Summary of Lecture Material

CHIKA AFRILIA IKBAL

1710422038

PLANTS GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Growing and developing is one of the characteristics of living things. Growth and
development have differences even though the two go hand in hand.

Growth Development

The process of increasing The process of differentiating

the number, shape, size body cells to form certain
and function of cells due structures and functions is a
to cell division (mitosis). process towards maturity
(maturity in cells).

Quantitative: can be Qualitative: cannot be measured

measured by a certain with a tool.
measuring instrument
(physical)

Auxanometer tool for

measuring growth in
plants

Irreversible: cannot Reversible: can return to its

return to its original state. original state

The body of an adult

cannot return to being a
baby

Marked by : Marked by :

- Humans & animals: - Humans & animals: the

increase height & weight
- Plants: increase in
height and size of the
stem
functioning of reproductive
organs
- Plants: flower release and fruit.
Growing points (meristematics) in plants are located at the tip of the root, end of
the stem and cambium tissue.

Based on its activities it can be divided into 3 growth areas, namely:

a. Cell division area

cell multiplication or new cell formation

b. Cell extension area

changes in cell size become elongated

c. Area of differentiation

physiological and morphological growth in a cell, tissue, or organ.

Theory of Growing Points

a. Histogen Theory of Hanstein

The growing point is divided into 3 layers :

1. layer of dermatogen: forms the epidermal layer

2. Periblem layer: forms part of the cortex

3. Pleurom layer: forms a central cylinder

b. The Theory of the Corps of Corpus from Schmidt

Growing points can be divided into 2 parts:

1. tunica, anticlinal splitting will differentiate into epidermis

2. corpus, dividing in all directions and forming all tissues other than the
epidermis
Growth and development of plant organs

In plants primary growth and secondary growth occur

Table 2. Differences in primary and secondary growth

Primary growth Secondary growth

Growing point: tip of the Growing point: cambium tissue

stem and root tip on the cortex (indicated by
number 2 in the cross section of
the rod below)

The nature of vertical The nature of horizontal

growth: by showing the growth: by showing the
extension at the end of the increase in diameter in the trunk
bud and the root tip. area.

The cambium network has the

properties of dividing both
directions,in the direction of
forming xylem outward
forming a phloem.

found in plants in general. found in Gymnosperma and

Dikotil plants.

Monocots do not experience

secondary growth because they
do not have a cambium
Factors that influence growth and development in plants

1. External factors

a. Nutrients

In the form of macronutrients and micronutrients absorbed by the roots

and other parts of the body in the form of gas, liquid, and substances
dissolved with water.

b. Light

It plays a role in photosynthesis, but excessive light inhibits the action of

the hormone auxin (growth hormone). In a dark place, active auxin
hormones are produced so that very rapid growth is called: Etiolation.
Stems that grow have elongated but not sturdy structures.

c. Water

for photosynthesis and help seed germination.

d. Temperature

The optimum temperature is generally 22o C - 37o C, closely related to

enzyme work.

e. Oxygen

For respiration

f. Humidity

High humidity will be able to support germination and growth processes.

Germination begins with the process of entering water into the seeds
called imbibisi, water will activate metabolic enzymes. So that the seeds
can germinate. In a situation where the environment does not support the
seeds, it will experience dormancy, namely the condition of the seeds not
being able to germinate. Dormant seeds can occur if there is not enough
moisture

2. Internal factors

a. Genetic

b. Phytohormones (plant hormones)

1. Auxin

- Encourage cell elongation

- Stimulates adventitious root growth on stem / stem cuttings

- Spur the dominance of apical buds (shoots at the end of the stem)

2. Giberelin

- Stimulates the growth of stems (giant bolting / plants)

- Stimulates germination of seeds and shoots

- Stimulates flower formation

- Stimulates seedless fruit development (partenocarpi)

3. Cytokines

- Promotes cell division and organ formation

- Delay aging

- Spur the development of side buds

4. Absisic Acid (ABA)

- Inhibits shoot growth

- Induces seed dormancy

- Encourage abortion of leaves, flowers and fruit

5. Etilene

- Speed up fruit ripening

- Stimulates flowering

- Stimulates aging and leaf loss

6. Traumalin acid, function:

- Spur the formation of new tissue on the injured part

7. Kalin

- Rhizokalin = stimulates root growth

- Filokalin = stimulates leaf growth

- Caulokalin = stimulates stem growth

- Anthocalin / florigen = stimulates flower growth