A GLOSSARY OF THE ‘Construction Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor of Arms and Armor IN, ALL COUNTRIES AND IN ALL TIMES Together with Some Closely Related Subjects By GEORGE CAMERON STONEA GLOSSARY of THE CONSTRUCTION, DECORATION [AND USE OF ARMS AND ARMOR N ALL COUNTRIES AND. ALL TIMES by GEORGE CAMERON STONE ‘A GLOSSARY OF ARMS AND ARMOR is ‘an exhaustive study of arms and armor in all countries through recorded history —from the stone age up to the second world war. 700 pages describing 10,000 different kinds of ‘arms and armor A GLOSSARY OF ARMS & ARMOR by GEORGE CAMERON STONE This GLOSSARY OF ARMS and ARMOR is the most comprehensive compilation of arms and armor of all countries and of all recorded time ever published George Cameron Stone, a collector of ancient arms and armor for fifty years, spent fifteen years of concentrated re- search compiling this book. In this gigan- tic undertaking he was assisted by the ‘curators of museums, collectors of arms ‘and armor and librarians in most parts of the world, NOW RE-ISSUED BY POPULAR DEMAND. Subscription Price $50.00 NOW RE-ISSUED BY POPULAR DEMANDA GLOSSARY of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and ArmorA GLOSSARY OF THE Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor IN ALL COUNTRIES AND IN ALL ‘TIMES Together with Some Closely Related Subjects By GEORGE CAMERON STONE JACK BRUSSEL, PublisherCopyright, MCMXXXIY , by The Southworth Press Copyright 1961 by Jack Brussel crIntroduction LIS book started as a series of notes for my own information, I bad for years been collecting Oriental arms and armor, and kad found the published ‘accounts both widely scattered and very contradictory. I also found that while the development of arms East and West often paralleled each other, practically 1no attention bad been paid to this by those who bad sovitten about either. As with otker subjects the pioncer writers made many mistakes, most of wick Ihave been corrected by those wbo came later; but many bave been copied and reprinted as though proved. Much bas been publisbed about arms and armor that is very con- tradictory. Not only do different soriters disagree with each ofber, but they frequently disagree with themselves and call the same things by different names, and different ‘things by the same one. I know of no book that treats of arms as a mbole or attempts 40 point out the relationship between those of different times and places. Very few of those who have written on the subject give consideration to the con- ditions under which armor and weapons were used, rbicb is usually the controlling factor, Those who bave written about European armor are usually scornful of the Oriental because smuch of it is unsuitable for the method of fighting used in Europe in the early times; the converse is also true but that they ignore. The dating of arms and armor is very difficult. Most of the experts tell us that anyone familiar with European specimens should be able t0 date a piece within ten or fifteen years. This is both true and false. It is quite true that they usually agree; tout they do not consider that changes did not occur everymbere at the same time. A particular type might have been made, say at Milan, at a certain time, then copied at the main points of manufacture in other countries and finally produced as some- thing nex at a small and remote place fifty, or more, yeas later. The present metkod of dating is probably as good as is possible; but it would be more correct to give more Jatitude and say “not earlier than’ the date given, The dating of oriental armor is more difficult. In the East styles changed less often and the same styles mere sworn for centuries and over much larger areas and ya greater variety of races. Alo they spread more irregularly. The best makers and workers of metals in the middle Bast were Persians, and the best work done in Persia, the Turkish Empire and Nortbern and Central India was by them. This bas led to considerable confusion of styles and often makes it difficult to say to wat country 4 given piece should be attributed,The Japanese is also difficult to date. Not that we do not knom the different forms and woken they originated, but much armor of early forms sas made and sworn in the Tokugawa period. At this time, from the middle of the 17tb to the middle of the 1th century, every daimio was obliged to spend a part of each year at the Shogun's court, sobere they vied with each other in the elaborateness of their equipment. As the Toku- gana organization was feudal, arms and armor formed the most conspicuous items. It ecm the fashion to wear at court armor copied from the old suits preserved in the temples. Teese were made by mien mk, atthe same tine, were making armor for con temporary use. Most of it gives a much better idea of bow tbe old armor looked than the faded and ragged renmants preserved in the temples and museums. Then, t00, in ‘Fapancse armor the elements of each part, as well asthe parts, were laced together with Silk cords which chafed badly and soon wore out, so that they bad to be frequently ‘renewed, making it impossible to say whether a suit was an early one that bad been re- Jaced, or a later one, when both mere of the same style. The Fapanese experts who barve carefully studied the most minute details can doit but fexw others are able to do so. The experts and musewas have never agreed on any system of classification, and ‘many do not seem to consider that one is necessary or desirable. In this they are a depressing contrast to the biological museums all of which are arranged on the same system which is logical, extensible and flerible, being based on ascertainable physical characteristics. Tt bas the added advantage of providing for any new and peculiar specimens which at once take their proper places. The same confusion exists in the photographic departments. No attempt is usually ‘made to take the objects to the same or any definite scale, Usually everything is taken ass large as possible on the plate used. They all appear to think that the larger the picture the better. They need to take a course under some microscopist who mould teach them that magnification without definition is worse than waste, in other words that the smallest picture that will show the desired detail is the best. Te would be no more trouble to take things to definite scales than the present haphazard faskion, All that is needed is ro have a fixed position for the object to be taken and to mark circles on the floor at suitable distances on wbicb to place tbe camera, Plain screens stould alayays be used for backgrounds; decorated backgrounds are very confusing. The longer the focus of the lens used the less it will distort the perspective. In this book I bave endeavored to bring togetber descriptions, methods of comstruct- ing, decorating and using the weapons of all countries and all rimes. Unfortunately the information with regard to many of them is very meagre. It was impossible toarrange it by classes ax there is no agreement on, or definition of, the classes to be used. To propose a nese one was only to add to the present confusion. I have there- {fore arranged it alphabetically first giving the English name, if there mas one— or the name most used by English writers—or the name used in the country of its origin as the main beading. I have followed this by all of the synonyms I could find, sind cross referenced the latter. This bas involved a certain amount of repetition but is, believe, the easiest for the reader. In the course of time I barwe accumulated a fairly complete library of books on the subject. This not only includes those devoted exclusively to arms and armor but many more that only mention thent occasionally and give short, but frequently important, items of information regarding them, I bave also visited the principal museums, and smuany private collections, in most parts of the world. I have given particular attention 10 the methods of making arms and armor in warious countries. Whenever possible I bave watched and talked to the workers. In several cases I have bought the special tools used and specimens of unfinisked work showing the methods of construction. I beliewe that I am better qualified 19 do this than many of those sho have soritten about it. Tam a metallurgist and kave made and studied metals during the greater part of my life. For many years Lxeas in charge of shops morking metals and am therefore familiar with most of the materials, tools and methods used. T have included a monber of subjects that seemed to me closely enough allied t0 the main ane to warrant it, These include fencing, fortification, early military or- ganization, booking, and, to a limited extent, bunting, and the capture of the larger ‘marine mammals. The illustrations are mostly from my own photographs, some from my drasingss ‘many are from various museums, and a few from books. In ail cases all of the ob- jects in any figure are to scale unless the contrary is stated. Where the provenance is not given the objects are from my own collection. There is not, and could not be, any consistency in the spelling as most of the names are quotations. Many are translterations from many languages, many of wich are into languages other than English. They are made in all sorts of systems, or in none at all. I bad to take them as I fund them. In all cases they are followed by allof the synonyms that I could find, all of mbich bave been cross referenced. Tam fully aware that this book is far From complete or perfect, but I trust that it may be an incentive to some one better qualified than I to write another an sim- ilar lines that sill give more accurate information.In conclusion I soisb 10 express mty thanks to the following institutions and indi- ‘viduals for pictures and information that bave ben of the greatest assistance to me: The American Museum of Natural History, for several pictures; The Field Mu- seum of Chicago, for pictures; Mr.S. V.Grancsay, Curator of Armor, Metropok itan Musewm of Art, who bas selected and described most of the European specimens illustrated; Mr.C.O. Kienbusch who bas given me pictures, lent me books and given much information; Mr. L.W. Jenkins, Director of the Peabody Museu, Salem, obo has given me many pictures and much valuable information; The Metropolitan Museum of Art, for many pictures; The Musewn of tke American Indian, for pictures; Mr. W. Renwick for many pictures of objects in bis unique collection of date firearms; Mr. Robert H. Rucker bo bas placed bis unequalled knowledge of things Fapanese at my disposal and who bas given me valuable suggestions and most belp- J criticisms The Smithsonian Institution, U. S. National Museum, for many ‘pictures; The Ameria Reale, Turin, for pictures from its unique collections; The Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington, which bas taken a number of pice sures especially for me; The Wallace Collection, London, for pictures Mr. A. McM. Welch, for pictures from bis very complete collection of Scottish weapons.‘A GLOSSARY of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and ArmorA GLOSSARY OF THE Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor in All Countries and in All Times sake "ABBASI. A straight-laded Rajput sword croaing rivers These ere called sub a eg ee Cee by pte eigen re el eem (Exerton 400, 401) The Inter sirup differed from all A Persian scimeter. (Wallace Orient 8 A ¢ y lpper end of the front to the foot plate neat the ut side fot from ip "ABBASAT TALWAR. A Punjabi sabre with heels ths prevens th sigh curved Bade, (Egerton 65 vay The foot plate is large enough fr the entire x 15th lop forthe rap ls, ing on decoy ABUMI, BATTO. A aterup, Japan, (The very foot to rest on, and curves up and bac at the font tsrly Japanese stirrup had odd toes and quite so a8 to bring she loop for the sirrp lather over Tong ion straps fr the stirrup leathers, Some bad the instep, They are usualy made enly of iron, Tang fot ples, ike the Inter ones, of which some bt sometimes have ion frames ile in with were perforated to let out water picked up when Ocradonaly they have perforated foc plates, Fig.ABUMIZURE -ACLYS ACINACES, AKINAKES, A short, sexght ser worn at the right se ABUMI-ZURE. A lester guard fastened tothe inner side of the Japanese uncee (shin guard) to the stirrup, (Garbutt 140). ded, double-edged d by the Persian, 500-400 a.c. (Burton Sword 210, 213, 227) Pee te x Fig. 759. ACHICO. A bolas with three hall. See Bol. ACLYS. A Roman wespon wsually described asa dart. Burton, however, coniders i to have been 3 Sper eo, see prope, ee ci [speci of throwing ck of boomerang (Barton tedge ofa weapon or tel the bo of ron. (Burton Sword 107)ACTON-AFGAN STOCK, 3 ACTON, See Alston, ADAGA, ADARGA, ADARGUE. A shield or parrying weapon. Tei of Arabic orzin and the name & derived from the Arabic ePderabehy a shied Phe weapon usually called by this name i a shield mate of two elpes with thei ls overlapping. Frequently iis made of two oval plates riveted toa straight ba, 1 fg. 2. Ieis made fof metal, leather or wood covered sith leather, Te was used, mainly in Spaia, from the lauer part of the 14th to ell into the 16th century. Fig 2 ‘Under this name Jubinal ilustrates a weapon of quite diferent characte, fg. 3, which, he say ‘was used by the Moor in the 150 century. ADAYA, An arrow that has mised. ity mark, Jooan ADSCRIPTIT. One ofthe divisions ofthe Roman light infanry. They were ieegular troops and not considered trustworthy. (Burton Sword 245) ADZE, The adze isa carpenter's tool something Ike an xe but with the edge at right angles to the handle, The Maoris were the only people who used i regularly a3 eeapon, Theie war adzes had jade blades and elaborately carved handles, wie those sed a5 tools had plain one. ig. 4 whether itis tool or a weapon, probably the for= rer. (Hewit I, 45, 48). icone Mooi Fighting Ade, Americon Mase of Netra tors AEN. Zinc, Japon. ARGAN KNIFE, See Khyber Knife AFGAN STOCK. The very much curved gun ADZE-AXE. An implement wih an adze blade fon one side ofthe head and an axe blade on the ther. One was found in 2 Frankish grave at Pr fondeval by the Abbé Cochet. Te is uncertain root 5. Gs from Sind th Afgan Stock?" stock with 2 very deep, narrow butt, wed partc- ‘larly in Sing, Te received its name from the Eng- Ish because Sind was under Afgan rule at the te they frst entered it ig. 5A AFUT-AIGUILETTE AFUT, AFUST router 153). A gun carriage, (oles Ar- Spee bianlin of hth en fom the back snd to its loops cords from the sode (Ghoukler guards) wore td to keep the late fom swringing forward when the wearer stoped over (Conder 267) AGGER. Mounds of earth which the Romans raised infront of postions that they were attack ve cimnmanding locations for their proee= nets and also a8 2 ian attack (Violet le Duc, Hie, 361). tie © form AGLI AGLIGAK, AGILIGAK. A seal harpoon with a bone point, Point Harrove. (Murdoch 214). T. See Aigulette AGNY ASTRA. A rocket, or fre toped dat, wed by the exely Hindus. It was dicharged hori Zonal fom 4 bamboo tube and used against ca sty. (Egerton, p10) AGRAPES, AGK with ordinary dress. AHIR, A curved Mahvatta sword (Sinclar, LA H, 216). AIGOTE, Kote, Japanese armored sleeves, con nected by cath o eather, See Kote, There are sev tral varies, (Gabutt 140). Fig. 7 RAPES, Heoks and eyes sed with armor. (aicole 408), tn ale Regu (ti eee ath eee harp AGE-MAKI, Heavy silk conls with tasels worn as omaments on Japanese armor. They were use ally re but sometimes purple They were but sometimes with other knots, The lr the higher rans, iar bow, Fi. 6, eral crite ti fray the AIGUILETTE, AGLET, AIGLET, ANG- LET. The metal tg on the end ofa point o lac, somtimes the point ul, Points sree used during ies to fasten together the pices of ‘and also the portions ofthe civ des. the middle plate armoAIGUILET [At first the armor for the arm was supported by pts fastening tothe shoulders of the arming dou bet, later the arm pees were hung from pins on K Lath @ * Aw S lores 5: tigate. Frm sh iy oh bight of le Pedr amy. Top Bd I 2 The oe lore fee ad i ey Prom Hake AIGUNIA. Machines or engine of war. (oulkes Armourer 153) AJIRO GAKE. See And: ‘Teudzumi se ihe mo ‘eh in gt or, hala and copter Vad eh ary of ld. how cored ih ser tad aa th “fi mts of od Moma Yo th pE-AIKUCHT 5 AIKUCHI, KUSUNGOBU. Teter t the le inaly— hu (nine) si, go (Sve) bu, 0.95 of a Jap> nese fot, equal to about 10.8 English inches. parently hie ype of Kail was not carried by per- fons of rank une the Iter Tokugnwa times; it then became popular and was used by eld men, by A dagger without she second name isthe older and nsemireigou retirement, and by those reorarded with the tiles of Hoin, Hobyo, Hogen, tte, In the early part ofthe Tolcugava period he tnd ofthe scabbard was sully protected by a ring of bafalo or oi that, locked into a similar ring onthe hilt Later, when this kind of knife became more popular with the Iigher classs, thee piece were ofen made of metal decorated like the other Siting. The decora- fae actonsarael myer, 4 cnet ceed a forms6 AIKUCHI-ALT-ALT tion was partly on each so thatthe wo appeared as. when the knife was sheathed. The ring on the hile was sometimes called the fh and the one fon the scabbard the dotguchi hanegu, Usvaly the to, collectively, were called the ho-gucli. Some time te ogi was pec fiting witha peo jecting ange, if ie was attached to the hilt the flange fted over a plain cap on the scabbard i it was atached to the scabard spin cap on the hilt Sed into, See Koi Gch. ‘These Knives were sed in commiting ceremo- nal suiile, fara or seppua. When used for this purpose hey were fied wth hits and scab bard of plain white won. (Joly, Naunton xi) “The kuch was carried by thse whowe fighting days were over, apparently at a notice that while the wearer was no longer scking trouble, he wat sill prepared to defend himself. One of the old mcanings ofthe name is “a pleasunt companion.” Another derivation, stich pyar to be more prob= shes that the open end ofthe seabard i ealled the ho guchi(iterlly cap mouth), and the open- ing in the end of the hile for the tang the tudo queli (hilt mouth), the knife is called isch (Gneet mouth), the two not being separated by = guard as with other knives. Fg. 9. AILETES, ALETES. Square, round, pentg- ‘onal, shield or cros-shaped guards worn on the shoulders from the later part of the 13th to the middle of the 14th century, ‘They were held in pce by Ices and were usually decorated, frequent: Iy with the coat of arm ofthe weater. Fig, 10 [No cxample ofthis defense i known t be in ex- AINAKA-GOTE. A vary of kote, Japanese semored sleeve AKAGANE. Copper, Japanese. Ie was frequently ‘ed in making and decorating sword Stings; and was often pickled sos to give i brilant rod patie AKAGANE-GASA. A hatshaped copper helmet worn by the lower elascs of Jopanee retainers Like the “tin at” of the late war was offen used 2 2 cooking pot ‘There i sil to have been 2 special kind worn in th easter provinces which had lowe pice on the crown that revolved when struck by a weapon, sr mse, (Conder 280). AKEDAMA, The rim ofthe hachimanza. AKETON, ACTON, AUQUETON, GAM: BESON, HACKETON, HAQUETON, WAM- BAIS, WAMBESIUM, WAMS. A quilted gar- rent much used ss armor in the 13th and 13¢h centuries, The knight wore it under their hau- berks, and it way the sole defense ofthe foot eol- dirs, When worn undee armor i was sometimes without sleeves. a icons 1, filter, 152,244 From contemporary man ‘oii: From ou her) Caeing. 6: From tebe cpr, Chorio Kew str Place [AKINAKES. See Acinaces, AKURIO. Evil demos, 2 typeof Japanese meng. ALAMANI. An Tndian sabre tke the old German hussar sword. Te was probably used by Hyder’s German cavalry ia the 17th century. (Egerton, 745 and p.11) A LA POULAINE SOLERETS, Foot guards (Golerets) with very long pointed tes, They were worn with Gothis armor in the asth century (Goutkes 70). Fig. 1, ALBLAST, See Artales. ALBORIUM. A bow made of hazel, ty. (fouls Armourer 153). ALCATO. A collar or gorgst, 13th century. (Planche 5). ALFANGE. The Spanish form of the Persian word Aanjar, a knife or dagger, (Burton Sword 25). ALLALL A kind of Maly knife, (Skest & Blag- den TT, 643)- th cenALKINDE-AMERA 7 ALKINDE. ‘The Spanish name for Indian wa tered (Burton Sword 110) ALKIR, See Kalk. ALLECRET, HALECRET. Body armor ofthe 16th century of uncertain charter. Some author ts desert it 3 light hack and bres. (Plache 5). ALLIGOLES. Rohilla mercenaries much cm ployed in the Indisn wars. (Tod T, 558). ALLONGE. A thrust with rapier or smallsword Along rein wed for exercing horses. (Hoyt 351). ‘Yamato Dake. He was once trapped by his enemies ina field of burning gras, but moved space clear with hissword and so eseaped. After this the sword veosclled the Kurunegino Tourugyo grass quelle ing sword. Yamato Dake consecrated itt the em ple of Atsuta, where itis ail sid tobe, (Joly Leg 3454 3675 395)- AMAOIL. Stifening plates on the edges of the scabbard of a tachi, ‘They are held in place by lands. (Joly Tn. 8). Fig. 386 AMBALANG. The sling of the Tobs Battaks, Sumatra. (Ars f Eth VI, 421), ALMAIN RIVETS, Modern writers frequently we this name for sing rivets, that rivets that slide in soe in one or both of the pecs that they ji, thes allowing a consicrable mount of flex Iii, In the erly inventories, however, ic always init si of ig armor. "2000 complete har tees called Amaya rivets according to pattern inthe hands of John Dawney, accanting slays fsa, a gorges, a breasplte 2 backplate and a ir of splints for every complete harness at 18s the et.” Payment fr them was sade inthe King’s atl wo 3certsin merchant of Florence, Sept. 1385, 2 (foulkes Armouties 49). ALVAU-UL. Sce Bo-Un, AMA-GOLKEN. A Japanese sword in the frm ‘of the ancient one used by Kobo Daishi. Te repr resents the Amakurikars, or rain dragon. (Inp Ex 7). AMAKURIKARA. A dragon wound around a ‘sword, Used as a dcoraton on Japansse blades Fig. 12, AMA NO MURAKUMO ‘TSURUGI. ‘The Inythieal sword that wos drawn from the tail of the cightcheaded dragon by Susano-O 0 Miko, and was kept in the temple of Ise until given to wm, 1316 comtry, Merepslaan Matean. Hot AMENTUM, ANKULE, MESANKULE, The first is the Latin name, the others are Greck. A loop of cord atached tthe shat ofs spear to asst. in throwing it. The Greeks fastened i lose tothe bute end of the spears but in parts of Cental Africa where i ysl used, its placed near the le ofthe shaft. (Comper 229). loon 3. Amarone Japan temple near. igh, destteadgd bade 19 etn lon, ei degen ced AMERA. A kind of spear thrower used by the ‘Arunta, Luritja, Urmatjera and Ksitsh eibes of Astral. Te consis ofa broad lanceolate blade of smulga weod (Aesciedncura), apering of x both tends. eis almost always decidedly concave, but Sometimes nealy 8st. At one end i hat «mall ‘wooden point attached hy means of «lump of resin firmly bound by sinew. Atte opposite end there's8 AMERA~AN-GORA sil Irger mas of the same material which not nly make a handle, but olds a fake of ine which forms the most wel cuting implement of the tries that we this form of thrower. ‘The brosd sr face makes it ineficient as thrower, but on the other hand it serves treble purpose. Fist as Brower, second at. cutting implement, and thd asa receptacle for certain things, such as decora- tive materials and Hood, wed dering ceremonis. (Spencer & Gilen 687). See Spear Throwers 2, fig. 744 AMIDA TAGANE, AMIDA YASURIME, Decorations of radiating lines on a Japanese guard, fig. 13. Frequently itis used in connection with other forms of ornament, ‘ioe iy"Aeld Tapa Tae wil Va AMUKTA. One of the divisions, or clases, of ‘weapons recognized by the ancient Hindus. Te means the “unehrouen," and comprises 20 species ‘According to Hinds tradicon "Jaya a daughter of primeval Dakss (one of the Rihis or sacred sages), became, according to a promise of Brahma, the crestor, the mother of all Weapon, including mises They are divided into four great clases ‘The Vavtramatr (ehrown by machines); the Paniowtte (hand thrown); the Muktasandharita (Ghrown and drawn back) and the Manireroukie (brown by spells, and numbering six species), focm the Mukta ce thrown cas of twelve species. This is opposed by the Amutte (unthrown) of twenty speci to the Muktemadta (cher thrown for not) of ninetyeiht varcts, and to the Bax Ihupudtha (weapons which the body provides for personal struggles) All are personified.” (Burton Sword 214) AMUSETTE. A gun mounted like cannon but Fred ikea mkt. I sid to have been invented bby Marshal Saxe and used bythe French horse ar= tilery. (Hoyt 352). AN, KURA. A saddle, Jan, ‘The Japanese ad dls had woeden tees made of four pieos laced together and shaped much ike our army saddles. The wood was almost always decorated with Ince quer. 1,14 Fig. 680, ANAK, PANAH. An arrow, Malay ANAK TOUMIANG. ‘The inner tube of the Bowpipe ofthe Orang Mantra ofthe Malay Pen- imula, (Are, f. Exh. IV, 266), See Toumiang. ANCUS, ANKUS, FURSI, GUSBAR, HEN- DOO. ‘Te Indian elephant goad. Te i shaped rmuch like 2 modern hoathonk, with a spike on the cd and a sharp hook on the ie, When weed by a man riding onthe elephant the handles are comparatively short and the oaks vary rch in sizes when carried by a man walking be side the elephant the handles are about five feet Tong and the hooks always small. Most are plain and solely for use; but many ate mainly for display nd are finely chiseled, or have handles of ivory jade, or are covered with goldanit’s work and jestels. They vary in length from about fifteen Inches to neatly four feet, Figs 14, 15 ANDANICUM, ANDAINE. A mame for In dian watered stel used by Marco Poo. See On daniqu ANDARMA, BAR-NGA. A spear with a bam- too shaft and a head of acacia, Princess Charlotte Tay. (Roth, Aust. Mus. VI, 194) ANDA TSUDZUME, AJIRO GAKE, Jopan- se conelets covered with cane work. ‘The two are different. (Conder 263), ANDREA FERRARA. A celebrated Italian ‘swordsmith, 1550-1583. The Highland broad sseords are often called Andrea Ferrara because Ii blades were so much used and highly valued in Scotland, ANELEC, ANALACE. See Cinquedea. ANGIRK’HA, A surcost, log robe worn oter armor in India in the 16eh century. (Egerton, p. 23); ANGLI ANGON. The barbed spear or javelin of the Frans in the 2h century. (Hewit I, 25) AN-GORA. A club with a broad, square end and sharp edges eis used for kling fh 3 night when See Aig10 AN-GOR! they are attracted by a Tight by the Koko-Minni backs of Queensland, root 16, dime (¥ second half of the 0h ee auc AOR century, The plates are horizontal and lap so that the open joints are upwards. While ehis makes i very files not god asa defence, Fig. 16. ANKULE, See Amentum, ANNEAU. A ring guard Te was used on one, oF ot, side ofthe guards of swords and knives in the carly #6th century and Tater. (Dean Hand book 67) ANLAS, Burton says, Sword 263: “The pecu lianly Englih anelace or ans, more or less conical tn sharppointed.” This description i totaly un Tike that ofthe weapon commonly called an ane= laces which, moreover Taian and not Engl. See Cinguedes, ANTEDILANI. The fist two lines of the Ro rman heayy infantry. They were so elle beeause they were placed before the three dvs called Pits. (Burton Sword 247). ANTESIGNANI. Roman light infantry who pre ‘ded the standard, (Barton Sword 247). ANTIA. The iron handle of a shield. (Fairhole 42), AOBIE. A short bamboo sword, Japan, AOL TSUBA. A form of guard such in vogue Jin the 12th century in Japan, Tes made up of four rout 17 ei Tbe.» tron mobame (aed pron) mace, Collation of Mr ANGUSHTANA, An archer’ ring, India. (South Kensington) See Archer's Ring. ANGUVIGANG. A whale lance, Cumberland Sound Eskimo. (U.S. N. M. 1900, 265). ANIME, Laminated boy armor ofthe late 16th Ios like the Neart-ahaped leaves of the doi (Ae or as heareshaped openings no oth, Fig 17. AOR. One ofthe Homers names for the sword (Burton Sword 223),AORI~ARBALEST u ORI. A shape of tubs parallel top and bottom wrth the former considerably shorter than the late ter, (Weber I, 202).17, fg 805. Saude aps, Japan. (ML. M. 8. I, 234). APNINTAP, CHINININTAP. An Anu fs spear with a forked safe each branch of which i ted vith Barbed head Tooely fastened tothe shalt by Along cord. The but end of th shaft has a short fork in which the line laid when the spear thrown. (Batchelor 154). Fig. 18. APPELS. In fencing, accentuating a {int by 2 slight movement ofthe fon. (Castle #35). APRON. In gunnery, a square plate of lead cor ting the vent ofa cannon to Keep the charge dry anid the vent clean and open. (Hoyt 353)> APSARAS. Hindu goddesies “who summon the ‘hese from the field of batle and convey hes to the ‘mansians ofthe sun.” (ToT, 461). AQUANDE-DA. The leather bracr of the Oma: hh. (Dorsey 287). ARAT-KAWA-ODOSHI. Cords of light red leather wed for lacing together the parts of Jape ARAME, An unfnihed sword blade, Japa. ARBALEST, ARBALETE, ALBLAST, AR- BLAST. ‘The European cronbow of the middle ages, All of the varie const csentlly of heavy bow mounted on 3 stock with a groove in the top forthe arrow, and a mechanical arrangement for holding and relesing th string. The earlier bows were made of wood or whalebone; the later of stecl. Sometimes they had wood backs and belie separated by about weaty thin plates of horn or whalebones these ovee eo placed that they were bene in the dieetion oftheir grestest width, not [ikea lea pring, The enie bow was covered with wrapping of sinew. ‘The earliest crosbows had comparatively light bows that could be drawn by hand, the stock being braced against the body. As they became stronger the bow wat placed on the ground, and the feet on TICORE 18 Ainge lon er U. 8 National Masa 890.7 ARABAS. Akind ofargucbs India. (Tod 1,220), ARATGL A kind of spear thrower that is also wsed ss aspear guard onthe Pennyfather River, Queens- Jand, The blade vars greatly in width, Tes made of any one of five kinds of hard wood which has een sesoned by burying tin the round for so ‘or three month to prevent its spliting, ‘The peg 2 clinica piece of iranwood fixed inthe versal tlge ofthe end of the Bade, which is split wo re- rive it Te fastened by torine paning through holes inthe blade, and is covered with resin. The shell aft made of two pecs of fora shell (elo atoms) scached by beeswax. The handle ie talled 20-0, the opposite end Arvsnne, the Blade var the peg ko-tan, the edge ofthe blade burn, the shell hate pera, and the extreme end beyond the sll trian (tail). (Roth, Aust, Mus. VII, 197 See Spear Throwers 18, 8g. 744) iolding ic down, while Doth arms and back were ‘sed to pl the string. Up to thi time the bow had teen lashed to the end of the stock; later it was sed ehrough a morse a few inches fom the end ‘ofthe stock and metal srrup was added to place the foot in when drawing the bow. The strap ‘was alo used in drawing the bow with the cord and pulley, ele and claw (gral), or by the winds ‘When vsing the cord and puley—one end of the cord eas fastened to the belt andthe other hooked to the stock, the wer then stooped down, bending his knecs and fastened the hook on the plley to the string. He bent the bow by ring and sesight ning his logs, By ele and claw—a long hook, the frail, was fastened to che belt and hooked tothe string, she bow was drawn by pushing weit the le, the foot being placed in the sirup. When using the winds the stirrup was merely used t steady the arblest while che how was drawn by 2 wind12 lass and pair of tackles hooked to the stock. Very powerful bows were sometimes drawn by a screw passing through a hole in the rear end of the stock and hooked to the string, a wing nut on the screw ARBALEST an arrangement of articulated levers that hooked to the string and stock. Sometimes it was permanently attached to the stock, more often it was separate and was carried hung from the belt. Fig. 305. Ficure 19. Arbalestes. 1. German, 15th century. 2. German, dated 1584. 3. German, about 1550. 4. French(?) wall crossbow, 16th century. 5. French stirrup crossbow with its windlass, 16th cen- tury. 6. Flemish, 16th century. Metropolitan Museum. Not to scale. being turned to draw the bow. A rack and pinion turned by a crank (cranequin or cric), or the wind- lass and tackles (moulinet) was carried hung from the belt. The most popular arrangement for the lighter crossbows was the goat’s foot, or pied de biche, The largest crossbows had very complicated locks; some having as many as six scears between the trigger and the nut (catch for the string). Either, or both, ends of this train could be locked by a pin inserted in a hole in the stock.ARBALEST- In order to put the string onthe bow the later had to be partly bene which wae done by meane of a “bastard sting the regular tring with clamps on the ends by means of which it ould be fastened to the bow. By tse the bow could be suficenly bent to permit of pur tng the regular ering in te place, ” "This was 2 card shorter than {Ma 6h cnr. 4 French uly jl cntary. Cora, aout 700 Maroon Mase Note et ‘The large croabows were auch more powerful than any longbow, bat could not be fired as rap= ily and were mere dificult to protect from dam ge by tain or dampness. They were mainly wed in the atack and defense of fortified places the stacking crosbowmen being protected by large ‘hil, pari or mantle, cacied by stendants The Tighe eoubows were weed ja the field by men protected only by thee armor. Crowbows were ARBALETE 13 largely used in the English army in the ime of Elizabeth, and were sid to have been used by the English a the attack of the Isle of Rhee in 1637. Light crombows shooting either bots, stones, cay pellets or ballets were used for shooting game wnt the end ofthe 18th century “The stock of the erosbow was called the der cor arbre, and the catch for holding the string the nut. The arowes were called bolts or quarrels, and were much short and heavier than those used ‘wih the long how. Fig. 19. ARBALETE A CRIC. A crowbow drawn by 2 ack and pision, ore. Fig. 19, no. 2, 3and 6. ARBALETE A JALET, PELLET CROSS- BOW, PRODD. A crossbow with long, light4 wooden stock, frequently ending ina bal or knoby nd arranged to shot stones of ballets instead of bolts The string was double and hada small pouch in the middle to hold the mise. Many were elab- rately decorated with carving and inlaying as they were intended manly Fr sport. They were sed for game until well into the 18th century. Fig. 20. "The Chinese wed, and stil se, ersbows fring clay balls that are surprisingly Hike some of the Eu open forms, even 0 the front sights a bead on & string stretched serosa wire arch, The Chinese ck sighs are, however, very much larger than the European, ‘The trigger mechani is also di ferent, being composed of to levers that lck to- gsther without a pring and are held in place by the presuare of the string wnt th Fig. 21 ARBALEST A TOUR. A crossow drawn by winds. 5, fg 19, ARBALESTINA. A crosshaped opening in 2 wall from which to shoot with a cronbovw. (Payne= Gallwey, The Cronbow 9) ARBRIER. 138). The stock of a crombow, (Boutel roone at Chine ple croubo ar bees weed wh brn meeting Hore bo, igh hd ARBALETE- ARCHER'S RING ARCHER'S GUARD. See Bracee, ARCHER'S RING. Throughout the greater part ‘ofthe Bat the method of drawing and lowing the ow difers radically from those used in Europe Tit he thumb i put around the ering and a ing i worm on ito protect fom the pressure and ftieton ofthe string when ies drawn and released, It alo allows of bringing the pressure onthe string at asngle point clos tothe nock which makes the Tow much more effective chan the European meth ‘ol where three or four fingers are used to pul the bow ‘These ings vary considerably in shape in differ cent countries, and ey, Persia India and Korea the part that bears on the sring & much wider than the other parts, In some ofthe Indian rings tla wier on the back fof the thumb than atthe ide. In Tndia the p fof the ring on which the string lds is quite con- rex. In some of the Indisn rings the upper end turns out ina hook In Turkey, Pera and the few ‘Chinese rings of this shape iti most always high Iy convex, Nearly all Chinese rings are cylindrical in the sane one. In TasARCHER'S RING-ARMET with one end convex and the other eaneave. Some Chinese rings are of D section like the old Asyrian, ‘Many of the esindrical Chinese rings are ot f archers but were worn ag ornaments many of thes re much smaller than the archers rings. The Ke rean rings are much wifer where the string bears than any others. They are always made of cow horn. Tt i uncertain whether the Japanese ever wore rings, As far hack a6 we have information they wore gloves with an extra thickness af leather here the sting bears or they lined the thumb with some hard material which pracclly forms rng Archer's Fags are made of any had, tough ma~ teril—meuals, hora, bone, sory, jt, smber, tor tose shell and many kinds of ston jade being the ‘most popular. Some are ornamented with ilaying tnd jewels, occasionally to such an exeme 2 a der them useless fr thei letimate purpore. This type was worn only as an ornament for parade, Figs 23,23 The Chinese sometimes carried their rings in small cases of ivory or embroidered mater; the ‘aver sides on the suspension cords. They were carsid une from the belts Fig. 24 Tn se the points turned towards the end ofthe thuml and not tarde the hand as some dscep- tions would Sadat, ‘The shapes of some of them show this t0 have Been imposible. ‘The Chinese ‘india rings are worn with the convex end tox wards the an, ARCIONES. ‘Te high peas, tack and fron, of the war sadles ofthe mille ages. They were cov xed with tel plates which were often forged 50 astobe highly decorative, Fig. 679. ARMED. In the middie age, and up tothe 17th century, “armed” meant wearing artnor and had no reference ta carrying arn, man without ae ‘mot was sid to be “unaemd,” even though ex sing 2 umber of weapons ARMET. A type of closed helet that confrtns to the shape ofthe ead and covers it completely Tefirst appeared on the Continent in the thi qu terof the th century and was avery dint a vance on any of predecesors, being lighter and atthe same tne completly protecting the hea, face and neck. Te wat soon further improved by aling a gorget wide enough to bring the weight ‘on the shoulders instead of the head, A i ited 7 Closely tothe shape of the head it was necesary to ‘open it ia order to put it on. In the earliest forms ‘this was accomplished by hnging the check pices immiately below the vie pvets otha they could pen outwards. The cheek pieces joined infront of the chin, and the visor ited oer them sehen low 3 LoONE 24. Ct fr ach igh ax cored with ue added wig dT aw ied ‘ook by which to hang from th blah ery 2 es fort ring deed th mide ha ‘cap Covered th bread, 1g entry. Be ‘eile lt ue for ste stgy teh ty. iret iar hr for oneing Tic bom an nf nd mat be son spark 0 the ingot, dh ete | t cred. ‘The sul pice was continued down the back ina strip about an inch wide which was overlapped bythe cheek pieces when closed. A shor stern with 2 dik or roundel, sometimes called vole, on it projected from the back ofthe helmet. ‘Tis was probably intended to protect the joint. A. apecimen inthe Churburg has a erecentshaped piece fa ‘ened tothe skull at che back of the neck so a8 to18 overlap both check pieces and hold them in plac. ‘The roundel gave the name of armet a rondele to this spe. Fig. 25 “The Englch armet was smevhat diferent, be ing modeled more closely t the shape of the hea. "The stl pice covered the hack ofthe head and cas while the movable chinpicce revolved on the Same pivots a the vio. Te was femly closed by a hook or spring bolt onthe sl. The spe gradually Aliplaced the armet a rondelle, Fig. 26. "The buff, a reinforcing pice covering the chin and lower part of the fre, was often worn wit Carly armets. Te was fastened in place by 2 strap, tr straps, pasting around the neck and buckling be- Tow the rondelle. As no means were provided in the early armets for holding the wior down the boule projected above it and prevented its being forced up by a lance ot sword thease. 3 83. 25, fg. 195. ‘Although the armct did not come into use rap- ily it had nearly placed the other types of he Inet by the year 1500. Some time before this the gorget had become Inrge enough to transfer the treet of the headpiece tothe shoulders Later it was made a scparate piece witha bead atts upper Cage which fied inte 4 corresponding Bead on the Tower edge ofthe helmet, This made «joie that was perfectly tight at the nec. and allawed the head tobe turned freely while the weight of the helmet eas supported by the shoulder, a combina- tion never found in any other helmet. Te continued to be the most popula type for both war and the tournament until the end oF be 1h century. (Lak ing Armour Tl, 71) ARMET A RONDELLE. See Armet ARMIL, ARMILAUSA, ARMYLL. Beteved tw have heen a garment worn over armor, is ex tet nature is uncertain, (Plaache 12). ARMINS. Velvet or loth coverings fr the shafts of pikes, halbards and similar weapons. They were primary intended to keep the hand fom slipping, bt were later sed iain for ormment. ARMING DOUBLET. A padded garment of ome heavy material usualy Vether, worn under Armor to protect the person and ordinary clothes from sans and chafing. Te wis padded to ac as a cushion to blows stack on the armoc- When mail gusts were worn to protect the joints they were fastened tothe arming doublet; aiguletes for hoki ARMET-ARMLET ing the aro pieces in place were alo atached to it. (floulke 61), See Pourpont ARMING GIRDLE. ‘The seo bel worn with armor. (Planche 13) [ARMING HOSE. Heavy hose worn with armor. (Planche 13). ARMING POINTS, Laces or cords for fasten~ lng the pars ofthe armor together, or for support= ing it from the doublet. (foulkes 38). ARMING SPURS. Spurs worn with armor. When the horses wore pate armor the spurs had tw have very long shanks in order to reach the an smal under the fanchards ARMING SWORD. The toe. (Planche 14). 'A shore sword worn atthe Hight le. (oulkes Armouret154)- [ARM KNIFE, A soall knife carried on the left farm near the shoulder by many Sudanese tribes, Te has a blade about sx inches long, straight and Aovhle-edged. A lop fastened to dhe seabard pas fe around the arm and olds the knife in place Bg. 27 he Tunregs carry a longer knife on the Ife wri, See Teleke ARMLET. Armlts are used as weapons in many pats of the world, The Tanks of Assam wear Heavy brass armlets with which they are sid to strike crushing Blows downwards, (Hodson 37) ‘In addition to his other weapons a Tewari ually wears a heaey stone rng om his ight arm bore his elbow. ‘This weapon, if sich i can be Called intended to give grater weight to hisarm ‘when wielding sword or lance, and is ako wed, when e gets to close quarters and enflds his ene~ ‘ny ina Kind of bear's hg, to pres agains his head in onder to nuthin his tmples” (King 272). 354 fg. 28. “The Trengas ofthe Upper Nile wear dikshaped arma rings the sharp edges of which are covered ‘with leather sheaths except when fighting. (Ratzel 1, 100, 102). 4, fig. 28. OF a similar nature are the rings of their neighbors the Jury, which are Fit with «pai of spike, (Ratzel T, 100). 1, fig. 461. ‘The hatves ofthe Nur andthe Latokas (Cen- ‘ral Afian res fom the vicinity of Gondokoro) ‘wear “an ugly iron bracelet armed wih if bladesSao sen pu yp 70 sony “smu 20 Yop 30 ‘sag woes ev posse sid ous Auten con ay 3 2 9 pou pao yo aad 98H Sup Soom pe Bogen yo ogy on, "sapgoa aoe fem hsp sessed sae RO 8 pe Spon dona uous, auzdag sour 241 £8 00s 2g 29 Seung anor oe pe SupUY UDO IRaoy rq po Apu ea 3] “mat 20 pa0D ‘hun doy pops 309 30 poo Jo “eS 30 Spo jo ape sea Joute yo a S409 ke soyouy of 2, dn wan sem soe 098 ne wou pomn set Sata pb op Jo 989. pnp estos go sous posn80 spe o spe nue aot sem Bova JOA 9 ISU ORE re sn 9 0p pos oe 39 see ag ‘sya soi as ayn Buoy wong sey won “ojos 4 put Suapeaqap 0 stonTsE Kee UM fsuoave Te &@ vio Hq sey 40UBY YOWUV 165 -3y 9p unb qe 90 spy pm see jpeg ey, “arom sun soe) Fung stom SoOSD\0 pHs to pur sapmunia Bure gpanb suonbouy ay Sug spameuun dog, “Fupeoy wong a80q Sa 3 yp ot poypeay 3 widor Ov pur Aizeur wx pur anop suBoeaye ue ayeu 1 YSeou9 paeLITODE anf pun sue» pe ynows po a8 uy vot os Ane oy 43 08 Io ents at fo Sng Jo 00161 pom stay raw pcre es ME ao 4 Seat fq Sv le ses ere speay Pore hog on “aon Sato Lf nang't aia fang po ag foe ah Cea ON HU Pe te cee ae eee FO aa a a te ee ey ee ree meee exc ray uy owe 4 SE NE pre JE 305 dea Santas wage a9 04 Gor 2p wosy aon typos San sem pu ypu poe maze jo od si, “syne 30 BOP fo sake, Usaaag Py ao pata uno aa Son se 9pSINO oD to and sens aun ssogd Suge ap 988 sa yo dow a> 99 up “Ge iH uo pase Epa, 20s jo Page ao ses uae or KgEqoad sem dive 308 at “eg 7 4 Soudagg 9 feo aap ann 8p posh og sy RBG DHS por Soo Jo supp 249 Aypmgnopun sea some Sug a, saan 8 2 Sn 9603 yo ey won. se woot se seman auonog den Soqun quay SEY UN = ee PoING NF Jo NWO A, (Sect ne sep saqet 9009 pogo 7 59 2x 0 unt Aa 0nd Se Be gn Passo yoaq pus sue sj sy poueND (34> Sup yo Jog ap) apf = asda aps way 268 faye wp Sime pasdoy mg Bug SpE oo ae pn os aS 0 33H JO PAL syquioy es apon ur ayp 5, “(EP eeuesN 33g Sy ‘eq) «fous ue un Hpeso uy 280.09 pu pou 3 GH Se psn SPH] an peta ous te jy 4 Soy DH A IOGE zz. aINAYyoway24 We have a fsie knowledge of the armor of Greece and Rome, ‘The former wss very simple forthe ight troops, consiing of beautifully mod dled graves fig. 3 which covered the legs fom the knee to the ake, a well modeled helmet, fig 3 iting closely tothe head and leaving the face wholly of party uncovered, and a huge shi "The heavy armed troops wre corsets in ato. Sometins they were of bronze but, more ‘of some form of ring or scale armor. The Ri frmor was more elaborate and varied. Tt included buoy armor of most of the then known kinds Bronze corsets forthe officers and be ‘The arms and legs were general fected, Some of th large with bi ss; but the legion: aries probably wore helmets ike 3, fig. 33- Shi’ teere almost universal. They were of a great va Fiety of shapes and siet, The small ones were a most always round, and many of the larger ones tan Others were clip or rectangular, the It- ter often being curved to fit around the body The armor ofthe Northern Nations that over= ran Europe atthe cee ofthe Roman Empire 2p- proximated that of the Romans. But ite fit re mains and our Knowledge of ts extremely frag- From the 10th tothe 130h century mail was s prominent in Europe tha dhs peri is oten called the "Age of Mail” not that other forms of armor wed, for padded, scale and ring armor oot 35. Roman drmar ARMOR, were far more common, bt the higher cles wore inal almost exclusively, Fig. 34 See ako Mal. The helmets of this ime were the oly par of the equip- ment regularly made of plate. They were heavy pts worn only when Fin ing ordinarily car icons 35: Norman Hatt, 0H cnary, Mavepotion riod atthe sdle how, ‘The bead was covered by a ppilded hood, then by + hood of amily and over these the helmet. The arise helmets were pointed and either lef the face eniely unprotected or hai sar, the nas, projecting downwards in font of the pos, This was the Norman helmet, fig. 35+26 Daring the 12th century the helmets were made larger with curved sides and fiat tops Because of, their shae these were called barre! helms. Alle Tater these were sband erties ARMOR The hauberk had kits reaching to the fect and yeas split up, back and fon, 1 horschack, The sleeves wer lng en the has Mail guuntets were ‘The com icons 36 Trani Armor. 4 Brigade of large plates covered wih set, age Mirpalgs Mase, slate nd ml shou ‘eso: Higgs Amery, stead of being transmitted tothe head. Th weight of all ofthese helmets rested on the head. ‘The higher clases wore a heavy the gambeion, and over ie the Nauberk of eal son solier wore the gambeson asthe sole protes- thon of his body Tn the next, or Transkion Period (1277-1410), pedded and sale armor aswell as mal were sil worn, but the latter was reinforced by plate fg 3630, Brigandines of large plates were often worn in place of auberks, The fit ations of pte were the knce cops the net he wing-like guards, called jletes, worn on the shoulder, By the end of the rgth century the ene Jeg below the knee was fe- quently covered by plate or boiled leather. Thea ‘tion of lates gradually proceeded unt, by the Fegimang’ ofthe asth century, the enti person vas protected by it except foe the openings atthe joinc, which were only covered by gusts of mail fastened tothe undergarments. ‘The great heaume worn at this tine rested on the shoulders and was ten fastened tothe Backplate by = asp and staple. “Those lrge helmets gradually gave way to the lighter pointed snes which had capes of mail (ine cami attached which covered the shoulders. Some left the face bare, some had laps of mail on the camail which could be hooked up atthe fore= head covering all ofthe face but the eyes, others aad movatle plate ior. See Basin. ‘Complete armor of plate was in we at the be- inning of the tseh century, and during the next hundred years reached its greats perfection. This was the period of Gothic armor (Feomtizce and Fe, 37) which for beauty of frm, dignity and per- fect aptation to ts purpose hay never een sur- sed at any tne or in any country. Every detail twas carefully studid and any change that in- creased the efcieney was worked ot with pins Taking care. It was for thi porpse that the 60 sides were made quke wale cach other to adapt them to the differnt functions of the rah, oF sword, arm and thse of the lft or brill, arm. "The breaplate was male in two oF more pices overlapping in a Jong point and connected by Sraps fr sliding rivets, thas giving a certain amount of esi. The fet were covered by laminated sl- tres with long, pointed toe which could be re moved wien the wearer was on foot. The shoulder tnd elbow cope were very largein order to guard the opening tthe joint andthe hands were cov ered by mitten gauntlet, "Thethicknes ofthe plates twas regulated for the strane they would have to bear; not only did the different pieces vary but diferent parts of the same plate difered cosil- ral in thickness. Tn the early part ofthe century the heaume was sell worn, but soon gave way to the lighter bas ‘et, wih or without 2 vrs this in tur, was di placed by the chapel defer and the salade. The ARMOR ost popular helmets were the deep slades with fixed or movable vers, These were ether of the Tealian form (barbute or celata) which fited elase= Iy to the head and necks or of the German which projected backwards in rather long tal, For light armor Brigsadines of platcs covered with cloth were frequently worn, fas. 36, 190. “Towards the end of the 15th century heavy ridges were often placed around the armpits and the upper edges ofthe breastplate and luting b- fame common, ‘The compact closed armet die Placed the heavier and les eficient chapel de fer find sade, and the use of greater numberof ar ticulated plats did sway with the neces ofthe ery large guards formerly worn a the jin ‘By the beginning of the 26th century these changes resulted inthe elaborately uted type of armor known as Maximilian, g. 38. Teischarac- terized by radiating. ued. channels, gencrlly reading from a point on the breastplate and by the more rounded outlines ofall of x parts. The breaatplates came more globus andthe fet were protected hy broad-toed saatons instead of pointed folerts ‘The Maximilian armor is fine though ‘rather clomay and lacks the dignified smplicy and thoroughtved air of the Goekic. The Maximilian period lasted from about 1500 6 1540. ‘During, and for sme time after, his period the design of the armor showed much of the Gothic Fnluence and the best suits ofthe 16th century are cesaremely fine. Fig. 36. The armor gradually be came more complicate in constriction and was ‘ttn decorated by embossing, etching and fre gl ings all of which impaired its defensive value. Some of the suits were made of an inmense numberof Pece elaborately ariulated together sas to com Petly encowe the wearer and at the same time Allow him the full we ofall of his muscles and joints. The two most elaborate ats of this kind in txitence are the Genouilhae armor in the Metro= pula Muscum, fg. 40, and the suit of Henry VIII for fighting on foot in the iss, now in the “Tower of London. Each isa marvel of mechanical design and construction, Even in the early part ofthe 16th century armor was acasonally made for paraie, without, how ver ling i eficiency a6 protection. The sity fig. 44, a remarkable example ofthis type. Tee tHnborat to grotesqueness but is excesive ornae ‘mentation dors not sensibly decrease its usefulness32 Special types were evolved such a the pkeman’s tinued in we as Tong 28 armor, fig. 43 Whi eee gett ofan ope headpiece, a sort of chapel de fr, and aback and breast with very wide helshaped taces worn over 2 buf east. "This suit an anusully caborate one and un- loubeedly belonged tothe guard of some prac. nde for the Da ARMOR ‘The war armorhecame simpler and more clumsy and the parade armor more overdecoated and we- Tes fig. 4. These changes inthe character ofthe armor were wbdeabocly due tocty to th Ca in tactics which gave greater importance tthe in- fantey, and to mases of men and les tothe ini vidual cavalier who had Been the most important ne. The geeater wwe of frearme and i range made it imposible arry the weight of armor necemary rp ae armor, Enh bot 10 et nplte protection, ened by die Sanding srmoe fo the leg below the knee was the Sst to be abandoned, fig. 45, ext that forthe arms, then the thigh pices were shortened, and finally given up. The breast and back remained in wse for some time longer; were dropped and nothing remained tue the the helmet. The slowed eiets had practclly diagpeared by the fend of the 16th century anda grat variety of open thei place "The aranor worn at toumaments was rarely the same as that used in battle ater the end ofthe 1434 century. In the 15¢h centry the ordinary armor ess fequenely adapted forthe tournament by ald- eces which were put on over the ut special armor for jotting was also made that was totally unlike anything worn jn bat tle, The joutng helmets were often of the typeof the hesume, but heavier, They were very large with only a arrow alc acow the upper part to eet Fh, blow this the face guard projected in a to defect the lance. They rested onthe Shoulders and seere soil bolted to the beset, “The moet typical form was made of three piers ARMOR closed the door, and wene ie ind. ‘These openings were always onthe right side because in Jousting ze the barrier the most popular frm, it was not pile to hit the right se of the ead withthe dunes. “The breastplate were frequently wnsymmetr cal, projecting on the right sein a square “box” toccary the rest to support the hen Ince, fg 48. A spec form, Bg. 4 jou, In tthe Protected them. For other forms of just the thi by large plates were covers ened to the sade, hor with the opening forthe nec ih to go over the heat ig. 46. A heavy pad ded Tether hood was fist laced on the juster’s head. Te covered both head and neck and had only safcent opening to allow the wenter to se and Breathe. Leather straps were fastened tothe hood and pased through holes in the helmet and ted on the cutie so as to prevent the helmet frm touch- ing the head, no matter how much the wearer was knocked about. Some titing helmets had an open the right that was guarded by a p flange, 1, fg. 47. Others a hinged door, 2, fig. 47 jecting dan ning cloned by oc lok, fg. 458.’There were many diferent forms of tour rnament and each required special armor, so that 2 plete aut for war snd the tournament some: times had as many as a hundred extra pices to ro combat in the Ts Tris comparatively eaty to determine the age of 2 pzce of European armor, athe pattern were cat standy changing and many specimens ate in exit Alened their characters in tof armor worn a the ime the picture was regards ofthe time ie epeesentd, A per Son familar wth European armor can usaly date ence. The old pictres areal 2 the acts invari36 ARMOR ix within tom tn fifteen year. Tei quite diferent for the Japance who have fine collections and with Oriental armor; the sls changed very sel- many showing the armor of different pe= dom ype were worn for centuries rads with great accuracy. ‘There are ao many with only light variations in decoration, ‘There are Japanese books on arms and armor several of which no adequate collections and but few pictues. Most have been tramlated into English. ‘The dificulty of the erst Fighting races ofthe Fast are Moham- with Japanese s the danger of getting lst nthe amaze of words, They have names for every slight= or holding the paal cp in the het td aon tare for feng the ing sido te Bvaptae,Celcon of Dart Deas Bids theie making 2 pico “The Persians are not ortho aay living thin and did make p= variation in every detail of each thing and the Hight that they are alone recognize. This & particularly bad as cam be writen in ferences aze often a and all show the imps same types of armor reyardls of the time or place every cha cures, but they are convent represented. ‘Ther descriptions are always figuras waysand each an be tanlated in fom two to four tive and it docs not help much to rea fr instance, ways. When there are pikturs there is very litle that a certain warrior was dressed in armor “Ike diffeuty; but when there ate not there is often ‘he shining full moon,” An exception must he made much,igus go, Turkish Arman, 1 Shroff ised mail ith he alr and cht of dbl ml Fede ime cis eh rf cy ma he dba of a did TB ct hee roel eon eed les Fe i ond the sit af engoca el rel of the en Re al ont of il a rel yt a i (mh tng oon pate a he hc, Cova ee sath « iged ple meh par the or40 Tn the East armor has never been a8 henyy of completes in Europe. The howe climate, the gen- oon 3, Tari Arar 9 etry. Halt of ome ‘ew jou gerne to a foecing fot mck [ar of mal ha by eet wh ras a dy of ‘orn weit ra othe ie, sor ma ‘ecard af malts onc by ma Yombrcet Sf ti rom of ealapting fais comeded by ma Gade of se Nagel par ls oc of cca ing ‘ote onal betes rene of wine flee toe Se the fot ofthe, oul mal toerng te ack ond Alb of the he ARMOR erally lighter build ofthe men and horses, and the greater value attached to motility made lighter ar- ror necessary even atthe expense of less complete protection, Mail and especialy small plates con ‘ected by mail have always been the main reliance of the East, In Turkey the body armor wa sometimes shirt, of mal, 1, fig. 50, but more often a cost of plates connected by mal, 2, fg. $0, Be. 51, the propor tions ofthe two varying greatly. The plates are w= dom more than a few inches square except in one fof dhe most typical forms in which plates ten or twelve inches in diameter avere worn on the back and brent, fg- 52. These plats are usually dec rated with radiating Altes, and. are commonly called “pri” A very erly frm consis of body armor of horizontal strip of rel about anne sd a quarter wide connected at the ends by mal and te each other by leather straps riveted on thei ‘ile Big. 53 It hava skirt of many small plates con- rested by mail and short mal sleeves Ti ome ats the mail sleeves are long enough cover the hand, more often they aly come tothe ‘show or ite sbove i, With the short sleeves the forearm and hand were protected inthe erly suis by thice or five lines of small orerlapping plates connected by ma, Later the outie ofthe ae was ‘covered by a single curved plate reaching frm the ‘wrist to the else rie the wrist was protected By to small plate joined to each other and eo the Tong plate by mall. Thistle of arm guard was wed in Inds and Pera 28 log as armor wat worn. See Tana Band. Gruntets of mai, sale of padded cloth were attached t these art pieses, The legs were sometimes covered only by the long skits of the imal coat; sometimes by separate leggings, oF rowers of ml, with or without matures of pate. ‘The beter suits ally had separate cues and reaves. The eater cues wore mae of tro plates Ninged together in feont snd connected to rows of sonal lates and mal ehat covered he sides and back ofthe legs. A conical knee cop and pointed mai Curtain hung from the bosom of the cubs, ig. 247 Later they were made of several rows of mall Plates connected to each other and to large curved nce cop by mai. The eater greaves were made fs single plate reaching from just below the knee to the instep and mail covering the bac ofthe Jeg and fou. Later, apparently, two pats were wed, fone atthe font aid the eer atthe back of the leg.leon. Iloons st Indien Half Sats Hood o hve iced mai ith four shrt chins henge from lis ere Coal ef recetglar Hes some by raved mal Pose tle ld wy noe Ti cron with» owe pts ‘Hoty onto yet ring ling no pening eee Stet ‘yng nce tr ith a ppd epoca bark of ged ceptor fou bate: Zot tect. tad iv i ul. Hee i hte hat ca of abaratal sof ried ma Hoos ond the font for St ces moe, hata Rafer, hs oor et ae a al Ei song wi lac, pry tr, Pc berkr orn th rd, ‘aged peARMOR The earkist helmets were conical with plats, smal or padded neck guards. From the 14th to the 16th century the helmets were often very large and elaborately fated an decorated, fig. $4. They were worn over turbans and were ealled “turban 2” Overlapping thes in time and continu al hel hele ing in we later were gira, ogee and ret, figs §5- The Itst Turkish armor was ex sentially che sie a that worn in Persa and Train, The lone nos, 2, 3, fig. 3, is termediate ia form between the “aithan helmets” and the Per- The horse armor included chanfrons, fg. 2435 of single plate covering the front of the heal wih heck pieces of a single plate or of a number of small one. The crinets and bay armor were made upofa large number of very small plats connected bi mail. Fig. 124 We have no very acurate knowledge ofthe a ‘mor worn in India snd Persia prior tthe 17¢h century. Apparently the earliesypes were pale, scale and brigandine armor as in E hese gradually gave say mals and atthe tne of which we Fist have defi= rite etamples there were several vars, all of which were used as long a8 armor was worn. ‘Phe try was protected by mail lone, o# by smal ates connected ly mal In the north ane of the com= monet forms of Body armor was a long cost of small with plates four to sit inches square on the breast, and. with the back coverappia & ‘enough to cover the legs and the sleeves reached to the verte or even covered the hands, Such suits mn over padded garments or had padded linings permanently xe in them, 56. Rough suits ofthis Kind were used by Mogul tropers and etter ones bythe ofcers. ‘The heats yon with them were fequently made of many smal plates nected by mal 1, 8. 56, 2, 3, fig. 58. An other very camamon tl, which wa ‘out Indi and Persia, was 3 cot, or shir, of mail lover which four plates, the cha "The front and back plates were generally rectangular, occasionally octagonal, and the sie plates were ato rectangular but with {he tops cutaway to give room winder the When the front plate was undsually large it was abo sometines et out atthe neck, Otten the plates were diretly eonaeeted tothe mail nstead of being tal and mixed plate and ered. with smal g plates. The skirts were generally long through 2, fg. 6 4 fig. 57 47 hung over by strap 25 3y fis 57. Hal suits of small plas of a great variety of shapes and sans Bg. 58. TThe arms weee protected in a varity of ways. Frequently the mal sleeves were long enough to cover them, sometimes they even reached bsyond he fingers. Usually the mail dkeves only came arms were prtsetd by plate haz hands whch had gauntlet of ma sales connected by ma were alow the elbow and the f econ Go den leg fate of bed th gold or pourpuinterie connected to them Occasionally ‘gauntlets of maior of splint connected by mai, were wor, fi. 59. The legs were often unpeoecteds bt gemcally the skirts of che hauberk were log enough to over them. They were slit wp for ste on horse tc and tind around the legs. When the sits were short separate mail chasse were sometimes Wor, 3,8 ARMOR fig 61. The mil lgs were generally two separate [ces that covered the front and outside ofthe leg from the wai to the ankle and the ingle alo bee Joe the knes ecasonlly hey were joined in font ‘of mull, 3, 6g. 61. These aut frequently have terns worked in bras or copper link, ig. 6 Usually hese patterns are geomstrial, but cca” ‘Sonally they ate inscriptions in Arabic characters, lowes 6x Ilo Suit Conall 8h centr. Si of eer mai of inks ith tir: rand cpr line. ‘The she ond hart os hari flat of th ats ae att ‘Sih gold. Central Fal, tah cet. Shreya parte atl dof tema tye Init gt Te ra wl ack of Era sat oi oly adv he bard) ‘ered Gilded bra The onder Gurl nt Ss ar of aly faded oe ete cae {isan mall rund late 3 Curl Tada 70h enter Cont chan of br Pa ‘Ti er ge of theta conlad with lint ade ack hss rveof tul fle, The htc 1 ah and The Uns of te mek panded thong ts ten af on ch fora few inches below the belt Rarely plates were worked ino the mal to give addtional protection to the font ofthe thighs and shins, fig. 6 ther sts, helmets and al, were mae entiely fig, 543. These decorated pics of mai recalled Gangs-Jamni, and epity the mesting ofthe dark waters of the Famna with the muddy ones ofthe Ganges, The links of the suits so decorated areARMOR never riveted. The helmets may be open hoods, with or without sing nasls or have a movable Aap of mal with which th ene face can be eo¥= tered, The movable fp always hata pocket inthe middle 0 a not to press to hard on the noe et apa a eae els eee) Fk qed chad fd ch ‘ord, andy ed ble Mat 4d the he eof a Wale Colon sn 989 0 49 Tn some cases the entire dy i protected by a taement made up of smal plates with just enough ‘mal to connect them, 1, fg. 58, Solil backs and Sf dl ler sath op hind rer bers embeaed, end Bp Gf and tos say ane te sm rl ih ato Hate ith sed brs tention, casts coped from European forms or even of B= ropean make, were worn during the 17th century and Inter. With these the upper part of the arloons 6, Indio Helmet 1 Tee te conc by mel Rited mai nck eer St, roto het fits eta ate a ecertal sith ary rate nated deg Sone Bare ‘ihr oi ntl aed lth cr ond ch eh ina ath a cery ageing ml ad fle nan ch Sd thle frt gle. tel ond ba Beet eid abe ote ery soe ree oe eee jack gurls tra, er plated a Frome Stath bond at ma Tob her a ch icon 65. Helmet, Canc 8h try. 4. lat ted cfs ay Cnc hry, Fl on ag ch rd of itd (de rca: Lee too goo rte all tat Goes te sare,ARMOR and legs were generally covered with pads of velvet, Aecorated with it studs, 2, fg. 61, Entice ste were also made ofthis knd of pourpointeie usual Iy with metal plates iserted 5 important fig. 62 lovee 66, Tlcen Armor, Helmet of echt eelepping ‘ee an aboot al ced get Stig wh ar al ar al formed of eater foe This the sate typeof Tian armor a st former led less haf Tn Sind very elaborate suits were worn. They were made up of many small plates framed sith brass mouldings and decorated with embowed brass crnaments in parts rows of decorted, overlap. ping cle, alternately of ron and bras, were sib su the plates; all were connected by mai, The helmets, eauntlets and hoes were ofthe same constriction, Fig. 63, The Persian armor wae similar to much ofthe Indian but seldom had such laege admixtures of pts except on the legs. The Persians made leg sumor of mal wid a grest numberof smal plates in pater, 2, fig. 6, which ave difer= sce in Ti. They rarely used wleshapd helmets with spiked tops, stated rom anyehi roees 6, Tiber ar gerd of leer draped with small nasals and chain neck guards, The Persians were the bast armorers in the Eas and worked not only in ther own country but alo in ‘Turkey and Tria. The commonest helmet in Tndia and Persia was the 1p (Inia) oe flab Abad (Persia) Tes bowl shaped, ether Iow and fat, o high and pointed, twually with a spike on the top and two or three plume holders on the fron. Te has a siting nasal with both ends expanded into plates. When notin se the nasal cou be fastened up out ofthe ay bya link and hook, or by ast screw. The helmet shown in fig. 62 © remarkable in having three of these sliding bars, one in font ofthe owe, and one fon each temple. Tn same of the Indian helmets the lower end ofthe aaa enormously enlarged ina crescents that it covers mos ofthe face below the eyes, 1, 8g. 56, and 4 i. 64. Te neck guards52 may be of padded cloth, but are usually of mail, sometimes riveted but generally of open links with patterns in brass and copper links. They are very short over the forehead, moderately short over the shoulders, and come down in long points at the sides in front and all across the back. They vary greatly in details and decoration but are recogniz- ably of the same type. Other helmets are hoods, FicurE 68. Armor of Sikkim and Bhutan. Steel helmet with a knob and peak both engraved and gilded. The neck and ear flaps are of heavily lined brocade. Riveted mail shirt with the collar covered with red flannel and stiffened by leather lacings. Four circular plates cn the breast, sides and back. They are of steel lined with leather; each has a border of the Greek fret and an ornament in the center of two crossed vajras in a circle, all engraved and gilded. Belt of overlapping strips of steel with raised edges; all riveted to leather straps. usually of mail, which is occasionally padded and covered with velvet, 7, 8, fig. 64. A number of other forms are occasionally found, some of which are shown in fig. 64. ARMOR Shields, sipar (Persia), dhal (India), were uni- versally used. They were made of steel or hide, occasionally of several thicknesses of cloth and vary greatly in size, see Dhal. Some of the early Persian shields were made of concentric rings of cane with silk woven over them in patterns. In Malabar and FIcuRE 70. Koryak Armor, western Siberia. The helmet and body armor are made of strips of steel laced together. The wide pieces protecting the back and neck are of wood covered with leather, American Museum of Natural History. the south the shields are more conical and have han- dles of wood or iron. Horse armor was rarely used. The few chan- frons that are known are made of steel and approx- imate the European forms. The body armor was probably made mainly of leather. There are two complete suits of Tibetan horse armor in the India Museum, South Kensington, fig. 125, that show aARMOR an and Chinese fren. ee They pr smicure of I the general a ‘The main difference in the armor of different parts of Indi fin the decoration and nye inthe igh certain places have charseteritic rounded south they become Pointed and stil further south the end turns 1 knob oni See Bazu Band, types In the north the arm guards ba si Ses i Perera often hi Ta the Caucasus the armor was, inthe main, 2 minture of Turkish, Persian and Tartar ‘pes Aout the only characteristic feature i the later Aelmets which have nearly at oni crowns sur ally covered with alver, and very long mail cur- tain which sometimes cover the enie face exeept for small openings oppste the eyes, They were worn over high padded caps that raked the plate several inches above the head, Fig 6 he earliest Tibetan armor of which we have any account was called “willow leaf” because it twas made of long narrow sales laced together. It ‘aj, of may not, be the same asthe suit shown ia 53 66, which much like the prehistoric Japanese armor. ‘The helmets made of eight wel forged Plates four plin, and four with scalloped edges nd raed rt that overlap the others and are lnc to them ‘Thee ia small round plate with a knob con iat the crown. The nese guard like the bod armor, i made of small round-ended geaes laced athe. The T shins, anes of which probably c or Tadiay but some are apparently tans als used m from Peon ative make ‘ded of many bri Arm guards of leather strapped with iron were sometimes used, fg. 67. Helmets of semi-Chinese type lie those of Sik and Bhutan Tn Sikkinn, Bhutan and Nepal che wusl armor vasa coat of mail over which four round plates a sina, were worn and also breed belts made of narrow, ted sts plates ietd to eat er straps, fig. 68, The helmers are gener wie bows with small peaks infront knobs on the eck g vet padded and ined with 69, Others are made of cok and very heavy sort of eh top and padded a the whole helmets dard lathe,56 red alls, padded and ited with bras peaks, 3, fig. 69, In all of these types of Helmet th pias were usally turned up over the head and fonly turned down when actully fighting, The Whole arrangement very Ike the exp wih e- ersble car tabs worn in winter ia New England. he mal collars throughout tie regi fe Get erally stifened by leather thongs run through the Tinks, The shields are slr o the Indian but are icone 15, Sit for fghing om fot and exra sere of osm. 78. The sit ‘i ote lng sf ch ip hong on teste and fil hidden by te The ewe ae made of is of abot th de i, Th caf oto te fly ed sh gle. The bro Taras Te bast of ud ‘id ag thik red op of ce of ec the me beaver, more convex and have very deep rolled edges, 2, fig 69. Ta Mongolia and northern Asa the armor i gen erally Tike that ofthe most closely surrounding n= ‘ons. Inthe north we ind vod and bide armor Ike ‘hae worn in northern Ameria, igs 8, 88 Inthe cast it more like some ofthe Chinese. The only really charactrinc armor i worn by some of the ‘Siberian tees, and even this resembles the Tibetan in some respects and that avon in the Sovth Seat in others. This armor is made by lacing together ARMOR natrow srg of sel Iike dhe Teta, but unlike ity the principal guard for the head isa peculiar and inconvenient projection from the hack that stands up around the neck and shoulders, fg. 70. This is probaly intended to protee the wearer from stones thrown by his friends. We know that all ofthese nomads are habitual usts of the sling, and ie pole tht only the strongest and wealthis wore fsrmor and formed the fist lite, while the rst be- ‘came the second line of singers and archers f ehis ‘so it & easy to see thatthe front rank would re= quire some protection from stones thrown ito a crowed having a rough and tumble fght where both pris were inextricably mize. ‘The fact dat ia Drs ofthe South Seas similar defenes were worn for this purpre makes tat lat probable that this ‘contrivance asthe sme ebject. ‘The U. 8. National Museum has some anor of this general type from ths region. Init the body semor i made of hoops and the neck defense ofARMOR brands, both covered with hie, ‘The appearance ie quite dierent from the Koryak but the effect the same. Te was wora bythe Chukchi, 6g. 71. “Phe Tartar armor seas mich Tike the Turk and Rusian. ‘The helmets however, were almost Slseays pointed, in face pointed helmets were cone ‘dered as characte of the Tartar, Their arms find armor were largely copie by those with whom they fought and both the Chine and the Russians were greatly influenced by them. “in Chins armor changed but tle, Various forms of ring, sale, padded and brigandine armor have ‘een aned from the earliest times, Mai and plate were apparendy unknown and very rarely wed, and the lide found there i probably of Persian sake, ‘The bat and mort characteritc Chinese suits have always been of brigandine, made of two thickness of cloth with smal ron plates between them. This was frequently reinforced by round metal pats on the breast, back and kness The hel mets were of steel with neck guards of brigadine ke the body armor fig. 72. These suits had lect like thoe shown for riding and large div sis of jazerant fr fighting on fot, ge 73. Ia thisue she ody, shoulders and upper arms are cow cred by brigandine, but the lower arms ony. by ded clot sith git rivets to make i Took Tike Brigandine. Te has, however, another pir of arama of fight tel hoops with etc cul ig. 73. Later te entice suis were made of padded cloth with et rivets the only actual armor being the helm, the round metal plates on the hack and breast and the huge and claborte shoulder guards, 2, fig. 72. The carl shoulder guards were larger and contained roce metal than the ler. Some of the light armor Iooked like the ordinary gaements but was lined with lacquered sce! plats Fiveted on the inde, fg. 74. Seale armor prociely The same of the Roman tas sometimes worn, 2, fg. 29, The pars ofa sult of Chinese armor are shown separately in Fig 75 Tn che U.S, National Museum and in the Field Museum, Chicago, there are some suite of Lalo (Brechuan, China), tht lok smack like some of the Japancte armor. ‘They are made of leather paint in colors, fg. 76. Shel made of metal, Teaser, wood or cane were in general us, ‘They ae muinly ound and thece fet or more in dim 37 In Korea the armor of the higher clases was similar in construction to the Chinese but was gen ‘rally more elaborately decorated. That of thom class wat commonly» very heavy padded gar- Proves 74, Chine Ligh Armor Red silk embraiered in ipl afm nee ‘ment covering only the body and leaving the arms and the lower part ofthe legs are, ‘The helmets were of similar material but strapped wich metal fig. 30. Cloth coats with large scales of hardened leather riveted to them wore also common, fg. 77 ‘The helmets were quite similar in shope tothe Ch nese and were made of leather orion with brig-60 andine neck guards, At the time of the wars with Jopan considerable Japanete armor was wed in Kons. ete eee taeh echray arias imal tf anbr wh on ety wh fr Bed Si pe ‘The earlie armor used in Japan, a chewhere, was padded or made of sales or rings sown on cloth. The stmor found in the grave mounds of Prior to goo ne. mae by riveting together smal pieces of iron to make helmet: and cuirasss. Some ‘ofthe later give quite the effet of plat armor but ae bull up of small piers. See Kake Yoroi and Tanko. ARMOR By the roth century, the ealest time of which swe have definite knowledge, i hod assumed char acterie form which ie cetined until armor was tshandoncd in the middle of the 19th centry. A Japanese ml, fg. 78, consis of a hens, debut ‘ually made of a large number of narrow plates riveted together with raed es a dhe joints. I has smal pea iia front and a wie neck ward, eikoro, made of spe of steel or of cles of leather or sto lca together with heavy sk oF Teather crs, One ot mote ofthese pisces turned tack infront to frm ear guards juigeper The fronts wally decorated with two horn fie se Arceagata, representing the lees of ater plants Ieeween them an ornament, maiate ing to he European crs, Phe face covered by a steel mask, meno, to which a laminated neck tard, yodare tubs, % attached. There are five tarites of menjo-eovering the entre face—all 1 the face Below the eyes~the frshead and cheeks fonly-—and two for the checks and chin only. OF thee t A gorget nodosa, wae sometimes worn but we not ons rad 364 regular part of the suit “The body was enclosed in a cores, do, made of pts or rrp aed together with silk or esther fords, Tester the back, harem, Attached tof wer shou der pecs, cootagani, from which it hung. ‘The ‘aces, Auezurh made of strips laced together hung four the do. Under thew was worn am spon, ha dete, of brocade covered with mail or exed plate fnd mail, The legs belo the knee were protected by clone fing greaves, meat, of plates and the fect were covered ith bearskin shoes, turumali or with mail or plate tobi. The arm guard, fot were brocade sleeves covered with mite plate and smal. They usually ended in gountets which cor= ‘red only the backs ofthe hands and huni, Mail auntles were rae ut were sometimes used, Large guards, sode, were hung on the shoulder. They were either ingle plates, tro hinged together of made up of stp of rows of sales laced together Tn the carly suits the neck and shoulder guards ‘were very large and the tees few in number, wu ally four. There were alo guards hetowwo-nowi tnd ser-derrno-te, hung in front ofthe openings atthe armpits. The former was made of single plate and vas hung on the left, the late, forthe Fight side, was male of tres plates Iced together respond second is uch owt sed ene atthe side, dormer, oF atARMOR so ox wo be ewe Hesilearcd Te apt fo gets the way when drawing the bow. In the Kamakura period. (1400-1336) the greaves had wide paces spwards and backwards on the outile when on horseback, neds were made ofthe leg to protect th fig. 79. In ater times the neck Sposhly will hr some smaller, andthe eaces narrower and more numer- fous. There wat 2 greater tendency t use larger plats for the beset and to use strips made of a Single piece of stot instead of ble p of sales laced together. Les plate and more mail was wed jn the sleeves In the TTokuwagn period. (1600- 1868) armor became more elabrste and varizd, particularly the helmets some of which were made ofthe most extraordinary shapes. As in Europe i Foun 1p. Jopnee Greet, roby the 4th conay Mavepels Mason 61 came more an object of decoration; this was due to the peaceful times in Japan and to the face that very daimio had to pend a pare of each year at shine the others, and ‘oure where each tried tot to the development of firearms oto changes in tactics. Figs 80,81 Fling srmor, including sade tobe carrind when ing helmets, was Entire suits of mail were worn on occasions, Some times under the ordinary clothing. In fac complete suits were rarely worn except on parade or when terion ighting was expected "The armor ofthe lower clases was sarin general design but was snpler and often made of Teather instead of steel. The retainers wore hoods ‘of mined plate and ail or fat open helmets called Jingass, Even among the upper clases the lseness ofthe lacing varied ith the rank, the higher the rank the lotr the lacing. ‘The Japancse made more varieties of mal than all ofthe rest of the world put together. Tes not ‘only very light but has openings left ia it which Sometimes amount to half the area. This open sll tras wied for the inner side of sleeves and other pins eequiing but Ile protection. Japanese ar- tor was aways as light as was consent withthe Aested amount of security. The workmanship of the beter suis excelent, that of the helmets &nf ain Sh Te hacks the ane i memes at Ew ofloon ts rma rom the Clrt (Kimi) Is mae ene of cocoa fre. Mute sf Natal ers Serr66 rarvelous, and the decoration in carving, emboss- ing and inlaying could hardly be surpased Tn general the Japanese armor i lighter and more flexible than the European I characterized ‘bythe small Sze ofthe individual plats the greater use of mail and leather, and by the universal use of sil cords, not only to fasten the main parts to cach other, but to join the elements of ath pat. ‘The diferent colors of these cords had define ‘meanings. ‘Ths Kodori, ame clor and gold, we restricted to che five rest princely families up to the end ofthe 16th century; white cords indicated that the wearer was engaged ina forlorn hope, ee Tn Malaya armor was not much worn, The Dyaks wore the skins of goats or leopards hanging down before and behind which were probly ade~ ‘quate as a protection from blowppe darts, The wilder Moros wore hide armor, 1, fi, 82, 0 jack tts of heany cord, or covered with scales of bark, ARMOR 2, 3 fig. 82. howe who could afford better cuipment wore armor of brass, or horn, plates con nected by heavy bras mail of peculiar design, fi. 8, probably copied from Spanish moves, ‘The hel. mets were generally of brass shaped like the 17h century Spanish esigues, Occasionally they were made of plates of ora connected by mal Hike the hauberks, or entirely of horn, fig. 378. At Tamme psook in Borneo Mareytt met x namber of a tives equiped for war and says: "One costume was ‘quite novel, being a aut of armor made of bulla leather scaled with oper shell” Few of the natives ofthe South Pace use ar The Kingsmill Islanders are an exception 4s they occasionally wore armor woven of cocoa nut fibre cord. This was necessary a8 their weapons were generally edged with shark’ teeth. ‘This ar- ror covered the baly and occasonally the arms and lps. Tehal x wie lap atthe back that curved up and forward protecting the back of the head, figs. 84, 85, This guard for the back of the head was to protect i from the midiected efforts of the women ofthe pry whe followed the men into the fghe throwing stones at the enemy D’ Alpert found s somewhat smile sit in New Guinea in deserted lage, He sys (Il, 125-6) “One very importane (seovery), because, so far as know, iis the first one found in New Guin, Te consis ofa curass of armor made of ratang ‘Others have been found since, fig. 86. Te also has a high guard forthe hack ofthe head ‘The North American Indians of the eas and northeast wed fod and sat armor made of sks or Pieces of bone tied together so 38 to make a flexble garment, 6.87. They alo used a variety of forms of hide armor, fg. 88. The Pawnces are i to have made armor of to thickness of hide with a Tning of sand (2), sls helmets of sina construc tion. The latter are said to have covered the Back ‘ofthe head and forehead. The Plains Indians, who generally fought on horscack, early eed armor, their enly defen being a shill. (Dorsey 288). For a most complete description of aboriginal a= sor se Hough, Primitive dmerien Armor, U.S. N. M, 1893, p. 627. The Aztecs wore armor of Similar ypes bt more elaborately decorated. Our Knowledge of it extremely fragmentary, being Aerved meaty from thee sculptures, Tin Alia the later Egypesne wore Turkih and Persian armor almost exclusively. Some of the hel7 Ficure 88. Hide Armor. 1. Chilcat Indians, Alaska. Made of tanned caribou hide folded and reinforced ; the leather has apparently been stiffened with glue. Two heavy pieces of hide go over the shoulders and form a slit in front for the neck. Width 32 inches, height 37. 2. Tlingit, Alaska. Made of thick tanned hide in imitation of an old-fashioned waistcoat, the resemblance being exact in particulars of cut and sewing. Four lappets for fastening in front with brass buttons of English manufacture. 3. Tlingit, Alaska. Made of two thicknesses of caribou hide, scarfed regularly to secure flexibility. It was worn under a rod band. Width 21 inches, length 28. A very early specimen. 4. Taku Indians, Alaska. Made of thick tanned elk skin or moose skin folded twice like a sheet of note paper. Sewed over the shoulders and strengthened by hinge pieces. Open along the right side; a short slit on the left below the shoulder leaves a passage for the left arm. s. Tlingit. Made of one piece of heavy elk skin apparently smoke tanned, lined inside with another piece sewed around the lower part. It has a heavy guard over the left shoulder; the band over the right shoulder is buttoned over a cvooden toggle. Fastened by thongs on the right side. 6. Tlingit. Made of two thicknesses of tanned hide and reinforced at the lower part by two more. Sewed with sinew, Width 25 inches, height 33. 7. Hupa Indians, California. Made of a large elk skin doubled upon itself. The outer portion reaches to the ankles, the inner only to the knees. Joined over the shoulders by leather straps worked through a series of slashes. Decorated with lines and tri- angles in red and blue paint which are intended to denote the mumber of enemies killed and captives taken. 8. Alaska. Made of very heavy corrugated hide, single thickness. A strip of lighter leather cut from a painted garment has been sewed to the left side. A double shoulder protector has been sewed to the left side of the neck opening, and the skin has been cut and enlarged by gussets to protect the right shoulder. 9. Rear view of 8. Width 30 inches, height 37.5 U.S. National Museum, not to scale.ARMOR mets are bowl-shaped and made of two pieces, a comparatively shallow crown and relatively deep side piece, In the Sudan armor was used until the battle of Omdurman proved it to be useless when Ficure 89. Sudanese Armor. Steel bowl-shaped helmet with a sliding nasal, It is worn over a heavy padded cap, the back and sides of which reach down to the shoulders, Skirt of heavy riveted mail with long skirts to protect the legs, collar of leather stamped with Arabic inscriptions, It has silver buttons on each side of the breast and on each shoulder with Solomon’s seal and an Arabic inscription. 19th century. opposed to modern firearms. It usually consisted of a well made shirt of riveted mail and a bowl- shaped helmet with a sliding nasal. Some had, and some had not, neck guards of mail. In either case it was worn over a heavy quilted hood, the sides and back of which came down to the shoulders, fig. 89. The mail was probably of English or German make 69 as it is so regular it must have been made by ma- chines. Pieces of Turkish armor of the 15th and 16th centuries were sometimes used, occasionally in curious ways, as when a knee cop with a part of the mail attached was used as a helmet. Horse ar- mor was also used, the chanfrons were covered with brass, and heavy pads were worn on the body. In Bornu, judging from the pictures that have been published, they used horse armor that looks much Ficure 90. Bornu cuirass. Steel with leather bindings and copper and brass burrs under the rivet heads. like the Japanese. They also used cuirasses, well de- signed and well made, fig. 90. They are built of strips of steel riveted together, For the various parts and kinds of armor, except helmets, see: Age-Maki, Agrapes, Aigote, Aigui- lettes, Ailettes, Ainaka-Gote, Aketon, Akurio, A la Poulaine Solerets, Alcato, Allecret, Almain Riv- ets, Anda Tsudzumi, Anime, Arai-Kawa-Odoshi, Arming Doublet, Arming Nayles, Arming Points, Arriere Bras, Asahi Odoshi, Ase-Nagashi No Ana, Avant-Bras, Awase-Gote, Bachteretz, Back and Breast, Bainbergs, Baju Tilam, Banded Mail, Baru Sinali, Bases, Baticole, Bazu Bard, Bear’s Paw Sol- erets, Beko Tsudzumi, Beni-Odoshi, Besagues, Bezanted Armor, Bhanju, Bishamon Sune-Ate, Bishop’s Mantle, Black Armor, Botan Gake, Bou-