1.

Environmental remediation
Generally, remediation means providing a remedy, so environmental remediation deals with
the removal of pollution or contaminants from environmental media such as soil, groundwater,
sediment, or surface water for the general protection of human health and the environment or from a
brownfield site intended for redevelopment.

Remediation technologies

a. Excavation or dredging

Excavation processes can be as simple as hauling the contaminated soil to a regulated landfill,
but can also involve aerating the excavated material in the case of volatile organic compounds
(VOCs). Recent advancements in bioaugmentation and biostimulation of the excavated material
have also proven to be able to remediate semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) onsite. If
the contamination affects a river or bay bottom, then dredging of bay mud or other silty clays
containing contaminants may be conducted.

b. SEAR - surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation

Also known as Solubilization and recovery, the Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation
process involves the injection of hydrocarbon mitigation agents or specialty surfactants into the
subsurface to enhance desorption and recovery of bound up otherwise recalcitrant non
aqueous phase liquid (NAPL).

In geologic formations that allow delivery of hydrocarbon mitigation agents or specialty

surfactants, this approach provides a cost effective and permanent solution to sites that have
been previously unsuccessful utilizing other remedial approaches. This technology is also
successful when utilized as the initial step in a multi faceted remedial approach utilizing SEAR
then In situ Oxidation, bioremediation enhancement or soil vapor extraction (SVE).

c. Pump and treat

Pump and treat involves pumping out contaminated groundwater with the use of a submersible
or vacuum pump, and allowing the extracted groundwater to be purified by slowly proceeding
through a series of vessels that contain materials designed to adsorb the contaminants from
the groundwater. For petroleum-contaminated sites this material is usually activated carbon in
granular form. Chemical reagents such as flocculants followed by sand filters may also be used
to decrease the contamination of groundwater. Air stripping is a method that can be effective
for volatile pollutants such as BTEX compounds found in gasoline
 d. Solidification and Stabilization

 Stabilization - involves the addition of reagents to a contaminated material (e.g. soil or

sludge) to produce more chemically stable constituents; and

 Solidification - involves the addition of reagents to a contaminated material to impart

physical/dimensional stability to contain contaminants in a solid product and reduce
access by external agents (e.g. air, rainfall).

e. Soil vapor extraction

Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is an effective remediation technology for soil. "Multi Phase Extraction" (MPE)
is also an effective remediation technology when soil and groundwater are to be remediated
coincidentally. SVE and MPE utilize different technologies to treat the off-gas volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) generated after vacuum removal of air and vapors (and VOCs) from the subsurface
and include granular activated carbon (most commonly used historically), thermal and/or catalytic
oxidation and vapor condensation.

f. In situ oxidation

New in situ oxidation technologies have become popular, for remediation of a wide range of
soil and groundwater contaminants. Remediation by chemical oxidation involves the injection
of strong oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide, ozone gas, potassium permanganate or
persulfates.

2.Waste management
Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring
of waste materials.[1] The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and is generally
undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics. Waste management is also
carried out to recover resources from it. Waste management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or
radioactive substances, with different methods and fields of expertise for each.

Methods of disposal
a.Integrated waste management

Integrated waste management using LCA (life cycle analysis) attempts to offer the most
benign options for waste management. For mixed MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) a number of
broad studies have indicated that waste administration, then source separation and collection
followed by reuse and recycling of the non-organic fraction and energy and compost/fertilizer
production of the organic waste fraction via anaerobic digestion to be the favoured path. Non-
metallic waste resources are not destroyed as with incineration, and can be reused/ recycled in
a future resource depleted society.

b. Plasma gasification

Plasma is a highly ionized or electrically charged gas. An example in nature is lightning, capable of
producing temperatures exceeding 12,600 °F (6,980 °C). A gasifier vessel utilizes proprietary plasma
torches operating at +10,000 °F (5,540 °C) (the surface temperature of the Sun) in order to create a
gasification zone of up to 3,000 °F (1,650 °C) to convert solid or liquid wastes into a syngas. When
municipal solid waste is subjected to this intense heat within the vessel, the waste’s molecular bonds
break down into elemental components. The process results in elemental destruction of waste and
hazardous materials

c. Landfill

Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying the waste, and this remains a common
practice in most countries. Landfills were often established in abandoned or unused quarries,
mining voids or borrow pits. A properly designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic
and relatively inexpensive method of disposing of waste materials.

d. Incineration

Incineration is a disposal method that involves combustion of waste material. Incineration

and other high temperature waste treatment systems are sometimes described as "thermal
treatment". Incinerators convert waste materials into heat, gas, steam and ash.

e. Recycling

The popular meaning of ‘recycling’ in most developed countries refers to the widespread
collection and reuse of everyday waste materials such as empty beverage containers. These are
collected and sorted into common types so that the raw materials from which the items are
made can be reprocessed into new products. Material for recycling may be collected separately
from general waste using dedicated bins and collection vehicles, or sorted directly from mixed
waste streams.

f.Sustainability

The management of waste is a key component in a business' ability to maintaining

ISO14001 accreditations. Companies are encouraged to improve their environmental
efficiencies each year. One way to do this is by improving a company’s waste management with
a new recycling service. (such as recycling: glass, food waste, paper and cardboard, plastic
bottles etc.)

g.Biological reprocessing

Waste materials that are organic in nature, such as plant material, food scraps, and paper
products, can be recycled using biological composting and digestion processes to decompose
the organic matter. The resulting organic material is then recycled as mulch or compost for
agricultural or landscaping purposes

Technologies…

Traditionally the waste management industry has been slow to adopt new technologies such as
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags, GPS and integrated software packages which enable
better quality data to be collected without the use of estimation or manual data entry.

 Technologies like RFID tags are now being used to collect data on presentation rates for curb-
side pick-ups which is useful when examining the usage of recycling bins or similar.
 Benefits of GPS tracking is particularly evident when considering the efficiency of ad hoc pick-
ups (like skip bins or dumpsters) where the collection is done on a consumer request basis.
 Integrated software packages are useful in aggregating this data for use in optimisation of
operations for waste collection operations.
 Rear vision cameras are commonly used for OH&S reasons and video recording devices are
becoming more widely used, particularly concerning residential services and contaminations of
the waste stream.

3.Renewable energy
Renewable energy is energy that can be replenished easily. For years we have been using
sources like wood, sun, water, etc. for means for producing energy. Energy that can be
produced by natural objects like wood, sun, wind, etc. is considered to be renewable

Mainstream forms of renewable energy

a. Wind power

b. Hydropower

c. Solar energy

d. Biomass
 Biomass (plant material) is a renewable energy source because the energy it contains
comes from the sun. Through the process of photosynthesis, plants capture the sun's energy.
When the plants are burned, they release the sun's energy they contain. In this way, biomass
functions as a sort of natural battery for storing solar energy. As long as biomass is produced
sustainably, with only as much used as is grown, the battery will last indefinitely.

e. Biofuel

Liquid biofuel is usually either bioalcohol such as bioethanol or an oil such as biodiesel.

Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting the sugar components of plant materials and it
is made mostly from sugar and starch crops. With advanced technology being developed,
cellulosic biomass, such as trees and grasses, are also used as feedstocks for ethanol
production. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a
gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions. Bioethanol is widely used in
the USA and in Brazil

f.Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy is energy obtained by tapping the heat of the earth itself, both from
kilometers deep into the Earth's crust in some places of the globe or from some meters in
geothermal heat pump in all the places of the planet . It is expensive to build a power station
but operating costs are low resulting in low energy costs for suitable sites. Ultimately, this
energy derives from heat in the Earth's core.

New and emerging renewable energy technologies…

i.Cellulosic ethanol

Companies such as Iogen, Broin, and Abengoa are building refineries that can process
biomass and turn it into ethanol, while companies such as Diversa, Novozymes, and Dyadic are
producing enzymes which could enable a cellulosic ethanol future. The shift from food crop
feedstocks to waste residues and native grasses offers significant opportunities for a range of
players, from farmers to biotechnology firms, and from project developers to investors.

ii. Ocean energy

Systems to harvest utility-scale electrical power from ocean waves have recently been gaining
momentum as a viable technology.
iii. Enhanced Geothermal Systems

Enhanced Geothermal Systems are a new type of geothermal power technologies that do
not require natural convective hydrothermal resources. The vast majority of geothermal energy
within drilling reach is in dry and non-porous rock.[74] EGS technologies "enhance" and/or create
geothermal resources in this "hot dry rock (HDR)" through hydraulic stimulation.

iv. Nanotechnology thin-film solar panels

Solar power panels that use nanotechnology, which can create circuits out of individual
silicon molecules, may cost half as much as traditional photovoltaic cells, according to
executives and investors involved in developing the products. Nanosolar has secured more than
$100 million from investors to build a factory for nanotechnology thin-film solar panels.

4.eGain forecasting
Egain forecasting is a method using forecasting technology to predict the future weather's
impact on a building.[8] By adjusting the heat based on the weather forecast, the system
eliminates redundant use of heat, thus reducing the energy consumption and the emission of
greenhouse gases

5.Energy conservation
Energy conservation refers to efforts made to reduce energy consumption. Energy
conservation can be achieved through increased efficient energy use, in conjunction with
decreased energy consumption and/or reduced consumption from conventional energy
sources.