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Disclaimer: This report is produced and issued for specific request of our client under specific purposes
connected with the above captioned project only. It should not be used by any other party for any other
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Engineering Pte Ltd and any duplication of the report or any part of the report shall be treated as
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without consent from us and from the party which commissioned it.
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.3.1 Information That Are Required But Not Yet Fully Available ............................................ 3
APPENDICES
1 PROJECT INFORMATION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
ONE SMART Engineering Pte Ltd has been engaged by the contractor for this project, M/S Hock Hai
Civil Engineering & Building Pte Ltd, as the geotechnical consultant for the impact assessment for
the existing Circle Line (CCL) tunnels near Lorong Chuan Station due to the proposed sewer pipe jacking
works and associated shafts as shown in Figure 1. The asset owner of the sewer pipes and its associated
shafts is the Public Utilities Board (PUB). The proposed sewer pipes are within the railway reserves of
Figure 1 Satellite image of the proposed development site overlaid with elements of the
development, existing KVMRT L1 IVS and underground tunnels
1.2 SCOPE
a) Brief description of the ground conditions (from existing and completed soil investigation
reports)
b) Impact assessment for the proposed sewers and its associated manholes on CCL Tunnels
c) Proposal of application for waiver from Code of Practice for Railway Protection
The following information/documents were received by ONE SMART for the preparation of this report:
1. ERSS Design and Impact Assessment Analysis Report for the proposed sewers in Lorong Chuan
And Lim Tua Tow Areas – by M/S T S LEE CIVIL STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATES
2. ERSS Plan, Section, And Details For The 4.0m Diameter Shaft For 800mm Diameter Pipe Jacking
– By M/S T S LEE CIVIL STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATES
3. ERSS Sequence Of Construction For 5.5m Diameter Jacking Shaft For 1200mm Diameter Pipe
4. ERSS Sequence Of Construction For 4.0m Diameter Jacking Shaft For 800mm Diameter Pipe
Jacking – By M/S T S LEE CIVIL STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATES
5. Sewer Layout Plan With Instrumentation, ATM And Prism – Survey drawing prepared by L P ONG
& Associates
6. Sewer Section Drawing With Instrumentation – Survey drawing prepared by L P ONG &
Associates
7. Report On Soil Investigation Works For Proposed Sewers In Lorong Chuan And Lim Tua Tow
Areas (Boreholes: BH4, BH7, BH8, BH9, BH10, BH11 & BH12) Revision 0 – Soil Investigation
Report prepared by M/S GeoLS Pte Ltd, for the Public Utilities Board (PUB)
1.3.1 Information That Are Required But Not Yet Fully Available
The following information are crucial for the this report but not yet fully available to ONE SMART
Engineering during the time of preparation of this report:
1. As-built alignment of the CCL Tunnels and any associated structures interfacing with the
proposed Sewers In Lorong Chuan And Lim Tua Tow Areas – as such, the approximate alignment
of the CCL Tunnels was used, and any assumptions made in the impact assessment analysis was
made conservatively to reflect the maximum impact induced to the tunnels due to the proposed
works.
2 SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS
The report on soil investigation works conducted and prepared by GeoLS Pte Ltd was referred for this
Figure 2 Probable soil profile from BH4 to BH12 (taken from SI report prepared by
GeoLS).
2.1 SOIL LAYERS
Fill BH4, BH7, BH8, BH9, 106 – 103 Comprises sandy CLAY, occasionally slightly
BH10, BH11 & BH12 gravelly
Old BH4, BH7, BH8, BH9, 103 – 60 Gravelly Silty SAND, with various degrees of
Alluvium BH10, BH11 & BH12 weathering that decreases with depth.
standpipe observation in BH4 which shows the highest water table, shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 Water standpipe observation at BH4, taken from the SI report prepared by
GeoLS Pte Ltd.
2.3 SOIL PARAMETERS
For the Fill, E, F2, F1, and M soil layers, the parameters recommended in the Civil Design Criteria For
Road And Rail Transit Systems by the Land Transport Authority (LTA) of Singapore was adopted, unless
otherwise proven by extensive soil tests. As for the OA soil layers, in view of the lack of consolidated
triaxial tests, the friction angle, φ’, and cohesion, c’ were based on past project experiences. The soil
Fill 19 30 0 0 2N
E 15 5 0 17 0.3Cu
F2 19 22 0 19 0.3Cu
O(D) 20 32 10 - 3N
SPTN=19
O(C) 20 33 14 - 3N
SPTN=35
O(B) 20 34 16 - 3N
SPTN=65
O(A) 20 34 16 - 3N
SPTN=100
3 PROPOSED WORKS
The proposed sewers and its associated manholes are shown in Figure 4. The proposed pipes will be
installed using the pipe-jacking method; and the manholes will be constructed using the pressed-in
steel mould caissons, details as shown in Figure 5, Figure 6, and Figure 7.
The proposed works will interface with the Railway Reserve in the following manner:
ii. Pipe jacking works with minimum pipe invert level (IL) at 97.4mRL.
Referring to the “Deemed-To-Satisfy Provisions”, Section 9, Code of Practice For Railway Protection,
October 2004 Edition by the Land Transport Authority (LTA) of Singapore, all development and building
works in the railway protection zone shall meet the technical requirements contained in the section, as
follows:
As for the feasibility of the proposed scheme, Section 9.3.7 “Excavation Works” of the abovementioned
Disclaimer: It is assumed that the architectural, and electrical and mechanical considerations for
the interfacing development has been taken into account complying with the “Deemed-To-
Satisfy Provisions, Section 9” of the Code of Practice For Railway Protection, 2004 Edition
abovementioned. If any, the architectural, and electrical and mechanical considerations shall be
developed by the architect, and electrical and mechanical engineers. The scope of this report
covers only the impact assessment due to the pipe jacking works and its associated manholes as
mentioned in Section 1.2 of this report. The instrumentation layout plan, design of the earth
retaining structural system (ERSS) are designed by the design engineer, M/S T S LEE CIVIL
STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATES, and is adopted in the impact assessment analysis as per the scope of
this report.
Geotechnical 3D Finite Element Method (FEM), using the software PLAXIS3D is adopted for the present
analysis to assess the impact of the proposed sewer pipe jacking and associated manholes on the CCL
MRT Tunnels. The analysis is carried out to address the induced displacement as well as the forces on
the CCL MRT Tunnels.
• The CCL Tunnel Alignment information adjacent to the proposed works are not fully available yet,
as mentioned in section 1.3.1. Hence, the approximate alignment of the CCL tunnels were used.
• Due to difficulties in meshing the curved CCL tunnels in the Finite Element software, best fit lines of
the curved tunnels were devised; at along the best fit lines, the existing CCL tunnels were even
brought closer to the proposed sewer pipes and manholes, for a maximum impact.
• For the 3D FEM Analysis, no jet grouting/ground improvement of any form was simulated for the
manhole caisson construction.
• The pipe jacking was simulated using a 1% volume loss applied throughout the entire jacked pipes.
• The input parameters for the FEM analysis is included in Appendix 4 for reference.
• The ground conditions as discussed in Section 2 of this report are modelled (with reference to
BH10).
The Finite Element simulation follows closely the envisaged construction sequence:
i. Wish-in place of existing CCL tunnels
ii. Construction of manhole caissons for pipe jacking/receiving
800mm
diameter
pipe jacking
1200mm
diameter
pipe jacking
Manholes
CCL Tunnels
Figure 10 View of the 3D Mesh with some soil elements and interface elements partially
hidden for clarity of display purposes only.
1. Initial phase
2. Surcharge application
20kPa
surcharge
applied
CCL
Tunnels
4. Construction of manholes
Manhole
caissons
5. Pipe jacking
Pipe
jacking
For the impact assessment, the following results were extracted from the analysis:
Total tunnel
movements
<15mm, OK!!
• Pipe jacking
Total tunnel
movements
<15mm, OK!!
0.00020
Tunnel movement
0.00015
0.00010
0.00005
0.00000
0.000 50.000 100.000 150.000 200.000 250.000 300.000 350.000
Chainage
Distortion calculation:
It can be seen that there is not much differential movement along the simulated tunnel.
Differential settlement = <1mm
Span = 310m
Distortion < 1: 310,000 (<1:2000 as per Code of Practice For Railway Protection, OK!)
0.0003
Tunnel movement
0.0002
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000 50.0000 100.0000 150.0000 200.0000 250.0000 300.0000 350.0000
Chainage
Distortion calculation:
It can be seen that there is not much differential movement along the simulated tunnel.
• Assuming an unreinforced concrete section of 275mm thick, the N-M interaction diagram of
the induced internal forces acting on the tunnel lining are plotted below:
It can be seen that the internal forces of the tunnel segment are within the capacity of an
The external stresses, or the normal stresses acting on the CCL tunnels are extracted from the analysis.
In accordance to the Code of Practice For Railway Protection, Table 9.1(a), as shown in this report in
Section 4.1, the change in external stresses acting on the tunnel lining shall not exceed 25kPa.
The change in external stresses acting on the tunnel lining are tabulated below:
Inner 0.6
Outer -0.01
Due to the large amount of data which needs to be shown to derive the change in external stress, only
the figures showing the max/min interface stresses from the PLAXIS3D analysis are shown below:
From the FEM analysis carried out, it can be inferred that the proposed pipe jacking and associated
caisson works have negligible impact the existing CCL underground tunnels, based on the “Code of
Practice For Railway Protection, October 2004 Edition by the Land Transport Authority (LTA) of
Singapore”:
1. Estimated induced movements to the CCL Underground tunnels do not exceed 15mm;
4. Estimated induced stress change to the tunnels do not exceed 20kPa throughout.
In addition, it is worth noting that the simulated CCL tunnels have been fitted to a best fit line to fit the
curved geometry of the alignment (refer to Section 5.2 for FEM Simulation assumptions), and the best
fit lines of the tunnel alignment are brought closer to the proposed shafts and proposed pipes, hence
increasing the impact to the tunnel. Under these adverse conditions, the impacts to the CCL Tunnels
Based on the results of the detailed analysis presented in Section 5, we would like to propose to the
authority for waiver of the following conditions stipulated in the Code of Practice For Railway Protection:
i. In accordance to Table 9.3.7 – Excavation Works, where the Code states that no excavation
within the Railway 1st Reserve is allowed, and where the excavation over underground rapid
transit system tunnels that is greater than 2m depth but stops above 3m vertically of the rapid
PLAXIS Report
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
2
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3
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4
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5
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6
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7
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8
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
Identification Steel_Liner 250mm base slab 800mm dia pipe 1200mm dia pipe Tunnel Lining
Identification number 1 2 3 4 5
Comments
Colour
d m 0.06000 0.2500 0.07300 0.3000 0.2750
γ kN/m³ 58.50 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000
Linear Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Isotropic Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
End bearing No No No No No
E 1 kN/m² 210.0E6 30.00E6 27.00E6 27.00E6 32.00E6
E 2 kN/m² 210.0E6 30.00E6 27.00E6 27.00E6 32.00E6
ν 12 0.1500 0.2000 0.2000 0.2000 0.2000
G 12 kN/m² 91.30E6 12.50E6 11.25E6 11.25E6 13.33E6
G 13 kN/m² 91.30E6 12.50E6 11.25E6 11.25E6 13.33E6
G 23 kN/m² 91.30E6 12.50E6 11.25E6 11.25E6 13.33E6
Rayleigh α 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
9
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
Identification Steel_Liner 250mm base slab 800mm dia pipe 1200mm dia pipe Tunnel Lining
Rayleigh β 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Identification number 1 2 3 4 5
10
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
1.1.1.3 Calculation results, Wish-in Place of existing tunnels [Phase_2] (2/8), Connectivity plot
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
1.1.1.4 Calculation results, Wish-in place of shafts [Phase_3] (3/12), Connectivity plot
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
1.1.1.5 Calculation results, Wish-in place of jacked pipes [Phase_4] (5/15), Connectivity plot
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
Volume information
Bounds
Minx -0.4380*10-15 m
Miny 0.000 m
Minz 40.00 m
Maxx 310.0 m
Maxy 150.0 m
Maxz 105.0 m
Total volume
Total 3.023*106 m³
Cluster 1 62.69 m³
Cluster 2 139.3*103 m³
Cluster 3 33.17 m³
Cluster 4 63.38 m³
Cluster 5 33.17 m³
Cluster 6 0.8426 m³
Cluster 7 1.136 m³
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
Volume information
Cluster 8 42.10 m³
Cluster 9 20.65 m³
Cluster 10 44.65 m³
Cluster 11 10.56 m³
Cluster 12 111.8 m³
Cluster 13 113.0 m³
Cluster 14 278.4*103 m³
Cluster 15 1.126 m³
Cluster 16 44.69 m³
Cluster 17 0.8435 m³
Cluster 18 10.39 m³
Cluster 19 2.598 m³
Cluster 20 155.6 m³
Cluster 21 2.619 m³
Cluster 22 11.45 m³
Cluster 23 9.161 m³
Cluster 24 17.04 m³
Cluster 25 10.46 m³
Cluster 26 2.150 m³
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
Volume information
Cluster 27 4.859 m³
Cluster 28 10.56 m³
Cluster 29 46.45*103 m³
Cluster 30 17.10 m³
Cluster 31 10.46 m³
Cluster 32 4.864 m³
Cluster 33 10.37 m³
Cluster 34 138.6*103 m³
Cluster 35 410.0 m³
Cluster 36 466.2 m³
Cluster 37 6595 m³
Cluster 38 6595 m³
Cluster 39 95.52*103 m³
Cluster 40 80.63*103 m³
Cluster 41 19.91*103 m³
Cluster 42 328.5 m³
Cluster 43 372.9 m³
Cluster 44 557.3*103 m³
Cluster 45 1.651*106 m³
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
Volume information
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
1.1.3.3 Calculation results, Wish-in Place of existing tunnels [Phase_2] (2/8), Materials plot
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
1.1.3.4 Calculation results, Wish-in place of shafts [Phase_3] (3/12), Materials plot
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
1.1.3.5 Calculation results, Wish-in place of jacked pipes [Phase_4] (5/15), Materials plot
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
Identification Phase Start from Calculation type Loading input Pore pressure Time step [s] First step Last step Log
Wish-in Place of existing tunnels [Phase_2] 2 1 Plastic Ultimate time Phreatic 0.000 6 8 ?
Wish-in place of jacked pipes [Phase_4] 5 3 Plastic Ultimate time Phreatic 0.000 13 15 ?
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.1.1.1.1 Calculation results, Plate, Initial phase [InitialPhase] (0/0), Phase displacements |Pu|
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.1.1.1.2 Calculation results, Plate, Surcharge Application [Phase_1] (1/5), Phase displacements |Pu|
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.1.1.1.3 Calculation results, Plate, Wish-in Place of existing tunnels [Phase_2] (2/8), Phase displacements |Pu|
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.1.1.1.4 Calculation results, Plate, Wish-in place of shafts [Phase_3] (3/12), Phase displacements |Pu|
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.1.1.1.5 Calculation results, Plate, Wish-in place of jacked pipes [Phase_4] (5/15), Phase displacements |Pu|
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.1.1.2.1 Calculation results, Plate, Initial phase [InitialPhase] (0/0), Phase displacements Pux
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.1.1.2.2 Calculation results, Plate, Surcharge Application [Phase_1] (1/5), Phase displacements Pux
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.1.1.2.3 Calculation results, Plate, Wish-in Place of existing tunnels [Phase_2] (2/8), Phase displacements Pux
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.1.1.2.4 Calculation results, Plate, Wish-in place of shafts [Phase_3] (3/12), Phase displacements Pux
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.1.1.2.5 Calculation results, Plate, Wish-in place of jacked pipes [Phase_4] (5/15), Phase displacements Pux
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.1.1.3.1 Calculation results, Plate, Initial phase [InitialPhase] (0/0), Phase displacements Puy
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.1.1.3.2 Calculation results, Plate, Surcharge Application [Phase_1] (1/5), Phase displacements Puy
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.1.1.3.3 Calculation results, Plate, Wish-in Place of existing tunnels [Phase_2] (2/8), Phase displacements Puy
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.1.1.3.4 Calculation results, Plate, Wish-in place of shafts [Phase_3] (3/12), Phase displacements Puy
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.1.1.3.5 Calculation results, Plate, Wish-in place of jacked pipes [Phase_4] (5/15), Phase displacements Puy
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.2.1.1 Calculation results, Plate, Initial phase [InitialPhase] (0/0), Axial forces N1
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.2.1.2 Calculation results, Plate, Surcharge Application [Phase_1] (1/5), Axial forces N1
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.2.1.3 Calculation results, Plate, Wish-in Place of existing tunnels [Phase_2] (2/8), Axial forces N1
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.2.1.4 Calculation results, Plate, Wish-in place of shafts [Phase_3] (3/12), Axial forces N1
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.2.1.5 Calculation results, Plate, Wish-in place of jacked pipes [Phase_4] (5/15), Axial forces N1
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.2.2.1 Calculation results, Plate, Initial phase [InitialPhase] (0/0), Axial forces N2
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.2.2.2 Calculation results, Plate, Surcharge Application [Phase_1] (1/5), Axial forces N2
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.2.2.3 Calculation results, Plate, Wish-in Place of existing tunnels [Phase_2] (2/8), Axial forces N2
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.2.2.4 Calculation results, Plate, Wish-in place of shafts [Phase_3] (3/12), Axial forces N2
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.2.2.5 Calculation results, Plate, Wish-in place of jacked pipes [Phase_4] (5/15), Axial forces N2
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.2.3.1 Calculation results, Plate, Initial phase [InitialPhase] (0/0), Bending moments M11
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.2.3.2 Calculation results, Plate, Surcharge Application [Phase_1] (1/5), Bending moments M11
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.2.3.3 Calculation results, Plate, Wish-in Place of existing tunnels [Phase_2] (2/8), Bending moments M11
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.2.3.4 Calculation results, Plate, Wish-in place of shafts [Phase_3] (3/12), Bending moments M11
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.2.3.5 Calculation results, Plate, Wish-in place of jacked pipes [Phase_4] (5/15), Bending moments M11
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.2.4.1 Calculation results, Plate, Initial phase [InitialPhase] (0/0), Bending moments M22
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.2.4.2 Calculation results, Plate, Surcharge Application [Phase_1] (1/5), Bending moments M22
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.2.4.3 Calculation results, Plate, Wish-in Place of existing tunnels [Phase_2] (2/8), Bending moments M22
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.2.4.4 Calculation results, Plate, Wish-in place of shafts [Phase_3] (3/12), Bending moments M22
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.1.2.4.5 Calculation results, Plate, Wish-in place of jacked pipes [Phase_4] (5/15), Bending moments M22
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.2.1.1.1 Calculation results, Interface, Initial phase [InitialPhase] (0/0), Effective normal stresses s'N
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.2.1.1.2 Calculation results, Interface, Surcharge Application [Phase_1] (1/5), Effective normal stresses s'N
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.2.1.1.3 Calculation results, Interface, Wish-in Place of existing tunnels [Phase_2] (2/8), Effective normal stresses s'N
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.2.1.1.4 Calculation results, Interface, Wish-in place of shafts [Phase_3] (3/12), Effective normal stresses s'N
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.2.1.1.5 Calculation results, Interface, Wish-in place of jacked pipes [Phase_4] (5/15), Effective normal stresses s'N
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.2.1.2.1 Calculation results, Interface, Initial phase [InitialPhase] (0/0), Total normal stresses sN
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.2.1.2.2 Calculation results, Interface, Surcharge Application [Phase_1] (1/5), Total normal stresses sN
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.2.1.2.3 Calculation results, Interface, Wish-in Place of existing tunnels [Phase_2] (2/8), Total normal stresses sN
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.2.1.2.4 Calculation results, Interface, Wish-in place of shafts [Phase_3] (3/12), Total normal stresses sN
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
3.2.1.2.5 Calculation results, Interface, Wish-in place of jacked pipes [Phase_4] (5/15), Total normal stresses sN
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
4.1.1 Calculation results, Initial phase [InitialPhase] (0/0), Deformed mesh |u|
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
4.1.2 Calculation results, Surcharge Application [Phase_1] (1/5), Deformed mesh |u|
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
4.1.3 Calculation results, Wish-in Place of existing tunnels [Phase_2] (2/8), Deformed mesh |u|
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
4.1.4 Calculation results, Wish-in place of shafts [Phase_3] (3/12), Deformed mesh |u|
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
4.1.5 Calculation results, Wish-in place of jacked pipes [Phase_4] (5/15), Deformed mesh |u|
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
4.2.1 Calculation results, Plate, Initial phase [InitialPhase] (0/0), Total displacements |u|
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
4.2.2 Calculation results, Plate, Surcharge Application [Phase_1] (1/5), Total displacements |u|
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
4.2.3 Calculation results, Plate, Wish-in Place of existing tunnels [Phase_2] (2/8), Total displacements |u|
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
4.2.4 Calculation results, Plate, Wish-in place of shafts [Phase_3] (3/12), Total displacements |u|
20170823-Lorong Chuan Impact Assessment
4.2.5 Calculation results, Plate, Wish-in place of jacked pipes [Phase_4] (5/15), Total displacements |u|