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2D36 2 2 2    2c2v2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2c2 2v2c2 E
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2D36 2 2D36 2 LN',5B  2c2v2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2c2 2v2c2 F
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2D632 2DA32HG'  2v2c2v2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2c2 2v2c2 F
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2 2 yn SJI SXLcn ynXS&-0pqJ 2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2c2 2v2c2 F
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2 2DC32  56 " " :"= ' 2v2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2c2 2v2c2
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2 2DM32 ) mon B - 2v2c2v2c2v2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2


  k k _,
2 2DM32 2 ) mon B YZpqJ 2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 A
  _ k  _
2 2DM32 2 ) mon B ynXJPT S 2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 A
   k j  _
2 2DM32D632 mP("  0>'(" 2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 E
   _
2 2 2 mLBpH - 2c2v2c2v2c2v2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 E
  _< j  k _
2 2 2 4 nXJPpqSNn pHnc- 2c2v2c2v2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2
  _ _ j
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2 2 2 J n B pXS L Q BXY p ync- N-.p ync- 2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 M
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2 2 2 2 4 J\nXm 2v2c2v2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2
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2 2 2 2 J\nXm L 2c2v2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2
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2 2 632 S n L YZTXSNp nXS -e2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2
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36 2 2 J Q B JPpqS k^ J 2c2v2c2v2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 A
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36 2 2 2 ) mon B - 2v2c2v2c2v2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 A


_ _ k k 
36 2 2 2 2 ) mon B YZpqJ L S yn 4 nXS Sm -b2 2c2v2 2c2v2 A
_ _ _ k  k j k k 
36 2 2 2 2 ) mon B ynXJPT S L S yn 4 nXS SXm -b2N2c2v2 C
_ _  k j  k j k k 
36 2 2 2D36 2 yn 4 nXS SXm - L TS ) mon B 2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 C
_ _ j k k k k 
36 2 2 2 2 ) mon B B
*n 2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 C
_ _  k k 
36 2 2 2D3A 2 ) mon B TXSNnc- 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 E
_ _ k 
36 2 2 2D3C 2 LNp p XS 2c2v2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 E
_ _  


36 2 2 2P.E 2 TXJ.myp 4 J pH p XS 4 n B TXS -0 J B 2v2c2v2 2c2v2 F


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36 2 2 2D3F 2 4 * B nXLNTNmon 4 TSXmon 2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 M


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36 2 2 2D3M 2 4 * B nXLNTNmon&.B#T I 2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 M
_ _ 
36 2 2 2 2*SNn B L TXS`) mon B 2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 6
_ _ _< j  k k
36 2 2 2 2y) mon B TXSpqm o B p n 2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 6
_ _ _ _ k 
632 _ 2 _ 2 _< 2 4 nc-.p p XS L k TXS  yn j 4 nXS k SXm k 2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2
 6
36 2 2 2 36 2 pHn L TXS yn 4 nXS Sm 2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 6
_ _ _ jlr k  j k k _
36 2 2 2 2*mLB SN- 4 T -.m L TS ) mon B 2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 6
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36 2 2
 j 
mLB pH k -E2v2c2v2 2c2v2c2v2c2v2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 6 _
36 2 2 2&yn 4 nXS SXm -RL TS mLoB p'I 2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 6
 _ j k k k  jl
36 2 2 2&n 4 B p nXS - c-.pH -bw 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 6
  k  k r 


36 2 2 2 2 mLB SN- 4 T -.m L TS mLoB p'I 2 2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 6


  _  k  k  jl
36 2 2 2 2 LNp p XS -.Tc-.mLB yp XS 2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 6
    s 
 !

36 2 2 2D36 2 TXJ.myp 4 J pH p XS 4 n B TXS -0 J B 2v2c2v2 2c2v2 6A


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!

36 2 2 2 2 TXJ.myp 4 J pH p XS L mL
B pH - 2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 6A
   j  k j  k
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36 2 2 2D3A 2 mL B plI pqS) N B - 2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 6C


  j  k 
36 2 2 2D3C 2 mL B pl I pqL SXmypgL L 2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2
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632  2  2PE.2 m
 j 
X
 n L TS ) mon B n TXS
k k  jl
mLBop'I 2v2c2
_
632  2  2D3F 2 kTS
3NmLB  yp!XS s Xj r p n L k k J k^j k Smonc-iL k
mLBp I 2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2c2 2v2c2
 j  _
632  2  2DM32 Q k S k B  p!XS L k jl mLBop k -`ynXS S jlk B*nc-
J mon Bop nc-`2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2c2 2v2c2
 k^ }
632  2  2 _< 2LB  SNQ n L k TS  jl mLBop'I 2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2c2 2v2c2 } 
632  2  2 _ _ 2yL k m k B j pqS  Sm k L k TXS  j  mLBp I 2v2c2v2c2 2v2c2 
6
632  2  2 _< 2 j  Lm Bp I?-.pqScQNTJ  B 2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2c2 2v2c2 
6
632  2  2 _ 632#)  J\n B k - 4 B*n 4 p nc-M%) k mon B k - 4 Byn 4 pHnc- 2v2c2  
632  2D632&-0nXJPTcpXS L k k T  pHnXS k - JPpgS k^ J k - 2v2v2c2v2c2v2c2 2v2c2 
A
632  2  2 r ' 1 'v'qFH',56    'v"    "  7O  >("       >0  '          2 2v2c2 
F
632D632 4 nXJPpqScn j p nc- 2c2 2v2c2v2c2v2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2c2 2v2c2 
M
632D632 _ 2&ynXSN-.Lm B#TcypXS L k 4 nXJ pgScn j p nc-E2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2c2 2v2c2 
M
63D2 632  2 B   k -eL k TS 4 nXJPpqSNn j p n 2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2c2 2v2c2 A
63D2 63D2 632 k )  JPT  p!XS L k TXS 4 nXJPpqSNn j pHn 2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2c2 2v2c2 A
63D2 632  2 LNp )NpH-.!p XS L k 4 nXJPpqSNn j pHnc- 2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2c2 2v2c2 A _
63D2 63D2 A32 L k Bopg)  L  L k TS 4 nXJPpqScn j p n 2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2c2 2v2c2 A6
632  2 YZTScp nXS - 2v2c2 2v2c2v2c2v2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2c2 2v2c2
k
AA
632DA32 S B
*nc-dyn 4 J nc-D2v2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2c2 2v2c2 AE
63D2 A32 jl_ 2 k k     FH>0
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63D2 A32  2&->05" e' ("  '  /05B',   56  'qFH  2 2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2c2 2v2c2 C6
63D2 A3D2 632 4   >  6   1 7 7O R '  /05B',   56  'qF  <2 2v2v2c2v2c2v2c2 2v2c2 C
63D2 A32  2 J " >   7O  O' N3b  '   :"   56  'qF" 2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2c2 2v2c2 C
632DC32 k
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2 2D)+" :" ' (" " 'N
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2D632 yn SXLvnc-eL n B@B Lvn`2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2c2 2v2c2 EE
 jl k r 
2D36 2 2  0N ' 2 2v2c2v2c2v2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2c2 2v2c2 EE
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2 2 yn SXLvn .N
  UW[ 2c2v2c2v2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2c2 2v2c2 EE
  jl 
2D3A 2 J yn SLvn   UW[2c2v2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2c2 2v2c2 EF
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 _ _   
2D3A 2 2 2 
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2DA3D2 632 2 
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2DA32 2 2 N.   'v9"(" 'qFH'ye
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2DA32 2 2 S("*e',  >',("*9"(" "  >0 "B2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 MA
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2PE.2 4 J\nXm L 682c2v2c2v2 2c2v2c2v2c2v2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 ME
 
2DF32 4 J\nXm L 2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2c2v2c2v2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 MF
  
2DM32D   ' ' 2c2v2c2v2c2v2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2
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2DM32 2 ) Bop nc-%) mon B -V2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2
   k k _<3_
2 2 QJBXYZpHync- S 6L&ynXS 4 J\nXm 6L 2 2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 6
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3A 2 2 pgSXmLB*nXLNTNyp XS 2c2v2c2v2c2v2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 E


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3A 2 2 2 J LNpqmon B L -0pqJ 2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 E


A32 __ 2 _ 2 kk k k TXm  B TS k -0.Bop 4Xm r ynXS 'ON3'  UW[ 2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 _<_< F
3A 2 2 2 2 T{" QNSTc@JPpqST43 2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 F


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3A 2 2 G B@B p SXm -eL 4 * B ncQJB p XS 2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2

A32 k 2 _ 2&Xnj b',k("   'JPOk
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A32  2  2&     y%fy 0  ' 2v2c2v2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 _ _ _


3A 2D36 2    7 " ' 2c2v2 2c2v2c2v2c2v2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 A
A32  2 T(    ']C     7O R ' >   7  ' 2v2c2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 _ _ __ C
A32  2 _ 2 k    >   >0("  'v>  " >   7O  2 2c2v2c2v2v2c2v2c2 2c2v2v2c2v2c2v2 2c2v2 _ _ C
,) - 9 / " -0"#= + ( ( 
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y(t) Proporcional.Derivativo (1/(s**2+1)) K=[1 2 3 4 5] D=1

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0.8

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1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

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0.0 tiempo
0 1 2 3 4 5

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