- Ancient cities first appeared along river valleys and grew as food supplies increased, often becoming centers of political, economic, and intellectual activity. Modern cities vary greatly in size and complexity, combining functions for large populations.
- Early industrial cities in England like Manchester and Leeds were based on textile mills. London attracted migrants and combined clerical, retail, and skilled trades. Major industries included clothing, wood/furniture, metals, printing, and precision goods.
- With industrialization, women lost industrial jobs and worked from home, while children faced low wages and crime. Housing for the poor was overcrowded, unsafe, and associated with disease, crime, and social unrest.
- Ancient cities first appeared along river valleys and grew as food supplies increased, often becoming centers of political, economic, and intellectual activity. Modern cities vary greatly in size and complexity, combining functions for large populations.
- Early industrial cities in England like Manchester and Leeds were based on textile mills. London attracted migrants and combined clerical, retail, and skilled trades. Major industries included clothing, wood/furniture, metals, printing, and precision goods.
- With industrialization, women lost industrial jobs and worked from home, while children faced low wages and crime. Housing for the poor was overcrowded, unsafe, and associated with disease, crime, and social unrest.
- Ancient cities first appeared along river valleys and grew as food supplies increased, often becoming centers of political, economic, and intellectual activity. Modern cities vary greatly in size and complexity, combining functions for large populations.
- Early industrial cities in England like Manchester and Leeds were based on textile mills. London attracted migrants and combined clerical, retail, and skilled trades. Major industries included clothing, wood/furniture, metals, printing, and precision goods.
- With industrialization, women lost industrial jobs and worked from home, while children faced low wages and crime. Housing for the poor was overcrowded, unsafe, and associated with disease, crime, and social unrest.
Ancient Cities First appeared along river valleys could develop only when an increase in food supplies were often the centers of political power, administrative networks, trade and industry, religious institutions and intellectual activity Modern Cities vary greatly in size and complexity densely settled modern day metropolises combine political & economic functions for an entire region support very large population Industrialization & the Rise of Modern City in England Early industrial cities - Leeds & Manchester were based are textiles mills London was a powerful magnet for migrant population was a city of clerks & shopkeepers, small masters & skilled artisians Apart from Dockyard, five major industries - clothing & footwear, wood & furniture, metals & engineering, printing & stationary, precision products such as instruments, watches & objects of precious metal Marginal Groups Criminals Crime became an object of widespread concern Some of the criminals were infact poor people, who indulged in stealing to survive Others were more skilled at their trade Authorities imposed high penalties for crime and offered work for deserving poor Women With industrialization women lost their industrial jobs women used their homes to increase family incomes in 20th century women got employment in wartime industries and offices Children were pushed into low paid work, often got attracted towards crime Compulsory Education Act 1870, Factory Act 1902 Housing Individual landowners put up cheap, unsafe tenements, Poverty was more concentrated and starkly visible in the city Poor were expected to live up to an average age of 29 Better off city dwellers demanded that slums be cleared away - were considered a serious threat to public health, there were worries aobut fire hazards fear of social disorders epecially after the Russian Revolution in 1917 Cleaning London Attempts were made to decongest localities, green open spaces, reduce pollution and landscape the city Large blocks of apartments were built, Rent control was introduced Attempts were made to bridge the difference between city and countryside with Green Belts around London Garden City Ebenzer Howard developed the principle, A pleasant space full of plants and trees, where people wld both live and work Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker designed the garden city of New Earswick Between the two world wars, the British state create a million single family cottages Transport in the Cities were created to persuade workers to leave the city and live in garden suburbs, first section of undergroun Railway was between Paddington and Farrington Street in London Initially people were afraid to travel underground (i) Coal engine emitted a lot of smoke (ii) People smoke cigar, fumesof kerosene lamp (iii) People complained of Asphyxiation (iv) People termed railways as Iron Monster (v) Two miles of Railways, led to destruction of 900 houses Outcomes - city became more dispersed, large numbers started to live outside central London Social Changes in the City Function and the shape of the family completely transformed Family ties loosened, institution of marriage tended to break down Rich class women faced higher level of isolation Women of lower social classes, who worked for wages had some control over their lives Men, Women & Family in the City City encouraged a new spirit of Individualism and a freedom from the collective values. Women lost their industrial jobs, were forced to withdraw into their homes. Political movements (Chartism, 10 hour movement) mobilised large number of men. By 20th century family now consisted of much smaller units, became the heart of a new market - of goods, services and of ideas Leisure and Consumption For wealthy British, an annual ‘London Season’ was held Libraries, Art Gallaries and Museums were established, Music halls became popular among lower classes, Cinema became the great mass entertainment, Workers were encouraged to spend their holidays by the sea Politics in the City In Winter of 1886, London poor exploded in a riot, marched from Deptford to London demanding relief from terrible conditions of poverty. A similar riot occurred in November 1887 which was suppressed by the Police, came to be known as Bloody Sunday. Two years later, London’s dockworkers went of strike to gain recognition for the dockworkers union A large city population was thus both a threat and an opportunity
The City in Colonial India
about 11% Indians were living in cities. A large proportion of these urban dwellers were residents of the three Presidency cities. Bombay was the premier city Bombay the Prime City in India Bombay a group of seven islands was under Portugues control, in 1661 came under the British hands Bombay a major outlet for cotton textiles from Gujarat, a port, became an important administrative center and a major industrial center Work in the City Became the capital of the Bombay Presidency, attracted large communities of traders, bankers, artisians & shopkeepers. Textile mills led to a fresh surge of migrations Women number dropped in the workforce, work was taken over by machines or men Dominated the maritime trade, junction head of the two major railways attracted large migratory workers Famine in the Kutch also brought workers Housing and Neighbourhoods Bombay did not grew according to any plan, houses in fort area were interspressed with Gardens Bombay fort area divided between a native town and a European or White section Crisis of housing and water supply became acute Richer Parsi, Muslims & upper caste traders, industrialists lived in sprawling spacious bungalows, working people lived in the thickely populated chawls Chawls Largely owned by private landlords, each chawl was divided into smaller one-room tenements which had no private toilets High rents forced workers to share home Though water was scarce, yet houses were kept quite clean Stretts and neighbourhoods were used for a variety of activities Magician, monkey players or acrobats used to regularly perform in the open places in Chawls Chawls were also the place for the exchange of news about jobs, strikes, riots or demonstrations Person, generally Jobber, settled disputes, organised food supplies or arranged informal credit People of depressed classes resided outside chawls Planning in Bombay came about as a result of fears about the Plague epidemic. Rent Act was passed, was not followed Land Reclamation in Bombay In 1784, Willian Hornby approved the building of the great sea wall 1864, Back Bay Reclaimation Company won the right to reclaim the western foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of Colaba by 1870, the city had expanded to about 22 square mills Bombay Port Trust built dry dock between 1914 & 1918, created Ballard Estate and Famous Marine Drive Bombay as the City of Dreams Bombay Film industry through its movies speak of the contradictory aspects of the city First movie in 1896, scene of a wrestling match shot by Sakharam Bhatwadekar. Dadasaheb Phalke made Raja Harishchandra in 1913. By 1925, Bombay became India’s film capital Cities and the Challenge of the Environment England - Industrial chimneys spewed black smoke, people complained of Black fog causing bad tempers, smoke related illness and dirty clothes By 1840 Derby, Leeds & Manchester had laws to control smoke Smoke abatement Acts of 1847 & 1853 did not always worked to clear the air Calcutta - Fog combined with smoke, generated thick black smoge. Population dependent on dung & wood as fuel, and industries and establishments used steam engines run on coals were the major polluters. In 1863, Calcutta became the first Indian city to get smoke nuisance legislation. Bengal Smoke Nuisance Commission largely controlled industrial smoke, controlling domestic smoke was difficult.