except those who would not return, Vardilmë, fem. name (UT : 210),
either because of a special doom (as [in the case perhaps *"Varda-friend; one devoted to Varda" (if
of] Men) or because of a special will of their own so this would be a contraction of *Vardandilmë,
(as Felagund or Míriel) or a special ban of with -(n)dilmë as the feminine form of -ndil
Mandos (as Feanor)” (PE17 : 143). Also see "friend")
avanwa. Vardo Meoita noun "Prince of Cats"
vanwië noun "the past, past time" (LT2 : 348; vardo "prince" is hardly a valid word
(WAN) in Tolkien's later Quenya; cf. vard-, vardar.
vanya (1) adj. "fair" (FS), "beautiful" Later Quenya has cundu for "prince".)
(BAN), a word referring to beauty that is “due to varna adj. "safe, protected, secure"
lack of fault, or blemish” (PE17 : 150), hence (BAR)
Arda Vanya as an alternative to Arda Alahasta varnassë noun "security" (BAR)
for “Arda Unmarred” (ibid., compare MR : 254). varnë (1) adj. "brown, swart, dark
Nominal pl. Vanyar "the Fair", the first clan of the brown", stem-form varni- (BARÁN)
Eldar; the original meaning of this stem was [varnë] (2) noun "protection" (BAR)
"pale, light-coloured, not brown or dark" (WJ : varni noun "queen" (LT1 : 273; rather
382, 383, stem given as WAN), “properly = white tári in Tolkien's later Quenya)
complexion and blonde hair” (PE17 : 154, stem [varilë] noun "protection" (VT45 : 7)
given as GWAN); stems BAN vs. WAN varya- vb. "to protect" (BAR)
discussed, see PE17 : 150. Vása noun "the Consumer", a name of
vanya- (2) vb. "go, depart, disappear", the Sun (MR : 130, Silm)
pa.t. vannë (WAN). The verb auta- may have vasar (þ) noun "veil" (VT42 : 10, the
replaced this word in Tolkien's later conception. word was "not in daily use", VT42 : 9). Older
váquet- vb. (1st pers. aorist váquetin form waþar.
and 1st pers. past tense váquenten are given) vasarya- (þ) vb. "to veil" (VT42 : 10)
"to say no" (not denying that something is true, váva vb.? “blow” (the wording used in
but denying to do or to allow something : "to say the source is unclear, but wā-ya is said to mean
I will not / do not"; "to refuse", "to forbid" (WJ : “blow”, and after discussing Sindarin forms
370, 371) Tolkien instructs himself to “alter Quenya”,
var (1) conj. "or" (QL : 100). In Tolkien’s introducing a new primitive form ¤wā-wā with
later Quenya, the word hya appears for “or”. A váva- as the Quenya outcome. Possibly this still
phrase involving a double var\var may mean means “blow” as a verb referring to wind.) –PE17
“either\or” in one early (untranslated) text, : 34
according to Christopher Gilson’s interpretation vávëa adj. “(con)similar, alike”, also
(PE15 : 32, 39) ovéa, q.v. (PE17 : 189)
var- (2), see va váya noun ”sea” (considered as ”waters,
vára adj. "soiled, dirty" (WA3) motion”). The wording of the source indicates

that Tolkien only tentatively considered such a maintained the Qenya noun vëa "sea" in later
word (PE17 : 33) Quenya). Compare Vëandur.
ve (1) prep. "as, like" (Nam, RGEO : 66, vëassë noun "vigour" (WEG)
Markirya, MC : 213, 214, VT27 : 20, 27, VT49 : [vecca adj. “active”, ancient form (PE17
22); in Narqelion ve may mean either "in" or "as". : 190)]
Ve fírimor quetir *”as mortals say” (VT49 : 10), vehtë noun “’life’ - not Life in general or
ve senwa (or senya) “as usual” (VT49 : 10). as a principle, but (a period of) individual
Followed by genitive, ve apparently expresses activity”, thus also “the place where a person,
“after the manner of” : ve quenderinwë coaron people &c. lived and had their business, i.e.
(“k”) “after the manner of bodies of Elven-kind” habitat, haunt” (PE17 : 189)
(PE17 : 174). Tolkien variously derived Quenya vehtequentalë noun ”biography” (PE17
ve from older wē, bē or vai (VT49 : 10, 32, PE17 : 189)
: 189) #vel- see véla #2
ve (2) pron. “we”, 1st person pl. inclusive véla (1) adv. *“alike” (VT49 : 10)
(corresponding to exclusive me), derived from an véla (2) vb. "see" (Arct); present /
original stem-form we (VT49 : 50, PE17 : 130). continuative tense of a verbal stem #vel-? The
Variant vi, q.v. Stressed wé, later vé (VT49 : 51). context of the sentence where it occurs ("till I see
Dative (*wéna >) véna, VT49 : 14. Dual wet, you next") suggests that this is "see" in the
later *vet “the two of us” (inclusive; cf. exclusive sense of "meet".
met) (VT49 : 51). Also compare the dative form velca ("k") noun "flame" (LT1 : 260; nár,
ngwin or ngwen (q.v.), but this would apparently nárë would be the normal word in Tolkien's later
be *wen > *ven according to Tolkien’s later Quenya)
ideas. velicë ("k") adj. "great" (LT1 : 254;
-vë, (3) apparently an ending used to probably not valid in Tolkien's later Quenya; in
derive adverbs from adjectives (see andavë the context of the Etymologies it would have to
under anda and oiavë under oia). May be be derived from BEL, but it is stated that this
related to the preposition ve “as, like”. stem was "not found in Q". Perhaps Tolkien
vëa (1) adj. “seeming, apparent” (PE17 : rejected velicë because it was too similar to the
189) Russian word that clearly inspired it.)
vëa (2) adj. "adult, manly, vigorous" v'emattë ??? May be the preposition ve
(WEG) + an otherwise unknown word emattë.
vëa (3) noun "sea" (MC : 213, 214, 216; (Narqelion)
possibly obsoleted by #1 and #2 above, though véna pron. “for us”, (long) dative form of
some argue that the initial element of the late ve # 2, q.v.
names Vëantur and Vëandur [q.v.] could be vëa vendë < wendë noun "maiden" (WEN /
#3 rather than #2 (it can hardly be #1) . In any WENED, VT45 : 16), "virgin" (in Tolkien's
case, the normal word for "sea" in LotR-style translations of Catholic prayers where the
Quenya seems to be ëar.) Inflected vëan "sea" reference is to Mary; see VT44 : 10, 18). The
(MC : 220), vëar "in sea" (a "Qenya" locative in - form Véndë in VT44 : 10 seems abnormal;
r, MC : 213), vëassë "on sea" (MC : 220). Cf. normally Quenya does not have a long vowel in
also vëaciryo. front of a consonant cluster.
vëa (4) noun “wind” (PE17 : 189) venë noun "small boat, vessel, dish"
vëaciryo ("k") noun in genitive "of sea- (LT1 : 254)
ship", genitive of *vëacirya ("k") (MC : 216; this vénë < wénë noun "virginity" (WEN /
is "Qenya"; see vëa # 2) WENED); in one source vénë also appears with
Vëandur, masc. name (PM : 191), either the concrete meaning "virgin" (VT44 : 10), but
*"Vigorous servant" or *"Sea-servant" (= mariner; this is normally vendë, wendë instead.
compare ëarendur, etymologically very similar if *vénëa adj. *"maidenly, virginal" (VT44 :
the Qenya form vëa "sea" was maintained in 10; the source has véne' alcarë *"virginal glory",
later Quenya). See vëa #1 and 2 and compare the first word possibly representing an adjective
Vëantur. *vénëa the final vowel of which has been elided
vëaner noun "(adult) man" (WEG) since the next word begins in the same vowel.)
Vëantur, masc. name (UT : 171), either venessë noun "virginity" (WEN /
*"Vigorous lord" or *"Sea-lord" (see vëa #1 and WENED)
2; those who prefer the translation *"Sea-lord" venië noun? "shape, cut" (LT1 : 254)
see this name as evidence that Tolkien

venno noun "husband" (cited as **verno vestalë noun "wedding" (BES, VT49 :
in the Etymologies as printed in LR, entry BES, 46) (under WED the word was defined as "oath",
but according to VT45 : 7, this is a misreading of but this was struck out)
Tolkien's manuscript). In a later source, the word *vet, see ve #2
for “husband” is given as veru, q.v. vi pron. ”we”, 1st person inclusive (PE17
venta noun "chin" (QL : 101) : 130), variant of ve #2.
venwë noun? "shape, cut" (LT1 : 254) vië noun "manhood, vigour" (WEG)
†vëo noun "man" (WEG; etymologically vil- vb. "to fly" (The forms given are the
connected to vëa "manly, vigorous"; the more 1st pers. aorist vilin "I fly" and the pa.t. villë.
neutral word for "man" is nér. According to VT46 Tolkien replaced wilin with wil-, pa.t.
: 21, Tolkien indicated that vëo is an archaic or presumably *wille, but this may not render vil-
poetic word.) Tolkien at a later point defined the obsolete; rather, Tolkien simply decided to cite
word as “living creature” (PE17 : 189). Cf. variant the verb in its Old Quenya form, before the
wëo, q.v. merger of w- with v- that occurred in Exilic
véra (< Old Quenya wéra) noun Quenya.) (WIL)
"personal, private, own" (PM : 340) [vilda], see vilwa
verca ("k") adj. "wild" (BERÉK) vílë noun "gentle breeze" (LT1 : 273)
vérë (1) noun "bond, troth, compact, vilin adj. "airy, breezy" (LT1 : 273). Not
oath" (WED) to be confused with vilin "I fly", see vil-.
Vérë (2) fem. name, tentative vilissë noun "spirit" (GL : 23)
replacement form for the name Vairë, apparently -viltë adjectival ending "-less", also -
never introduced in any narratives (PE17 : 33) valta (evidently endings used to derive
veri noun “wife” (VT49 : 45) adjectives like "lifeless") (GL : 23). Rather -lóra
verië noun "boldness" (BER) in Tolkien's later Quenya.
**verno noun "husband", misreading for [vilwa < wilwa] noun "air, lower air"
venno, q.v. (BES) (distinct from the 'upper' air of the stars, or the
verta- vb. “to give in marriage” (give a 'outer') (WIL; in one place vilwa was not struck
person in marriage to another); also “to take as out, VT46 : 21) According to VT46 : 21, Tolkien
husband or wife (to oneself)” (VT49 : 45) considered vilda < wilda as a replacement form,
veru (1) noun “husband” (VT49 : 45). An but rejected it.
earlier source gives the word for “husband” as vilya noun "air, sky", also name of
venno. tengwa #24. Older wilya. (Appendix E). Early
veru (2) dual noun "husband and wife, "Qenya" has Vilya (changed from Vilna) "lower
married pair" (BES). Obsoleted by #1 above? air" (LT1 : 273); also vilya "air" (MC : 215)
(Notice that the word veru “married pair” comes *vinca, see winca
from the same source that has venno rather Vincarna compounded passive
than veru as the word for “husband”.) participle *"new-made, renewed" (MR : 408)
verya- (1) vb. "to dare"; also adj. verya [vinda- vb. "fade"; pa.t. vindanë given
"bold" (BER, VT45 : 7) (VT46 : 21). Compare vinta-.]
verya (2) vb. “to marry (of husband and [vindë noun "blue-grey, pale blue or
wife), be joined to” (intransitive; the spouse to be grey"; older windë. (WIN / WIND, VT45 : 16, 46 :
is mentioned in the allative case : veryanen 21) The stem-form would have been vindi-,
senna *”I married him / her”; compare English given the primitive form ¤windi.]
“get married to someone”). (VT49 : 45, 46) *vinë (vini-), see winë
veryanwë “wedding”; veryanwesto “of vínë noun "youth" (probably as abstract)
your (dual) wedding” (VT49 : 44, 45) (VT47 : 26, PE17 : 191)
vessë noun "wife" (BES). A later source Vingelot, Vingilot, Vingilótë ship-
gives the word for “wife” as veri. name; "Foam-flower", name of Eärendil's ship
vesta noun "matrimony" (BES, VT49 : (SA : wing, Silm)
46) *vinima, see winima
vesta- vb. "to wed" (BES, VT49 : 46). *vinimo, see winimo
(Under WED, the verb vesta- was defined as [vinta-, vb. "fade", pa.t. vintë, vintanë
"swear to do something", but this was struck given. (WIN / WIND) Compare vinda-.]
out.) vinya (1) adj. "young" (VT46 : 22, VT47 :
26, PE17 : 191) or "new" (cf. compounds
Vinyamar, Vinyarië below; cf. also winya "new,

fresh, young" in a deleted entry in the vórë noun? "lasting" (as noun? i.e.
Etymologies, VT45 : 16; there the word was first *"lasting quality"?) Compare the derived adj.
written as vinya.) Vinya “the Young”, original vórea. (VT45 : 7)
name of the isle of Númenor among its own vórëa noun "continuous, enduring,
people (SD : 332). lasting" (VT45 : 7)
vinya (2) < windya adj. "pale blue" (WIN vorima adj. "continual, repeated" (BOR),
/ WIND) (It is uncertain whether Tolkien rejected early "Qenya" gloss "everlasting" (LT1 : 250)
this word or not; in any case, vinya is only vórima (more or less identical to vorima
attested with the meaning "young, new" in his above?) adj. "steadfast in allegiance, in keeping
later Quenya.) oath or promise, faithful"; genitive vórimo in a
Vinyamar place-name *"New Dwelling" variant of CO; see UT : 317. In VT45 : 7, vórima
(Silm) is glossed "continuous, enduring, repeated".
*vinyamo, see winyamo voro, voro- adv. "ever, continually"
Vinyarië noun "Newyear's Day" (PM : (BOR, Narqelion) Compare vor. (Focusing on
127) the gloss "continually", post-Tolkien writers have
[vinyë noun "evening" (VT46 : 21)] sometimes used voro for "still, yet".) The
Víressë noun, fourth month of the year, variants vora, vorë were used for "always" in
"April" (Appendix D). The Quenya name is drafts for a Quenya version of the Sub Tuum
apparently related to words for youth and Praesidium, but Tolkien eventually replaced such
freshness; compare vírië, virya. forms with the unrelated word illumë (VT44 : 9).
vírië noun "youth" (as abstract) (VT46 : Compare vórë, vórëa.
22) vorongandelë noun "harping on one
vírin noun "a magic glassy substance of tune", continual repetition. In the Etymologies as
great lucency used in fashioning the Moon. Used printed in LR, this word is misprinted as
of things of great and pure transparency." (LT2 : "vorogandale"; see VT45 : 7. (BOR)
339) voronda adj. "steadfast in allegiance, in
virya (1) adj. "fresh" (VT46 : 22) keeping oath or promise, faithful", used as a title
virya- (2) vb. “change, alter(nate)” of Elendil Voronda "Elendil the Faithful";
(intransitive), pa.t. virnë / virinyë, cf. transitive genitive Vorondo in CO. Only glossed "faithful"
vista-, q.v. (PE17 : 189, 191) in LT1 : 250.
vista (1) noun "air as substance" (WIS Vorondil masc.name, *"Faithful friend"
(WIL) ) (Appendix A)
vista- (2) vb. "change" (transitive), pa.t. voronwa adj. "enduring, long-lasting"
vistanë, cf. intransitive virya-, q.v. (PE17 : 189, (BOR)
191) voronwë noun "steadfastness, loyalty,
vó (actually spelt vô), also vondo, noun faithfulness" (CO), also as masc. name
"son" (LT2 : 336; in Tolkien's later Quenya Voronwë "the Faithful" (PM : 340, BORÓN, LT1
yondo) : 250)
vor, voro adv. "ever" (BOR, LT1 : 250, voronwië noun "endurance, lasting
273 [only voro in the Etymologies]; also in quality" (BOR)
Narqelion) vorosanya (þ) adj. "regular, law-abiding,
vora, vorë adv. "always"; see voro normal" (VT46 : 16); also just sanya (þ). The
prefix voro- means “ever” or “continually”.

W
Note : In Exilic Quenya, initial w- turned into v-, as Tolkien indicated in a number of the words here
recorded.
-wa, variant of the possessive ending - (Elenwë is the sole certain example of a fem.
va (as in andamacilwa, PE17 : 147), used name with this ending); it is derived from a stem
following a consonant. simply meaning "person" (PM : 340, WJ : 399).
wá (actually spelt wâ) noun "wind" (LT1 : In Etym, -wë is simply defined as an element
266). Cf. wáya-. that is frequent in masculine names, and it is
wai (what the primitive element ¤wei there derived from a stem (WEG) having to do
"wind, weave" became in Quenya; therefore with "(manly) vigour".
confused with the stem WAY "enfold") (WEY) wén noun "greenness, youth, freshness"
waia > vaia noun "envelope", especially (GWEN), blended with wendë "maid"
of the Outer Sea or Air enfolding the world within wen noun "maid, girl" (*wend-), in early
the Ilurambar or world-walls (WAY) (also vaiya, "Qenya" also wendi (Tolkien's later Quenya form
waiya) wendë occurs in MC : 215 and in Etym, stems
wailë noun “wind”, later form vailë, q.v. GWEN, WEN / WENED). (LT1 : 271, 273)
(PE17 : 189) -wen "maiden" as suffix, a frequent
waina adj. “blonde, fair of hair”; the “late” ending in feminine names like Eärwen *"Sea-
form vaina is given (PE17 : 154) maiden" (SA : wen). Early "Qenya" also has -
waita- > vaita- noun "to enfold" (VT46 : wen, feminine patronymic *"daughter of" (LT1 :
21) 271, 273), but the patronymic ending seems to
waiwa noun "wind" (WĀ / WAWA / be -iel "-daughter" in Tolkien's later Quenya.
WAIWA) wenci ("k") noun, apparently a
waiya > vaiya (also vaia, waia) noun diminutive form of the stem wēn- "woman,
"envelope", especially of the Outer Sea or Air maiden". It is possible that this is meant to be
enfolding the world within the Ilurambar or world- Common Eldarin rather than Quenya; if so the
walls (WAY) Quenya form would be *wencë (compare nercë
walda adj. “excited, wild” (PE17 : 154) "little man") (VT48 : 18)
walmë noun “excitement, emotion” wendë noun "maid" (GWEN), wendë >
(PE17 : 154, 189) vendë "maiden" (WEN / WENED, VT45 : 16,
walta- vb. “to excite, rouse, stir up” VT47 : 17). Sana wendë “that maiden” (PE16 :
(PE17 : 154) 96 cf. 90). According to VT47 : 17, this word for
walwistë noun “change of mind” (PE17 : "maiden" is "applied to all stages up to the fully
189) adult (until marriage)". Early "Qenya" also had
walya- vb. “be excited (moved)” (PE17 : wendi "maid, girl" (LT1 : 271); this may look like
154) a plural form in Tolkien’s later Quenya. On the
wán > ván noun "goose" (WA-N). other hand, VT48 : 18 lists a word wendi "young
wanwa noun "great gale" (LT1 : 266) or small woman, girl". It is unclear whether this is
wanwavoitë noun "windy" (LT1 : 266) Quenya or a Common Eldarin form, but probably
waþar older form of vasar, q.v. (VT42 : the former : PE17 : 191 displays the word for
9) “maiden” as wendē, so the Quenya stem form is
wáya- “blow” (PE17 : 34, cf. wanwa), probably *wende- rather than wendi-, the stem-
perhaps altered to váva (q.v.; the wording of the form that would result from Common Eldarin
source is unclear) *wendi). In his Quenya translation of the Sub
we, wé, see ve #2 Tuum Praesidium, Tolkien used Wendë / Vendë
-wë a suffix occurring in many personal to translate "virgin" with reference to the Virgin
names, generally but not exclusively masculine Mary. Here the plural genitive Wenderon

appears in the phrase Wendë mi Wenderon wilwarindëa adj. “like a wilwarin or

"Virgin of Virgins"; we might have expected butterfly”, pl. wilwarindië (PE16 : 96)
*Wendion instead (VT44 : 18). If the pl. form of wilya see vilya
wendë is *wender rather than wendi, as the winca noun “corner, nook” (QL : 104,
gen.pl. wenderon suggests, this may be to avoid there written ‘winka). Read *vinca if this early
confusion with the sg. wendi “girl”. “Qenya” form is to be adapted to LotR-style Third
wendelë noun "maidenhood" (LT1 : 271, Age Quenya.
PE17 : 191) wincë, short form of winicë, q.v.
wendi noun “maid, girl” (LT1 : 271), winda noun "woof" (LT1 : 254)
“young or small woman, girl” (VT48 : 18); see [windë > vindë adj. "pale blue" (VT45 :
wendë 16)]
wénë > vénë noun "virginity" (WEN / windelë noun "loom" (LT1 : 254)
WENED) windya > vinya adj. "pale blue" (WIN /
wentë noun "brook" (GL : 46) WIND) (It is uncertain whether Tolkien rejected
wenya adj. "green, yellow-green, fresh" this word or not; in any case, vinya means "new"
(GWEN), apparently “fair, beautiful” (“probably in his later versions of Quenya.)
originally “fresh, fair, unblemished especially of winë (stem *wini-, given the primitive
beauty of youth”) in a later deleted note (PE17 : form ¤wini) noun "baby, child not yet fully grown",
191). "little-one", also used in children's play for "little
wëo noun “living creature”, variant of finger" or "little toe" (VT46 : 10, 26, VT48 : 6, 16).
vëo, q.v. (PE17 : 189) Synonyms win(i)cë, winimo. In Exilic Quenya,
wéra, Old Quenya form of véra, q.v. this word would appear as *vinë; compare the
were- vb. “weave” (cited as a derivative related word winya > vinya "young, new".
of the root WER “twine, weave” and maybe a winga noun "foam, spray" (Markirya).
primitive form rather than a Quenya word). Also wingë.
(PE17 : 33) wingë noun "foam, crest of wave, crest"
wet, see we #2 (WIG); "foam, spindrift" (LT1 : 273). In the pre-
wil- vb. "fly" (1st pers. aorist wilin "I fly"; classical Tengwar system presupposed in the
changed from vilin pa.t. villë, which would be Etymologies, wingë was also the name of
the forms used in later Exilic Quenya. The older tengwa #24, which letter Tolkien would later call
pa.t. would be willë.) (WIL). The early "Qenya" wilya > vilya instead. - Also winga (so in
lexicon has wili- "sail, float, fly" (LT1 : 273) Markirya).
[wilda], see wilwa Wingelot, Wingelótë ship-name, "foam-
wilin noun "bird" (LT1 : 273; if this flower", name of Earendel's [sic] boat (WIG,
"Qenya" word is to be used in LotR-style LOT(H) )
Quenya, it must not be confused with the 1st wingil (wingild-, as in pl. Wingildi)
pers. aorist of the verb wil-.) noun "nymph" (WIG, LT1 : 273, PE16 : 19);
wilma noun "air, lower air" (distinct from "Qenya" pl. wingildin "foam-fays, foam-
the 'upper' air of the stars, or the 'outer') (WIL) maidens" (MC : 216)
wilwa adj. "vague, fluttering to and fro" wingilot noun "foamflower, Eärendel's
(Markirya). A similar word in the Etymologies boat" (LT1 : 273; in Tolkien's later Quenya
was struck out : [wilwa > vilwa] "air, lower air" Wingelot, Wingelóte)
(distinct from the 'upper' air of the stars, or the winicë (also wincë), noun "baby", used
'outer') (WIL) According to VT46 : 21, Tolkien in children's play for "little finger" or "little toe"
considered wilda > vilda as a replacement form, (VT48 : 6). Synonyms winë, winimo. In Exilic
but rejected it. Quenya, this word would appear as *vinicë,
wilwarin (wilwarind-, as in pl. *vincë; compare the related word winya > vinya
wilwarindi) noun "butterfly" (Markirya, WIL, LT1 "young, new". Since the diminutive ending -icë
: 273); Wilwarin name of a constellation, descends from -iki (VT48 : 16), winicë may have
tentatively identified as Cassiopeia (Silm). the stem-form winici-.
"Qenya" adjective wilwarindeën "like butterflies" winima adj. "childish" (VT47 : 26). In
(MC : 216); see wilwarindëa for Quenya form. Exilic Quenya, this word would appear as
"Qenya" similative form wilwarindon "as a *vinima; compare the related word winya >
butterfly" (MC : 213, 220); Tolkien later vinya "young, new".
abandoned the ending -ndon (PE17 : 58) winimo noun "baby", "little-one", used in
children's play for "little finger" or "little toe"

(VT47 : 10, VT48 : 6, 16). Synonyms winë, meant to represent older winya. Compare
win(i)cë. In Exilic Quenya, this word would winyamo, q.v.)
appear as *vinimo; compare the related word [winya (2), see vinya #2 (WIN / WIND)]
winya > vinya "young, new". winyamo noun "youngster" (VT47 : 26).
winta- vb. "scatter, blow about" (both In Exilic Quenya, this word would appear as
transitive and intransitive) (PM : 376) *vinyamo; compare the related word winya >
wintil noun "glint" (LT1 : 261) vinya "young, new".
winya (1) adj. "new, fresh, young" (VT45 Wirilómë fem. name; a name of the
: 16; though the entry including this form was great Spider (Ungoliant) (LT1 : 254)
struck out in the Etymologies, vinya "new" is a wirnë noun? “change” (PE17 : 191)
valid word in Tolkien's later Quenya, and it is wistë noun "weft" (LT1 : 254)
-xë (“ks”) reflextive pronominal ending,

X tirnexer “the men watched themselves”
presumably meaning *“oneself, myself, (*tirneltexer “they watched themselves”), dual
themselves” etc.; plural -xer, dual -xet (VT49 : e.g. *i ontaru tirnexet “the parents watched
48). Presumably it can be used in constructions themselves” (*tirnettexet “they [dual] watched
like *i nér tirnexë “the man watched himself” themselves”).
(*tirnesexë “he watched himself”), plural *i neri
Y
yá (1) adv.? "formerly", also postposition the plural form *yar (e.g. *i nati yar hirnen “the
(?) "ago" (YA). The form yá also appears as a things that / which I found”).
variant of the relative pronoun ya, q.v. ya (2) or yan, prep. "as" (VT43 : 16,
yá (2) conj. “when” in the sentence yá probably abandoned in favour of sívë)
hrívë tenë, ringa ná “when winter comes, it is -ya (3) suffix of endearment, attested in
cold” (VT49 : 23). Compare írë #2. Anardilya as an intimate form of the name
ya (1) relative pronoun "which, what" Anardil (UT : 174, 418), possibly also occurring
(attested in VT43 : 28, 34 and in the Arctic in atya "dad", emya "mum" (q.v.) The forms
sentence), with locative suffix in Namárië : see ataryo "daddy" and amilyë "mummy" (q.v.) may
#yassë. According to VT47 : 21, ya is contain gender-specific variants -yo masc. and -
impersonal, "which" rather than "who(m)" yë fem.
(compare the personal form ye). The dative form -ya (4) pronominal suffix “his” (and
yan (q.v.) is however used for "to whom" (rather probably also “her, its”), said to be used in
than “to which”) in one text, indicating that “colloquial Quenya” (which had redefined the
Tolkien did not always distinguish between “correct” ending for this meaning, -rya, to mean
personal and impersonal forms. In the phrase “their” because it was associated with the plural
lúmessë ya [variant : yá] firuvammë, *"in [the] ending -r). Hence e.g. cambeya (“k”) “his hand”,
hour that we shall die", the relative pronoun is yulmaya “his cup” (VT49 : 17) instead of
not explicitly marked for case and is evidently formally “correct” forms in -rya. The ending -ya
understood to share the case of the preceding was actually ancient, primitive ¤-jā being used for
noun (hence not *lúmessë yassë... "in [the] hour “all numbers” in the 3rd person, predating
in which"...) (VT43 : 27-28) Presumably, ya has elaborated forms like -rya. It is said that -ya

“remained in Quenya” in the case of “old nouns yána (2) noun "holy place, fane,
with consonantal stems”, Tolkien listing tál “foot”, sanctuary" (YAN). Compare ainas in a post-LotR
cas “head”, nér “man”, sír “river” and macil source.
“sword” as examples. He refers to “the continued yana demonstrative "that" (the former)
existence of such forms as talya ‘his foot’“, that (YA)
could apparently be used even in “correct” yanda adj. “wide” (PE17 : 115); variant
Quenya (VT49 : 17). In PE17 : 130, the forms of yána #1, q.v.
talya “his foot” and macilya (“k”) “his (or their) yando adv. "also" (QL : 104)
sword” are mentioned. yanga- vb. "to yawn" (YAG)
-ya (5) adjectival ending, as in the word yanta noun "bridge", also name of
Quenya “Elvish” itself; when added to a verbal tengwa #35 (Appendix E); in the Etymologies,
stem it may derive a kind of short active yanta is defined as "yoke" (YAT)
participle, as in melumatya “honey-eating” (mat- yantya- vb. “add, augment” (PE15 : 68)
“eat”), saucarya “evil-doing” (car- “do”). (PE17 : yanwë noun "bridge, joining, isthmus"
68) (YAT, “joining”, VT49 : 45, 46), changed by
yaht- see yat (YAK) Tolkien from yanwa (VT46 : 22, VT49 : 34)
yaima noun "implement" (GL : 37) yar inflected relative pronoun "to whom"
yaimë noun "wailing", from which is (MC : 215; this may be "Qenya", but on the other
derived the adjective yaimëa "wailing", pl. hand both the relative pronoun ya and an
yaimië in Markirya allativic ending -r are still valid in Tolkien's later
yaimëa adj. "wailing", pl. yaimië in Quenya, cf. mir "into". Later versions of the text
Markirya in question however use yan [q.v.], with the
yaisa noun "steel" (GL : 37) common dative ending -n.) Likely, yar could also
yaiwë noun "mocking, scorn" (YAY) be the plural form of the relative pronoun ya, q.v.
yal- vb. "summon". In enyalië "to recall" yár (yar-, as in dat.sg. yaren) noun
(Notes on CO, UT : 317) "blood" (YAR; the Silmarillion appendix gives
yallumë adv.? "at last" (FS) sercë instead. According to VT46 : 22, Tolkien
yalmë noun "clamour" (ÑGAL / introduced yór as a replacement form in the
ÑGALAM) Etymologies itself.)
yaltë noun "bridge" (GL : 37); rather yára adj. "ancient, belonging to or
yanta in Tolkien's later Quenya descending from former times" (YA); evidently it
yalúmë noun "former times" (but the can also simply mean "old", since Tolkien used
Quenya word is singular) (YA) the intensive / superlative form #anyára to
yalúmëa adj. "olden" (YA) describe Elaine Griffiths as his *"oldest" or *"very
yalúmessë noun in locative "once upon old" friend in a book dedication (see an-).
a time" (locative form of yalúmë) (YA) yárë noun "former days" (YA)
yam- or yama- vb. “shout” (PE16 : 134, yárëa adj. "olden" (YA)
yamin, *”I shout”, QL : 105), pa.t. yámë (QL : yáressë noun in locative "once upon a
105) time" (locative form of yárë) (YA)
yámë adj.? "yawning" (MC : 214; cf. the yarra- noun "growl, snarl" (stem used as
stem YAG in the Etymologies). Not to be participle in Markirya, translated "snarling")
confused with the past tense of yam-. yaru noun "gloom, blight" (GL : 37)
yan relative pronoun in dative "for / to #yassë (1) relative pronoun in locative
which” or "for / to whom” (PE16 : 90, 92, 96). "in which", pl. yassen referring back to a plural
Used for “to whom" in the poem Nieninque; noun (relative pronoun ya + locative ending)
according to the system described elsewhere, (Nam, RGEO : 66)
which distinguishes personal ye “who" from yassë (2) adv. "once upon a time" (YA);
impersonal ya "which", "to whom” would be *yen writers may rather use yalúmessë or yáressë of
instead. – A wholly distinct ya(n) seems to similar meaning to avoid confusion with # 1
appear as an ephemeral word for "as" in one above.
version of the Quenya Lord's Prayer; see ya #2 yat (yaht-) noun "neck" (YAK)
(VT43 : 16, VT49 : 18) yatta noun "narrow neck, isthmus"
yána (1) adj. “vast, huge; wide” (PE17 : (YAK). In the pre-classical Tengwar system
99, 115); also yanda, q.v. presupposed in the Etymologies, yatta was also
the name of tengwa #35, which letter Tolkien
would later call yanta instead.

yaulë noun "cat” (PE16 : 132). Compare [ye (3), also yé, prep. "as" (VT43 : 16,
mëoi. struck out; in the text in question Tolkien finally
yav- vb. "bear fruit" (LT1 : 273, given in settled on sívë, q.v.)]
the form yavin and glossed "bears fruit"; this -yë (4) conj. "and" as a suffix added to
would have to mean "I bear fruit" in Tolkien's the second of a pair, as Menel Cemenyë
later Quenya : 1st pers. sg. aorist) "Heaven and Earth" (VT47 : 30, 31, VT49 : 25).
yáva, yava see yávë Other "pairs" are mentioned as examples but not
yávan noun "harvest, autumn" (LT1 : actually translated into Quenya by Tolkien : Sun
273; in LotR-style Quenya yávië) and Moon (*Anar Isilyë), Land and Sea (*Nór
Yavanna, fem. name : Yav-anna, “Fruit- Eäryë), fire and water (*nárë nenyë, or *úr
gift” (PE17 : 93) or "Fruit-giver", name of a Valië, nenyë).
1
spouse of Aulë. (YAB, ANA ; cf. yávë) yé (1) interjection "lo!" (VT47 : 31), also
yavannamírë noun "Yavanna-jewel", occurring in Aragorn's exclamation when he
name of a tree with globed and scarlet fruits (UT found the sapling of the White Tree. (Compare
: 167) yéta-.) Also in the ejaculation yé mána (ma) =
Yavannië noun, name of the ninth “what a blessing” or “what a good thing!“ (VT49 :
month of the year, "September" (Appendix D, SA 41). The more literal meaning would seem to be
: yávë) *“behold the blessing!”
Yavannildi pl. noun "Followers of yé (2) conj.? "what is more", also yëa
Yavanna" (sg. #Yavannildë?), Elvish women (VT47 : 31)
who knew and kept the secret of the making of [yé (3) = ye #3, q.v.]
coimas (lembas) (PM : 404). Apparently yëa conj.? "what is more", also yé (#2)
Yavanna + hildi. (VT47 : 31)
yávë noun "fruit" (YAB), cf. Yavanna. [yelca noun ?"sword" - Tolkien's gloss is
Early "Qenya" has yáva (LT1 : 273); the form not certainly legible, and the word was struck out
yava turns up even in later material (VT43 : 31) anyway. (VT45 : 11)]
yávië noun "autumn" (SA : yávë); [yelda] adj. "friendly, dear as friend"
"autumn, harvest", in the calendar of Imladris a (YEL, struck out)
precisely defined period of 54 days, but also yeldë noun "daughter" (YEL) This word
used without any exact definition (Appendix D). was struck out in Etym, but it may have been
Noun yáviérë *"Autumn-day", a day outside the restored together with the ending -iel, q.v.
months in the Steward's Reckoning, inserted Yelin noun "winter" (LT1 : 260; LotR-
between Yavannië and Narquelië (September style Quenya has hrívë, and Yelin was probably
and October) (Appendix D) obsoleted together with the adjective yelwa
Yávien fem. name, apparently yávë "cold", that appears with a different meaning in
"fruit" + the feminine ending -ien. the Etymologies).
yáwë noun "ravine, cleft, gulf" (YAG; yello (1) relative pronoun in ablative :
according to VT46 : 22, the last gloss should "from whom"; see ye #1.
perhaps be read as "gully" instead) yello (2) noun "call, shout of triumph"
yaxë noun "milch cow", also yaxi "cow" (GYEL); changed from ello.
(in Tolkien's later Quenya, the latter would **yelma, see yelmë.
probably be a plural) (GL : 36) yelmë (1) noun "loathing". In the
ye (1) singular personal relative pronoun Etymologies as printed in LR, entry DYEL, the
"who", maybe also object "whom" (plural form i). word appears as **yelma, but according to VT45
Compare the impersonal form ya. Also attested : 11 this is a misreading of Tolkien's manuscript.
in the genitive and the ablative cases : yëo and According to VT46 : 22, yelmë briefly appeared
yello, both translated "from whom" (though the as a word for "daughter" (?)
former would also mean *"whose, of whom"). [yelmë] (2) noun (not glossed; the
(VT47 : 21) etymology may suggest *"friendship") (YEL,
ye (2) copula "is" (FS, VT46 : 22); both struck out)
earlier and later sources rather point to ná (q.v.) yelta- vb. "to loathe, abhor" (DYEL,
as the copula "is", so ye may have been an VT45 : 11)
experiment Tolkien later abandoned. Future yelwa (1) adj. "loathsome" (DYEL;
tense yéva, q.v. according to VT45 : 11, Tolkien changed this
word from yelva.)

yelwa (2) adj. "cold" (LT1 : 260 - this hence literally *"when all will be counted" (FS;
"Qenya" word is apparently obsoleted by # 1 VT46 : 22). In Tolkien's later Quenya, yéva was
above. In LotR-style Quenya, the regular term for apparently replaced by nauva.
“cold” seems to be ringa.) yo conj. “and”, “often used between two
yén noun, Elvish "long year" of 144 solar items (of any part of speech) that were by nature
years, 52,596 days (Nam, Appendix D, E; RGEO or custom clearly associated, like the names of
: 66. Tolkien earlier defined yén as 100 solar spouses (Manwë yo Varda), or “sword and
years; see PM : 126. In the Etymologies, stem sheath” (*macil yo vainë), “bow and arrows”
YEN, it seems to mean simply "year", but in the (*quinga yo pilindi), or groups like “Elves and
LotR Appendices the word for "year" instead Men” (Eldar yo Fírimor – but contrast eldain a
appears as loa or coranar, q.v.) Yénonótië fírimoin [dative forms] in FS, where Tolkien joins
*"reckoning of years" (MR : 51). Pl. yéni in Nam the words with a, seemingly simply a variant of
and Etym, entry YEN – though the plural form is the common conjunction ar). – In one source, yo
misread as "yen-" in the printed version of the is apparently a preposition "with" (yo hildinyar =
Etymologies, cf. VT46 : 23. Yéni pa yéni *”years *"with my heirs", SD : 56).
upon years” (VT44 : 36). Pl. genitive yénion in yó ("yô"), yond- see yondo. The
yénion yéni "ages of ages" (VT44 : 36) genitive form of the relative pronoun ya “which”
yen, yendë noun "daughter" (YŌ / would likely also appear as yó “of which, from
YON). This word replaced another form, but this which” (for ya-o, cf. tó “thence” from ta-o).
form may have been restored; see yeldë. In yomenië noun "meeting, gathering" (of
VT45 : 16, yendë is said to refer to a female three or more coming from different directions)
"agent", a word changed by Tolkien from yendi, (WJ : 407)
but Tolkien deleted all of this. Yón (1) noun "Son" (VT44 : 12, 17,
[yendi] noun "agent" (fem.; masc. referring to Jesus. Tolkien rewrote the text in
[hendo]). The word yendi Tolkien changed to question. Normally the Quenya word for "son"
yendë before deleting all of this (VT45 : 16) appears as yondo, which also refers to Jesus in
yenya noun (or adv.?) "last year" (YA) one text.)
yëo relative pronoun in genitive "from yón (2), variant of yondë, q.v. Defined
whom" (could also mean *"of whom"); see ye # as “a region, any (fairly extensive) region
1. between obstacles such as rivers or mountains”
yérë noun *"sexual desire" (VT46 : 23; (PE17 : 43)
the word is not really glossed, but looks like an yonda adj. “wide, roomy, extensive”
abstract formation from the stem YER "feel (PE17 : 43), also (as alternative form of yonna)
sexual desire") glossed “enclosed”, with the latter meaning
yerna adj. "old, worn" (GYER) perhaps intended as the passive participle of the
yerya- vb. "to wear (out)", also intr. "get verb yor-
old" (GYER) yondë noun “any fairly extensive region
yesta- (1) vb. "desire" (YES, VT46 : 23; with well-marked natural bonds (as mountains or
the latter source indicates that Tolkien did write rivers)”, occurring as a suffix -yondë, -yon / -
yesta- with a final hyphen, indicating that this is iondë, -ion in regional names. (PE17 : 43). Note
"desire" as a verbal stem, not as a noun). : †yondë may also be an (archaic / poetic) past
yesta (2) noun “beginning” (PE17 : 120). tense of the verb yor-, q.v.
Also attested in the compound yestarë (see yondo noun "son" (YŌ / YON, VT43 :
below), but cf. esta #2. 37); cf. yonya and the patronymic ending -ion.
yestarë noun *"beginning-day", the first Early "Qenya" has yô, yond-, yondo "son" (LT2
day of the year (loa), immediately before the : 342). According to LT2 : 344, these are poetic
season of tuilë (Appendix D, PE17 : 120) words, but yondo seems to be the normal word
Yésus masc. name "Jesus" (Tolkien's for "son" in LotR-style Quenya. Yón appears in
Quenya spelling would seem to be based on the VT44, 17, but Tolkien rewrote the text in
Latin pronunciation of the name) (VT43 : 31) question. In LT2 : 344, yondo is said to mean
yéta- vb. "look at" (LT1 : 262) Compare "male descendant, usually (great) grandson", but
yé #1. in Tolkien's later Quenya, yondo means "son",
yéva vb. "will be" (also "there will be"), and the word is so glossed in LT2 : 342. Dative
apparently the future tense of ye (#2). Once yondon in VT43 : 36 (here the "son" in question
translated "is" (írë ilqua yéva nótina, "when all is Jesus). See also yonya. – At one point,
is counted"), but this event belongs to the future; Tolkien rejected the word yondo as “very

unsuitable” (for the intended meaning?), but no Yulmaya (“k”) colloquial Quenya for “his cup”
obvious replacement appeared in his writings (the formally correct form being *yulmarya)
(PE17 : 43), unless the (ephemeral?) form anon (VT49 : 17)
(q.v.) is regarded as such. In one source, yondo yulma (2) noun "brand" (YUL). May
is also defined as “boy” (PE17 : 190). have been obsoleted by # 1 above.
yonna adj. (or passive participle) yulmë (1) noun "drinking, carousal" (WJ
“enclosed”, see yor-. (PE17 : 43) : 416)
yonwa noun “fence, border, boundary” yulmë (2) noun "red [?heat]" (the gloss
(PE17 : 43) was illegible) (YUL)
yonya noun with pronominal ending "my yulu- vb. "carry" (GL : 38; rather #col- in
son" (evidently short for *yondonya; the form LotR-style Quenya)
yonya may be used as a form of address only) yuncë ("k") cardinal "twelve", before it
(LR : 61) was altered to yunquë under the influence of
yonyo noun "son, big boy". In one minquë "eleven" (according to VT48 : 7, 8). The
version, yonyo was also a term used in form yuncë is asterisked by Tolkien. Compare
children's play for "middle finger" or "middle toe", encë under enquë.
but Tolkien may have dropped this notion, yunquë ("q") cardinal "twelve" (VT47 :
deciding to use hanno "brother" as the 41, VT48 : 4, 6, 9; VT49 : 57; also compare the
alternative play-name (VT47 : 10, 15, VT48 : 4) stem yunuk(w)- cited in VT42 : 24, 31). This
yor- vb. “enclose, set bounds to / about” word appears already in an early source (PE14 :
(PE17 : 43). Past tense yórë, †yondë, perfect 82). Some sources point to #rasta, q.v., as
oiórië (PE17 : 43). The forms yonda, yonna another word for "twelve". However, available
“enclosed” may be regarded as the passive post-LotR sources indicate that Tolkien intended
participle of this verb. yunquë as the regular Quenya word for "twelve".
yór noun "blood"; see yár (VT46 : 22) yunquenta cardinal "thirteen" (12 and
yu- or yú- prefix "twi-" or "both" (VT45 : one more) (VT47 : 15), variant yunquentë (VT47
13, VT46 : 23, VT48 : 20; see yualë, yúcalë, : 40), compare entë #1.
yurasta below). According to PE14 : 84, yú can yunquesta fraction "one twelfth" (1 / 12)
function independently as the adverb “twice”. (VT48 : 11)
yualë noun "twilight" (KAL). Also yúcalë. yur- vb. "run" (quoted in form yurin,
Cf. yúyal. translated "runs", but within Tolkien's later
yúcalë ("k") noun "twilight" (KAL, VT45 : framework it looks like a 1st person aorist "I run")
13). Also yualë. -QL : 106 (cf. entry YUR in Etym)
yúla noun "ember, smouldering wood" yurasta cardinal "24" (two times #rasta
(YUL) "twelve") (PE14 : 17)
yulda noun "draught, something drunk, yúyal noun “twilight” (PE17 : 169); cf.
a drink, the amount drunk", pl. yuldar (Nam, yualë, yúcalë, q.v.
PE17 : 63, 68, RGEO : 66). See -da regarding yúyo noun? adv.? "both" (YŪ, VT48 :
etymology. 10). Used adjectivally in yúyo má “both hands”;
yulma (1) noun "cup" (Nam, RGEO : notice that the noun following yúyo receives no
67), "drinking-vessel" (WJ : 416, PE17 : 180). plural or dual marker.
The plural form yulmar is attested (VT48 : 11).
-zya, archaic form of the pronominal

Z
ending -rya “his, her, its”, q.v. (VT49 : 17)

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Helge K. Fauskanger http://www.uib.

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a (1) vocative particle "O" in a vanimar

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ca, cata, cana prep? "behind, at back of

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-da suffix used to derive nouns denoting

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Elemmírë noun *"Star-jewel" (elen + Elenna place-name "Starwards", a

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single".) Genitive Eruo (MR : 329, VT43 : 28 / 32), dative

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hwesta (1) noun "breeze, breath, puff of Hyarastorni place-name, region in

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kakainen, see caita- Apparently so as to maintain the name