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Dosage : 1 dd 1
Farmakologi : a thizide-type diuretic -> increases the urinary excrertion of sodium and chloride and to
a lesser degree, the excretion of potassium and magnesium, thereby increasing diuresis and exerting
an antihypertensive action.
Metabolism : eliminated in the urine (70%) dan feses (22%) in the form of inactive metabolites
Dosage : in elderly (>75) initially 75 mg daily, may increase to max 300 mg daily
Duration : >24 hr
Absorpsi : rapidly absorbed for the GI tract. Bioavailabilitas : 60-80%. Time to peak plasma
concentration : 1.5-2 hr
Excretion : via bile and urine (as unchanged drug and metabolites); urine (approx 20%)
Mech : selectively and competitively blocks B1-receptors but has little or no effect on B2 receptors
except at hgh doses
Onset : 1-2 hr
Absorption : Almost completly from GI tract
Excretion : via urine (approx 50% as unchanged drug and 50% as metabolites)
Nifedipine (CCB)
Mechanism : prevents Ca ion from entering the slow channels of cardiac and smooth muscles during
depolarisation, producing peripheral and coronary vasodilatation. It reduces afterload, peripheral
resistance and BP, increases coronary blood flow and causes reflex tachycardia.
Allopurinol
Mechanism of action : inhibits xanthine oxidase (enzyme that catalyses the conversion of
hypoxanthine to xanthine then uric acid) -> reducing production of purin
Absorp : GI tract
Ki : ulkus peptikum, hipersensitif terhadap diclofenac, pasien dengan serangan asma, urtikaria, atau
rhinitis bila menggunakan aspirin
Dosis : 25-50 mg 3 dd 1
SE : kejadian trombolitik kardiovaskular, hipertensi, gagal jantung dan edema, risiko ulserasi,
perdarahan dan perforasi gastrointestina, gagal ginjal, kehamilan dan ibu menyusui
Mechanism of action : inhibits HMG-CoA reductase (enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of HMG-
CoA to mvalonate) -> induction of the LDL receptors and stimulation of LDL catabolism -> lowered
LDL-cholestrol levels
Osteoflam (Glucosamine HCL 250 mg, chondroitin sulphate 200 mg, vit C 25 mg, Mg 5 mg, Zn 2.5
mg, Manganese 0.25 mg, MSM 350 mg)
MSM-> a natural checmical found in green plants. Provides a dietary source of sulfur for methionine.
The sulfur content can be used by the bpdy to maintain normal connective tissues, also has exhibited
possible anti-inflammatory, antiatherosclerotic, and chemopreventative activities along with free
radical scavenging, has been reported to : alleviate allergies arthritis, GI upset, muskuloskeletal pain,
and to boost immune system. Posseses antimicrobial effects against organisms such as Giardia
lamblia, Trichomonas vaginalis, and some fungi (may bind to surface receptor sites, blocking the
interaction of parasite host)
Why combine with glucosamine? -> a randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebbo controlled study
concludes that the combination of glucosamine and MSM showed statistically significant decreases
in pain and swelling compared with either single treatment alone.
Dosage : commonly given 2-6 g/day in 2 to 3 divided doses for arthritis or other joint conditions
Omeprazole (PPI)
Mechanism : PPI, blocks the final step in gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of H+/K+ ATPase
enzyme system present on the secretory surface of the gastric parietaal cell
Onset : approx. 1 hr
Duration : up to 72 hr
Excretion : Mainly via urine (approx 77%), the remainder in feces (via the bile)