PROGRESSIVE COOLLAPSE STUDY OF RCC

FRAME STRUCTURES

Engr. Muhammad Shahid Hussain

Roll No. 03

Special Training Course of 6 weeks Duration for Newly Appointed

Assistant Engineers/SDOs of C&W Department
(12.06.2017 to 21.07.2017)

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING ACADEMY PUNJAB

July 2017
 ACKNOWLEDGENENT

Above all, I thank to Almighty Allah Who gave me the strength and believe to undertake this
work.

There are many people who deserve acknowledgement and gratitude for their contribution to
the completion of this project.

First of all, I would like to thank Govt. Engineering Academy Lahore, Punjab for giving me
this opportunity and for her extraordinary great help and effort during the period of preparation
of this project and for the formidable task of checking all the details of the project resulting in
many substantial improvements.

I am also thankful to many friends for their encouragement and appreciation that we received
during the course of our project.

And lastly my parents, for their love and prayers that made me successful at the end.

Author

I
 ABSTRACT

In this study the progressive collapse of a structure under unexpected loading was investigated.
Progressive Collapse usually occurs in a structure when one or more major load carrying
members are removed suddenly and the remaining structural members are not capable of
sustaining the load of the building and as a result the structure fails. This study provides a
tentative overview of the effects of progressive collapse, cost comparison of design considering
progressive collapse and rehabilitation after the collapse has occurred.

For this study, building of National Library of Engineering and Science situated in UET Lahore
was selected. Building was a frame structure and had three stories.

All modeling had been done on ETABS (Extended Three dimensional Analysis of building
system). A model was developed on ETABS and analysis was carried out for the different load
combinations. Then following the GSA guide lines four columns from different locations were
removed and again analysis was carried out. After that comparison of analysis results of both
cases was done. To give a flavor of ETABS to the project, different views of the model, input
and output tables are also presented.

II
 Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGENENT............................................................................................................................ I
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................II

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Overview................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2. Scope & Objectives ................................................................................................................ 1
1.3. Thesis Organization ................................................................................................................ 1
2.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 3

Chapter 2: RELATED LITERATURE

2.2. History of Progressive collapse study ..................................................................................... 4

2.3. GSA limit for Acceptance:...................................................................................................... 4
2.4. Analysis Aspects ..................................................................................................................... 5
2.6. Structural elements: ................................................................................................................ 7
2.7 Building Description ............................................................................................................... 8

Chapter 3: ETABS DESIGN CRITERIA & METHODOLOGY

3.1 ETABS: ...................................................................................................................................... 9

3.2 Design Criteria: ........................................................................................................................... 9
3.3 ETABS Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 13

Chapter 4: ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4.1: Case 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 20

Middle column of longer side (C190).............................................................................................. 20
a) Before removal of C 190 :- ....................................................................................................... 20
b) After removal of C 190:- .......................................................................................................... 22

Chapter 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. Conclusions............................................................................................................................... 27
5.2. Recommendations..................................................................................................................... 27

References: ..................................................................................................................................... 29

III
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTON

1.1. Overview
The progressive collapse of building structures is initiated when usually one or more vertical
load carrying members are removed. Once a member is removed due to unexpected loading,
the structural load is distributed to adjacent columns. If these columns are not properly designed
to resist and redistribute the additional load, then a part of structure may fail leading to continual
failure of collapse of structure. Sometimes the progressive collapse may result in much more
damage than the damage due to original.

The selected structure is a three story National Library of Science and Technology located in
UET Lahore. It is a reinforced concrete rigid frame structure.

The adopted procedure was to make models on ETABS (Extended Three Dimensional Analysis
of Building Systems), apply the load and record the stress strain values in all the members.
Then different columns were removed one by one and the new values of stress and strain in all
the members were recorded.

1.2. Scope & Objectives

The focus of this study is to analyze the building for progressive collapse considering
the structural stability. Using ETABS, the structure’s potential for progressive
collapse was determined. The theory and methodology adopted is discussed.

The objectives of the analyses are:

 To get familiar with ETABS

 To determine demand capacity ratio for a building undergoing progressive collapse

 To study changes in design using GSA (General Services Administration)

guidelines

1.3. Thesis Organization

The presented work has been organized into following chapters
Chapter 1 deals with the overall introduction of project. The objectives of the study are
also outlined.

1
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 is all about the literature review including introduction and history of
progressive collapse, GSA guidelines, types of loads and structural elements and general
description about selected building.

Chapter 3 includes the selection of ETABS for the design and analysis, design criterion
and methodology and ACI & UBC load combinations.

Chapter 4 deals with the analysis results and cost comparison of design considering
progressive collapse and rehabilitation after the collapse has occurred.

Chapter 5 summarizes the conclusions and recommendations for future work.

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 Chapter 2

RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. Introduction
The term ‘progressive collapse’ can be simply defined as the ultimate failure of a structure due
to the spread of local failure from element to element throughout the structure. The progressive
collapse of building occurs when one or more vertical load carrying members (typically
columns) are damaged. Once a column is damaged due to some accidental loading like; fire,
impact loading or blast loading, the building weight (gravity load) is transferred to the
neighboring columns in the structure. In US, the General Services Administration (GSA) and
Department of Defense (DOD) provide a comprehensive guidelines and procedures for
progressive collapse.

Progressive collapse analysis is important for building structures to provide a cost effective
safe design against progressive collapse. A variety of structures may become unsafe if they are
not designed for the progressive collapse resulting from blast or any accidental actions. After
2001 world trade center attacks, terrorist activities has been increased all over the world
especially in Pakistan. Loss of many lives and economic damages have been occurred due to
progressive collapse of the buildings. It is very difficult to provide safety measures for the
existing buildings but an effort can be made to make future buildings relatively safe from
progressive collapse.

A bomb attack on a luxurious hotel (Pearl Continental Hotel) located at Khyber road Peshawar
is one of those buildings that experienced progressive collapse as shown in figure
2.1. The columns of the ground floor were fully damaged by the impact of blast. The building
stability was disturbed after the blast. A cantilever portion was developed at third floor level
forming a large overturning moment that resulted in the collapse of the building.

Fig. 2.1 Progressive collapse of Pearl Continental Hotel Peshawar

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2.2. History of Progressive collapse study
Although after 2001 world trade center attacks, a lot of research has been carried out in
developed countries, still the literature available on progressive collapse mechanism is not
sufficient. Also the available data mainly focusses on composite buildings. Some of the
research work carried out in the recent past is summarized below:

B.M. Luccioni et al. (2003) noted that different unexpected loadings (like blasts, earthquakes
etc), in the recent years, have become a subject of great attention in the engineering works. The
construction and design of buildings enabling life safety in case of explosion is becoming the
design concern for the structural engineers in the present era.

A research study was conducted by Sezen and Song (2008) to test the progressive collapse
potential of the ‘’Ohio State Union’’ which was scheduled for demolition in 2007. They
followed the GSA (2003) guidelines and calculated the demand- capacity ratio (DCR) values
when the four exterior columns were removed from the structure. The computer program
SAP2000 was used in the study to generate a computer model simulation of the Ohio State
Union.

Giriunas (2009) analyzed and compared the results obtained by field testing of a building to
that of a computer model developed using the computer program SAP2000.

Abhay A. Kulkarni & Rajendra R. Joshi (2011) performed an analytical modeling of 12 story
building using ETAB v9.6 and SAP2000. The demand capacity ratios (DCR) of 12 story
framed structure were assessed as per GSA guidelines. Linear and nonlinear static analysis was
performed for comparison purposes.

2.3. GSA limit for Acceptance:

The GSA describes the use of the DCR ratio of the member forces and the member strength,
as a reference, to define the failure of main or important structural members by the linear
analysis method.
DEMAND
DCR 
CAPACITY
Where,

 Demand is equal to the moment demand in case of beams & axial load demand in
case of columns.
 Capacity is equal to the nominal bending moment capacity and nominal axial load
capacity in case of beams and columns, respectively.

4
2.4. Analysis Aspects
For the progressive collapse study of an existing building, modeling is carried out. Modeling
is generally of two types:
1. Physical Modeling

In physical modeling, physical model (usually scale down) of the existing building is prepared
for the progressive collapse study. As per GSA guidelines, different columns from different
locations are removed and response of neighboring members is evaluated by recording the
change in their stress, strains and deformation values.

Physical modeling can be done for comparatively smaller structures.

2.4.1. Computer Modeling

In computer modeling, models are usually made in softwares i.e. ETAB or SAP2000. Both
softwares can be used for computer modeling, analysis and design of various structures but
ETAB is specially used for the Buildings analysis and Design. In this study of Progressive
collapse Analysis, ETAB has been used.

2.4.2. ETABS
ETABS stands for Extended Three dimensional Analysis of Building Structures. It is a
computer program developed specifically for building systems. Creating and modifying a
model, executing the analysis, design, and optimizing the design are all done through a single
interface in ETAB that is completely integrated within Microsoft Windows. Graphical displays
of the results, displacements and rotations are easily produced. Output file can be easily printed.
The analytical capabilities of ETABS are just as powerful, representing the latest research in
numerical techniques and solution algorithms.
ETABS is available in two versions, ETABS Plus and ETABS Nonlinear. Both versions are
comprised of the following modules integrated into and controlled by a single Windows- based
graphical user interface:
 Drafting module for model generation.
 Seismic and wind load generation module.
 Gravity load distribution module for the distribution of vertical loads to columns and
beams.
 Output display and report generation module.
 Steel frame design module (column, beam and brace).
 Concrete frame design module (column and beam).

5
  Composite beam design module.
 Shear wall design module.

ETABS Plus also includes the finite-element-based linear static and dynamic analysis module,
while ETABS Nonlinear includes the finite-element-based nonlinear static and dynamic
analysis module. In this study, ETABS Nonlinear has been used.

Various types of built-in loads and structural elements in ETABS are listed below.

2.5. Types of Loads:

2.5.1. Live Load:
A load that changes its magnitude and point of application with time is called live load. Load
due to the persons occupying the building and their belongings like furniture, books and
kitchenware, etc. is called live load.

2.5.2. Dead Load:

A load that does not change its magnitude and point of application throughout the life of
structure is known as dead load. Usually, self-weight of the structure is termed as dead load.

2.5.3. Service Load:

The maximum intensity of load expected during the life of the structure based on certain
probability of occurrence is called service load. No additional factor of safety is included in the
service load. Usually, it is represented by Pn.

2.5.4. Factored Load:

Service load increased by some factor of safety is called factored load. Usually, it is represented
by Pu.

2.5.4.1 Factor of safety:

The factor by which service load is increased to bring the structure from state of collapse to a
stable state is called factor of safety. It additionally covers the following aspects:

 To keep the deflection small at service load

 To cover uncertainties in material strength
 To cover poor workmanship.
 To cover natural disasters.
 To control the effects of extra stresses produced during fabrication.

6
 2.5.5. Dynamic Load:
A load that changes its magnitude, direction and point of application with time is called
dynamic load. Earth quack load and wind loads are dynamic loads.

2.6. Structural elements:

2.6.1. Line Element:
Structural component having one dimension significantly large as compared to other two
dimensions is called line element. Longer dimension is referred as length and other two as
width and thickness, respectively. Most common examples are beams and columns.

2.6.2. Plate Element:

Structural component having two dimensions significantly large as compared to third one is
called Plate element. Longer dimensions are referred as length and width and shorter one as
thickness. Most common examples are slabs used in roofs and floors.

In ETABS, plate elements are of two types:

1. Membrane elements
A plate element has just tensile stiffness and no bending and shear stiffness.
2. Shell elements
A plate element has three shear, bending and tensile stiffness.
In reality, slab is to be designed as shell element but in multistory buildings for quick
performance, slabs are considered as membrane elements. Wall/shear wall is always designed
as shell element.

2.6.3. Column:
Structural component usually subjected to axial compression loading is called column.
Columns may be subjected to transverse loading as well in the case of earth quack and heavy
winds. Columns are usually vertical but may be at any inclination depending upon
requirements. Columns used in building to transfer the load safely from roof and beams to the
foundation are usually vertical columns and wooden or steel member used to support opposite
sides of an excavation sides, will act as horizontal column.

2.6.4. Beam:
Structural component usually subjected to transverse loading is called beam. Beams are usually
horizontal but may be at any orientation as per requirement. Beam used to transfer the load
from slab to the column is a horizontal beam and electric pole under heavy winds will act as
vertical beam.

7
2.7 Building Description
For the progressive collapse study, building of National Library of Engineering and Science
situated in UET Lahore has been selected. Building is a frame structure and has three stories.
View of the building is shown below.

Fig 2.7. View of National Library of Engineering and Sciences

8
 Chapter 3

ETABS DESIGN CRITERIA & METHODOLOGY

3.1 ETABS:
ETABS stands for “Extended Three Dimensional Analysis for Building Systems”.
This is a product of Computers and Structures, Inc. 1995 university Avenue Barkeley
California United States of America.
ETABS is a sophisticated, yet easy to use, special purpose analysis and design program
developed specifically for building systems. ETABS Version 9 features an intuitive and
powerful graphical interface coupled with unmatched modeling, analytical, and design
procedures, all integrated using a common database. Although quick and easy for simple
structures, ETABS can also handle the largest and most complex building models, including a
wide range of nonlinear behaviors, making it the tool of choice for structural engineers in the
building industry.

3.2 Design Criteria:

3.2.1 Systems of units:
There are mainly two types of systems of units used worldwide i.e, SI system of units and FPS
system of units. In ETABS both these unit systems can be used. The Foot-Pound-Second (FPS)
system was used in this project.
3.2.2 Codes and Standards:
The following American Code and Standards have been used in the design:
 UBC 1997, Uniform Building Code
 ASTM, American Standards for Testing of Materials
 ASCE 7-05, For minimum live loads
 UBC 97 :-
1. 1.4  DL
2. 1.4  DL +1.7(  LL +  RLL)
3. 0.75[ 1.4  DL + 1.7(  LL +  RLL) + 1.7 WL]
4. 0.75[1.4  DL + 1.7(  LL +  RLL)  1.7 WL]
5. 0.9  DL + 1.3 WL
6. 0.9  DL  1.3 WL
7. 1.1[1.2  DL + 0.5(  LL+  RLL) +1.0E]

9
8. 1.1[1.2  DL +0.5(  LL+  RLL)  1.0E]
9. 1.1(0.9  DL +1.0E)
10. 1.1(0.9  DL – 1.0E)
Generally, the compressive strength of Portland Cement Concrete ranges from 3000-6000 psi.
For this project different values of compressive strength were used for beams and columns due
to the reason that columns are generally subjected to higher loading than the beams i.e,
 Columns 4000 psi (12"  12 " ), (15 "  15 " )
 Beams 3000 psi (18 "  12 ")
However, for both the beams and columns same compressive strength can also be used.
3.2.4 Steel Reinforcements
Most commonly used steel bars in Pakistan are of Grade 60 & 40.
 Steel bars of Grade 60 were used in this particular project.
3.2.5 Seismic zone & Structural System
There are five types of earthquake zones in Pakistan i.e, zone 1, zone 2A, zone 2B, zone 3 and
zone 4 as shown in Fig 3.1. The areas which are subjected to higher chances of earthquake falls
under higher zone category such as zone 3 or zone 4. The library building under consideration
is located in the seismic zone 2A.

Fig 3.1 Seismic Zones in Pakistan

Seismic zone factor depends upon the seismic zone category as shown in Table 3.1. Hence,
for seismic zone 2A the factor can be taken as 0.15.

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Table.3.1: Seismic zone factor

Zone 1 2A 2B 3 4
Z 0.075 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40

3.2.6 Moment Resisting Frames

Due to lateral loads, moment is produced in the structure. Depending upon the quantity of
lateral loads different types of moment resisting frame system are used. Selection of the
concrete moment frame category is based on the building’s seismic design category, total
height, and the judgment of the designing engineer.
The commonly used resisting frames are,
 Ordinary moment frames (OMF)
 Special moment frames (SMF)
 Intermediate moment frames (IMF)
For low seismic ground acceleration OMFs are used. Meanwhile, the special moment frame
(SMF) is designed as the opposite to the OMF with large ductility for areas of high seismicity.
Finally, IMFs were added to seismic provisions in order to account for areas of moderate
seismic activity.
Since, the location of the library is in moderate seismic zone, that’s why it was designed and
detailed as Intermediate Moment Resisting Frame System.
3.2.7 Soil Profile Type
The effect of vibrations produced by earthquake tends to be greater on soft soil than on hard
soil. Soil profiles are classified based upon the softness or hardness of the soil as shown in
Table 3.2

Table.3.2: Soil profile types

3.2.8 Seismic Importance Factor

Importance factors are a function of only the Occupancy Category. Its value ranges from 1-
1.5 as shown in Table 3.3.

11
Table.3.3: Seismic importance factor

3.2.9 Wind Speed

Wind speed is variable all over the world. It may be even more than 100mph in some
countries. However, wind speed in the selected site (Lahore) ranges from 0 to 15mph.

3.2.10 Exposure Type

For any given wind direction, the exposure in which a specific building or other structure is
sited shall be assessed as being one of the following categories:

 Exposure A (for large cities)

 Exposure B (urban & sub-urban areas)
 Exposure C (open terrain with scattered obstructions)
 Exposure D (flat, unobstructed areas)
For the library building exposure B was selected.

3.2.11 Earthquake Properties

Earthquake loads are calculated as per the recommendation of UBC 1997 with the following
attributes:
 Seismic Zone 2A
 Seismic zone factor = 0.15
 Soil Profile SD
12
 Importance Factor 1.0
 Wind speed 15mph
 Exposure type B
3.2.12 Design Loads

The design load values are different for different type of structures. For example design load
values for commercial buildings will be much higher than the residential buildings. Since for
this project a library was analyzed, that’s why the following design loads were chosen:

 Live load= 70 lb/ft2

 Floor finishes load=36 lb/ft2
 Partition wall load = 20 lb/ft2
 Unit weight of brick masonry=1900kg/m3 = 119 lb/ft3
 Wall load= 119 × (9/12) × 11 = 982 lb/ft

3.3 ETABS Methodology

Before making a new model on ETABS, first of all units of lb-ft were selected. Then “file
menu” was clicked and a new model tab was opened in which “Default.edb” option was
selected. A new window “Building plan grid system and story data definition” was opened
from where “Grid only” option was clicked as shown in Fig3.2. Then data was entered in the
respective boxes according to the site specification e.g.

Typical storey height = 12 feet

Number of lines in X Direction = 15
Number of lines in Y Direction = 11

Fig 3.2 Building Plan Grid System

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Grid lines were drawn first at a fixed spacing between them and then can be modified as per
locations of columns.

To modify the grid, the “edit menu” was selected and grid data was edited as shown in Fig
3.3.

Fig 3.3 Edit Menu

Then “modify system” option was selected and “X and Y grid data” was provided as per
locations of columns as shown in Fig 3.4.

Fig 3.4 Defining Grid Data

14
Then grid system with beams and columns of story 1, as shown in Fig 3.5, was made.

Fig 3.5 Plan View

While defining the material properties of concrete, compressive strengths of “3000 psi and
“4000 psi” were assigned as shown in Fig 3.6.

Fig 3.6 Material Property Data

In the define properties, modulus of elasticity which was provided is obtained from the
following formula;

15
 E  57000 c '

And for the bending and shear reinforcement the grade of 60 ksi were assigned.

After defining the material properties, the frame section properties were defined. Two
different rectangular columns of 12inchx12inch and 12inchx24inch and a beam of
12inchx24inch were defined. Compressive strength of columns was taken as 4000 psi and
that of beam was taken as 3000 psi.

Then different static loads were defined in e-tab as shown in Fig 3.7.

Fig 3.7 Static Load Case Names

The lateral load (wind load) and earthquake load were defined under the code of UBC 97
(uniform building code). After that different load combinations were defined. ACI load
combinations are already defined in E-tab by default. There is only need to define the “UBC
97” load combinations which have been shown above.

After this the story was replicated two times as National Library of UET Lahore had three
stories and story data was modified with the help of “Edit story data” option.

Then loads were assigned to the structural members according to the ACI code.

The live loads and partition loads were not provided on the top floor as there was no need to
provide them.

To apply the wind loads, it was necessary to assign the Diaphragm as shown in Fig 3.8.

16
Diaphragms connect all individual members into a seismic force resisting system. If you have
concrete floors, it is imperative that your floor will do the above mentioned job plus distribute
the seismic load to all the connecting members too.

Fig 3.8 3-D Diaphragm View

As beam and slab were monolithically constructed in the actual structure, so, to provide a
rigid connection between beams and slab meshing was done.

All the floors were selected and then the “mesh area” option was used as shown in Fig 3.9.

Fig 3.9 Mesh Areas

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Lesser the mesh size more will be the rigid connection between the slabs and beams but the
software may take too longer time to perform the analysis.

By using mesh area, all panels were divided into four segments. In this way rigid connection
was provided between beams and slabs. Slabs with meshing is shown in the Fig 3.10.

Fig 3.10 Plan View after Meshing

Before running analysis, there was a need to modify the properties of the lateral loads
according to region as shown in earthquake properties.

Then after assigning the properties the analysis was run. After a few seconds, a deflected
shape appeared as shown in Fig 3.11.

Fig 3.11 Deflected Shape

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 Chapter 4
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
For the study of progressive collapse in frame structures, building of National Library of
Science and Technology situated in UET Lahore was selected. Models of building were
made on ETAB and analysis was run to check the capacities of all members. Then
following the GSA (General Service Administration) guidelines different 4 columns were
removed one by one to check modified demands of surrounding members.

Case 1

Middle column of longer side (C190)

Case 2

Middle column of shorter side (C164).

Case 3

Corner column (C189)

Case 4

Central column (C193)

Before removing the columns, the capacities of all beams and columns were observed.
Maximum axial load capacities were observed for columns and maximum flexural
capacities for beams. Then, after removal of certain column, demands of surrounding
columns and beams were noted.

Then, DCR (demand capacity ratio) of surrounding members were calculated. DCR is the
ratio of demand to capacity of a member,

Demand
DCR =
Capacity

Where,

 Demand is equal to the moment demand in case of the beams and axial load
demand in case of columns.

 Capacity is equal to the nominal bending moment capacity in case of the beams
and nominal axial load capacity in case of the columns.

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 4.1: Case 1
Middle column of longer side (C190)
In case 1, column 64 was removed, as shown in Fig 4.1.

a) Before removal of C 190 :-

Before removal of the column the capacities of the
surrounding columns (C165, C65 and C83) and beams
(B8, B9 and B39) were recorded.

In C165, C65 and C83, the maximum axial load

carrying capacities recorded were 126100.18lb,
95124.37lb and 125791.03lb as shown below in Table
4.1.1, Table 4.1.2 and Table 4.1.3, respectively.

Figure 4.1

Table 4.1.1:Axial forces of C 165 before removal

Table 4.1.2: Axial forces of C 65 before removal

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Table 4.1.3: Axial forces of C 83 before removal

Maximum flexural capacities of the beams B8, B9 and B39 were 34435.919lb-ft,
37495.670lb-ft and 59608.952lb-ft respectively as shown in Table 4.1.4, Table 4.1.5 and
Table 4.1.6

Table 4.1.4: Flexural capacity of B 8

Table 4.1.5: Flexural capacity of B 9

21
Table 4.1.6: Flexural capacity of B 39

Then Column C64 was removed as shown in Fig 4.2

b) After removal of C 190:-

After removal of column, the demand of the surrounding
columns (C165, C65 and C83) and beams (B8, B9 and
B39) were recorded.

The demands of C165, C65 and C83 were recorded as

182480.94lb, 147098.35lb and 133473.28lb respectively
as shown in Table 4.1.7, Table 4.1.8 and Table 4.1.9
respectively.

Figure 4.2

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Table 4.1.7: Axial forces of C 165 after removal

Table 4.1.8: Axial forces of C 65 after removal

Table 4.1.9: Axial forces of C 83 after removal

DCR of column C165:-

Demand
DCR =
Capacity

Capacity and demand of column has been taken from the Table 4.1.1 and Table 4.1.7,
respectively.
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Capacity = 126100.18lb
Demand = 182480.94lb

182480.94
DCR= = 1.447.
126100.18

DCR of remaining members has been shown in Table 4.5.

After removal of column(C 64), demands of the beams B8, B9 and B39 were recorded
as 70708.897lb-ft, 72506.914lb-ft and 73010.254lb-ft shown in Table 4.1.10, Table
4.1.11 and Table 4.1.12, respectively.

Table 4.1.10: Flexural demand of B 8

Table 4.1.11: Flexural demand of B 9

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Table 4.1.12: Flexural demand of B 39

DCR of beam B39:-

Demand
DCR =
Capacity

Capacity and demand of column has been taken from the Table 4.1.6 and Table 4.1.12,
respectively.
Capacity = 59608.952lb-ft
Demand = 73010.254lb-ft

73010.254
DCR= = 1.225.
59608.952

DCR of remaining beams has been shown in Table 4.5.

25
Table 4.5: DCR value of surrounding columns and beams.

Moment Moment Load

Member Surrounding
Before After Before
Load After
Remove Members Removal DCR
Removal Removal Removal
d
Beam Column lb-ft lb-ft lb lb
B8 34435.919 70708.897 2.05
B9 37495.671 72506.914 1.93
B39 59608.952 73010.254 1.22
C190
C165 126100.18 182480.94 1.45
C65 95124.37 147098.35 1.55
C83 125791.03 133473.28 1.06
C188 87217.66 122028.02 1.40
C181 87893.94 122246.86 1.39
C109 163252.89 208046.88 1.27
C164
B119 39275.31 41593.963 1.06
B56 35616.308 52513.347 1.47
B57 31465.337 45316.742 1.44
C70 120899.21 158774.45 1.31
C182 84882.48 127944.01 1.51
C189
B15 47880.888 89533.964 1.87
B16 49574.243 90380.761 1.82
B101 55080.637 65832.031 1.20
B102 20933.695 33513.42 1.60
C193
C104 62840.84 80940.44 1.29
C123 123924.47 135276.12 1.09

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 Chapter 5

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. Conclusions
 Progressive collapse is a very devastating type of failure that may lead to
excessive loss of lives and property, so that it should be avoided as much
as possible.
 For the buildings to be constructed in future, progressive collapse should
necessarily be considered.
 For the large scale and important structures, it is economical to consider
the progressive collapse at the design stage rather than going for
rehabilitation using CFRP sheets and other techniques after the collapse
has occurred.
 CFRP sheets rehabilitation is almost 2.5 times costly as compared to that
of initial cost of the building designed for progressive collapse.
 For the small scale and less important structures, it is economical to go for
the rehabilitations rather than designing the structure for progressive
collapse.
 “Zoom” and “Pan” option in ETABS are not user friendly.
 In ETABS, area of steel cannot be displayed in terms of number of bars.
 Circular slabs and curved lines element cannot be modeled in ETABS.
 Results from ETABS are developed using finite element method.
 To maximize the benefit, anti-terrorist considerations should be
implemented at the earliest planning and design stages possible. This will
ensure that the resulting design maximizes protections while integrating
with other design considerations.

5.2. Recommendations
 High rise building and structures located in earthquake prone areas should be
design considering progressive collapse.
 To prevent progressive collapse, structure system of the building should be
able to tolerate the removal of one or more structural members and redistribute
their load on the surrounding members, so that disproportionate collapse would
not take place.
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Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations

 Different criteria should be established for evaluating progressive collapse

potential of any structures for non-linear static and non-linear dynamics.
 Integrity, continuity and energy dissipating capacity in the structural members
are essential to transfer the loads from the locally damaged region to adjacent
regions capable of sustaining these additional loads without collapse.

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Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations

References:
 ASCE-7 : Minimum Design loads for Buildings and Other Structures
 UBC-97
 ACI 318-14
 Sezen, H. and Song. B.,2008. “Progressive Collapse Analysis Of the Ohio Union
Steel Frame Building.”
 GSA, Progressive Collapse Analysis and Design Guidelines for New Federal
Office Buildings and Major Modernization Projects. General Service
Administration (GSA), Washington DC., 2003.

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